Upload BacformerForCausalGM

config.json

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 {
-  "_name_or_path": "/rds/user/mw896/rds-flotolab-9X9gY1OFt4M/projects/bacformer/output-data/all-genomes/runs-causal/12L-full-data-rotary-lr15e-5/checkpoint-176000/",
   "alpha_contrastive_loss": 0.5,
   "architectures": [
     "BacformerForCausalGM"
   ],
   "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1,
+  "auto_map": {
+    "AutoConfig": "configuration_bacformer.BacformerConfig",
+    "AutoModelForCausalLM": "modeling_bacformer.BacformerForCausalGM"
+  },
   "batch_size": 1,
   "ckpt_path": null,
   "dataloader_num_workers": 10,
@@ -15,212 +18,14 @@
   "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1,
   "hidden_size": 480,
   "id2label": {
-    "0": "LABEL_0",
-    "1": "LABEL_1",
-    "2": "LABEL_2",
-    "3": "LABEL_3",
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-    "5": "LABEL_5",
-    "6": "LABEL_6",
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+    "0": "LABEL_0"
   },
   "initializer_range": 0.02,
   "input_dir": "/rds/user/mw896/rds-flotolab-9X9gY1OFt4M/projects/bacformer/input-data/eval-genomes/",
   "intermediate_size": 1280,
   "is_causal_gm": true,
   "label2id": {
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+    "LABEL_0": 0
   },
   "layer_norm_eps": 1e-12,
   "logging_steps": 500,
@@ -262,7 +67,7 @@
   "test_after_train": false,
   "torch_dtype": "float32",
   "train_subset_prop": 1.0,
-  "transformers_version": "4.38.2",
+  "transformers_version": "4.50.3",
   "warmup_proportion": 0.1,
   "weight_decay": 0.01
 }

configuration_bacformer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from typing import Literal
+
+from transformers import PretrainedConfig
+
+SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT = {
+    "PAD": 0,
+    "MASK": 1,
+    "CLS": 2,
+    "SEP": 3,
+    "PROT_EMB": 4,
+    "END": 5,
+}
+
+
+class BacformerConfig(PretrainedConfig):
+    """Configuration class to store the configuration of a `BacformerModel`."""
+
+    model_type = "bacformer"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_hidden_layers: int = 6,
+        num_attention_heads: int = 8,
+        hidden_size: int = 480,  # default esm2_t12_35M_UR50D embedding dim
+        intermediate_size: int = 1280,
+        hidden_dropout_prob: float = 0.1,
+        attention_probs_dropout_prob: float = 0.1,
+        max_position_embeddings: int = 6000,
+        max_token_type_embeddings: int = 1000,
+        layer_norm_eps: float = 1e-12,
+        initializer_range: float = 0.02,
+        pad_token_id: int = SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["PAD"],
+        mask_token_id: int = SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["MASK"],
+        prot_emb_token_id: int = SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["PROT_EMB"],
+        end_token_id: int = SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["END"],
+        num_special_tokens: int = len(SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT),
+        protein_clusters_vocab_size: int = 50001,  # equal to the nr of protein clusters + 1
+        num_labels: int = 1,  # for downstream tasks
+        is_causal_gm: bool = False,
+        return_dict: bool = False,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = False,
+        alpha_contrastive_loss: float = 0.5,
+        # only to use in the BacformerForGenomeClassification
+        problem_type: Literal[
+            "regression", "binary_classification", "single_label_classification", "multi_label_classification"
+        ] = "single_label_classification",
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers
+        self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads
+        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
+        self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size
+        self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob
+        self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob
+        self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings
+        self.max_token_type_embeddings = max_token_type_embeddings
+        self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps
+        self.initializer_range = initializer_range
+        self.pad_token_id = pad_token_id
+        self.mask_token_id = mask_token_id
+        self.prot_emb_token_id = prot_emb_token_id
+        self.end_token_id = end_token_id
+        self.num_special_tokens = num_special_tokens
+        self.protein_clusters_vocab_size = protein_clusters_vocab_size
+        self.num_labels = num_labels
+        self.is_causal_gm = is_causal_gm
+        self.return_dict = return_dict
+        self.return_attn_weights = return_attn_weights
+        self.problem_type = problem_type
+        self.alpha_contrastive_loss = alpha_contrastive_loss

modeling_bacformer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1461 @@
+import math
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
+
+import torch
+from torch import nn
+from torch.nn.functional import (
+    binary_cross_entropy_with_logits,
+    cross_entropy,
+    gelu,
+    mse_loss,
+    scaled_dot_product_attention,
+    softmax,
+)
+from transformers import PreTrainedModel
+from transformers.utils import ModelOutput
+
+from bacformer_model.configuration_bacformer import SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT, BacformerConfig
+
+
+def compute_contrastive_loss(
+    protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+    last_hidden_state: torch.Tensor,
+    special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """Compute contrastive loss between protein embeddings and masked items."""
+    # keep protein embeddings and masked items
+    # ensure the batch size is 1, the model currently does not work with batch size > 1
+    assert protein_embeddings.shape[0] == last_hidden_state.shape[0] == 1
+
+    # subset to mask and protein embedding tokens
+    special_tokens_mask = special_tokens_mask.squeeze(0)
+    mask = (special_tokens_mask == SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["PROT_EMB"]) | (
+        special_tokens_mask == SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["MASK"]
+    )
+    protein_embeddings = protein_embeddings.squeeze(0)[mask]
+    last_hidden_state = last_hidden_state.squeeze(0)[mask]
+
+    # Normalize embeddings
+    last_hidden_state = last_hidden_state / last_hidden_state.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True)
+    protein_embeddings = protein_embeddings / protein_embeddings.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True)
+
+    # Compute similarity matrix and loss as before
+    similarity_matrix = torch.matmul(last_hidden_state, protein_embeddings.T)
+
+    n_prots = protein_embeddings.shape[0]
+    labels = torch.arange(n_prots).to(protein_embeddings.device)
+
+    # Compute the loss
+    loss = cross_entropy(similarity_matrix, labels)
+    return loss
+
+
+def top_k_filtering(logits: torch.Tensor, top_k: int = 50):
+    """
+    Keep only top_k logits and set the rest to -inf.
