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01743926
|
6. In a second step, the specified actions would be subsequently implemented, for example through a cooperation agreement and/or by adding provisions in the relevant legislations such as the environmental codes of the federated entities and the Federal Government, along with other possible requirements.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
The negative outranking flow represents the weakness of an alternative when compared to all others (i.e. when it outranks all others).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
04097434
|
While the river channel and the harbours are joint or closely interconnected in Ostia, the river system (including canals) and the harbour basins are separated at Portus (Figure 6). Finally, the corresponding orientation of archaeological structures observed at Ostia, the harbour of Claudius and Trajan, and the Portus to Ostia canal that aimed at reducing the adverse impact of wind and likely also waves, further supports the existence of a common planning logic.
|
2023
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"441830",
"300666",
"300666",
"619",
"300666"
] |
[
"11023"
] |
01743926
|
chapter 3.1.1), access to the territory on which the genetic material (i.e. the specimen) is situated requires consent of the legal owner of the territory to get into his territory for the purpose of physically accessing the genetic material (i.e.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
in relation with Parties to the Protocol). Defining the policy options for the core measures and their expected impacts
Access to GR and Benefit-sharing
As a first preliminary finding of the study on the implementation in Belgium of the Nagoya Protocol, it is recommended to establish Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Benefit-sharing (BS) as general legal principles in Belgium in order to implement Article 5 (on benefit-sharing) and Article 6 (on access) of the Nagoya Protocol.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02095703
|
-1). Altitude ranges from 1300 to 1700 m asl.
|
2018
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"12804",
"67872"
] |
[
"1032040"
] |
01743926
|
: indirect benefit from increased legal certainty and effectiveness o Land: indirect benefit from increased legal certainty and effectiveness o Other: No impact
Impact on stakeholders: o Coll. : No impact o Gov.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
(2008) Death sentence on taxonomy in India. Current Science, 94 (2).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02409280
|
In introducing this concept, they criticise the idea of NIMBY [START_REF] Wolsink | Invalid theory impedes our understanding: A critique on the persistence of the language of NIMBY[END_REF]2007) which is viewed as over simplistic and delegitimising individuals and groups that oppose the project, labelling them as 'deviant' and 'needing to be won over' targets rather than as conveyers of another rationality [START_REF] Aitken | Why we still don't understand the social aspects of wind power: A critique of key assumptions within the literature[END_REF]. The NIMBY explanation is based on the notion that individuals act in a rational way and are driven by their own interests, in line with the conventional theory of social dilemmas [START_REF] Olson | The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups[END_REF].
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"150910",
"402727",
"1126"
] |
[
"736893",
"183435"
] |
01743926
|
Non-compliance with Article 27 is punishable by imprisonment from 10 days to 1 year and a fine of 150 EUR to 150 000 EUR (Article 93). Marine environment
There are two main legal sources regarding the protection of the marine environment: the so called "MMM" Law of 20 th January 1999 and the "EEZ" Law of 22 nd April 1999 90 .
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
There are no contemporary legal provisions in Belgium explicitly governing the concepts of "traditional knowledge", "traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources" and "indigenous and local communities". One might argue that some types of knowledge could be qualified as "knowledge, innovations and practices" that "embody traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity".
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
04446734
|
However, the results obtained from our survey show that MPAs' websites are predominantly used to disseminate limited typologies of information; further, they show that the information they provide is often inconsistent and incomplete in terms of the standards set out by the Convention bodies. Environmental information available on the websites
The first question is articulated in parameters corresponding to different typologies of environmental information, taking into account the priority categories of information to be made progressively publicly accessible through the internet, according to the REIT (UNECE, 2005), and bearing in mind the specificities of MPAs (Table 1).
|
2024
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"107006"
] |
[
"174595"
] |
01743926
|
extra-contractual liability58 through the lens of private international law, which would apply, "in default of particular rules" adopted by the legislator in this regard. Private international law determines both the rules pertaining to the conflicts of laws and jurisdiction, respectively determining the legal rules that apply to the case, and the judiciary that would be competent to rule on the subject-matter for civil and commercial matters.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
6. Finally, for the sharing of information through the ABS Clearing-House, the assessment makes a distinction between the basic information sharing tasks on Access and Benefitsharing by the Clearing-House and the more technical tasks related to the organization of the technical information to be provided to the ABS Clearing-House mechanism, amongst others.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
00934930
|
Drinking water supply may also contain traces of contaminants but at concentration levels below European standards (no health risk). This information is supported in the questionnaire by a groundwater-quality map.
|
2014
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"18404",
"18404"
] |
[
"183719"
] |
01743926
|
(2009), op. cit.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Finally, a set of specific recommendations on each of the 6 measures arise from third step of this study:
1. For the establishment of the Competent National Authorities, a centralized input system clearly came out as the recommended option.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02125131
|
These water turns were not monetised. The changes brought to water tenure have transformed the sort of actors who can access water and the purposes for which they access it.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"107303",
"107303",
"107303"
] |
[
"174372",
"1047117"
] |
01743926
|
2. With regard to compliance measures, sanctions should be provided for in cases of noncompliance with PIC and MAT requirements set out by the provider country.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Moreover, the impact of the CH will highly depend on the decisions taken on the exact role and technical specifications of the Clearing-House. Therefore, the impact assessment of this implementation provision is still tentative and will need to be refined in the future.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02398217
|
The filling process continued during YD (12718-12,569 cal. BP; sample Th4) and early Holocene (11090-10,610 cal.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"7550",
"1343",
"407990",
"86793",
"407990",
"301475",
"199947",
"1040648",
"1343",
"11141",
"1343",
"7550",
"1343",
"7550"
] |
[
"15930",
"18665",
"753558",
"11011",
"182453"
] |
01743926
|
and Winter G. (Eds.)
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
So overall one can say that the discordance with existing practices is not very likely to occur in the bottleneck model and that for most access situations the correspondence is very high. Under the fishing net component, the GR can be accessed from everywhere, but the introduction of the notification/registration requirement for the GR outside PA/PS would require a change in practices, although with an expected minor impact on these practices as the intent is to have a light notification/registration requirement.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03533413
|
Such research nurtures suspicion of irrigation technologies [START_REF]Drip irrigation for Agriculture: untold stories of efficiency, innovation and development[END_REF] and development pathways [START_REF] Harrison | Entrepreneurs, investors and the state: The public and the private in sub-Saharan African irrigation development[END_REF] or of water policy models and institutions8 that are presented as universal solutions or panaceas. It unravels the multiple dimensions and diverse consequences of the search for water efficiency [START_REF] Lankford | A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges[END_REF] and water security [START_REF] Zeitoun | Reductionist and integrative research approaches to complex water security policy challenges[END_REF] , and investigates everyday water governance practices in relation to community water management [START_REF] Whaley | Flesh and bones: Working with the grain to improve community management of water[END_REF] and urban water services [START_REF] Ahlers | Informal space in the urban waterscape: Disaggregation and co-production of water services[END_REF] , including in their gendered dimensions.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1096421",
"356395",
"1096421",
"206274",
"120654",
"356395",
"1096421",
"420902",
"123346",
"333368",
"356395",
"135857",
"336687",
"301081",
"810",
"366034",
"544876",
"544876",
"544876"
] |
[
"749590",
"796977",
"820734",
"751804",
"820735",
"820736",
"820737",
"820738",
"820739",
"820740",
"820741"
] |
01743926
|
The higher set-up costs of a centralized entry-point would partially lead to less flexibility to allow future changes (due to higher resistance to change, lower willingness to renegotiate) or to change modalities that are inherent to the institutional set-up. However, it is important to note that this partial difference in flexibility for change in modalities only concerns the difference in the entry-point to the CNAs and so can be considered asminor (the establishment of the CNA by each relevant authority applies in any situation, see chapter 9.3)
G3 -Improving knowledge for future policy development and evaluation
Option 0 would strongly inhibit the gathering of information, as no PIC would be granted and no information would be kept about previous access requests in case of the non-establishment of the CNA.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Article 11: The right of ownership, collective or individual, of the members of the populations concerned over the lands which these populations traditionally occupy shall be recognized. Article 13:
1.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03007950
|
5 . 25 Only Slight Changes in Knowledge of the River Though the image of the Rhône and the values attributed by the general public have changed, can the same be said for the knowledge of landscapes deemed emblematic by ViaRhôna stakeholders
Figure 4 .
|
2020
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"145345",
"1002482",
"145345",
"1002482",
"145345"
] |
[
"8655",
"753924",
"299",
"1346440"
] |
01743926
|
b. Het invoeren van een algemeen principe dat bepaalt dat voor de toegang tot Belgische genetische rijkdommen een PIC nodig is. c. Het bepalen dat van vier Bevoegde Nationale Instanties zullen worden opgericht.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Its preamble notes that in case an invention is based on biological material of plant or animal origin or if such material is used, the patent application should, where appropriate, include information on the geographical origin of such material, if known. The Directive furthermore stresses that Member States must give particular weight to Article 8(j) of the CBD when bringing into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
00466453
|
This multi-scale problem is generally studied on a single scale (local, meso or global) but seldom considering the total effect of network and urban units together. The interaction of several scales of pollutant observations (points-measurements, streets and urban area) is a particularity of the present work.
|
2001
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"980",
"980",
"10377",
"10377",
"2185",
"2185",
"393428"
] |
[
"7379",
"831577",
"10270",
"197"
] |
01743926
|
3. For the designation of one or more checkpoints, the option of using the PIC of users available in the international ABS Clearing-House (and therefore also through the Belgian node/or the Belgian ABS CH), in the first step of the implementation, stands as the recommended option.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
The Science Policy (BELSPO) of the Federal Public Planning Service is in charge of the scientific aspects of sustainable development at the federal level and of the implementation of the international obligations of the CBD. It manages long-term scientific support schemes for the federal sustainable development policy.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03134051
|
This approach does not allow to observe the process in its entirety. Several technical processes, in on-going development, should correct for this problem, in particular by the contribution of the high-resolution satellite imagery (Collin et al., 2018b).
|
2020
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"110691",
"497307",
"110691",
"497307",
"209113",
"110691",
"104214",
"524564",
"196623"
] |
[
"176594",
"11522",
"10350",
"20400"
] |
01743926
|
While it will still need amending the patent law, option 2 thus corresponds more closely than option 1 to existing practices, due to its link with the patent authority, which is already a necessary step for users willing to patent their products. Visual dominance analysis
Option 1 is the dominant alternative: compared to options 0 and 2, it scores at least as well on all criteria and is strictly better on the social criterion (note: E3 is undefined).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
(2004), op. cit.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03119539
|
Reaping these benefits however requires a great deal of transparency about experts' interests and careful oversight of their interaction with the citizens. Co-construction of public policy
Co-construction is an increasingly popular concept in management, public administration, science and technology studies, and sustainability science [START_REF] Miller | Co-production in global sustainability: Histories and theories.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"301309",
"7550",
"1192",
"1028996",
"192815",
"301587",
"1004856",
"1008489",
"1096500",
"97916",
"439352",
"38302",
"1321",
"180925",
"580895",
"1028996",
"94080",
"1095723",
"1321",
"161589",
"46674",
"301309",
"301309",
"303638",
"1028996",
"145357",
"303388",
"205410",
"1009",
"1009",
"461783",
"300759",
"443057",
"1321",
"441569",
"1028996"
] |
[
"742276",
"16859",
"934027",
"1176195",
"5407",
"1113720",
"750029",
"742515",
"1215816",
"10499",
"17445",
"16690",
"182633",
"185022",
"1229924",
"1034006",
"1229577",
"1102496"
] |
01743926
|
Target Groups and Stakeholders for Which Potential Impact is Assessed
For the purpose of the impact assessment of the recommended options in chapter 10, a list with categories of target groups and stakeholders, that could be affected by the proposed measures, is established. Users and providers of genetic resources
Land owners
Protected areas: both public and private areas managed for conservation purposes (as providers (not necessarily in the meaning of the NP) of potentially valuable GR).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
14 of 2009, Republic of South Africa. 4) approval or denial of the application; (5) appeal 140 .
