---
library_name: transformers
license: apache-2.0
base_model: masakhane/afroxlmr-large-ner-masakhaner-1.0_2.0
tags:
- code-switching
- yoruba
- african-nlp
- language-identification
- lid
metrics:
- precision
- recall
- f1
- accuracy
model-index:
- name: yoruba-english-codeswitch-lid
  results:
  - task:
      type: token-classification
      name: Language Identification
    dataset:
      name: Yoruba-English Code-Switched Dataset
      type: custom
    metrics:
    - type: f1
      value: 0.9907
      name: Overall F1
---

# Yoruba-English Code-Switching Language Identification (LID)

This model is a fine-tuned version of [AfroXLM-R-Large](https://huggingface.co/masakhane/afroxlmr-large-ner-masakhaner-1.0_2.0) designed to identify language boundaries in Yoruba-English code-switched text at the token level.

## Model Description
The model classifies each token in a sentence into one of three categories:
- **YORUBA**: Tokens belonging to the Yoruba language.
- **ENGLISH**: Tokens belonging to the English language.

By utilizing the AfroXLM-R-Large backbone, which was pre-trained with a focus on African languages, this model demonstrates exceptional robustness in handling the morphological complexities of Yoruba and the fluid transitions in code-switched speech.



## Performance (Test Set)
The model achieved near-perfect performance. Peak generalization was reached at **Epoch 1**. While training continued for 5 epochs for observation, the final deployed weights are from the **first epoch** to ensure maximum generalizability and prevent over-memorization of training samples.

| Class | Precision | Recall | F1-Score | Support |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Overall** | **0.991** | **0.991** | **0.991** | **~80k** |
| English | 0.995 | 0.994 | 0.994 | 63,016 |
| Yoruba | 0.976 | 0.979 | 0.978 | 17,069 |

## Intended Uses & Limitations
### Intended Use
- Research in Code-Switching (CS) patterns.
- Preprocessing for Machine Translation or Speech Synthesis (TTS) involving Yoruba-English bilingual speakers.
- Computational linguistics studies on the matrix language frame in Nigerian English.

### Limitations
- **Tonal Markers**: Performance may slightly vary if Yoruba text lacks standard diacritics (tonal marks).
- **Domain Sensitivity**: Optimized for general conversational and science-related prompts; performance on archaic or highly legalistic Yoruba may vary.

## Training Procedure
### Hyperparameters
- **Base Model**: AfroXLM-R Large (550M parameters)
- **Batch Size**: 128 (Global)
- **Learning Rate**: 3e-05 (with Cosine Decay)
- **Precision**: BF16 (Brain Floating Point)
- **Optimizer**: AdamW (Fused)

### Training Narrative
The model converges remarkably fast due to the pre-existing linguistic knowledge in the AfroXLM-R base. Users will notice that **Validation Loss** is lowest at Epoch 1.0 ($0.0240$). Despite the training loss continuing to drop, the validation loss begins a slight upward trend thereafter, indicating that the model captures the underlying linguistic boundaries almost immediately.



## How to Use
```python
from transformers import pipeline

lid_model = pipeline("token-classification", model="your-username/yoruba-en-ner-model")
text = "Egungun eleru helps to cleanse the village by carrying ebo"
results = lid_model(text)

for entity in results:
    print(f"Token: {entity['word']}, Language: {entity['entity']}")

```

## Citation

If you use this model in your research, please cite the Masakhane AfroXLM-R paper and this fine-tuned version.