+
+    Args:
+        logits (torch.Tensor): Logits of shape (batch_size, vocab_size).
+        top_k (int): The number of highest probability logits to keep.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        torch.Tensor: Filtered logits where only the top k values remain, and all others are -inf.
+    """
+    if top_k <= 0:
+        return logits
+
+    # Find top_k values
+    top_k = min(top_k, logits.size(-1))
+    vals, idx = torch.topk(logits, top_k, dim=-1)
+    # Get the smallest logit in the top_k
+    min_vals = vals[:, -1].unsqueeze(-1)
+    # Mask all logits that are < this min value
+    mask = logits < min_vals
+    logits[mask] = float("-inf")
+    return logits
+
+
+def top_p_filtering(logits: torch.Tensor, top_p: float = 0.9):
+    """
+    Keep the smallest set of logits whose cumulative probability >= top_p.
+
+    Args:
+        logits (torch.Tensor): Logits of shape (batch_size, vocab_size).
+        top_p (float): Cumulative probability threshold.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        torch.Tensor: Filtered logits where only tokens within the top_p cumulative
+                      probability mass are kept; the rest are set to -inf.
+    """
+    if top_p >= 1.0:
+        return logits
+
+    sorted_logits, sorted_indices = torch.sort(logits, descending=True, dim=-1)
+    cumulative_probs = torch.cumsum(softmax(sorted_logits, dim=-1), dim=-1)
+
+    # Identify where cumulative probability exceeds top_p
+    sorted_indices_to_remove = cumulative_probs > top_p
+    # Shift the mask to ensure we always keep at least one token
+    sorted_indices_to_remove[..., 1:] = sorted_indices_to_remove[..., :-1].clone()
+    sorted_indices_to_remove[..., 0] = False
+
+    # Scatter to replicate the mask in the original ordering
+    for i in range(logits.size(0)):
+        remove_indices = sorted_indices[i, sorted_indices_to_remove[i]]
+        logits[i, remove_indices] = float("-inf")
+
+    return logits
+
+
+def create_4d_from_2d_attn_mask(attn_mask: torch.Tensor, num_attn_heads: int):
+    """Helper function to reshape attn_mask to 3D from 2D"""
+    assert (
+        len(attn_mask.shape) == 2
+    ), f"Please provide attn_mask of shape (batch_size, seq_len), current shape {attn_mask.shape}"
+
+    bs, seq_len = attn_mask.shape
+    attn_mask = attn_mask.view(bs, 1, 1, seq_len)
+    attn_mask = attn_mask.expand(-1, num_attn_heads, -1, -1)
+    attn_mask = attn_mask.view(bs, num_attn_heads, -1, seq_len)
+    return attn_mask
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BacformerModelOutput(ModelOutput):
+    """Base class for outputs of the Bacformer model."""
+
+    loss: torch.FloatTensor | None = None
+    logits: torch.FloatTensor = None
+    last_hidden_state: torch.FloatTensor | None = None
+    attentions: Union[torch.FloatTensor, None] = None
+    pooler_output: torch.FloatTensor | None = None
+
+
+# Taken from facebookresearch/llama/model.py
+def reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_cis: torch.Tensor, x: torch.Tensor):
+    """Reshape the rotary embeddings for broadcasting."""
+    ndim = x.ndim
+    assert 0 <= 1 < ndim
+    assert freqs_cis.shape == (x.shape[1], x.shape[-1])
+    shape = [d if i == 1 or i == ndim - 1 else 1 for i, d in enumerate(x.shape)]
+    return freqs_cis.view(*shape)
+
+
+# Taken from facebookresearch/llama/model.py
+def apply_rotary_emb(
+    xq: torch.Tensor,
+    xk: torch.Tensor,
+    freqs_cos: torch.Tensor,
+    freqs_sin: torch.Tensor,
+) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+    """Apply rotary embeddings to the query and key tensors."""
+    # reshape xq and xk to match the complex representation
+    xq_r, xq_i = xq.float().reshape(*xq.shape[:-1], -1, 2).unbind(-1)
+    xk_r, xk_i = xk.float().reshape(*xk.shape[:-1], -1, 2).unbind(-1)
+
+    # reshape freqs_cos and freqs_sin for broadcasting
+    freqs_cos = reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_cos, xq_r)
+    freqs_sin = reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_sin, xq_r)
+
+    # apply rotation using real numbers
+    xq_out_r = xq_r * freqs_cos - xq_i * freqs_sin
+    xq_out_i = xq_r * freqs_sin + xq_i * freqs_cos
+    xk_out_r = xk_r * freqs_cos - xk_i * freqs_sin
+    xk_out_i = xk_r * freqs_sin + xk_i * freqs_cos
+
+    # flatten last two dimensions
+    xq_out = torch.stack([xq_out_r, xq_out_i], dim=-1).flatten(3)
+    xk_out = torch.stack([xk_out_r, xk_out_i], dim=-1).flatten(3)
+
+    return xq_out.type_as(xq), xk_out.type_as(xk)
+
+
+# Taken from facebookresearch/llama/model.py
+def precompute_freqs_cis(dim: int, end: int, theta: float = 10000.0):
+    """Precompute the freqs cis for rotary embeddings."""