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03767516
|
Hunting definition and typology
According to [START_REF] Roulet | Chasseur blanc, coeur noir? La chasse sportive en Afrique Centrale[END_REF], we can define four main types of hunting: (i) self-consumption hunting as "local hunting (all species, espe-cially medium and small game), for consumption within the family and close circle (food and sociocultural value)"; (ii) local commercial hunting as "hunting by villagers for supplemental income (often part of the same action as selfconsumption hunting)"; (iii) tourism hunting as "small hunting" as "tourist hunting of game birds, warthog is often associated with it"; and (iv) living animal sale as "harvest of animals for sale for the purpose of captive breeding".
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"497978",
"420902",
"1100830",
"16820",
"497978",
"420902",
"497978",
"420902"
] |
[
"753226",
"736187",
"838453",
"749104",
"880527"
] |
01743926
|
(2007);[START_REF] Eaton | A Moving Target: Genetic Resources and Options for Tracking and Monitoring their International Flows[END_REF]; CBD Bonn Guidelines (2002); Visser B,[START_REF] Visser | Transaction costs of germplasm exchange under bilateral agreements[END_REF], op. cit.).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
1994, which states that "Un logiciel -ou programme informatiqueindépendamment même de son support (disquette) ne constitue pas un bien immatériel: il possède une valeur économique propre et est susceptible d'un transfert de possession qui peut être constaté matériellement. Le fait que le propriétaire du logiciel reste, en cas de duplication illicite de celui-ci, en possession des données originaires, n'exclut pas l'application des Article 461 et 505 C. pénal ».
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03692273
|
This variable was measured using two items [START_REF] Bertoldo | The outer influence inside us: Exploring the relation between social and personal norms[END_REF]. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they agreed that: "I think of myself as someone with ecological concerns" and "I think of myself as someone committed to environmental causes".
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"98218",
"98218",
"22032"
] |
[
"5721",
"184999"
] |
01743926
|
La mise en oeuvre du Protocole de Nagoya, en tant que « traité mixte »4 , exigera donc des compétences à la fois de l'Etat fédéral et des entités fédérées, et requerra une coordination inter-et intra-départementale approfondie. L'accès aux ressources génétiques, tel que défini dans le Protocole de Nagoya, n'est pas encore régis en tant que tel par le droit public belge.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
The political and socio-economic context of the NP also changes rapidly, as ABS is a relatively new field. This evolving reality creates the need for a flexible and adaptable implementation over time, in particular in light of implementation measures taken by other Parties of the Protocol and in light of future sectorial initiatives.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02477281
|
Finally, incision is more intense downstream with a discharge of 745 m 3 /year/km of sediments. Thus, except for section 4, all sections acted as sediment source areas.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1343",
"1343"
] |
[
"735444",
"5330"
] |
01743926
|
Therefore, Member States were encouraged to implement the relevant aspects of the Bonn Guidelines in MS when granting access to TK relating to biodiversity. In particular Member States were encouraged to enhance awareness of stakeholders to effectively participate in and contribute to EU preparations for international ABS negotiations and to effectively contribute to on-going negotiations of the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
The central tenets of the right to property established by Articles 544 to 546 of the civil code are as follows43 :
The property of soil includes the property above and beneath (Article 552 of the civil code), limited in its concrete application by laws and regulations pertaining for instance to the exploitation of mines (as by the Decree of Walloon Regional Council of 7 th June 1988, M.B., 27 th January 1989) The property extends to all the fruits and the products generated by the material good (Article 546 of the civil code), except when the production is the result of a third party's activity, in which case the proprietor would have to reimburse the costs of labor and seeds borne by the third party, in accordance with the theory of unjust enrichment of Article 548 of the civil code ("enrichissement sans cause") The property of soil extends to all that is united and incorporated to it, to everything that constitutes its accessory through mechanisms coined natural or artificial accessions regulated by Article 546 of the civil code44 . Therefore, the conditions and rules surrounding the legal ownership of the genetic material as a biophysical entity (such as a plant specimen, a microbial strain, an animal, etc.)
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02406118
|
2) and Table S1. (Appendix).
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"810",
"493487",
"810",
"493487",
"493487",
"493487"
] |
[
"20765",
"3097",
"182779",
"172148"
] |
01743926
|
With its high process as well as legal uncertainty (due to the non-ratification of the Nagoya Protocol), option 0 clearly does not benefit any social objective and therefore represents the least favored option for this criterion. Procedural impact G1 -Flexibility to accommodating sectorial differences
As indicated in chapter 9.3, the choice of the entry-point, as dealt with in this analysis, is independent from the establishment of the four CNAs (one for each of the regional + federal authorities).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Through the "Immaterial Economy" Service, E3 covers the legal and regulatory framework of intellectual property rights. This service is also responsible for the dissemination of information on these rights and on the technical information to be found in patents.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
02733207
|
[START_REF] Beyneix | Mourir au Néolithique ancien en France Méditerranée[END_REF][START_REF] Mafart | Les restes humains de la grotte de l'Adaouste du Néolithique ancien final (Bouches du Rhône, France): Cannibalisme ou rituel funéraire[END_REF] may have facilitated the maintenance of what appears to be an organized funerary space, i.e. a portion of the cave were Neolithic communities buried a limited number of individuals over several hundred years.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"80067",
"205557",
"208163"
] |
[
"1028044"
] |
01743926
|
But this advantage mainly applies to users, with providers risk to invest a lot of resources to make sure the benefits shared with them reflect a fair and equitable share of the benefits. Under option 3 this flexibility for users (for instance by encompassing an ex-post renegotiation process once the "non-commercial" utilization of the resource finds a commercial application) can be conserved, while offering a basis of negotiation for providers through specific requirements.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
While access to such informational components is not covered by subject-specific legislation, the exercise of some use rights can however be limited through intellectual property rights that have been recognized on portions, functions, or uses of biological material resulting from innovations on these materials. These intellectual property rights can take the form of patents, plant variety rights or geographical indications.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03780879
|
After a slight increase between 2020 and 2030, the stock stabilizes in 2030 in the STEPS, while a slowdown is observed in the NZE scenario between 2020 and 2025 and followed by a substantial reduction. This unveils a significant constraint on the infrastructures mobilized in the oil supply stages.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1043094",
"1043225",
"419791",
"1043225",
"1043225",
"1043256"
] |
[
"744447",
"1165777",
"3562"
] |
01743926
|
The Belgian Clearing-House Mechanism, managed by the focal point to the CBD is a central access point for information and awareness-raising pertaining to the CBD. Hence, establishing a single entry-point for facilitation/channeling of requests/advice (option 2) would also to a certain extent correspond with existing practices.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
With regard to plant species, the Ordinance awards strict protection to plant species listed in its Annex II.2.2° throughout the Region's territory, and to species cited in its Annex II.3 B part 1 B and II.3 part 2 throughout protected zones established in the Region (Article 70- §1 of the Ordinance). Such protection implies the interdiction, amongst other acts, to pick up, cut, uproot, unplant or harm the species in their natural repartition zones or within zones where they benefit from active protection and to detain, transport, or sell specimens collected within these active protection zones (Article 70- §2).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03362576
|
Finally, the large-sized species (more than 250 kg) are scarce. According Legendre's method, there are two general trends in Coudoulous I: either an open-arid landscape simultaneous with a decrease in small mammals as well as the total species richness (e.g.
|
2021
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"208163",
"208163",
"205557",
"208163"
] |
[
"12353",
"848344",
"756109"
] |
01743926
|
The administrations responsible for foreign trade on the one hand, and for innovation and research policy on the other could play a major role in the regulation and monitoring of non-public research activities, as they are responsible for economically oriented, industrial and innovation research. The following administrations are responsible for these competences:
• In Flanders, Departement Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie (EWI);
• in Wallonia, Direction générale opérationnelle Economie, Emploi et Recherche (GDO 6);
• in Brussels, BEW/AEE.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Option 0 could seriously threaten R&D, as access to GR in provider countries will be much more difficult if Belgium's does not ratify the NP. With regard to the protection of traditional knowledge, in light of the current level of details of the options, both options 1 and 2 offer the same possibilities to protect the TK of local communities in third countries.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03168874
|
The interactions between the French drafters and international experts led to a first draft, finalised during a working day organised at the Constitutional Council, bringing together the French drafters and a number of international experts invited for the occasion, approximately forty experts constituting the GEP (Group of Experts for the Pact), actively chaired by Laurent Fabius. On the next day, almost 25 years to the day after the adoption of the Rio Declaration, on 24 June 2017, the project was officially presented during a conference organised at the Sorbonne and attended by various personalities, such as Ban Ki Moon, former UN Secretary-General, former governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mary Robinson, Laurence Tubiana and climatologist Jean Jouzel.
|
2021
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"199942"
] |
[
"5576"
] |
01743926
|
Furthermore, as stressed earlier, giving the ex-situ collections a central role in the PIC process will increase deposits, which will eventually support further biodiversity research and improve the knowledge base of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Even though all the options will lead to an increased awareness on biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and access and benefit-sharing, option 1 is expected to have a larger impact in terms of increased awareness, in particular through increased attention to the use of biodiversity and increased availability of resources for research.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
213
(Consortium for International Agricultural Research). As documented in the literature, this legal vacuum led to a temporary, but spectacular, decrease by over 50% of the use of the GR of these collections, see
Byerlee, D. and Dubin, J.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03969086
|
This clearly shows how narratives about the origins of early viticulture and grapevine domestication may be influenced by the choice of identification method applied to archaeological grape pips. Introduction
Grapevine is one of the emblematic plants of the Mediterranean.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"29770",
"118105",
"29770",
"29770",
"107363",
"303184"
] |
[
"1273749",
"735393",
"175010",
"1116439",
"1235061"
] |
01743926
|
The economic weighting scenario puts a stronger focus on the economic impact, which becomes the most important one (37.5%), while social and environmental impacts are considered of equal importance and procedural impact remains unchanged. Wherever a change in ranking occurs, a ranking of the alternatives based on these new weights has been presented in addition to the environmental weighting scenario, in order to be able to compare the weighting choices amongst each other.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
For the data gathering, based on these three sources, a list of general indicators was used, as indicated in Table 6. Interviews 29 interviewees, pertaining to groups of potentially impacted stakeholders, were selected in a nonrandom way based on their proven relevant experience and knowledge of the subject.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01757809
|
Because of its initial target on accidental pollution, IBGN remained poorly relevant to point out potential disturbance of trout habitat (channel simplication, increasing temperature) by hydraulic works. IBGN had little consideration to environmental variability, which would have required much more data collecting and processing.
|
2009
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"568889",
"18344",
"182258",
"12804",
"18361"
] |
[
"20857",
"772072",
"736113"
] |
01743926
|
The higher set-up costs of a centralized entry-point would partially lead to less flexibility to allow future changes (due to higher resistance to change, lower willingness to renegotiate) or to change modalities that are inherent to the institutional set-up. However, it is important to note that this partial difference in flexibility for change in modalities only concerns the difference in the entry-point to the CNAs and so can be considered asminor (the establishment of the CNA by each relevant authority applies in any situation, see chapter 9.3)
G3 -Improving knowledge for future policy development and evaluation
Option 0 would strongly inhibit the gathering of information, as no PIC would be granted and no information would be kept about previous access requests in case of the non-establishment of the CNA.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Procedures for the transmission of rights of ownership and use of land which are established by the customs of the populations concerned shall be respected, within the framework of national laws and regulations, in so far as they satisfy the needs of these populations and do not hinder their economic and social development. 2.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01249122
|
The concentrations in these areas are lower than the other areas with deeper streets. Fig 3 .
