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Passivhaus-Institut
the passivhaus - institut ( phi ) is responsible for promoting and maintaining the passivhaus building program. the " passivhaus institute " was founded in 1996, and is based and active in darmstadt, germany. the english spelling was used for the passive house institute us ( phius ) when it formed in 2007 originally under the umbrella of the passivhaus institute. the two separated in 2012. though phi and phius sustainable design standards are different, they both share common goals for drastic energy conservation and carbon reduction through sustainable architecture design techniques and specifications to create low - energy houses and other structures with low energy building practices for the public benefit worldwide. = = see also = = list of low - energy building techniques history of passive solar building design energy - efficient landscaping = = references = =
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SEG-Y
acquisition companies, though not to the wide extent that the seg - y format has been modified by seismic acquisition and processing companies and oil companies using their own inhouse software. as magnetic tape technology developed, the original seg - y format using individual small data blocks for each distinct seismic trace became very inefficient in terms of tape performance so the first and subsequent revisions allowed for larger tape data blocks containing many individual traces. there have been many suggestions for including different kinds of metadata within the standard over the years, since when the standard was first proposed the processes of acquisition and processing were technologically much simpler. for example geographical positioning information either real world or relative wasn't stored in the trace header at acquisition or final processing whereas it is routine today. however, the relative simplicity of the seg - y format has meant that it has worked well for interchange of seismic data allowing anyone to read and understand data recorded in the 1970s on half inch magnetic tape as easily as reading it on modern tape media or from a disk file, as long as the standard has been adhered to. while seg - y format data is still stored on magnetic tape as a permanent archive, seg - y data is increasingly stored as disk files for online and near - line ease of access, and later format revisions allow for character and number data to be stored in native system representations as ascii and ieee. = = see also = = reflection seismology = = references = = = = external links = = downloadable seg technical standards, including seg y revisions 0, 1 and 2
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Denavit–Hartenberg parameters
_ { n } } is formed only with parameters using the same subscript. surveys of dh conventions and its differences have been published. = = see also = = forward kinematics inverse kinematics kinematic chain kinematics robotics conventions mechanical systems = = references = =
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Trion (neural networks)
trion is a basic unit of the neural network model of cortical organization called trion model. this unit represents a highly structured and interconnected aggregate of about a hundred of neurons with the overall diameter of about 0. 7 mm. each trion has three levels of firing activity, and thus a cluster of trions can produce a complex firing pattern which changes rapidly ( millisecond scale ) according to probabilistic ( monte carlo ) rules. = = references = =
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Bacterial adhesion in aquatic system
to their surface homogeneity, which is an important factor for applying dlvo theory. the quartz surface originally has negative potential. however, the surface of the collectors was usually modified to have positive surface for the favorable deposition experiments. in some experiments, the surface collector was coated with an alginate layer with negative charge for simulating the real conditioning film in natural system. = = = result = = = it was concluded that bacterial deposition mainly occurred in a secondary energy minimum by using dlvo theory. dlvo calculation predicted an energy barrier of 140kt at 31. 6 mm ionic strength to over 2000kt at 1mm ionic strength. this data was not in agreement with the experimental data, which showed increasing deposition with increasing ionic strength. therefore, the deposit could occur at secondary minimum having the energy from 0. 09kt to 8. 1kt at 1mm and 31. 