--- language: - afr - amh - ara - arz - asm - aze - bak - bel - ben - bos - bre - bul - cat - ceb - ces - ckb - cym - dan - deu - div - ell - eng - epo - est - eus - fas - fin - fra - fry - gla - gle - glg - gom - guj - hat - hbs - heb - hin - hrv - hun - hye - ilo - ind - isl - ita - jav - jpn - kan - kat - kaz - khm - kir - kor - kur - lao - lat - lav - lit - ltz - mal - mar - mkd - mlg - mlt - mon - msa - mya - nep - nld - nno - nor - ori - pan - pol - por - pus - que - ron - rus - san - sin - slk - slv - snd - som - spa - sqi - srp - sun - swa - swe - tam - tat - tel - tgk - tgl - tha - tuk - tur - uig - ukr - urd - uzb - vie - war - yid - yor - zho multilinguality: - multilingual task_categories: - text-retrieval task_ids: - document-retrieval config_names: - corpus tags: - text-retrieval dataset_info: - config_name: afr features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 5012834 num_examples: 45664 - config_name: amh features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 6103497 num_examples: 52694 - config_name: ara features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 523161980 num_examples: 3298814 - config_name: arz features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 298378 num_examples: 979 - config_name: asm features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1625907 num_examples: 12239 - config_name: aze features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 24623929 num_examples: 307000 - config_name: bak features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 28339 num_examples: 185 - config_name: bel features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 3395301 num_examples: 23476 - config_name: ben features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 23903697 num_examples: 106979 - config_name: bos features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 5160832 num_examples: 50300 - config_name: bre features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 27583 num_examples: 128 - config_name: bul features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 179811464 num_examples: 1426853 - config_name: cat features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 42354583 num_examples: 505138 - config_name: ceb features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2073237 num_examples: 20292 - config_name: ces features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 323621713 num_examples: 3026405 - config_name: ckb features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1383270 num_examples: 12372 - config_name: cym features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2134379 num_examples: 21521 - config_name: dan features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 486144873 num_examples: 3512676 - config_name: deu features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2006719868 num_examples: 14460734 - config_name: div features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1540538 num_examples: 12205 - config_name: ell features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 220268305 num_examples: 1845571 - config_name: eng features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 7047493542 num_examples: 55264290 - config_name: epo features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2184450 num_examples: 23271 - config_name: est features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 29509558 num_examples: 322575 - config_name: eus features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2614163 num_examples: 24132 - config_name: fas features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 200094718 num_examples: 945123 - config_name: fin features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 192893815 num_examples: 1754586 - config_name: fra features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1601326911 num_examples: 12840362 - config_name: fry features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2014308 num_examples: 20534 - config_name: gla features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1897864 num_examples: 18677 - config_name: gle features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2366017 num_examples: 20875 - config_name: glg features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2032702 num_examples: 17549 - config_name: gom features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1401160 num_examples: 10810 - config_name: guj features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 5681016 num_examples: 44321 - config_name: hat features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1461573 num_examples: 14845 - config_name: hbs features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 3834862 num_examples: 30712 - config_name: heb features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 184306859 num_examples: 1581622 - config_name: hin features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 325941081 num_examples: 2583369 - config_name: hrv features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 125098814 num_examples: 1339654 - config_name: hun features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 204356519 num_examples: 2024130 - config_name: hye features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 5339705 num_examples: 44771 - config_name: ilo features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1091598 num_examples: 12244 - config_name: ind features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 301002400 num_examples: 2847090 - config_name: isl features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 9236921 num_examples: 81944 - config_name: ita features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 