+    freqs = 1.0 / (theta ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2)[: (dim // 2)].float() / dim))
+    t = torch.arange(end, device=freqs.device)  # type: ignore
+    freqs = torch.outer(t, freqs).float()  # type: ignore
+
+    freqs_cos = torch.cos(freqs)  # real part
+    freqs_sin = torch.sin(freqs)  # imaginary part
+    return freqs_cos, freqs_sin
+
+
+def symmetrize(x):
+    """Make layer symmetric in final two dimensions, used for protein-protein interaction prediction."""
+    return x + x.transpose(-1, -2)
+
+
+def average_product_correct(x):
+    """Perform average product correct, used for protein-protein interaction prediction."""
+    a1 = x.sum(-1, keepdims=True)
+    a2 = x.sum(-2, keepdims=True)
+    a12 = x.sum((-1, -2), keepdims=True)
+
+    avg = a1 * a2
+    # avg.div_(a12)  # in-place to reduce memory
+    normalized = x - avg.div_(a12)
+    return normalized
+
+
+def scaled_dot_product_attention_w_attn_weights(
+    query, key, value, attn_mask=None, dropout_p=0.0, is_causal=False, scale=None
+) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+    """PyTorch Native implementation, modified to return attention weights."""
+    L, S = query.size(-2), key.size(-2)
+    scale_factor = 1 / math.sqrt(query.size(-1)) if scale is None else scale
+    attn_bias = torch.zeros(L, S, dtype=query.dtype).to(query.device)
+    if is_causal:
+        assert attn_mask is None
+        temp_mask = torch.ones(L, S, dtype=torch.bool).tril(diagonal=0)
+        attn_bias.masked_fill_(temp_mask.logical_not(), float("-inf"))
+        attn_bias.to(query.dtype)
+
+    if attn_mask is not None:
+        if attn_mask.dtype == torch.bool:
+            attn_mask.masked_fill_(attn_mask.logical_not(), float("-inf"))
+        else:
+            attn_bias += attn_mask
+    attn_weight = query @ key.transpose(-2, -1) * scale_factor
+    attn_weight += attn_bias
+    attn_weight = torch.softmax(attn_weight, dim=-1)
+    attn_weight = torch.dropout(attn_weight, dropout_p, train=True)
+    attn_output = attn_weight @ value
+    return attn_output, attn_weight
+
+
+class RotarySelfAttention(nn.Module):
+    """Rotary self-attention module."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        embed_dim: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.1,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.embed_dim = embed_dim
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.dim_head = embed_dim // num_heads
+        self.dropout_rate = dropout
+
+        self.q = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)
+        self.k = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)
+        self.v = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)
+        self.att_proj_linear = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        attn_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        freqs_cos: torch.Tensor,
+        freqs_sin: torch.Tensor,
+        is_causal: bool = False,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Forward pass for the rotary self-attention module."""
+        batch_size, seq_len, _ = x.shape
+        xq, xk, xv = self.q(x), self.k(x), self.v(x)
+        # Reshape for rotary embeddings
+        xq = xq.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.dim_head)
+        xk = xk.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.dim_head)
+        xv = xv.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.dim_head)
+        xq, xk = apply_rotary_emb(xq, xk, freqs_cos, freqs_sin)
+
+        # Reshape for attention calculation: (b_sz, n_head, s_len, d_head)
+        xq = xq.transpose(1, 2)
+        xk = xk.transpose(1, 2)
+        xv = xv.transpose(1, 2)
+
+        attn_weights = None
+        if return_attn_weights:
+            att, attn_weights = scaled_dot_product_attention_w_attn_weights(
+                query=xq,
+                key=xk,
+                value=xv,
+                attn_mask=attn_mask,
+                dropout_p=self.dropout_rate if self.training else 0.0,
+                is_causal=is_causal,
+            )
+        else:
+            att = scaled_dot_product_attention(
+                query=xq,
+                key=xk,
+                value=xv,
+                attn_mask=attn_mask,
+                dropout_p=self.dropout_rate if self.training else 0.0,
+                is_causal=is_causal,
+            )
+        # Shape (b_sz, s_len, n_head, d_head)
+        out = att.transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
+        out = out.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads * self.dim_head)
+
+        return self.att_proj_linear(out), attn_weights
+
+
+class BacformerTransformerLayer(nn.Module):
+    """Own implementation of transformer layer which uses pytorch native MHA but returns attention weights"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hidden_size: int,
+        intermediate_size: int,
+        num_attention_heads: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.1,
+        activation: Literal["gelu", "relu"] = "gelu",
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.self_mha = RotarySelfAttention(
+            embed_dim=hidden_size,
+            num_heads=num_attention_heads,
+            dropout=dropout,
+        )
+
+        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, intermediate_size)
+        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(intermediate_size, hidden_size)
+        self.activation = nn.GELU() if activation == "gelu" else nn.ReLU()
+        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size)
+        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size)
+        self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.dropout3 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        hidden_state: torch.Tensor,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        freqs_cos: torch.Tensor = None,
+        freqs_sin: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = False,
+        is_causal: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor | None]:
+        """Forward pass"""
+        attn_outputs, attn_weights = self.self_mha(
+            hidden_state,
+            attn_mask=attention_mask,
+            freqs_cos=freqs_cos,
+            freqs_sin=freqs_sin,
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            is_causal=is_causal,
+        )
+        x = self.norm1(hidden_state + self.dropout1(attn_outputs))
+        ff_output = self.fc2(self.dropout2(self.activation(self.fc1(x))))
+        x = self.norm2(x + self.dropout3(ff_output))
+        return x, attn_weights
+
+
+class BacformerTransformerEncoder(nn.Module):
+    """Own implementation of Transformer which return attention weights"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_hidden_layers: int,
+        hidden_size: int,