6 mm ionic strength, respectively. the conclusion was further proven by the partial release of deposited bacteria when the ionic strength decreased. because the amount of released bacteria was less than 100 %, it was suggested that bacteria could deposit at the primary minimum due to the heterogeneity of the surface collector or bacterial surface. this fact was not covered in classical dlvo theory. the presence of divalent electrolytes ( ca2 + ) can neutralize the charge surface of bacteria by the binding between ca2 + and the functional group on the oocyst surface. this resulted in an observable bacterial deposition despite the very high electrostatic repulsive energy from the dlvo prediction. the motility of bacteria also has a significant effect on the bacterial adhesion. nonmotile and motile bacteria showed different behavior in deposition experiments. at the same ionic strength, motile bacteria showed greater adhesion to the surface than nonmotile bacteria and motile bacteria can attach to the surface of the collector at high repulsive electrostatic force. it was suggested that the swimming energy of the cells could overcome the repulsive energy or they can adhere to regions of heterogeneity on the surface. the swimming capacity increase with the ionic strength and 100mm is the optimal concentration for the rotation of flagella. despite the electrostatic repulsion energy from dlvo calculation between the bacteria and surface collector, the deposition could occur due to other interactions such as the steric impact of the presence of flagella on the cell environment and the strong hydrophobicity of the cell. = = references = =
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Sparse dictionary learning
delta _ { i } \ nabla _ { \ mathbf { d } } \ sum _ { i \ in s } \ | x _ { i } - \ mathbf { d } r _ { i } \ | _ { 2 } ^ { 2 } + \ lambda \ | r _ { i } \ | _ { 1 } \ right \ } }, where s { \ displaystyle s } is a random subset of { 1... k } { \ displaystyle \ { 1... k \ } } and δ i { \ displaystyle \ delta _ { i } } is a gradient step. = = = lagrange dual method = = = an algorithm based on solving a dual lagrangian problem provides an efficient way to solve for the dictionary having no complications induced by the sparsity function. consider the following lagrangian : l ( d, λ ) = tr ( ( x − d r ) t ( x − d r ) ) + j = 1 n λ j ( i = 1 d d i j 2 − c ) { \ displaystyle { \ mathcal { l } } ( \ mathbf { d }, \ lambda ) = { \ text { tr } } \ left ( ( x - \ mathbf { d } r ) ^ { t } ( x - \ mathbf { d } r ) \ right ) + \ sum _ { j = 1 } ^ { n } \ lambda _ { j } \ left ( { \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { d } \ mathbf { d } _ { ij } ^ { 2 } - c } \ right ) }, where c { \ displaystyle c } is a constraint on the norm of the atoms and λ i { \ displaystyle \ lambda _ { i } } are the so - called dual variables forming the diagonal matrix λ { \ displaystyle \ lambda }. we can then provide an analytical expression for the lagrange dual after minimization over d { \ displaystyle \ mathbf { d } } : d ( λ ) = min d l ( d, λ ) = tr ( x t x − x r t ( r r t + λ ) − 1 ( x r t ) t − c λ ) { \ displaystyle { \ mathcal { d } } ( \ lambda ) = \ min _ { \ mathbf { d } } { \ mathcal { l } } ( \ mathbf { d
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Riemannian metric and Lie bracket in computational anatomy
= = the riemannian orbit model = = shapes in computational anatomy ( ca ) are studied via the use of diffeomorphic mapping for establishing correspondences between anatomical coordinate systems. in this setting, 3 - dimensional medical images are modelled as diffeomorphic transformations of some exemplar, termed the template i t e m p { \ displaystyle i _ { temp } }, resulting in the observed images to be elements of the random orbit model of ca. for images these are defined as i ∈ i { i = i t e m p ∘ φ, φ ∈ diff v } { \ displaystyle i \ in { \ mathcal { i } } \ doteq \ { i = i _ { temp } \ circ \ varphi, \ varphi \ in \ operatorname { diff } _ { v } \ } }, with for charts representing sub - manifolds denoted as m { φ ⋅ m t e m p : φ ∈ diff v } { \ displaystyle { \ mathcal { m } } \ doteq \ { \ varphi \ cdot m _ { temp } : \ varphi \ in \ operatorname { diff } _ { v } \ } }. = = the riemannian metric = = the orbit of shapes and forms in computational anatomy are generated by the group action m { φ ⋅ m : φ ∈ diff v } { \ displaystyle { \ mathcal { m } } \ doteq \ { \ varphi \ cdot m : \ varphi \ in \ operatorname { diff } _ { v } \ } }. this is made into a riemannian orbit by introducing a metric associated to each point and associated tangent space. for this a metric is defined on the group which induces the metric on the orbit. take as the metric for computational anatomy at each element of the tangent space φ ∈ diff v { \ displaystyle \ varphi \ in \ operatorname { diff } _ { v } } in the group of diffeomorphisms ‖ φ ‖ φ ‖ φ ∘ φ − 1 ‖ v = ‖ v ‖ v { \ displaystyle \ | { \ dot { \ varphi } } \ | _ { \ varphi } \ doteq \ | { \ dot { \ varphi } } \ circ \ varphi ^ { - 1 } \ | _ { v } = \ | v \ | _ {