777296075 num_examples: 6979588 - config_name: jav features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1418991 num_examples: 14232 - config_name: jpn features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 507827701 num_examples: 3573279 - config_name: kan features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 5202173 num_examples: 29618 - config_name: kat features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 23948062 num_examples: 264714 - config_name: kaz features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 10431780 num_examples: 68174 - config_name: khm features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 9261049 num_examples: 74930 - config_name: kir features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2889957 num_examples: 21803 - config_name: kor features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 298957990 num_examples: 2283513 - config_name: kur features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2049498 num_examples: 20499 - config_name: lao features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 3384550 num_examples: 21883 - config_name: lat features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1847536 num_examples: 17441 - config_name: lav features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 40856160 num_examples: 436367 - config_name: lit features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 48644668 num_examples: 490209 - config_name: ltz features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2767849 num_examples: 23777 - config_name: mal features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 3969696 num_examples: 23370 - config_name: mar features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 21281552 num_examples: 183597 - config_name: mkd features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 6630293 num_examples: 46388 - config_name: mlg features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2041457 num_examples: 20753 - config_name: mlt features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2511070 num_examples: 22481 - config_name: mon features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2807134 num_examples: 22223 - config_name: msa features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 100819002 num_examples: 1015861 - config_name: mya features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 4921919 num_examples: 27550 - config_name: nep features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 4109665 num_examples: 28414 - config_name: nld features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1063189772 num_examples: 8468892 - config_name: nno features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1008214 num_examples: 8916 - config_name: nor features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 164709507 num_examples: 1532814 - config_name: ori features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1706847 num_examples: 12715 - config_name: pan features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 3744404 num_examples: 30604 - config_name: pol features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 615691963 num_examples: 5024279 - config_name: por features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 864533859 num_examples: 7922910 - config_name: pus features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2469162 num_examples: 20779 - config_name: que features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 148080 num_examples: 1309 - config_name: ron features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 213874059 num_examples: 2120560 - config_name: rus features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1497071533 num_examples: 8649197 - config_name: san features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1504719 num_examples: 11218 - config_name: sin features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 3546851 num_examples: 25239 - config_name: slk features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 159465278 num_examples: 1634505 - config_name: slv features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 111966345 num_examples: 1129032 - config_name: snd features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1943642 num_examples: 16289 - config_name: som features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 394672 num_examples: 2033 - config_name: spa features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2064499051 num_examples: 17425569 - config_name: sqi features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 6567133 num_examples: 52576 - config_name: srp features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 34453172 num_examples: 309236 - config_name: sun features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1231274 num_examples: 11798 - config_name: swa features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2908794 num_examples: 26106 - config_name: swe features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 278286210 num_examples: 2232400 - config_name: tam features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 143610072 num_examples: 1000000 - config_name: tat features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1272161 num_examples: 12212 - config_name: tel features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 31135696 num_examples: 231096 - config_name: tgk features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2278812 num_examples: 17178 - config_name: tgl features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 12496135 num_examples: 92508 - config_name: tha features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 295752526 num_examples: 