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1339",
"1339"
] |
[
"5122",
"849441"
] |
01743926
|
The competence pertaining to intellectual property rights is reserved to the federal level, as a formal exception to the attributed competence of regions in terms of economic policy (Article 6 §1 VI, indent 4, 7° of SL8/8/80). However, protection tools which constitute designations of origin with a regional or local character fall under regional competence (Article 6 §1 VI, indent 4, 4° of SL8/8/80).
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Each recommendation is listed as an "action card", including different options for implementation. For each implementation option, a number of advantages and disadvantages are identified, which are the basis of a first selection of the recommended measures for the impact assessment and which can serve as guidelines for a more in depth discussion.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
03470171
|
Recall that Carrion-Flores and Innes (2010) estimate the effect of ER, measured using emission levels, on adoption of green technologies at the sector level. 26 The analogy with the present paper is that both technology and skills are complements in a hypothetical production, and thus emission, function.
|
2015
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126850",
"415100",
"250936"
] |
[
"811612",
"1069149"
] |
01743926
|
Both these arguments lead to favor options that build upon existing practices and expertise, over options that less do so. This applies equally to all three options.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01743926
|
Another important issue to be solved is the clarification of the powers of the CNA in relation to the confidential treatment of data supplied during the access procedure. The Andean Community's model law, for example, describes the conditions under which such confidential data can be treated167 .
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527713",
"300877",
"92863"
] |
[
"17592",
"775504"
] |
01960318
|
3
Welfare
We now examine the welfare implications of moving from the Nash equilibrium to the social optimum. The reciprocal externalities can be internalized by a pair of prices (p i , p -i ) = (-γ -i , -γ i ) each imposed on every unit of the associated player's provision.
|
2018
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"135977",
"135977"
] |
[
"22047",
"14174"
] |
01743927
|
Whilst there is no environmentally optimal size of budget, one that is squeezed down may well lose key environmental elements as almost occurred earlier in 2011 with an attack on rural development spending. Despite its small size, the EU budget can have significant multiplier effects in important policy areas such as energy and transport and build institutional capacity at a European scale.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
The 7th EAP is expected to set out strategic orientations for EU environmental policy for the shortto-medium term and a longer-term vision, bringing together action to protect natural capital and ecosystems, encourage resource efficiency and improve implementation. The 7th EAP is also expected to build on proposals in the resource efficiency Roadmap and deal with a number of challenging issues including changing consumer behaviour, improving policy coherence, examining environmental determinants for improving public health, the international aspect of environmental policy, and securing better financing (EC 2011b).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04008698
|
Security: A New Framework of Analysis by Buzan, Weaver, and Wilde in 1998 furthered the horizons of security studies [START_REF] Buzan | Security: A New Framework for Analysis[END_REF]. One critical aspect of Buzan's expansive conception of security is the referent object, that is, 'Who or what is being secured?'.
|
2023
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1052438",
"472159",
"1052438",
"472159"
] |
[
"1232248"
] |
01743927
|
The extent to which these provisions are taken up in final legislation will depend on the outcome of on-going negotiations between the European Parliament and the Council. The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and the observed shortcomings of response strategies promoted a review of EU practices and provisions covering off-shore oil and gas exploitation.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
In October 2011, the Commission set out its proposal for the funding mechanism for EU infrastructure priorities in the transport, energy and telecommunications sectors in the 2014-2020 period -the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) (EC 2011j). A proposed budget of €31.7 billion is to be invested in transport infrastructure.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01079243
|
The estimated biomass for each group (table 1) seem to be reasonable but it should be emphasised that further studies are needed to improve Ihe mode!. Estimated total annual biomass of tish groups considered is 37.7 l.km•' (table 1).
|
2004
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"301264",
"67872",
"12777",
"67872",
"1005040",
"67872",
"301264"
] |
[
"12827",
"961120"
] |
01743927
|
The most controversial Commission proposals in this respect concern the introduction of a new EU financial transaction tax (FTT) and new EU VAT resource. The FTT in particular has been criticised by several Member States including the UK.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
In principle, shifting part of the current national tax bases from labour to environmentally damaging activities, though environmental tax reform (ETR) could bring about an improvement in both the environment (by properly pricing externalities) and the economy as a whole (e.g. by making the cost of labour cheaper and therefore encouraging employment).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
02569012
|
These observations therefore provide important information on the resilience of Mediterranean shrub ecosystems, in particular the time required for their regeneration. In that case, pollen data show that it takes about 100 years for Mediterranean shrublands to return to their optimum development, and another 200 years for pioneer pines to disappear from the environments they colonized, as they cannot regenerate (Figure 6).
|
2020
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"121947",
"121947",
"847",
"309836",
"121947"
] |
[
"1225181",
"21069"
] |
01743927
|
The Commission estimates that European eco-industries currently have an annual turnover of €319 billion, or about 2.5 per cent of EU GDP and have recently been growing by 8 per cent each year. The main sub-sectors deal with waste management (30 per cent), water supply (21 per cent), wastewater management (13 per cent) and recycled materials (13 per cent).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Addressing the inter-linkages and trade-offs between different thematic areas such as climate change, biodiversity, natural resources and environment and health, as well as between environmental policy and sectoral policies such as agriculture, energy or transport will also be important. The current economic downturn has made it cheaper and thus easier to achieve certain policy objectives, such as the EU's 2020 climate change objectives.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
02154205
|
This is because the reported status of development relates not to the model itself but to the different indicators that can be derived from the model. The potential of the available models to address MSFD indicators specifically those within biological descriptors was evaluated by extracting the number of indicators (outlined in the European Commission ( 2010)) that each model can inform on (Table 2).
|
2015
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"482145",
"413916",
"352779",
"18532",
"471945",
"450355",
"481760",
"409463",
"409463",
"481760",
"481760",
"481760",
"244882",
"409463",
"66031",
"778",
"352779",
"542153",
"18532",
"352779",
"66031",
"481760"
] |
[
"748610",
"175522"
] |
01743927
|
While some marine protected areas have been established under the Natura 2000 network, marine sites currently only account for around 6 per cent of Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) and 10 per cent of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) (EEA 2010a). Other concerns relate to the threat of invasive species, marine plastic litter and the future impact of climate change.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Improving implementation of the substantial body of environmental law already agreed has been, and still is, a key challenge. This section provides a brief overview of some of these wider strategic issues and the challenges and opportunities they offer for future EU environmental policy.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04168465
|
Durant cette même période,
Dans le cadre d'un appel à projet initié par l'Office Nationale de l'Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques (ONEMA), plusieurs hôpitaux ont souhaité être partenaire de ces projets de recherche. Nous pouvons citer notamment, le CHU de Bordeaux partenaire du projet REGARD sur la contamination des milieux aquatiques par les médicaments et les biocides, le CHU de Poitiers partenaire du projet BIOTECH sur la lutte contre les produits biocides dans les rejets des eaux usées ou encore le Centre Hospitalier Alpes-Léman, partenaire du projet de recherche SIPIBEL-RILACT, contre la pollution liées aux médicaments et aux biocides dans les effluents.
|
2017
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"560"
] |
[
"750791"
] |
01743927
|
At the end of 2010, environmental infringement procedures accounted for approximately one fifth of all open cases for noncommunication, non-conformity or bad application of EU law in the 27 Member States. A large number of cases relate to waste, nature, and water matters (see Figure13).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Our focus will now have to be on building a global roadmap to an agreement by 2015 and we also need a strategic and viable approach to renewable energy. I am delighted that, under the UN Framework, both developed and developing countries were able to join together and agree on the strategy at the recent Durban Climate Change Conference -European leadership played a large part in this.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
02129550
|
2) Low level knowledge about the MPA: includes those respondents who answered 'yes' but did not know what type of regulation, provided an incorrect type for the area, referred to specific visible actions (e.g. local management actions, signs), or provided very general answers (e.g.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"14266",
"14266",
"182183",
"14266",
"249690"
] |
[
"1036292",
"13619",
"912466",
"5637",
"172227"
] |
01743927
|
This should lead to tighter controls on industrial air pollution emissions, both in terms of conditions set in permits and enforcement of those conditions. However, no proposal to revise the NEC Directive has emerged, despite repeated rumours that it would be forthcoming.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
In addition, a second commitment of the Kyoto Protocol was agreed and I am proud of the role that the UK played in galvanising support for both agreements. Europe is an essential global player in shaping overall targets and leading the way on environmental policy.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01054212
|
Our sources of information are:
-UNESCO selections of "good ESD practices" that collect the reports written by the teachers following a predefined grid. The projects belong to five regional areas (Africa, Arabian area, Asia and Pacific area, Europe and North America, Latin American and Caribbean area)
-Inventories of case studies in the Italian Secondary Education collected by direct contacts with the coordinators of the projects.
|
2011
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"261270",
"210221"
] |
[
"958496",
"953405"
] |
01743927
|
The programme is the successor to the EU's Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) launched in 2004. The new plan has a broader remit than its predecessor and includes a variety of measures intended to overcome the barriers preventing the development and spread of eco-technologies, particularly among SMEs.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Of particular relevance to the environmental agenda is the resource efficiency Flagship Initiative which has spawned a number of strategies and roadmaps (see section on environmental challenges), and has led to the re-conceptualisation of a number of environmental issues so as to relate them to the resource efficiency agenda. Progress in implementing the Europe 2020 Strategy at both EU and Member State level is pursued via the EU's new cycle of economic and fiscal policy coordination (the 'European Semester') and is to be closely followed by EU leaders.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01239779
|
Our focus here is on the transitory fluctuations and we rely therefore on the Toeplitz approach for our analysis. [START_REF] De Carvalho | Tracking the US business cycle with a singular spectrum analysis[END_REF] have found the trajectory approach to be also adequate in their one-step identification of the permanent trend and superimposed fluctuations in the U.S. business cycles.