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Pseudogroup
a lie groupoid. in particular, a lie pseudogroup is called of finite order k if it can be " reconstructed " from the space of its k - jets. = = references = = st. golab ( 1939 ). " uber den begriff der " pseudogruppe von transformationen " ". mathematische annalen. 116 : 768 – 780. doi : 10. 1007 / bf01597390. s2cid 124962440. = = external links = = alekseevskii, d. v. ( 2001 ) [ 1994 ], " pseudo - groups ", encyclopedia of mathematics, ems press
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Computing the permanent
##ively. another class of matrices for which the permanent is of particular interest, is the positive - semidefinite matrices. using a technique of stockmeyer counting, they can be computed within the class bpp np { \ displaystyle { \ textsf { bpp } } ^ { \ textsf { np } } }, but this is considered an infeasible class in general. it is np - hard to approximate permanents of psd matrices within a subexponential factor, and it is conjectured to be bpp np { \ displaystyle { \ textsf { bpp } } ^ { \ textsf { np } } } - hard if further constraints on the spectrum are imposed, there are more efficient algorithms known. one randomized algorithm is based on the model of boson sampling and it uses the tools proper to quantum optics, to represent the permanent of positive - semidefinite matrices as the expected value of a specific random variable. the latter is then approximated by its sample mean. this algorithm, for a certain set of positive - semidefinite matrices, approximates their permanent in polynomial time up to an additive error, which is more reliable than that of the standard classical polynomial - time algorithm by gurvits. = = notes = = = = references = = = = further reading = = barvinok, a. ( 2017 ), " approximating permanents and hafnians ", discrete analysis, arxiv : 1601. 07518, doi : 10. 19086 / da. 1244, s2cid 397350.
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Euromatrix
technologies ag ( germany ). the project was coordinated by hans uszkoreit, a professor of computational linguistics at saarland university. = = references = = = = external links = = official homepage euromatrixplus official homepage
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Zero-point energy
u = h u, u † ( t ) = u − 1 ( t ), u ( 0 ) = 1. { \ displaystyle i \ hbar { \ dot { u } } = hu \,, \ quad u ^ { \ dagger } ( t ) = u ^ { - 1 } ( t ) \,, \ quad u ( 0 ) = 1 \,. } alternatively, we can argue that these operators must commute if we are to obtain the correct equations of motion from the hamiltonian, just as the corresponding poisson brackets in classical theory must vanish in order to generate the correct hamilton equations. the formal solution of the field equation is : a k λ ( t ) = a k λ ( 0 ) e − i ω k t + i e 2 π ω k v 0 t d t ′ e k λ ⋅ x ( t ′ ) e i ω k ( t ′ − t ) { \ displaystyle a _ { \ mathbf { k } \ lambda } ( t ) = a _ { \ mathbf { k } \ lambda } ( 0 ) e ^ { - i \ omega _ { k } t } + ie { \ sqrt { \ frac { 2 \ pi } { \ hbar \ omega _ { k } v } } } \ int _ { 0 } ^ { t } dt'\, e _ { \ mathbf { k } \ lambda } \ cdot \ mathbf { \ dot { x } } ( t') e ^ { i \ omega _ { k } \ left ( t'- t \ right ) } } and therefore the equation for akλ may be written : x ¨ + ω 0 2 x = e m e 0 ( t ) + e m e r r ( t ) { \ displaystyle \ mathbf { \ ddot { x } } + \ omega _ { 0 } ^ { 2 } \ mathbf { x } = { \ frac { e } { m } } \ mathbf { e } _ { 0 } ( t ) + { \ frac { e } { m } } \ mathbf { e } _ { rr } ( t ) } where e 0 ( t ) = i k λ 2 π ω k v [ a k λ ( 0 ) e − i ω k t − a k λ † ( 0 ) e i ω k t ] e k λ { \ displaystyle \ mathbf { e } _ { 0
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Quantum chaos
2nd rev. and enlarged ed. ). berlin heidelberg paris [ etc. ] : springer. isbn 978 - 3 - 540 - 67723 - 9. berggren, karl - fredrik ; °aberg, sven, eds. ( 2001 ). quantum chaos y2k : proceedings of nobel symposium 116, backaskog castle, sweden, june 13 - 17, 2000. stockholm, sweden : physica scripta, the royal swedish academy of sciences. isbn 978 - 981 - 02 - 4711 - 9. reichl, linda e. ( 2004 ). the transition to chaos : conservative classical systems and quantum manifestations. institute for nonlinear science ( 2. [ new ] ed. ). new york heidelberg : springer. isbn 978 - 0 - 387 - 98788 - 0. = = external links = = quantum chaos by martin gutzwiller ( 1992 and 2008, scientific american ) quantum chaos martin gutzwiller scholarpedia 2 ( 12 ) : 3146. doi : 10. 4249 / scholarpedia. 3146 category : quantum chaos scholarpedia what is... quantum chaos by ze'ev rudnick ( january 2008, notices of the american mathematical society ) brian hayes, " the spectrum of riemannium " ; american scientist volume 91, number 4, july – august, 2003 pp. 296 – 300. discusses relation to the riemann zeta function. eigenfunctions in chaotic quantum systems by arnd backer. chaosbook. org