+        intermediate_size: int,
+        num_attention_heads: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.1,
+        activation: Literal["gelu", "relu"] = "gelu",
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList(
+            [
+                BacformerTransformerLayer(
+                    hidden_size=hidden_size,
+                    intermediate_size=intermediate_size,
+                    num_attention_heads=num_attention_heads,
+                    dropout=dropout,
+                    activation=activation,
+                )
+                for _ in range(num_hidden_layers)
+            ]
+        )
+        self.gradient_checkpointing = False
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        hidden_state: torch.Tensor,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        freqs_cos: torch.Tensor = None,
+        freqs_sin: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = False,
+        is_causal: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, list[torch.Tensor | None]]:
+        """Forward pass"""
+        attn_weights_arr = []
+        for layer in self.layers:
+            if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:
+                hidden_state, attn_weights = self._gradient_checkpointing_func(
+                    layer.__call__,
+                    hidden_state,
+                    attention_mask,
+                    freqs_cos,
+                    freqs_sin,
+                    return_attn_weights,
+                    is_causal,
+                )
+            else:
+                hidden_state, attn_weights = layer(
+                    hidden_state=hidden_state,
+                    attention_mask=attention_mask,
+                    freqs_cos=freqs_cos,
+                    freqs_sin=freqs_sin,
+                    return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+                    is_causal=is_causal,
+                )
+            # keep the attention weights from each layer
+            attn_weights_arr.append(attn_weights)
+        return hidden_state, attn_weights_arr
+
+
+class BacformerEmbeddings(nn.Module):
+    """Construct the protein embeddings from protein sequence, position embeddings and sequence type embeddings."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+        self.linear = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+
+        self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding(
+            num_embeddings=config.max_token_type_embeddings + 1,
+            embedding_dim=config.hidden_size,
+            padding_idx=config.max_token_type_embeddings,
+        )
+
+        self.special_tokens_embeddings = nn.Embedding(
+            num_embeddings=config.num_special_tokens,
+            embedding_dim=config.hidden_size,
+        )
+        self.prot_emb_token_id = config.prot_emb_token_id
+        self.pad_token_id = config.pad_token_id
+
+        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor = None,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,  # used for causal protein family modeling
+        property_ids: torch.Tensor = None,  # used for conditional fine-tuning for desired property
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Forward pass for protein embeddings."""
+        bs, seq_length, dim = protein_embeddings.shape
+
+        # pass the pooled ESM protein embeddings through a linear layer
+        protein_embeddings = self.linear(protein_embeddings)
+        protein_embeddings = torch.where(
+            special_tokens_mask.unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, 1, dim) == self.prot_emb_token_id,
+            protein_embeddings,
+            self.special_tokens_embeddings(special_tokens_mask),
+        )
+
+        if token_type_ids is not None:
+            protein_embeddings += self.token_type_embeddings(token_type_ids)
+
+        protein_embeddings = self.LayerNorm(protein_embeddings)
+        protein_embeddings = self.dropout(protein_embeddings)
+        return protein_embeddings
+
+
+class BacformerProteinFamilyEmbeddings(nn.Module):
+    """Construct the protein embeddings from protein family tokens, special tokens and sequence type embeddings."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: BacformerConfig,
+        protein_family_embeddings: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_embeddings: torch.Tensor = None,
+        special_tokens_embeddings: torch.Tensor = None,
+        n_conditional_properties: int = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+
+        if protein_family_embeddings is not None:
+            self.protein_family_embeddings = nn.Embedding.from_pretrained(
+                protein_family_embeddings,
+                freeze=False,
+                padding_idx=config.pad_token_id,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.protein_family_embeddings = nn.Embedding(
+                num_embeddings=config.protein_clusters_vocab_size + 1,
+                embedding_dim=config.hidden_size,
+                padding_idx=config.pad_token_id,
+            )
+
+        if token_type_embeddings is not None:
+            self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding.from_pretrained(
+                token_type_embeddings,
+                freeze=False,
+                padding_idx=config.max_token_type_embeddings,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding(
+                num_embeddings=config.max_token_type_embeddings + 1,
+                embedding_dim=config.hidden_size,
+                padding_idx=config.max_token_type_embeddings,
+            )
+
+        if special_tokens_embeddings is not None:
+            self.special_tokens_embeddings = nn.Embedding.from_pretrained(
+                special_tokens_embeddings,
+                freeze=False,
+                padding_idx=config.pad_token_id,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.special_tokens_embeddings = nn.Embedding(
+                num_embeddings=config.num_special_tokens,
+                embedding_dim=config.hidden_size,
+                padding_idx=config.pad_token_id,
+            )
+
+        # add layer for conditional properties
+        if n_conditional_properties is not None:
+            self.conditional_properties_layer = nn.Embedding(n_conditional_properties, config.hidden_size)
+
+        self.prot_emb_token_id = config.prot_emb_token_id
+        self.pad_token_id = config.pad_token_id
+
+        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor = None,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,  # used for causal protein family modeling
+        property_ids: torch.Tensor = None,  # used for conditional fine-tuning for desired property
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Forward pass for protein embeddings."""