|
2015
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"70342",
"241759",
"143",
"135977",
"135977"
] |
[
"16967",
"756015",
"3396"
] |
01743927
|
More detailed measures to meet the objectives of the Programme were set out in seven Thematic Strategies covering soil protection, marine environment, pesticides, air pollution, urban environment, natural resources and waste. As the Programme nears its last phase, there has been much discussion on its achievements and shortcomings as well as its successor.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
This more cautious approach has led to a narrower focus on those environmental initiatives that provide win-win solutions and are backed by broader economic interests. Rising public debts in several Member States and flailing capital markets have dented the ability to invest in critical infrastructure and innovative technologies and services necessary for the transition to a low-carbon, resource efficient economy.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
03780879
|
When some information is missing, data from the Sustainable Policies (SP) scenarios are used instead [72]. Sensitivity analysis
A local sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the input parameters uncertainties on outputs.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1043094",
"1043225",
"419791",
"1043225",
"1043225",
"1043256"
] |
[
"744447",
"1165777",
"3562"
] |
01743927
|
The development of specific EU legislation addressed primarily to issues of soil protection and prevention of land degradation has been limited by concerns among many Member States that soil protection is as an area of national competence and potentially costly, particularly with respect to contaminated land restoration. The last serious EU-level initiative in this area was the Commission's 2006 Thematic Strategy on soil protection intended to pave the way for future policy.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
A review of EU air quality policy should conclude in 2013, with the presentation of a new clean air package, updating existing policies and directives. • In addition to specific legislative developments, there are also a host of strategies and roadmaps which set out where the EU is heading on the economy, energy policy, climate, innovation and the environment itself.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
02405231
|
As such projected LULC maps, along with their detailed context elements and parameters, can readily be used by land planners and nature managers. For instance, they are of direct relevance for the ongoing implementation of the French national ecological connectivity strategy, or for the management and development of natural protected areasincluding a new regional park proposed for the Belledonne range.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1041894",
"1041894",
"1042514",
"1051366",
"530870",
"302049",
"530870",
"302049",
"347289",
"1041894",
"1041894"
] |
[
"9008",
"742059",
"779935",
"743471",
"757640"
] |
01743927
|
The Europe 2020 strategy: promoting smart, sustainable and inclusive growth
In 2010, the EU adopted a new medium-term growth strategy known as the 'Europe 2020 Strategy' (EC 2010). The Strategy aims to turn the EU into a smart (based on knowledge and innovation), sustainable (promoting resource efficient, greener and more competitive growth) and inclusive (high employment, delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion) economy.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
These include risk-sharing instruments (e.g. the Risk-Sharing Finance Facility for investments in research, development and innovation (RSFF)), financial engineering and technical assistance under Cohesion Policy, guarantees and venture capital for SMEs under the Competitiveness and Innovation framework Programme (CIP), and equity instruments such as the Marguerite Fund.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
00308438
|
Initial amplification of each sample without probe had to be included between 16 and 26 Ct. If the DNA concentration or quality was low, the samples could not be analysed because they stood outside the linearity of the probe's PCR clamping.
|
2006
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"31348",
"37381",
"31348",
"2922",
"31348",
"37381",
"31348",
"512703"
] |
[
"743147",
"815027"
] |
01743927
|
The current economic downturn has made it cheaper and thus easier to achieve certain policy objectives, such as the EU's 2020 climate change objectives. Climate change concerns have infiltrated the main political discourse and are now increasingly reflected in the EU's Europe 2020 Strategy, as well as in spending priorities under the future EU budget.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
TRANSPORT
Connecting Europe Facility COM(2011)456 AIR QUALITY
Recreational craft COM(2007)851
Transport within the EU is heavily dependent on imported oil and oil products which account for more than 96 per cent of the sector's energy needs -EC (2011) Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area, Facts and Figures, http://ec.europa.eu/transport/strategies/facts-and-figures/putting-sustainability-at-the-heart-of-transport/index_en.htm
The future for EU environmental policy 41
MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES
Detergents COM( 2010)597 The proposal aims to extend the scope of Regulation 648/2004 to introduce a limitation on the content of phosphates and others phosphorous compounds in household laundry detergents. The proposal will set a phosphorous content limit of 0.5 per cent of the total weight of the product in all laundry detergents on the EU market Safety of offshore oil and gas operations COM( 2011)688 Proposal for a Regulation on the safety of offshore oil and gas prospection, exploration and production activities which establishes minimum requirements for industry and national authorities involved in offshore oil and gas operations.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
03141126
|
Hubbart & Gorton (2011, p. 92) refer to the Austrian case that suggest adopting the practice of participation requires several years of learning by doing of local actors. By observing participatory practices within LAG territories Mueller et all (2020) deduct that participation as a social practice is constantly negotiated in specific physical-spatial settings that are defined in a performative way.All this points out that membership within MSIs, such would be local action groups (LAGs) does not necessarily guarantee participation.
|
2020
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1087123",
"463009"
] |
[
"184585"
] |
01743927
|
However, progress to date has been disappointing. A 2009 Commission report on the implementation of EU waste legislation from 2004-2006 underlined a series of weaknesses including a lack of waste treatment infrastructure, separate waste collections, recycling and recovery targets in many countries (EC 2009).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
REACH is an important piece of legislation, not least since it combines traditional regulation with other approaches, notably enhanced producer responsibility. It is also one of the more ambitious and complex environmental regulations, involving a lengthy implementation process.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04192846
|
Between September and November, the situation is better than the previous one but stays in range of dissolved oxygen not favourable for the migration. Periods of migration
For the Allis shad, which the migration is between March and July, the migration might be possible before May then becomes difficult until November between the confluence with the Oise and Clichy.
|
2019
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"530866"
] |
[
"1260307"
] |
01743927
|
From this candidate list priority substances are recommended by the ECHA and their inclusion into the so called Annex XIV list is decided through comitology. Once a substance is added to this list any manufacturer, importer or downstream user of that substance must apply for an authorisation from the Commission or they will not be permitted to use it after a certain deadline (the sunset date).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
European companies support more ambitious EU climate policy In June 2011, 72 leading European and global companies signed a declaration calling on the EU to increase its current target of reducing GHG emissions to 30 per cent by 2020. Together the signatories account for more than 3.8 million employees with an annual turnover of more than €1 trillion.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
00677855
|
Joshua M. Pearce, Sara J. Johnson, and Gabriel B. Grant, "3DMapping Optimization of Embodied Energy of Transportation", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51 pp.
|
2007
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"186714",
"186715",
"147250"
] |
[
"922049"
] |
01743927
|
Despite changes made during and since the 2002 reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), overexploitation of marine fisheries remains a major problem and has led to a situation where 26 per cent of fish stocks are below safe biological limits [START_REF] Sissenwine | An overview of the state of stocks[END_REF]. Despite an apparent improvement in the current state of stocks, there is also pressure to reduce levels of bycatch, eliminate discards of non-target fishing species, and avoid damage to habitats from several types of fishing gear [START_REF] Lutchman | Towards a Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy in 2012 -A CFP Health Check[END_REF].
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
The Commission thus proposed new rules for the safety of off-shore oil and gas prospection, exploration and production activities in October 2011. The proposal extends the environmental liability Directive to cover all EU marine waters within 370 kilometres from coastal areas and sets rules that cover the lifecycle of all exploration and production activities.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01067422
|
7. Monitoring station placed at the outlet of the Lingèvres catchment.
|
2013
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"929",
"929",
"929",
"929",
"929"
] |
[
"7910",
"1228276",
"5330",
"7090"
] |
01743927
|
Although the study is only a first order-of-magnitude estimate, it shows that the lack of full implementation can have real economic impacts. Implementation of the environmental acquis is in the first place the responsibility of EU Member States.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
In 2010 transport was responsible for more than a fifth of GHG emissions from the EU (EEA 2011c). The increasing demand for transport has offset potential gains from improvements in the energy efficiency of new vehicles.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04477466
|
Table 1 . 1 Number of caryopses analysed by charring condition and subgroups.
|
2024
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1100670",
"1100670",
"184759",
"1100670",
"1100670",
"1100670",
"1100670",
"1100670",
"301475",
"1100670",
"1100670"
] |
[
"1356841",
"15448",
"17380",
"1273749",
"1116439",
"1086314",
"175010",
"178191"
] |
01743927
|
Over the past few years, the focus of environmental policy has also shifted towards resource inputs in the economy and their environmental impacts. This agenda is taken forward not only by focussed environmental initiatives but also by economic policy drivers and their offshoots, including the Europe 2020 Strategy and related Flagship Initiatives.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Poor air quality is also linked to the increase in transport volumes in the EU (see section on transport). Moreover, while action taken to improve air quality is expected to yield benefits for climate change and vice versa, in certain cases the use of some new technologies to reduce CO 2 emissions could be counter-productive to efforts to improve air quality.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
03709122
|
This procedure has been implemented in Stata through the inteff module. For illustration of these missing values, we note that the regression in Model (9) does not include any CIS country since the information about those countries is very poor and data is usually reported in tax excluded prices.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"152274",
"152274"
] |
[
"856390",
"170348"
] |
01743927
|
Furthermore, measures taken to reduce GHG emissions, such as those contained in the climate and energy package, are also expected to lead to important reductions in pollutant emissions. The implementation of EU air quality policy continues to be a major challenge.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Although an established market player in certain segments; the EU's eco-industry sector is facing increasing competition from Japanese, US, Taiwanese and Chinese players (ECORYS 2009). There has been some investigation of the factors affecting the level of innovation in the EU.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
03170325
|
As previously noted, given the small sample of countries this lack of significance is not in itself surprising;
• Finally, "the regression of the total CO 2 emissions with [the total amount of energy produced, the amount of renewable energy and the amount of nuclear energy (in absolute value)] as independent variables does not provide any new or deeper insight; specifically, it does not [suggest] inner relationships and correlations with cultural and sociological factors as searched for in [START_REF] Sovacool | Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power[END_REF]". Conclusion
The analysis of Sovacool et al.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"446142",
"1042458",
"66"
] |
[
"1084402"
] |
01743927
|
The Programme establishes a tenyear framework for EU action on the environment, focusing on four thematic areas: climate change, nature and biodiversity, environment and health, and natural resources and waste. It also outlines governance mechanisms to improve the environmental policy-making process in the EU.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
At the same time, policy is moving in new directions. The rise of emerging economies is dramatically changing the international landscape and the role of the EU therein.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04186281
|
Main drivers and barriers for start-ups valorising urban biowaste
To conclude, despite their potential to create multiple economic, environmental and social value, most of the recently developed small-scale business models dealing with urban biowaste in France still have difficulties to enter the market or are not yet financially viable, but depend on public financial support. In the future, the regulation for biowaste separation and collection of individual households will most probably create more demand but also more competition.