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Kullback–Leibler divergence
{ \ displaystyle \ mathrm { h } ( p ) } is the entropy of p ( which is the same as the cross - entropy of p with itself ). the relative entropy d kl ( p q ) { \ displaystyle d _ { \ text { kl } } ( p \ parallel q ) } can be thought of geometrically as a statistical distance, a measure of how far the distribution q is from the distribution p. geometrically it is a divergence : an asymmetric, generalized form of squared distance. the cross - entropy h ( p, q ) { \ displaystyle h ( p, q ) } is itself such a measurement ( formally a loss function ), but it cannot be thought of as a distance, since h ( p, p ) = : h ( p ) { \ displaystyle h ( p, p ) = : h ( p ) } is not zero. this can be fixed by subtracting h ( p ) { \ displaystyle h ( p ) } to make d kl ( p q ) { \ displaystyle d _ { \ text { kl } } ( p \ parallel q ) } agree more closely with our notion of distance, as the excess loss. the resulting function is asymmetric, and while this can be symmetrized ( see § symmetrised divergence ), the asymmetric form is more useful. see § interpretations for more on the geometric interpretation. relative entropy relates to " rate function " in the theory of large deviations. arthur hobson proved that relative entropy is the only measure of difference between probability distributions that satisfies some desired properties, which are the canonical extension to those appearing in a commonly used characterization of entropy. consequently, mutual information is the only measure of mutual dependence that obeys certain related conditions, since it can be defined in terms of kullback – leibler divergence. = = properties = = relative entropy is always non - negative, d kl ( p q ) ≥ 0, { \ displaystyle d _ { \ text { kl } } ( p \ parallel q ) \ geq 0, } a result known as gibbs'inequality, with d kl ( p q ) { \ displaystyle d _ { \ text { kl } } ( p \ parallel q ) } equals zero if and only if p = q { \ displaystyle p = q } as measures. in particular, if p ( d x ) = p (
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Diet and cancer
diet and are found ubiquitously in plants. " while some studies have suggested flavonoids may have a role in cancer prevention, others have been inconclusive or suggested they may be harmful. = = = methionine = = = restriction of methionine has been suggested as a strategy in cancer growth control in cancers that depend on methionine for survival and proliferation. according to a 2012 review, the effect of methionine restriction on cancer has yet to be studied directly in humans and " there is still insufficient knowledge to give reliable nutritional advice ". reviews of epidemiological studies have found no association between dietary methionine and breast or pancreatic cancer risk. = = = mushrooms = = = according to cancer research uk, " there is currently no evidence that any type of mushroom or mushroom extract can prevent or cure cancer ", although research into some species continues. a 2020 review found that higher mushroom consumption is associated with lower risk of breast cancer. = = = dairy products = = = = = = whole grains = = = there is strong evidence that consumption of whole grains decreases risk of colorectal cancer. = = = saturated fat = = = = = = soy = = = the american cancer society have stated that " there is some evidence from human and lab studies that consuming traditional soy foods such as tofu may lower the risk of breast and prostate cancer, but overall the evidence is too limited to draw firm conclusions ". a 2023 review found that soy protein lowers breast cancer risk. = = = other = = = green tea consumption has no effect on cancer risk. a 2016 meta - analysis showed that women and men who drank coffee had a lower risk of liver cancer. an umbrella review of meta - analyses found that coffee was associated with a lower risk of liver and endometrial cancer. a 2014 systematic review found, " no firm evidence that vitamin d supplementation affects cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community - dwelling women. " = = see also = = = = references = = = = external links = = " diet, healthy eating and cancer ". info. cancerresearchuk. org. cancer research uk. 23 march 2015. " epic ( european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition ) study ". epic. iarc. fr. international agency for research on cancer : world health organization.