+        # pass the pooled ESM protein embeddings through a linear layer
+        # replace -100 with pad_token_id
+        labels[labels == -100] = self.pad_token_id
+        protein_embeddings = self.protein_family_embeddings(labels)
+
+        bs, seq_length, dim = protein_embeddings.shape
+        protein_embeddings = torch.where(
+            special_tokens_mask.unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, 1, dim) == self.prot_emb_token_id,
+            protein_embeddings,
+            self.special_tokens_embeddings(special_tokens_mask),
+        )
+
+        if token_type_ids is not None:
+            protein_embeddings += self.token_type_embeddings(token_type_ids)
+
+        if property_ids is not None:
+            # get the embeddings for the conditional properties
+            property_embedding = self.conditional_properties_layer(property_ids).unsqueeze(1)
+            # concatenate the protein embeddings with the conditional properties embeddings
+            # property embeddings are added to the beginning of the protein embeddings after the CLS token
+            protein_embeddings = torch.cat(
+                [
+                    protein_embeddings[:, :1, :],  # CLS token
+                    property_embedding,  # conditional properties embeddings
+                    protein_embeddings[:, 1:, :],
+                ],  # protein embeddings
+                dim=1,
+            )
+
+        protein_embeddings = self.LayerNorm(protein_embeddings)
+        protein_embeddings = self.dropout(protein_embeddings)
+        return protein_embeddings
+
+
+class BacformerEncoder(nn.Module):
+    """Bacformer encoder model"""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+
+        self.encoder = BacformerTransformerEncoder(
+            num_hidden_layers=config.num_hidden_layers,
+            hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
+            num_attention_heads=config.num_attention_heads,
+            intermediate_size=config.intermediate_size,
+            activation="gelu",
+            dropout=config.attention_probs_dropout_prob,
+        )
+
+        # Note that config.max_position_embeddings is multiplied by 1.5 because the token limit for the Bacformer of
+        # models is 6000. Adding this multiplier instead of using 6000 directly allows for dynamism of token
+        # lengths while training or fine-tuning.
+        freqs_cos, freqs_sin = precompute_freqs_cis(
+            config.hidden_size // config.num_attention_heads, int(config.max_position_embeddings * 1.5)
+        )
+        self.register_buffer("freqs_cos", freqs_cos, persistent=False)
+        self.register_buffer("freqs_sin", freqs_sin, persistent=False)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: Union[bool, None] = None,
+        is_causal: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, list[torch.Tensor | None]]:
+        """Pass the input through the encoder layers in turn.
+
+        Args:
+            hidden_states: hidden states from the BacformerEmbeddings layer
+            attention_mask: mask for the attention in the transformer
+        """
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+        bs, seq_len, _ = hidden_states.shape
+        last_hidden_state, attn_weights = self.encoder(
+            hidden_state=hidden_states,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            freqs_cos=self.freqs_cos[:seq_len, :],
+            freqs_sin=self.freqs_sin[:seq_len, :],
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            is_causal=is_causal,
+        )
+        return last_hidden_state, attn_weights
+
+
+class BacformerPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel):
+    """An abstract class to handle weights initialization and a simple interface for downloading and loading pretrained models."""
+
+    config_class = BacformerConfig
+    base_model_prefix = "bacformer"
+    supports_gradient_checkpointing = True
+    _no_split_modules = ["BacformerEmbeddings", "BacformerTransformerLayer"]
+
+    # Copied from transformers.models.bert.modeling_bert.BertPreTrainedModel._init_weights
+    def _init_weights(self, module):
+        """Initialize the weights"""
+        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
+            # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization
+            # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617
+            module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range)
+            if module.bias is not None:
+                module.bias.data.zero_()
+        elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
+            module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range)
+            if module.padding_idx is not None:
+                module.weight.data[module.padding_idx].zero_()
+        elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm):
+            module.bias.data.zero_()
+            module.weight.data.fill_(1.0)
+
+
+class BacformerModel(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig, add_pooling_layer: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+
+        self.embeddings = BacformerEmbeddings(config)
+        self.encoder = BacformerEncoder(config)
+
+        self.pooler = BacformerPooler(config) if add_pooling_layer else None
+
+        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
+        self.post_init()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor = None,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        property_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = False,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+        is_causal: bool = False,
+    ) -> Optional[BacformerModelOutput]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        # get embeddings
+        protein_embeddings = self.embeddings(
+            protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+            labels=labels,
+            special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+            property_ids=property_ids,
+        )
+
+        # create 3D attention mask from 2D if not doing causal GM
+        if attention_mask is not None and not is_causal:
+            attention_mask = create_4d_from_2d_attn_mask(
+                attn_mask=attention_mask, num_attn_heads=self.config.num_attention_heads
+            ).bool()
+
+        last_hidden_state, attentions = self.encoder(
+            hidden_states=protein_embeddings,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            is_causal=is_causal,
+        )
+        pooler_output = (
+            self.pooler(hidden_states=last_hidden_state, padding_mask=attention_mask)
+            if self.pooler is not None
+            else None
+        )
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (last_hidden_state, pooler_output, attentions)
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            last_hidden_state=last_hidden_state,
+            pooler_output=pooler_output,
+            attentions=attentions,
+        )
+
+
+class BacformerForCausalGM(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model with genomic modeling head on top"""
+
+    _tied_weights_keys = ["gm_head.decoder.weight"]
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.gm_head = BacformerGMHead(config)
+
+        # Initialize weights
+        self.init_weights()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[BacformerModelOutput]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+
+        outputs = self.bacformer(
+            protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+            special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+            attention_mask=None,  # attention mechanism handles the causal mask