|
2023
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"301232",
"1096430",
"1096430",
"1002496"
] |
[
"736074",
"736068",
"1318782"
] |
01743927
|
However, pollution levels remain significant in several European rivers which show a mix of different pollutants, including nutrients, biocides, industrial and household chemicals or pharmaceuticals. The quality of coastal waters is also affected (EEA 2010c).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
However, it is not yet clear whether the adoption of a new framework Directive will be the way forward in this regard. There are a number of issues on the horizon which could contribute to soil protection.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01688168
|
Temperatures in the negative teens are common. The record low for Moscow is -42°C.
|
2017
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"442273"
] |
[
"1004550"
] |
01743927
|
It has given an impetus to concepts such as the green economy, green growth, resource efficiency etc., which are increasingly reflected in mainstream political discourse both in the EU and domestically. Thus, even in a period of economic recession and political upheaval, the environmental perspective should remain a cornerstone of strategies for the future economy.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
By contrast, the share of renewable energy sources continues to increase steadily (Figure 4 overleaf). Several Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Slovenia and Sweden) are forecast to surpass their own targets, putting the EU on track to meet (or even exceed) its target of increasing the share of renewable energies in the overall energy mix to 20 per cent by 2020 (EC 2011d).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
03811877
|
Land suitability and capability
The Agriculture Land Evaluation System for arid and semi-arid regions (ALES-Arid) (Ismail et al., 2005) was developed as a software1 to estimate the agriculture land evaluation linked directly to its relational database and indirectly with a GIS through a loosely coupled strategy. The ALESarid-GIS software is used for evaluating land suitability and capability for producing different crops based on physical and chemical properties of soil, in addition to irrigation water quality.
|
2022
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1096437",
"1002211",
"1096421",
"1002504"
] |
[
"1150054",
"734682",
"736672",
"1159358",
"737588"
] |
01743927
|
The Directive would oblige sellers and buyers to provide a soil status report for any transaction of land where a potentially contaminating activity has taken, or is taking, place. Annex II: key EU legislative proposals awaiting adoption
the all-party parliamentary environment group
One of the larger all-party groups in Parliament, the All-Party Parliamentary Environment Group was set up twelve years ago to strengthen the influence of Parliamentarians on public policy and public debate on the environment.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
In the White Paper on transport, the target is to reduce GHG emissions from transport by 60 per cent by 2050, in addition there are a number of goals for a competitive and resource efficient transport system (EC 2011i). Policy on vehicle emissions is now an important means of pursuing progress in the sector, albeit relatively slowly.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04033419
|
(...) We're going to say we must work with glass reusable bowls. It becomes unmanageable.
|
2023
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"489734",
"422572"
] |
[
"1094873",
"177394",
"184948",
"1236305",
"1217341",
"1220443",
"1220439",
"1217397"
] |
01743927
|
For the first time the Proposal identifies which active substances may not be used in biocidal products. Control of majoraccident hazards involving dangerous substances COM(2010)781 Proposal to revise Directive on major accident hazards.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Poor air quality is also linked to the increase in transport volumes in the EU (see section on transport). Moreover, while action taken to improve air quality is expected to yield benefits for climate change and vice versa, in certain cases the use of some new technologies to reduce CO 2 emissions could be counter-productive to efforts to improve air quality.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
02427208
|
Plan S (https://www.coalition-s.org/) recommends supporting fully open access publications and, therefore, excludes hybrid journals. It formally discourages researchers and institutions from having to pay additional fees in a subscription-based journal and specifically does not support a model that introduces 'double-dipping'.
|
2020
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"527123",
"570581",
"472177",
"235886"
] |
[
"177086",
"7028"
] |
01743927
|
Over the years the Group has played host to quite a number of different British Ministers including David Miliband, Margaret Beckett and Michael Meacher, the Dutch, German and Danish Environment Ministers, senior Brussels officials including Margot Wallstrom, EU Commissioner, and many others from government, business and the campaign groups both in the UK and abroad. The Group meets 5 or 6 times a year at the Houses of Parliament and membership is by invitation.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
Marine environment and fisheries
The European marine environment and the ecosystem services it provides are under considerable pressure. The majority of pollutants in freshwater bodies (described in the section on water above), is ultimately discharged to coastal waters.
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
04375381
|
Furthermore, the hedgerow is presented as an environmental "Swiss penknife" that may sometimes be confused with a panacea: water filtration, restricting air erosion, shade for livestock, carbon sequestration, local wood production, biodiversity corridor, etc. Landscape ecology [START_REF] Baudry | De la haie aux bocages.
|
2023
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"1002420"
] |
[
"1225936"
] |
01743927
|
In principle, shifting part of the current national tax bases from labour to environmentally damaging activities, though environmental tax reform (ETR) could bring about an improvement in both the environment (by properly pricing externalities) and the economy as a whole (e.g. by making the cost of labour cheaper and therefore encouraging employment).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
01743927
|
On the positive side, waste policy has contributed to higher recycling rates, now amounting to up to 60 per cent for packaging waste and 39 per cent for municipal waste (ETC/SCP, 2011). However, half of the total waste generated is still sent to landfills, with large differences between Member States (see Figure 9).
|
2012
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"126879",
"527713",
"300877"
] |
[
"878323",
"17592"
] |
02278795
|
l0 : Hambacher Forst. plot worked with a cultivator : little compaction of peds.
|
1999
|
[
"shs",
"sde"
] |
[
"980",
"237201"
] |
[
"751763"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01437935
|
2 . 2 Fig.
|
2015
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"300772",
"300772",
"300772"
] |
[
"998578",
"875542",
"998579"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01566439
|
Both the satisfiability and model checking problems for MITL were shown to be decidable in [START_REF] Alur | The benefits of relaxing punctuality[END_REF] via an exponential translation of MITL formulas to equivalent timed automata. Combined with the fact that language emptiness for timed automata is in PSPACE one obtains: Theorem 9 ( [START_REF] Alur | The benefits of relaxing punctuality[END_REF]).
|
2017
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"2571",
"444497",
"491208",
"105111",
"99824",
"99824"
] |
[
"174420",
"2693"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
The transactions, the blocks, and the resulting chain obey a few core rules that ensure the system remains tamper-proof. Great care is required when modifying these rules, as even minor changes might break the blockchain's properties and its security guarantees.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00620801
|
Theoretical average numbers of states, calculated by Blumer et al. ( 5]), are 0:54n for CDAWG, 1:62n for DAWG, and 1; 62n for su x trees, when n is the length of x.
|
1997
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"3210",
"3210"
] |
[
"5397"
] |
01743995
|
Before adding Alice's transaction into the blockchain, Miner A first verifies that the transaction is valid (label 4 in Figure 3, details on the transaction verification process will follow in Section 2.2.1-(BV2)). Miner A then includes Alice's transaction together with other transactions received in parallel into a new block (B 3 , 5 ), and attempts to link it to the current tip of the blockchain.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01768506
|
Usually, the service providers are unable to locate the lengthy, conflicting and unorganized addresses provided by citizens, resulting inefficient government and commercial service deliveries [START_REF] Infrastructure | Street Addressing Standards and Guidelines for the State of Georgia[END_REF]. The growing rate of urbanization creates a lot of confusion to locate the exact address to deliver the critical urban services.
|
2017
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"51173",
"51173",
"51173",
"51173"
] |
[
"1027695",
"1027694",
"1027677",
"1027696"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
This linkage operation requires Miner A to solve a probabilistically difficult cryptopuzzle 6 that regulates the frequency at which blocks are created (or mined ) by the whole network. (In Bitcoin, this periodicity is set to one block every 10 minutes.)
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00717792
|
PSPACEhardness is clear, since it is true for ordinary evaluation of RA-queries. Moreover, it is also true for CQ C terms:
Proposition 23.
|
2010
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"3102"
] |
[
"5602"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
Vault further stores individual accounts in the Merkle trees, rather than UTXO shards as we do. This represents a different and to some extent orthogonal trade-off to that of Dietcoin, in that Vault chooses to increase the size of Merkle tree witnesses that must be included in transactions, but removes the need for lightweight nodes to download UTXO shards.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00633750
|
They offer new interaction techniques and interesting visualisations, but they do not take advantage of immersive environments potential. None of these applications combine immersion, simultaneous control of multiple processes, expressive interaction techniques and complex visual feedback.
|
2011
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"3102",
"3102",
"55996"
] |
[
"5118",
"879005",
"18101"
] |
01743995
|
To satisfy (i), Dietcoin-enabled full nodes store the UTXO set resulting from the application of the transactions in each block in the form of shards with a predefined maximum size of 1 KiB (on average, across all shards). The use of shards enables diet nodes to download only the relevant parts of the UTXO set and also limits the storage requirements at full nodes, which only need to store the modified shards for each block to let diet nodes query older versions of the shards.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
Consider a user wishing to verify a transaction for the sale of some goods. The user's diet node will initially proceed like a standard SPV node.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
04351020
|
Note the discrepancy in size between the Heart failure domain and the other three domains, with the Heart failure domain containing the much more unique terms and documents The second dataset is the RSDO5 corpus version 1.1 [START_REF] Jemec Tomazin | Corpus of term-annotated texts RSDO5 1[END_REF] containing texts in Slovenian (sl), a less-resourced Slavic language with rich morphology. Compiled during the course of the RSDO6 national project, the RSDO5 corpus contains 12 documents (including three Ph.D. theses, a scientific book based on a Ph.D.
thesis, four graduate level textbooks, and four journal articles) with altogether about 250,000 words collected from diverse sources between 2000 to 2019 covering domains of Biomechanics (bim), Chemistry (kem), Veterinary (vet), and Linguistics (ling).
|
2022
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"40831",
"451147",
"40831",
"451147"
] |
[
"818289",
"1123283",
"7183",
"818290"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
The UTXO Merkle tree provides a computationally efficient way for diet nodes to verify whether the shards they download during the verification process are legitimate and correspond to the current state of the ledger. Still referring to Figure 8, let us consider a diet node d that wishes to verify a transaction in block B k .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
04180870
|
A priori, reachability in HGRNs is not decidable; however, we show in this paper that it is decidable in certain cases, more precisely if there is no chaos. Based on this fact, the main idea of this work is that if the decidable cases can be determined automatically, then the reachability problem can be solved partially.
|
2023
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1088579",
"421322",
"1088579"
] |
[
"1143773",
"184129",
"16779"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01568681
|
In other words, it means the frequency at which the system decides correctly or not about if a product would be a good choice for a user. F-Score (f ) is a metric, known also as Harmonic Mean, for measuring the efficiency of retrieval with respect to the cost of retrieval.
|
2011
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"104741",
"104346",
"104741"
] |
[
"1013590",
"1013591",
"1013592"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
03878615
|
During each trial, the subject was asked to execute one of the movements or to rest for a duration of four seconds. The exact number of trials varies between subjects but is balanced between the four classes.
|
2022
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"132823",
"1039632",
"34586",
"106416",
"132823"
] |
[
"1697"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. 9 The limitations of SPV nodes .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00879624
|
Connectivity number
The connectivity number ν (also called Euler-Poincaré constant) is a non dimensional characteristic value of a set which is derived from the fundamental Euler formula for graphs (refer to [START_REF] Beucher | Mamba Image Library Python Reference[END_REF]). For 2-dimensional sets, it can be obtained by the following formulas:
On an hexagonal grid:
=N 0 0 1 -N 1 0 0
where N(.)