1887550 - config_name: tuk features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 894519 num_examples: 10008 - config_name: tur features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 347263285 num_examples: 3216289 - config_name: uig features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 1382207 num_examples: 12239 - config_name: ukr features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 367971838 num_examples: 2591062 - config_name: urd features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 8226936 num_examples: 63468 - config_name: uzb features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 15855066 num_examples: 221899 - config_name: vie features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 295869523 num_examples: 2619225 - config_name: war features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 231836 num_examples: 1555 - config_name: yid features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 2737797 num_examples: 20928 - config_name: yor features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float splits: - name: default num_bytes: 52739 num_examples: 209 - config_name: zho features: - name: id dtype: string - name: origin dtype: string - name: url dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: semantic_similarity_score dtype: float - name: topic dtype: string - name: question_type dtype: string splits: - name: default num_bytes: 370265045 num_examples: 2884579 configs: - config_name: afr data_files: - split: default path: data/afr.parquet - config_name: amh data_files: - split: default path: data/amh.parquet - config_name: ara data_files: - split: default path: data/ara.parquet - config_name: arz data_files: - split: default path: data/arz.parquet - config_name: asm data_files: - split: default path: data/asm.parquet - config_name: aze data_files: - split: default path: data/aze.parquet - config_name: bak data_files: - split: default path: data/bak.parquet - config_name: bel data_files: - split: default path: data/bel.parquet - config_name: ben data_files: - split: default path: data/ben.parquet - config_name: bos data_files: - split: default path: data/bos.parquet - config_name: bre data_files: - split: default path: data/bre.parquet - config_name: bul data_files: - split: default path: data/bul.parquet - config_name: cat data_files: - split: default path: data/cat.parquet - config_name: ceb data_files: - split: default path: data/ceb.parquet - config_name: ces data_files: - split: default path: data/ces.parquet - config_name: ckb data_files: - split: default path: data/ckb.parquet - config_name: cym data_files: - split: default path: data/cym.parquet - config_name: dan data_files: - split: default path: data/dan.parquet - config_name: deu data_files: - split: default path: data/deu.parquet - config_name: div data_files: - split: default path: data/div.parquet - config_name: ell data_files: - split: default path: data/ell.parquet - config_name: eng data_files: - split: default path: data/eng.parquet - config_name: epo data_files: - split: default path: data/epo.parquet - config_name: est data_files: - split: default path: data/est.parquet - config_name: eus data_files: - split: default path: data/eus.parquet - config_name: fas data_files: - split: default path: data/fas.parquet - config_name: fin data_files: - split: default path: data/fin.parquet - config_name: fra data_files: - split: default path: data/fra.parquet - config_name: fry data_files: - split: default path: data/fry.parquet - config_name: gla data_files: - split: default path: data/gla.parquet - config_name: gle data_files: - split: default path: data/gle.parquet - config_name: glg data_files: - split: default path: data/glg.parquet - config_name: gom data_files: - split: default path: data/gom.parquet - config_name: guj data_files: - split: default path: data/guj.parquet - config_name: hat data_files: - split: default path: data/hat.parquet - config_name: hbs data_files: - split: default path: data/hbs.parquet - config_name: heb data_files: - split: default path: data/heb.parquet - config_name: hin data_files: - split: default path: data/hin.parquet - config_name: hrv data_files: - split: default path: data/hrv.parquet - config_name: hun data_files: - split: default path: data/hun.parquet - config_name: hye data_files: - split: default path: data/hye.parquet - config_name: ilo data_files: - split: default path: data/ilo.parquet - config_name: ind data_files: - split: default path: data/ind.parquet - config_name: isl data_files: - split: default path: data/isl.parquet - config_name: ita data_files: - split: default path: data/ita.parquet - config_name: jav data_files: - split: default path: data/jav.parquet - config_name: jpn data_files: - split: default path: data/jpn.parquet - config_name: kan data_files: - split: default path: data/kan.parquet - config_name: kat data_files: - split: default path: data/kat.parquet - config_name: kaz data_files: - split: default path: data/kaz.parquet - config_name: khm data_files: - split: default path: data/khm.parquet - config_name: kir data_files: - split: default path: data/kir.parquet - config_name: kor data_files: - split: default path: data/kor.parquet - config_name: kur data_files: - split: default path: data/kur.parquet - config_name: lao data_files: - split: default path: data/lao.parquet - config_name: lat data_files: - split: default path: data/lat.parquet - config_name: lav data_files: - split: default path: data/lav.parquet - config_name: lit data_files: - split: default path: data/lit.parquet - config_name: ltz data_files: - split: default path: data/ltz.parquet - config_name: mal data_files: - split: default path: data/mal.parquet - config_name: mar data_files: - split: default path: data/mar.parquet - config_name: mkd data_files: - split: default path: data/mkd.parquet - config_name: mlg data_files: - split: default path: data/mlg.parquet - config_name: mlt data_files: - split: default path: data/mlt.parquet - config_name: mon data_files: - split: default path: data/mon.parquet - config_name: msa data_files: - split: default path: data/msa.parquet - config_name: mya data_files: - split: default path: data/mya.parquet - config_name: nep data_files: - split: default path: data/nep.parquet - config_name: nld data_files: - split: default path: data/nld.parquet - config_name: nno data_files: - split: default path: data/nno.parquet - config_name: nor data_files: - split: default path: data/nor.parquet - config_name: ori data_files: - split: default path: data/ori.parquet - config_name: pan data_files: - split: default path: data/pan.parquet - config_name: pol data_files: - split: default path: data/pol.parquet - config_name: por data_files: - split: default path: data/por.parquet - config_name: pus data_files: - split: default path: data/pus.parquet - config_name: que data_files: - split: default path: data/que.parquet - config_name: ron data_files: - split: default path: data/ron.parquet - config_name: rus data_files: - split: default path: data/rus.parquet - config_name: san data_files: - split: default path: data/san.parquet - config_name: sin data_files: - split: default path: data/sin.parquet - config_name: slk data_files: - split: default path: data/slk.parquet - config_name: slv data_files: - split: default path: data/slv.parquet - config_name: snd data_files: - split: default path: data/snd.parquet - config_name: som data_files: - split: default path: data/som.parquet - config_name: spa data_files: - split: default path: data/spa.parquet - config_name: sqi data_files: - split: default path: data/sqi.parquet - config_name: srp data_files: - split: default path: data/srp.parquet - config_name: sun data_files: - split: default path: data/sun.parquet - config_name: swa data_files: - split: default path: data/swa.parquet - config_name: swe data_files: - split: default path: data/swe.parquet - config_name: tam data_files: - split: default path: data/tam.parquet - config_name: tat data_files: - split: default path: data/tat.parquet - config_name: tel data_files: - split: default path: data/tel.parquet - config_name: tgk data_files: - split: default path: data/tgk.parquet - config_name: tgl data_files: - split: default path: data/tgl.parquet - config_name: tha data_files: - split: default path: data/tha.parquet - config_name: tuk data_files: - split: default path: data/tuk.parquet - config_name: tur data_files: - split: default path: data/tur.parquet - config_name: uig data_files: - split: default path: data/uig.parquet - config_name: ukr data_files: - split: default path: data/ukr.parquet - config_name: urd data_files: - split: default path: data/urd.parquet - config_name: uzb data_files: - split: default path: data/uzb.parquet - config_name: vie data_files: - split: default path: data/vie.parquet - config_name: war data_files: - split: default path: data/war.parquet - config_name: yid data_files: - split: default path: data/yid.parquet - config_name: yor data_files: - split: default path: data/yor.parquet - config_name: zho data_files: - split: default path: data/zho.parquet ---

WebFAQ 2.0: Multilingual FAQ Q&A Dataset with Hard Negatives

Overview | What's New in v2.0 | Dataset Statistics | Structure | Bitext Alignments | Hard Negatives | Training Strategies | Examples | Considerations | License | Citation | Contact

--- > Note: > > Note that the SIGIR Resource submission reports 104 languages, however, after re-uploading the WebFAQ 2.0 dataset, it now includes 108 languages in total. > Furthermore note that for the Bilingual Datasets, we now include all those language combinations with at least 100 samples (instead of 1,000). > This increases the number of combinations from 3,118 to 3,970. The total number of samples across all 3,970 combinations is therefore 14.3M (instead of 13.8M, as reported in the submission). ## Overview **WebFAQ 2.0** is a large-scale multilingual dataset of **198 million natural question–answer pairs** across **108 languages**, mined from structured FAQ pages on the web. It is the successor of the original **WebFAQ (v1)** dataset (96M QAs, 75 languages): 👉 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PaDaS-Lab/webfaq](https://huggingface.co/datasets/PaDaS-Lab/webfaq) WebFAQ 2.0 significantly expands multilingual coverage, bilingual QA alignments, and introduces a new **hard negatives dataset** for training dense retrieval models . The dataset is designed for: * 🌍 Multilingual & cross-lingual dense retrieval * ❓ Open-domain Question Answering * 🔎 Hard negative mining research * 🌐 Bitext mining & multilingual embedding training --- ## What's New in v2.0 Compared to WebFAQ v1, version 2.0 introduces: ### 1️⃣ Massive Scale Increase * **198M QA pairs** (vs. 96M in v1) * **108 languages** (vs. 75) * English share reduced from ~51% to ~28% → stronger multilingual balance ### 2️⃣ New Crawling Strategy Instead of relying solely on Web Data Commons dumps, WebFAQ 2.0: * Mines FAQPage markup directly from Common Crawl * Crawls pages using OWLer (OpenWebSearch project) * Extracts: * Questions * Answers * Page titles * Page descriptions * hreflang links for multilingual alignment This yields richer contextual metadata and improved cross-lingual coverage . ### 3️⃣ Large-Scale Bilingual Alignments (👉 [michaeldinzinger/webfaq-v2-bitexts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/michaeldinzinger/webfaq-v2-bitexts)) * **14.3 million aligned