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            return_dict=return_dict,
+            is_causal=True,
+        )
+        last_hidden_state = outputs[0]
+        prediction_scores = self.gm_head(last_hidden_state)
+
+        loss = None
+        if labels is not None:
+            labels = labels.to(prediction_scores.device)
+
+            shifted_prediction_scores = prediction_scores[:, :-1, :].contiguous().view(-1, prediction_scores.shape[-1])
+            labels = labels[:, 1:].contiguous().view(-1)
+            loss = cross_entropy(shifted_prediction_scores, labels)
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                prediction_scores,
+            ) + outputs
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=prediction_scores,
+            last_hidden_state=outputs.last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+
+class BacformerForMaskedGM(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model with genomic modeling head on top"""
+
+    _tied_weights_keys = ["gm_head.decoder.weight"]
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.gm_head = BacformerGMHead(config)
+
+        # Initialize weights
+        self.init_weights()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Union[BacformerModelOutput, None]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+
+        outputs = self.bacformer(
+            protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+            special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            return_dict=return_dict,
+        )
+        last_hidden_state = outputs[0]
+
+        # to speed up the forward pass, let's only consider the masked tokens
+
+        loss = None
+        if labels is not None:
+            # to speed up the forward pass, let's only consider the masked tokens
+            last_hidden_state = last_hidden_state[labels != -100]
+            prediction_scores = self.gm_head(last_hidden_state)
+            labels = labels.to(prediction_scores.device)
+
+            ### notes
+            # use the labels to get -100 for non-masked tokens
+            # do not use special_tokens_mask
+            # check how the labels are constructed
+
+            # only considering the masked tokens
+            labels = labels[labels != -100]
+            loss = cross_entropy(prediction_scores, labels)
+        else:
+            prediction_scores = self.gm_head(last_hidden_state)
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                prediction_scores,
+            ) + outputs
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=prediction_scores,
+            last_hidden_state=outputs.last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+
+class BacformerForCausalProteinFamilyModeling(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model for causal modeling of protein families. Using protein family as tokens rather than protein embeddings"""
+
+    _tied_weights_keys = ["gm_head.decoder.weight"]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: BacformerConfig,
+        n_conditional_properties: int = None,
+        initialise_from_non_pfm_model: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+        self.cls_token_id = SPECIAL_TOKENS_DICT["CLS"]
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.gm_head = BacformerGMHead(config)
+
+        if initialise_from_non_pfm_model:
+            # Initialize weights
+            self.init_weights()
+            # overwrite the embeddings with the pretrained
+            # protein family embeddings from the decoder of the GM Head
+            self.bacformer.embeddings = BacformerProteinFamilyEmbeddings(
+                config,
+                protein_family_embeddings=self.gm_head.decoder.weight,
+                token_type_embeddings=self.bacformer.embeddings.token_type_embeddings.weight,
+                special_tokens_embeddings=self.bacformer.embeddings.special_tokens_embeddings.weight,
+                n_conditional_properties=n_conditional_properties,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.bacformer.embeddings = BacformerProteinFamilyEmbeddings(
+                config,
+                n_conditional_properties=n_conditional_properties,
+            )
+            self.init_weights()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        property_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[BacformerModelOutput]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+
+        outputs = self.bacformer(
+            protein_embeddings=None,
+            labels=labels,
+            special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+            property_ids=property_ids,
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            return_dict=return_dict,
+            is_causal=True,
+        )
+        last_hidden_state = outputs[0]
+        prediction_scores = self.gm_head(last_hidden_state)
+
+        loss = None
+        if labels is not None:
+            if property_ids is not None:
+                labels = torch.cat(
+                    [
+                        torch.tensor([-100], dtype=torch.long)
+                        .unsqueeze(0)
+                        .to(labels.device),  # account for the property token
+                        labels,
+                    ],
+                    dim=1,
+                )  # ignore index
+            labels = labels.to(prediction_scores.device)
+
+            shifted_prediction_scores = prediction_scores[:, :-1, :].contiguous().view(-1, prediction_scores.shape[-1])
+            labels = labels[:, 1:].contiguous().view(-1)
+            loss = cross_entropy(shifted_prediction_scores, labels)
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                prediction_scores,
+            ) + outputs
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=prediction_scores,
+            last_hidden_state=outputs.last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        protein_family_ids: torch.LongTensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.LongTensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.LongTensor = None,
+        max_length: int = 6000,
+        end_token_id: int = 50000,
+        do_sample: bool = False,
+        top_k: int = 50,
+        top_p: float = 1.0,
+        temperature: float = 1.0,
+        property_ids: torch.LongTensor = None,
+        return_last_hidden_states: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Generate a sequence of tokens autoregressively from a given prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            protein_family_ids (torch.LongTensor): Tensor of shape (batch, seq_len) with token indices.
+            max_length (int): Maximum length of the generated sequence (prompt + newly generated).
+            end_token_id (int, optional): Token ID signifying end-of-sequence (END).
+                                          If encountered, generation stops.
+            do_sample (bool): Whether to sample from the probability distribution (True)
+                              or use greedy decoding (False).
+            top_k (int): If >0, use top-k filtering in sampling mode.
+            top_p (float): If <1.0, use nucleus (top-p) filtering in sampling mode.
+            temperature (float): Softmax temperature for scaling logits.
+                                 Higher => more random, lower => more deterministic.
+            return_last_hidden_states (bool): If True, return final hidden states as well.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+            torch.LongTensor: The generated token sequence of shape (batch, final_seq_len).
+            (Optional) torch.FloatTensor: Final hidden states of shape (batch, final_seq_len, hidden_dim)
+                                          if `return_hidden_states=True`.