|
2011
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"206"
] |
[
"10751"
] |
01743995
|
This strategy comes with the added advantages of obtaining shards of homogeneous size and a full binary Merkle tree with 2 k leaves. Keeping in mind the size cap of 1 KiB per shard, k can be adapted locally by each node to cope with the growth of the UTXO set.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
Consider a user wishing to verify a transaction for the sale of some goods. The user's diet node will initially proceed like a standard SPV node.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00834320
|
A common solution is to rely on the reflective facilities of programming languages to implement generic proxies. The behavior of such a reflective proxy is specified in a handler.
|
2013
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"82140",
"82140"
] |
[
"899",
"939"
] |
01743995
|
Mots-clés : blockchain, partitionnement, UTXO, registre distribué, monnaie cryptographique, informatique mobile 1 Trustless Bitcoin Within a decade, blockchains have become extremely popular, and have been used to implement several widely-used crytocurrencies [START_REF] Nakamoto | Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system[END_REF], and smart-contract services [START_REF] Dickerson | Adding concurrency to smart contracts[END_REF]. A blockchain implements a tamper-proof distributed ledger in which public transactions can be recorded in a close-toirrevocable manner.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
03524639
|
2. HQ: High quality compressed data was detected with rates, ranging between 70.97% and 95.73% (XceptionNet).
|
2022
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"323359",
"179516",
"51173",
"331515",
"179516"
] |
[
"1122980"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
Node d needs to obtain: block B k , the UTXO Merkle root in block B k-1 , the shards of the UTXO set between the two blocks, and the elements of the associated Merkle tree that are required to verify their legitimacy. It can then verify the shards using the root stored in block B k-1 's first transaction, and use them to verify the correctness of the transactions in B k .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01392180
|
For example a port moderator of port A can restrict or permit the shipping agents of port B to access a subset of data belonging to port A. These set of privileges were also included accordingly to the LDAP schema.
|
2014
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"470717",
"470717"
] |
[
"992758",
"992759"
] |
01743995
|
Instead, they only download the chain's block headers (rather than full blocks), and verify that these headers are valid (BV1). With the headers only, SPV nodes are able to verify the well-formedness of the blockchain including the crucial Proof-of-Work predicate that seals the links of the chain.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01474899
|
Graphical notations are also proposed to facilitate the understanding of non-expert users. A. Dimension Schema
A dimension schema represents the structure of an analysis axis composed of attributes organized in one or multiple aggregation levels.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"402019",
"81148",
"402019",
"402019",
"116256"
] |
[
"735308",
"735992",
"117280"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
The UTXO set evolves as new correct blocks are added to the chain: transaction outputs are removed from the set when they are spent, and outputs of new transaction are added to the set. The limitations of SPV nodes
In spite of its benefits, constructing a local UTXO set is costly: in order to obtain the set, a node must first download the entire chain (120 GiB as of August 2017, see Figure 1) and validate it (a lengthy process that can take hours on high-end machines), even if only the latest block is relevant to its interest.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00620380
|
Let us turn the C1P into an optimization problem. Recently, Dom et al.
|
2010
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"3210",
"50732",
"3210"
] |
[
"130",
"761704",
"3062"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
The extended verification can be performed on a subchain of any length l provided that the verifying diet node can query UTXO shards of any age. A diet node fully verifying the subchain (B k-l+1 , ..., B k ) can only be tricked into trusting a malicious transaction in block B k if the attacker manages to counterfeit the l + 1 successive blocks starting from B k-l , which becomes exponentially more costly as l increases linearly.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
02929744
|
After flipping the same image, or applying the same deformations as in the data augmentation, these images are then segmented, and finally assembled together. Our program takes an image as input, flips it vertically and horizontally.
|
2020
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"95837",
"553485",
"95837",
"95837",
"95837",
"553485"
] |
[
"1076501",
"956112",
"1076502",
"946102"
] |
01743995
|
Their size is not bounded and they grow indefinitely as time passes. As of August 2017, the Bitcoin blockchain is about 120 GiB big while it was only 75 GiB in August 2016.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
Sharing similar goals with Dietcoin, Andrew Miller [START_REF] Miller | Storing UTXOs in a Balanced Merkle Tree (zero-trust nodes with O(1)-storage)[END_REF] suggests to store in blocks the root of a self-balancing Merkle tree built on top of the UTXO set. In such a system, lightweight nodes only download the UTXOs they need, which results in a lower bandwidth consumption than with shards as we propose it, but at the cost of a greater storage overhead since the stored Merkle tree is larger.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01449628
|
In this article, we are going to take this problem into account and thus deal with one of those structures that are the MultiWord Expressions (MWE). MWE are very common but not always in proportions that are sufficient for MT to give successful translations.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1041964",
"1041964"
] |
[
"745181"
] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
The limitations of SPV nodes
In spite of its benefits, constructing a local UTXO set is costly: in order to obtain the set, a node must first download the entire chain (120 GiB as of August 2017, see Figure 1) and validate it (a lengthy process that can take hours on high-end machines), even if only the latest block is relevant to its interest. Because of this cost, Bitcoin supports several levels of verification.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
00872234
|
Montserrat Manubens
email: mmanuben@iri.upc.edu
Didier Devaurs
email: ddevaurs@laas.fr
Lluis Ros
email: lros@iri.upc.edu
Juan Cortés
email: jcortes@laas.fr
Juan Cortés Motion
Motion planning for 6-D manipulation with aerial towed-cable systems
Motion planning for 6-D manipulation with aerial towed-cable systems Montserrat Manubens * , Didier Devaurs † ‡ , Lluís Ros * and Juan Cortés † ‡
I. INTRODUCTION
Aerial towed-cable systems have been used for decades, mainly as crane devices.
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2013
|
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[
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[
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01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
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[
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01743995
|
A number of sharding strategies satisfy the requirement of a fixed number of shards. In this work, we use the simplest approach consisting of indexing UTXO entries by their first k bits.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
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[
"842",
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03513497
|
In the current literature, the majority of studies on CMs utilize straight beams and ICBs as the elementary flexible members: straight beams provide relatively ideal DoF and DoC, being a suitable choice of high-accuracy positioning CMs [START_REF] Awtar | Synthesis and analysis of parallel kinematic XY flexure mechanisms[END_REF][START_REF] Gräser | On the influence of the flexure hinge orientation in planar compliant mechanisms for ultra-precision applications[END_REF][START_REF] Fan | Design and development of a novel monolithic compliant xy stage with centimeter travel range and high payload capacity[END_REF][START_REF] Wu | Design and nonlinear modeling of a novel planar compliant parallelogram mechanism with general tensuralcompresural beams[END_REF]; ICBs are commonly used in large-deflection CMs, such as bi/tri-stable CMs [START_REF] Qiu | A curved-beam bistable mechanism[END_REF][START_REF] Gerson | Large displacement low voltage multistable micro actuator[END_REF][START_REF] Sam Han | Design, simulation, and fabrication of a quadstable monolithic mechanism with x-and y-directional bistable curved beams[END_REF][START_REF] Pham | A constant-force bistable mechanism for force regulation and overload protection[END_REF][START_REF] Brian T Edwars | A pseudo-rigid-body model for functionally binary pinnedpinned segments used in compliant mechanisms[END_REF] and path-generating CMs [START_REF] Kumar Rai | Synthesis of path generating compliant mechanisms using initially curved frame elements[END_REF], since ICBs have a large deflection range along with a relatively small strain range. To conduct static synthesis of a whole CM, the efficient methods for modeling nonlinear (intermediate or large) deflection of the mentioned two types of slender beams are therefore highly needed.
|
2022
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"409871",
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] |
[
"759573",
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] |
01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
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] |
[
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01743995
|
12 3.4 Detailed Operation . .
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2018
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[
"info"
] |
[
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[
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01479420
|
5 . 5 Fig.
|
2017
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1042681",
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"1042681",
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] |
[
"4583",
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01743995
|
. .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
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] |
[
"842",
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] |
01743995
|
As of August 2017, the Bitcoin blockchain is about 120 GiB big while it was only 75 GiB in August 2016. To benefit from Bitcoin full security model, a bootstrapping node has to download and verify the entirety of the 120 GiB.
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2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
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[
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01959122
|
Both applications can be associated either to an emulation on Arena or to the real workshop via its logic controller [Gamboa Quintanilla et al., 2016]. Both are intimately coupled with the actual workshop contents so that any workshop modification implies a software review and maintenance.
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2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"473973",
"473973",
"481382"
] |
[
"12343",
"2638"
] |
01743995
|
We then detail the design of Dietcoin and diet nodes and discuss the security guarantees they provide (Section 3). Finally, we present related work (Section 4), and conclude (Section 5).
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
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] |
01743995
|
. .
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2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
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] |
00591862
|
Definition 26 Given a precedence F and a status st, the recursive path ordering ≺ rpo is defined in Figure 2. When st(f) = p, the status of f is said to be product.
|
2011
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"29797",
"29797",
"994"
] |
[
"830993",
"12646",
"6111"
] |
01743995
|
Overview
In a blockchain system such as Bitcoin, the blockchain proper ((B k ) k∈Z ≥0 , label 1 in Figure 2) is maintained by a peer-to-peer network of miners. Each block B k links to the previous block B k-1 by including in its header a cryptographic hash that is (i) easy to verify, but (ii) particularly costly to create (this second point is one of the central element of blockchains with open membership, which we will discuss in detail just below).
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2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
. .
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2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
03970482
|
(1, 2, 1) + c 2 . (2, 9, 0) + c 3 .
|
2023
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"461224",
"241321"
] |
[
"1065155"
] |
01743995
|
. .
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2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
01743995
|
The risk of being made orphan decreases exponentially as a block lies deeper in a chain, ensuring the practical irrevocability of deep blocks and the transactions they contain. This is illustrated in Figure 4: consider an attacker who wishes to revoke a block B n-k (targeted block), that lies k blocks away from the chain's tip B n .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"525247",
"62433",
"525247",
"55417"
] |
[
"842",
"990977",
"855",
"1029804"
] |
02269024
|
Finally, large segments at high hierarchy levels have very low (< 0.5) object coverage and also their propagation score decreases as they often leak to background and other objects. Results are shown for the proposed video segmenter (Section 3.1.2) with tracks clustered either with the method of Section 3.1.1 (Depth order track clusters) or the track clustering method of [START_REF] Brox | Object Segmentation by Long Term Analysis of Point Trajectories[END_REF] (BM [START_REF] Brox | Object Segmentation by Long Term Analysis of Point Trajectories[END_REF] track clusters).
|
2019
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"445108"
] |
[
"19670"
] |
01744091
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The product modules are the products of the suppliers. The decision making for supplier selection and product module selection is based on the mapping between requirements (product module features) and real values of KPIs for the suppliers and their products.
|
2016
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[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
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] |
[
"18529",
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] |
01744091
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The co-evolution of product and production network aims to manage local production sites of the OEM and several collaborative relations between OEM and supplier companies for better management of the project resources in the regional market. Supplier selection and evaluation are among the main factors to be resolved at the earlier stage to guarantee successful results from any OEM-Supplier collaboration.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
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] |
04232870
|
The complete list of features is available on the dedicated repository. We followed a flexible approach for the hardware components interconnection to allow quick architecture configuration.
|
2024
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"116255",
"389097",
"116255",
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] |
[
"1291529",
"175135"
] |
01744091
|
The co-evolution of the production network to support the adaptation of an existing product to a new market implies new changes on the production process or on suppliers to cope with new modification in the product structure (it can be the change of one module or modification of some module features). In parallel, the modification of the product structure can be a consequence of using a new module (or technology) proposed by a supplier in the local market which results in the co-evolution of the product structure with the production strategy [START_REF] Arndt | Customer-driven Planning and Control of Global Production Networks -Balancing Standardisation and Regionalisation[END_REF].