QA pairs** (vs. 1.5M in v1) * **3,970 language combinations** (≥100 aligned samples each) * 3,118 language pairs contain ≥1,000 and 1,282 language pairs contain ≥4,000 aligned QA pairs This represents nearly a **10× increase** in alignment size. ### 4️⃣ Hard Negatives Dataset (👉 [IrvinTopi/WebFAQHardNegatives](https://huggingface.co/datasets/IrvinTopi/WebFAQHardNegatives)) A new dataset of: * **1.25M queries** * **20 languages** * 200 mined hard negatives per query * Cross-encoder scores included Designed specifically for dense retriever training . --- ## Dataset Statistics ### Languages * 108 languages with ≥1,000 samples * More balanced distribution compared to v1 * Significant growth in non-English languages (e.g., Hindi, Ukrainian, Dutch, Portuguese, Polish) ### Topics Topic labels are inferred using a fine-tuned XLM-RoBERTa classifier trained on GPT-5-mini annotated data (F1 ≈ 88%). Major topic shift in v2.0: | Topic | % | | --------------------------------- | ---- | | ✈️ Traveling & Hospitality | 59.2 | | 🛒 Products & Commercial Services | 18.9 | | ❤️ Healthcare & Lifestyle | 5.6 | | 🎵 Entertainment | 4.7 | | 🏦 Banking & Finance | 4.4 | ### Question Types Questions are categorized using a multilingual extension of the Bolotova et al. taxonomy: | Type | % | | -------------- | ---- | | Not-a-Question | 34.7 | | Factoid | 33.6 | | Experience | 11.6 | | Instruction | 10.3 | | Evidence-Based | 4.3 | | Reason | 3.3 | | Comparison | 2.2 | | Debate | 0.1 | Classifier F1 ≈ 88%. --- ## Structure Each language is provided as a separate configuration: ```python from datasets import load_dataset dataset = load_dataset("michaeldinzinger/webfaq-v2", "eng")["default"] print(dataset[0]) ``` ### Fields * `id`: Unique identifier * `origin`: Website origin (scheme + host) * `url`: Source URL * `question`: Natural-language question * `answer`: Corresponding answer * `title`: Webpage title (new in v2.0) * `description`: Webpage description (new in v2.0) * `qa_similarity_score`: Semantic similarity between question and answer * `topic` (optional): Topic label * `question_type` (optional): Question category > Note: No official train/validation/test split is provided for the raw QA dataset. --- ## Bilingual Alignments The bitext dataset is released separately: 👉 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/michaeldinzinger/webfaq-v2-bitexts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/michaeldinzinger/webfaq-v2-bitexts) Alignment method: * LaBSE embeddings * Nearest-neighbor retrieval * Similarity threshold ≥ 0.9 Results: * 14.3M aligned QA pairs * Strong growth in non-English language pairs * Includes underrepresented combinations (e.g., Marathi–Telugu) --- ## Hard Negatives Dataset Released separately: 👉 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/IrvinTopi/WebFAQHardNegatives](https://huggingface.co/datasets/IrvinTopi/WebFAQHardNegatives) ### Mining Pipeline Two-stage approach : 1. BM25 retrieval (top 200 candidates) 2. Cross-encoder reranking using BGE-m3 Each instance contains: ``` (query, positive, pos_score, negatives[], neg_scores[]) ``` Total size: * 1.25M training samples * 20 languages * 200 negatives per query --- ## Training Strategies Enabled WebFAQ 2.0 supports two main dense retrieval training paradigms: ### 🔹 Contrastive Learning * MultipleNegativesRankingLoss (MNR) * Random negatives * Hard negatives (Top-k or denoised) ### 🔹 Knowledge Distillation * MarginMSE loss * Uses cross-encoder scores directly * Strong improvements in non-English retrieval Experiments show: * Random negatives remain surprisingly strong in contrastive setups. * Knowledge distillation improves multilingual robustness but may slightly reduce English performance . --- ## Examples ```json { "id": "example_id", "origin": "https://example.com", "url": "https://example.com/faq", "question": "How old do I have to be to rent a car in Girona?", "answer": "You must be at least 21 years old to rent a car in Girona.", "title": "Car Rental FAQ – Girona", "description": "Frequently asked questions about renting a car in Girona.", "qa_similarity_score": 0.93, "topic": "Traveling and Hospitality", "question_type": "Experience" } ``` --- ## Considerations * ⚠️ No guarantee of factual correctness * ⚠️ Contains duplicates or near-duplicates * ⚠️ Hard negatives may contain false negatives * ⚠️ Language detection may be imperfect * 📜 Derived from public web pages – respect original website terms --- ## License [**Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By)**](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/) --- ## Citation If you use WebFAQ 2.0, please cite: ```bibtex @inproceedings{dinzinger2025webfaqv2, title={WebFAQ 2.0: A Multilingual QA Dataset with Mined Hard Negatives for Dense Retrieval}, author={Dinzinger, Michael and Caspari, Laura and Salman, Ali and Topi, Irvin and Mitrović, Jelena and Granitzer, Michael}, year={2025} } ``` You may also cite the original WebFAQ paper: ```bibtex @misc{dinzinger2025webfaq, title={WebFAQ: A Multilingual Collection of Natural Q&A Datasets for Dense Retrieval}, author={Michael Dinzinger and Laura Caspari and Kanishka Ghosh Dastidar and Jelena Mitrović and Michael Granitzer}, year={2025}, eprint={2502.20936}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL} } ``` --- ## Contact For inquiries: * [michael.dinzinger@uni-passau.de](mailto:michael.dinzinger@uni-passau.de) * HuggingFace Discussions * GitHub: [https://github.com/padas-lab-de/webfaq](https://github.com/padas-lab-de/webfaq) --- WebFAQ 2.0 is part of a long-term effort aligned with the [**Open Web Index**](https://openwebindex.eu/) initiative and will continue to grow as new structured FAQ data becomes available . Happy researching! 🚀