+        """
+        # Default END token
+        if end_token_id is None:
+            end_token_id = getattr(self, "end_token_id", None)
+
+        # Switch to eval mode and move input to correct device
+        self.eval()
+        device = next(self.parameters()).device
+        protein_family_ids = protein_family_ids.to(device)
+
+        # create a special tokens mask if not provided
+        if special_tokens_mask is None:
+            # add a cls token at the beginning
+            protein_family_ids = torch.cat(
+                [torch.tensor([[-100]]).to(device), protein_family_ids],
+                dim=1,
+            )
+            special_tokens_mask = [self.cls_token_id] + [self.config.prot_emb_token_id] * (
+                protein_family_ids.shape[1] - 1
+            )
+            special_tokens_mask = torch.tensor(special_tokens_mask, dtype=torch.long).to(device)
+
+        # create a token type mask if not provided
+        if token_type_ids is None:
+            token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(protein_family_ids)
+
+        # Prepare the initial sequence and define max new tokens
+        generated = protein_family_ids.clone()
+        batch_size, prompt_length = generated.shape
+        max_new_tokens = max_length - prompt_length
+        if max_new_tokens <= 0:
+            max_new_tokens = 0
+
+        # Disable gradient calculations for generation
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            for _step in range(max_new_tokens):
+                # Forward pass
+                logits = self.forward(
+                    labels=generated,
+                    special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+                    # assume it's all on one chromosome
+                    token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+                    property_ids=property_ids,
+                    return_dict=True,
+                ).logits
+                # Focus on the last token's logits
+                next_token_logits = logits[:, -1, :]  # (batch_size, vocab_size)
+
+                # Apply temperature
+                if temperature != 1.0:
+                    next_token_logits = next_token_logits / temperature
+
+                # Sampling or greedy?
+                if do_sample:
+                    # Top-k filter
+                    next_token_logits = top_k_filtering(next_token_logits, top_k=top_k)
+                    # Top-p filter
+                    next_token_logits = top_p_filtering(next_token_logits, top_p=top_p)
+
+                    probs = softmax(next_token_logits, dim=-1)
+                    next_token_id = torch.multinomial(probs, num_samples=1)
+                else:
+                    # Greedy decoding
+                    next_token_id = torch.argmax(next_token_logits, dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+                # Append predicted token
+                generated = torch.cat([generated, next_token_id], dim=1)
+                special_tokens_mask = torch.cat(
+                    [special_tokens_mask, torch.tensor([[self.config.prot_emb_token_id]]).to(generated.device)], dim=1
+                )
+                last_token_type_id = token_type_ids[:, -1].unsqueeze(1)
+                token_type_ids = torch.cat([token_type_ids, last_token_type_id], dim=1)
+
+                # Check for END in all sequences
+                if end_token_id is not None:
+                    if (next_token_id.squeeze(1) == end_token_id).all():
+                        # If every sequence ended, break early
+                        break
+
+        if not return_last_hidden_states:
+            return generated
+
+        # Optionally compute final hidden states
+        if return_last_hidden_states:
+            last_hidden_state = self.forward(
+                labels=generated,
+                special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+                token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+                return_dict=True,
+            ).last_hidden_state
+
+        return generated, last_hidden_state
+
+
+class BacformerForMaskedGMWithContrastiveLoss(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model with genomic modeling head on top"""
+
+    _tied_weights_keys = ["gm_head.decoder.weight"]
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.gm_head = BacformerGMHead(config)
+
+        # Initialize weights
+        self.init_weights()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Union[BacformerModelOutput, None]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+
+        outputs = self.bacformer(
+            protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+            special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            return_dict=return_dict,
+        )
+        last_hidden_state = outputs[0]
+
+        # to speed up the forward pass, let's only consider the masked tokens
+
+        loss = None
+        if labels is not None:
+            # contrastive loss
+            contrastive_loss = compute_contrastive_loss(protein_embeddings, last_hidden_state, special_tokens_mask)
+            # to speed up the forward pass, let's only consider the masked tokens
+            last_hidden_state = last_hidden_state[labels != -100]
+            prediction_scores = self.gm_head(last_hidden_state)
+            labels = labels.to(prediction_scores.device)
+
+            # only considering the masked tokens
+            labels = labels[labels != -100]
+            masked_loss = cross_entropy(prediction_scores, labels)
+            loss = masked_loss + self.config.alpha_contrastive_loss * contrastive_loss
+        else:
+            prediction_scores = self.gm_head(last_hidden_state)
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                prediction_scores,
+            ) + outputs
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=prediction_scores,
+            last_hidden_state=outputs.last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+
+class BacformerForProteinClassification(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model with a classification head on top for protein classification tasks."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig, benchmark_esm: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+        self.benchmark_esm = benchmark_esm
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)
+        self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.num_labels)
+
+        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
+        self.post_init()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[BacformerModelOutput]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+
+        if self.benchmark_esm:
+            outputs = [protein_embeddings]
+        else:
+            outputs = self.bacformer(
+                protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+                special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+                token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+                attention_mask=attention_mask,
+                return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+                return_dict=return_dict,
+            )
+
+        last_hidden_state = outputs[0]
+
+        last_hidden_state = self.dropout(last_hidden_state)
+        logits = self.classifier(last_hidden_state)
+
+        loss = None
+        if labels is not None:
+            labels = labels.to(logits.device)
+
+            if self.config.problem_type == "regression":
+                loss = mse_loss(logits, labels)
+            elif self.config.problem_type == "single_label_classification":
+                loss = cross_entropy(logits.view(-1, self.config.num_labels), labels.view(-1))
+            elif (
+                self.config.problem_type == "multi_label_classification"
+                or self.config.problem_type == "binary_classification"
+            ):
+                # remove the -100 labels from loss computation
+                mask = torch.ones_like(labels.view(-1)) - (labels.view(-1) == -100.0).float()
+                loss = binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
+                    logits.view(-1), labels.view(-1).type_as(logits), reduction="none"
+                )
+                loss = (loss * mask).sum() / mask.sum()
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                None,
+                logits,