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
PM1.1 is the "Best" implementation and PM1.2 is the "Worst" one according to the related suppliers KPIs. However, PM1.1 presents a low level of interfacing with the PM 2.1 that is the only possible implementation of PM2.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
03996206
|
Problem Formulation
In this study we only consider binary classification problems. A classifier C is classifying a point x ∈ X (usually R d ) in one of two classes, 0 or 1, i.e.
|
2022
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"553459",
"560488",
"560488",
"553459",
"553459"
] |
[
"1228858",
"180351",
"180193"
] |
01744091
|
This data is identified and managed in the PLM system as specific features connected to different product modules alternatives. Each module is analyzed to generate supplying requirements.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
The product modules are the products of the suppliers. The decision making for supplier selection and product module selection is based on the mapping between requirements (product module features) and real values of KPIs for the suppliers and their products.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
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] |
00704279
|
. .
|
2011
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"3207",
"3207"
] |
[
"737452",
"859893"
] |
01744091
|
2 PLM approach for supplier selection
Frugal innovation and suppliers' selection
With respect to the frugal innovation principle, the global modular-based approach should handle the easier interpretation of customer requirements and the identification of only concerned modules to be considered for the customization process [START_REF] Du | Product Families for Mass Customization: Understanding the Architecture[END_REF][START_REF] Mourtzis | The evolution of manufacturing systems: From craftsmanship to the era of customization. Design and Management of Lean Production Systems[END_REF].
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
Product module features as requirements for supplying decision criteria Figure 5 illustrates such kind of conflicts between product modules "as designed" (inner blue color rectangle) and real modules "as produced by suppliers" (inner green color rectangle). It is shown that the product module "PM1" has product module feature "Criticality" value as "High".
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
00637065
|
Obtaining the document base PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format) documents serve as basis for our ground-truth dataset. Indeed, the PDF format is widely used in many applications (newspaper, advertising, slides, … ) and PDF documents can be easily found on the web.
|
2003
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"15548",
"1654",
"15548",
"1654"
] |
[
"2790",
"836636"
] |
01744091
|
This paper discusses the potential of using a modular-based approach as a kernel methodology to support the co-evolution of product structure and production network definition, especially in the case of supplier selection for frugal innovation perspective. The application of PLM approach to manage interconnected data describing the co-evolution of the product structure and production network is also discussed.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
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] |
01744091
|
This paper focuses on the conceptual solution instead of presenting the final implementation for industrial use case which is under development. The developed methodology is well appreciated by industrial partners as well as academic partners.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01437929
|
The CoDiT system seamlessly integrates the company pages hosted on multiple SNSs by leveraging the potential of existing social networking APIs. The main premise of CoDiT system is to support open innovation process -in the 'Find' phase -by assisting organizations in locating complementary assets through the aggregation and exchange of the information about potential partners available on SNSs.
|
2015
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"562203",
"562203"
] |
[
"998569",
"998570"
] |
01744091
|
In that stage, also the suggested KPIs, from the product configuration stage, are considered. The final results of the selected network are sending back to the PLM tool in order to fix the different modules of the product and finalize the design of the product.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
The analysis of modules functions and features as requirements is used to generate list of possible suppliers. The list of suppliers' alternatives will provide list of possible module alternatives matching with the same functions of the originally design product.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01090232
|
If these four communications take a time D (and all other d i,j 's are d), the optimal solution may complete in a time 3d (see for instance Figure 2(a), for Binomial-stat), hence a ratio of 4 3 D d . We prove below (see Theorem 2) that Fibonacci-stat is asymptotically a max(C,D) max(c,d) 1 log 2 ϕ -approximation, where1 log 2 ϕ ≈ 1.44.
|
2015
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"35418",
"179718",
"866",
"35418",
"179718"
] |
[
"182817",
"779960",
"170697"
] |
01744091
|
The co-evolution of product and production network aims to manage local production sites of the OEM and several collaborative relations between OEM and supplier companies for better management of the project resources in the regional market. Supplier selection and evaluation are among the main factors to be resolved at the earlier stage to guarantee successful results from any OEM-Supplier collaboration.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
In this case the OEM will exploit some interesting and innovative solutions proposed by suppliers to design new frugal product or to adapt an existing one to one specific market. By this, the development process will follow a concurrent path in which the selection of the best product modules can be obtained from the identification of the best suppliers respecting the frugal requirements.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01359298
|
As detailed in [START_REF] Nock | Bregman divergences and surrogates for learning[END_REF], considering a surrogate loss F φ , the empirical surrogate risk of an hypothesis h : X → R w.r.t. S can be expressed as:
R φ (S, h) = 1 m m i=1 D φ y i , ∇ -1 φ (h(x i )) = b φ m m i=1 F φ (y i h(x i ))
with D φ the Bregman Divergence
D φ (x, y) = φ(x) -φ(y) -(x -y)∇ φ (y).
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"17835",
"17835",
"17835"
] |
[
"982876",
"3876",
"5203"
] |
01744091
|
This approach is mainly suitable for design strategies based on the use of standard modules or the reuse of existing solutions (with possible adaptation). A smart algorithm is used to generate and evaluate the alternative supplier networks.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
Thus, using product module features combined with additional information from the final assembly process planning and logistic constraints in the local market can give interesting requirements for the evaluation of KPIs (Key performance indicators) useful to get an impartial assessment of potential suppliers' capacities before considering them in the production network. The mapping of product module features (from product configuration view) to KPIs (suppliers selection view) is presented in Figure 2.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01242295
|
As a test case, we have imported the mechanised proof of the Odd Order Theorem into Coqoon, which is one of the largest Coq 8.5-compatible developments available. Previous versions of this project took over two hours to compile, but, using the quick compilation chain, the project can be compiled into .vio form in just seven minutes, and then into .vo form in a further twenty minutes.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"182755",
"182755",
"3208",
"107396"
] |
[
"17662"
] |
01744091
|
In parallel, the modification of the product structure can be a consequence of using a new module (or technology) proposed by a supplier in the local market which results in the co-evolution of the product structure with the production strategy [START_REF] Arndt | Customer-driven Planning and Control of Global Production Networks -Balancing Standardisation and Regionalisation[END_REF]. The big challenge is then to have an efficient collaboration between the OEM company and all its suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
Production and Transportation Cost, Quality, Lead time, total Energy Consumption, CO2 emissions are among the main criteria considered [START_REF] Mourtzis | F A Toolbox for the Design, Planning and Operation of Manufacturing Networks in a Mass Customisation Environment[END_REF]. To address the need of frugal innovation in the context of the supplier's selection method also the locality of the suppliers is considered as main criterion.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01885131
|
LM2 -A seminal paper reading about MC capabilities. LM3 -Analysis of mass customisation case studies.
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"490706",
"29212",
"174068"
] |
[
"966656"
] |
01744091
|
The selection of the best alternatives of production systems or suppliers is fulfilled by taking in consideration of different facilities and constraints in the local market to build the global production network. Then the selection of the best module solutions can be obtained as a consequence of selecting the related production systems or suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
In parallel, the modification of the product structure can be a consequence of using a new module (or technology) proposed by a supplier in the local market which results in the co-evolution of the product structure with the production strategy [START_REF] Arndt | Customer-driven Planning and Control of Global Production Networks -Balancing Standardisation and Regionalisation[END_REF]. The big challenge is then to have an efficient collaboration between the OEM company and all its suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
02321031
|
The current version of CURARE are Azure services running on top of a data science virtual machine. The services of CURARE are organized into three layers that correspond to the phases of the curation workflow.
|
2019
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1041972",
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"2003",
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"2003"
] |
[
"7250",
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"5514",
"6844"
] |
01744091
|
The list of suppliers' alternatives will provide list of possible module alternatives matching with the same functions of the originally design product. Then several alternatives of product structures from the original one (developed in older projects) can be obtained as combination of the product modules proposed by the selected suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
In the proposed frugal innovation process (Figure 1), the designer can propose several alternatives of product modules with specific features to cope with a set of customer requirements. These features concern technical characteristics used for the engineering perspective as well as useful inputs for building the related production network.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01175837
|
We present now the experimental results for localizing the pole (
). The pole localization is computed from the maximum of the power spectral density estimated using WP spectrum.
|
2015
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"17835",
"300006",
"7118"
] |
[
"931337",
"758164",
"1020971"
] |
01744091
|
Each module is analyzed to generate supplying requirements. The final decision is the identification of optimal "Modules-Suppliers" combination as fragment co-definition of best product structure and supplier network with respect to frugal attributes.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
For Tiwari and Herstatt [START_REF] Tiwari | Frugal Innovation: A Global Networks' Perspective[END_REF], frugal innovation refers to innovative products and services that "seek to minimize the use of material and financial resources in the complete value chain (from development to disposal) with the objective of reducing the cost of ownership while fulfilling or even exceeding certain pre-defined criteria of acceptable quality standards". This theory results new category of products named "frugal" as an aggregation of the following attributes: Functional to answer the exact customer need by focusing on key product features; Robust with integration of recent technologies and facilities of maintenance high life duration; User-friendly through a simple and easy to use functions and interfaces; Growing through large production volumes enabling economies of scale; Affordable by offering to customer good "value for his money" through adaptable prices according to their socio-economic context; and Local to propose products mainly tailored to local requirements but also built using some production facilities (i.e.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
00288376
|
M > N •). Finally, an arity constraint can be expressed on the set of daughters of a node: M > {N 1 , .
|
2008
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"2347",
"2347"
] |
[
"2082",
"8101"
] |
01744091
|
The application of PLM approach to manage interconnected data describing the co-evolution of the product structure and production network is also discussed. Introduction
In context of hard competitiveness and economic pressures, companies need to reach new markets (i.e.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
636966. The authors would like thank the industrial partners involved in this research.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01682973
|
. .
|
2017
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1041964"
] |
[
"770868"
] |
01744091
|
636966. The authors would like thank the industrial partners involved in this research.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
One of the main challenges during the supplier's selection and the supplier networks design is to select the optimum supplier based on their suitability and their availability. Therefore, the proposed work proposes a smart search algorithm capable of subset of total number of alternative manufacturing network configurations by utilizing three adjustable parameters [START_REF] Chryssolouris | Manufacturing Systems: Theory and Practice[END_REF].
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01185076
|
Such a solution can offer significant gains, especially for non-live popular streams, but it requires the cooperation of the CDN, which is not always owned and operated by the cloud provider. Cheng et al.
|
2015
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"220130",
"73363",
"220130",
"7071",
"220130",
"73363",
"220130",
"73363"
] |
[
"6419",
"21816",
"20470"
] |
01744091
|
Thus, using product module features combined with additional information from the final assembly process planning and logistic constraints in the local market can give interesting requirements for the evaluation of KPIs (Key performance indicators) useful to get an impartial assessment of potential suppliers' capacities before considering them in the production network. The mapping of product module features (from product configuration view) to KPIs (suppliers selection view) is presented in Figure 2.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
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The co-evolution of the production system should be extended to the production network level that aims to create several collaborative relations between the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and suppliers' companies for better management of their distinctive skills and resources in the whole production process [START_REF] Hochdörffer | Evaluation of global manufacturing networks -a matter of perspective[END_REF]. Thus, Supplier selection and evaluation are among the main factors to be resolved at the earlier stage to guarantee successful results from any OEM-Supplier collaboration [START_REF] Cheraghi | Critical Success Factors for Supplier Selection: An Update[END_REF].
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
02970614
|
4c shows the results of this experiment, where we can see that the Star-shaped hexarotor crashes right after the failure of propellers 4-5-6, while it is capable of static hovering following the failure of propellers 1-2-3. Looking deeper at the control inputs in the cases where static hovering was still possible, we can see that the informed controller was already able to generate required moments without using the corresponding propellers, and as such, the platform's performance was not affected by the corresponding failures.
|
2021
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"380071",
"380071",
"392741",
"303060"
] |
[
"15323",
"9111",
"2760"
] |
01744091
|
The list of suppliers' alternatives will provide list of possible module alternatives matching with the same functions of the originally design product. Then several alternatives of product structures from the original one (developed in older projects) can be obtained as combination of the product modules proposed by the selected suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
Each module is analyzed to generate supplying requirements. The final decision is the identification of optimal "Modules-Suppliers" combination as fragment co-definition of best product structure and supplier network with respect to frugal attributes.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
02141169
|
Let be the mean of over the entire set of sensors. We call it System Data Gathering Delay in the following.
|
2009
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"73363",
"73363",
"73363"
] |
[
"1047938",
"20473"
] |
01744091
|
Locality shows how close to the targeted market is the supplier. This will contribute to enhance the affordable and local attributes by reducing logistics costs and using existing standards in the target market since the providers are coming from the same market.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
Therefore, the proposed work proposes a smart search algorithm capable of subset of total number of alternative manufacturing network configurations by utilizing three adjustable parameters [START_REF] Chryssolouris | Manufacturing Systems: Theory and Practice[END_REF]. The three control parameters that are utilized are the maximum number of alternatives (MNA) which controls the breadth of the search, the decision horizon (DH) which controls the depth of the search, and the sampling rate (SR) which guides the search towards the high quality branches of the tree of alternatives [START_REF] Mourtzis | A Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Centralized and Decentralized Production Networks in a Highly Customer-Driven Environment[END_REF].
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01391313
|
Thus, we decided that we needed to use a simulator for modeling and testing team behavior and, when the simulation proved successful, then move to field tests with the real robots. The SimSpark simulation environment, which is also used for the RoboCup 3D soccer simulation league, was the ideal candidate for our goals.
|
2014
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"60866",
"60866",
"60866"
] |
[
"992434",
"992435",
"992436"
] |
01744091
|
[START_REF] Bosch-Mauchand | Knowledge based assessment of manufacturing process performance: integration of product lifecycle management and value chain simulation approaches[END_REF]. In the proposal, the supplier selection process is achieved based on several data stored on different business tools.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
The performance assessment of each alternative will help to fix the best product structure and consequently the best product modules replacing the original ones. In final the list of supplier is fixed as those providing the selected modules.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
04362152
|
Our presented work predicts 3D vertebrae locations, but does not consider today their individual 3D orientation. It has been studied that the axial vertebra rotation contains information related to the early detection of scoliosis [START_REF] Courvoisier | Transverse plane 3D analysis of mild scoliosis[END_REF] and its evolution [START_REF] Skalli | Early Detection of Progressive Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Severity Index[END_REF].
|
2023
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1043091",
"466444",
"1043091",
"1043049",
"257328",
"1043049",
"257328",
"1043091",
"466444",
"1043091"
] |
[
"737603",
"738926",
"1348226",
"554",
"4829",
"752316"
] |
01744091
|
To develop such kind of products, companies should adopt a customer-driven design process and an optimal co-evolution of the production strategy to reduce manufacturing and logistic costs, taking in consideration the capabilities, constraints and resources available in the targeted market. The design strategy respecting frugal attributes can be conducted through a set of following design actions:
• Design new specific modules or modifying the features of existing ones, • Reuse existing solutions developed by the company in previous projects,
• Use standard modules developed by external suppliers for several products.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
A smart algorithm is used to generate and evaluate the alternative supplier networks. 2 PLM approach for supplier selection
Frugal innovation and suppliers' selection
With respect to the frugal innovation principle, the global modular-based approach should handle the easier interpretation of customer requirements and the identification of only concerned modules to be considered for the customization process [START_REF] Du | Product Families for Mass Customization: Understanding the Architecture[END_REF][START_REF] Mourtzis | The evolution of manufacturing systems: From craftsmanship to the era of customization.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
03542057
|
Thus, a last rule of term equality can be added:
u : Pα c : Pα → Pβ
Conclusion and Future Works
We introduced CΣ, a general semantic predicate calculus using a constructor P instead of the traditional functions of codomain t, and completed by a covariant subtyping. The typing rules constraining the use of subtyping coercions ensure a property of type safety which is sufficient for semantic purposes.
|
2021
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"150772"
] |
[
"1119509"
] |
01744091
|
Thus, Supplier selection and evaluation are among the main factors to be resolved at the earlier stage to guarantee successful results from any OEM-Supplier collaboration [START_REF] Cheraghi | Critical Success Factors for Supplier Selection: An Update[END_REF]. As per our study, an emerging market's needs can be solved by adapting an existing product and production which are well stablished in westerned and European markets to fulfil regional customer's requirements (new market) especially when the customer belongs to emerging markets (e.g.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
These features concern technical characteristics used for the engineering perspective as well as useful inputs for building the related production network. Each module is identified with all possible production capabilities or suppliers able to provide it with the desired characteristics.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01806634
|
A resource modality for RAII
We consider L any distributive symmetric monoidal closed category (such as in particular any standard model of linear logic). For any ∈ L, there is a monad -⊕ .
|
2018
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"6818",
"495900",
"473973"
] |
[
"1027916",
"17312"
] |
01744091
|
Thus, product module features and KPIs for production network design should be connected together through the PLM approach to evaluate all possible combinations of product-suppliers in the production network. Conflicts possibilities on the co-definition of product structure and supplier network
This connection provides real positive impacts on the frugal attributes.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
Then several alternatives of product structures from the original one (developed in older projects) can be obtained as combination of the product modules proposed by the selected suppliers. The performance assessment of each alternative will help to fix the best product structure and consequently the best product modules replacing the original ones.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
04424418
|
When importing SBML data into Neo4j, introspection is used to automate the extraction of properties and associated structured values of items mentioned in a definition schema. In this way, the user filters the main components and attributes to be loaded into the database.
|
2024
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1002254",
"1002254",
"1002434",
"1002254"
] |
[
"1309721"
] |
01744091
|
For instance, deciding optimal supplier based not only on its own properties but also on the criticality of the related modules allows managers adapting the balance between product cost and quality by favoring reputable suppliers for the critical modules (high function criticality requesting high quality) even the price is high, and obtaining the less critical modules (less added value for the target market) from low cost suppliers. Supplier selection and network design method
The supplier selection and network design method should be capable of generating alternative combinations of product-suppliers and evaluate their performance based on multiple and conflicting criteria based on the constrains-suggestions provided by the design during the generation of the different product structures.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
The selection of the best alternatives of production systems or suppliers is fulfilled by taking in consideration of different facilities and constraints in the local market to build the global production network. Then the selection of the best module solutions can be obtained as a consequence of selecting the related production systems or suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
00190415
|
P. Sabatier, Montpellier water model functions. In the light of rule ß1, the following items were selected as descriptors:
water supply, drainage, alluvial ground water table, infiltration, springs, causal relations, model.
|
1995
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"49021",
"46135"
] |
[
"173152"
] |
01744091
|
Fig 1. Co-definition of product structure and production network
Production system refers to technological elements (machines and tools), organizational behavior and managing resources within OEM whereas supplier refers to external supplier of product modules and related supports.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
In this case the OEM will exploit some interesting and innovative solutions proposed by suppliers to design new frugal product or to adapt an existing one to one specific market. By this, the development process will follow a concurrent path in which the selection of the best product modules can be obtained from the identification of the best suppliers respecting the frugal requirements.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
00374372
|
64(2)
(1985) 481-490
11. Wikipedia: (2008) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole principle ac-
cessed 14-November-2008.
|
2009
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"13098",
"13098",
"13098"
] |
[
"833058"
] |
01744091
|
To perform these decision making processes, additional categories of information should be embedded in the product module concept. The definition of product module through features is to connect different views of the product design and development.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
A smart algorithm is used to generate and evaluate the alternative supplier networks. 2 PLM approach for supplier selection
Frugal innovation and suppliers' selection
With respect to the frugal innovation principle, the global modular-based approach should handle the easier interpretation of customer requirements and the identification of only concerned modules to be considered for the customization process [START_REF] Du | Product Families for Mass Customization: Understanding the Architecture[END_REF][START_REF] Mourtzis | The evolution of manufacturing systems: From craftsmanship to the era of customization.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01542595
|
The types L L is the behaviour of two statements of types L and L running in parallel; L + L is the behaviour of two statements (of types L and L ) running in sequence (regardless of the order). We will shorten
L 1 • • • L n into i∈{1..n} L i and L 1 + • • • + L n into i∈{1.
|
2017
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"1060935",
"50194",
"175461",
"175461",
"451999",
"1060935"
] |
[
"595",
"13552"
] |
01744091
|
By fixing the different production systems and suppliers (for final assembly and for the production of modules), the structure of the production network is defined as a combination of the selected items. The expected behavior of the network is obtained by the definition of the global planning and all collaborative processes supporting information and material exchange among these production systems and suppliers.
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01744091
|
The decision making for supplier selection and product module selection is based on the mapping between requirements (product module features) and real values of KPIs for the suppliers and their products. Global PLM approach for supplier selection
The role of mapping is to classify all available suppliers according to the matching level between their KPI values (representing real assessment) and product features (representing requirements).
|
2016
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"473973",
"159925",
"473973",
"77278"
] |
[
"18529",
"981818",
"174660"
] |
01141000
|
Connections are done at the ns-3 device layer, using the FdNetDevice special device of ns-3. A FdNetDevice is associated to a file descriptor, and by reading and writing Ethernet packets from/to the file descriptor it can exchange traffic generated inside an ns-3 simulation with external processes.
|
2015
|
[
"info"
] |
[
"211134",
"211134",
"211134",
"211134"
] |
[
"943104",
"923266",
"179479",
"7672"
] |
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