+            )  # + outputs
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=logits,
+            last_hidden_state=last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+
+class BacformerForGenomeClassification(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model with a classification head on top for genome classification tasks."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.classifier = BacformerGenomeClassificationHead(config)
+
+        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
+        self.post_init()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[BacformerModelOutput]:
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+        return_attn_weights = (
+            return_attn_weights if return_attn_weights is not None else self.config.return_attn_weights
+        )
+
+        outputs = self.bacformer(
+            protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+            special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            return_attn_weights=return_attn_weights,
+            return_dict=return_dict,
+        )
+        last_hidden_state = outputs[0]
+        logits = self.classifier(last_hidden_state, attention_mask)
+
+        loss = None
+        if labels is not None:
+            labels = labels.to(logits.device)
+
+            if self.config.problem_type == "regression":
+                loss = mse_loss(logits.view(-1), labels.view(-1))
+            elif self.config.problem_type == "binary_classification":
+                loss = binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits.view(-1), labels.view(-1).type_as(logits))
+            elif self.config.problem_type == "single_label_classification":
+                loss = cross_entropy(logits.view(-1, self.config.num_labels), labels.view(-1))
+            elif self.config.problem_type == "multi_label_classification":
+                loss = binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, labels)
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                None,
+                logits,
+            )
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=logits,
+            last_hidden_state=outputs.last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+
+class BacformerForProteinProteinInteraction(BacformerPreTrainedModel):
+    """Bacformer model with a protein-protein interaction head on top."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig, benchmark_esm: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.config = config
+        self.benchmark_esm = benchmark_esm
+        print("Benchmark ESM:", self.benchmark_esm)
+        self.return_attn_weights = config.return_attn_weights
+
+        self.bacformer = BacformerModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)
+        self.dense = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size),
+            nn.GELU(),
+            nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps),
+            nn.Dropout(0.2),
+        )
+        self.ppi_head = BacformerProteinProteinInteractionHead(
+            in_features=config.hidden_size, prot_emb_idx=config.prot_emb_token_id
+        )
+
+        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
+        self.post_init()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        protein_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
+        special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        token_type_ids: torch.Tensor = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        return_attn_weights: bool = None,
+        return_dict: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Union[OrderedDict, None]:  # TODO: change it from token classifier output
+        """Forward method for the model."""
+        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.return_dict
+
+        if self.benchmark_esm:
+            last_hidden_state = protein_embeddings.squeeze(0)[1:-2, :]
+        else:
+            outputs = self.bacformer(
+                protein_embeddings=protein_embeddings,
+                special_tokens_mask=special_tokens_mask,
+                token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+                attention_mask=attention_mask,
+                return_attn_weights=False,
+                return_dict=True,
+            )
+            last_hidden_state = outputs.last_hidden_state.squeeze(0)[1:-2, :]
+
+        assert labels.shape[0] == 1, "Batch size should be 1 for protein-protein interaction task"
+
+        last_hidden_state = self.dense(self.dropout(last_hidden_state))
+        last_hidden_state = torch.cat([last_hidden_state[labels[:, 0]], last_hidden_state[labels[:, 1]]], dim=0).mean(
+            dim=0
+        )
+        logits = self.ppi_head(last_hidden_state)
+
+        loss = binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, labels[:, 2].type_as(logits).squeeze(0))
+
+        if not return_dict:
+            return (
+                loss,
+                logits,
+            )
+
+        return BacformerModelOutput(
+            loss=loss,
+            logits=logits,
+            last_hidden_state=outputs.last_hidden_state,
+            attentions=outputs.attentions,
+        )
+
+
+# Copied from transformers.models.bert.modeling_bert.BertPooler
+class BacformerPooler(nn.Module):
+    """Pooler for Bacformer model."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+        self.activation = nn.Tanh()
+
+    def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor, padding_mask: torch.Tensor = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Forward method for the pooler."""
+        # We "pool" the model by taking the mean of non-padding tokens
+        padding_mask = padding_mask.to(hidden_states.device) if padding_mask is not None else None
+        if padding_mask is not None:
+            mean_hidden_states = torch.einsum("ijk,ij->ik", hidden_states, padding_mask) / padding_mask.sum(
+                1
+            ).unsqueeze(1)
+        else:
+            mean_hidden_states = hidden_states.mean(dim=1)
+        pooled_output = self.dense(mean_hidden_states)
+        pooled_output = self.activation(pooled_output)
+        return pooled_output
+
+
+class BacformerGMHead(nn.Module):
+    """Bacformer Head for genomic modeling."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+        self.layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
+
+        # add 1 to the condfig.protein_clusters_vocab_size to account for the end token
+        self.decoder = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.protein_clusters_vocab_size + 1, bias=False)
+        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(config.protein_clusters_vocab_size + 1))
+
+    def forward(self, features, **kwargs):
+        """Forward method for the head."""
+        x = self.dense(features)
+        x = gelu(x)
+        x = self.layer_norm(x)
+
+        # project back to nr of labels with bias
+        x = self.decoder(x) + self.bias
+        return x
+
+
+class BacformerGenomeClassificationHead(nn.Module):
+    """Head for genome-level classification tasks."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config: BacformerConfig):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)
+        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.num_labels)
+
+    def forward(self, features: torch.Tensor, padding_mask: torch.Tensor, **kwargs):
+        """Forward method for the head."""
+        if padding_mask is not None:
+            x = torch.einsum("ijk,ij->ik", features, padding_mask) / padding_mask.sum(1).unsqueeze(1)
+        else:
+            x = features[:, 0, :]  # take <s> token (equiv. to [CLS])
+        x = self.dropout(x)
+        x = self.out_proj(x)
+        return x
+
+
+class BacformerProteinProteinInteractionHead(nn.Module):
+    """Head for protein-protein interaction task at a genome level."""
+
+    def __init__(self, in_features: int, prot_emb_idx: int = 4, bias: bool = True):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.in_features = in_features
+        self.prot_emb_idx = prot_emb_idx
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.2)
+        self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, 1, bias=bias)
+
+    def forward(
+        self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:  # special_tokens_mask: torch.Tensor, attentions: torch.Tensor):
+        """Forward method for the head."""
+        return self.linear(self.dropout(hidden_states)).squeeze(-1)