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Team effectiveness
, operational and / or strategic tasks and initiatives. management teams are responsible for the total performance of the division they oversee with regards to day - to - day operations, delegation of tasks and the supervision of employees. the authority of these teams are based on the members position on the company's or institution's organizational chart. these management teams are constructed of managers from different divisions ( e. g. vice president of marketing, assistant director of operations ). an example of management teams are executive management teams, which consists of members at the top of the organization's hierarchy, such as chief executive officer, board of directors, board of trustees, etc., who establish the strategic initiatives that a company will undertake over a long term period ( ~ 3 – 5 years ). management teams have been effective by using their expertise to aid companies in adjusting to the current landscape of a global economy, which helps them compete with their rivals in their respective markets, produce unique initiatives that sets them apart from their rivals and empower the employees who are responsible for the success of the organization or institution. = = see also = = = = references = =
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Financial services
global or regional headquarters in the london and are listed on the london stock exchange, and many banks and other financial institutions operate there or in edinburgh. = = see also = = = = references = = = = further reading = = porteous, bruce t. ; pradip tapadar ( december 2005 ). economic capital and financial risk management for financial services firms and conglomerates. palgrave macmillan. isbn 1 - 4039 - 3608 - 0. = = external links = = the role of the financial services sector in expanding economic opportunity | a report by christopher n. sutton and beth jenkins | john f. kennedy school of government | harvard university
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Concordancer
a concordancer is a computer program that automatically constructs a concordance. the output of a concordancer may serve as input to a translation memory system for computer - assisted translation, or as an early step in machine translation. concordancers are also used in corpus linguistics to retrieve alphabetically or otherwise sorted lists of linguistic data from the corpus in question, which the corpus linguist then analyzes. a number of concordancers have been published, notably oxford concordance program ( ocp ), a concordancer first released in 1981 by oxford university computing services, which claims to be used in over 200 organisations worldwide. = = see also = = cocoa ( digital humanities ) cross - reference ctags kwic language industry statistically improbable phrase = = references = =
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New Engineering Contract
physical conditions which are within the site, are not weather conditions and which an experienced contractor would have judged at the contract date to have such a small chance of occurring that it would have been unreasonable for her / him to have allowed for them. ice conditions of contract sixth edition clause 12 ( 1 ) if during the execution of the works the contractor shall encounter physical conditions ( other than weather conditions or conditions due to weather conditions ) or artificial obstructions which conditions or obstructions could not in her / his opinion reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor the contractor shall as early as practicable give written notice thereof to the engineer. = = z clauses = = employers often use additional conditions of contract ( " z clauses " ) to amend or delete contract provisions relating to certain obligations, and the efficiency and reform group of the cabinet office in the uk ( formerly the ogc ) has published generic public sector z clauses for use with nec contracts. a standard z clause relating to fair payment for sub - contractors ( often labelled " z5 " ) was recommended for public sector use in 2011, and additional public sector z clauses were later published to reflect the contract termination provisions and other requirements of the public contracts regulations 2015. excessive use of z clauses has been criticised as " onerous " and " poorly drafted " ; nec guidance states that " additional conditions should be used only when absolutely necessary to accommodate special needs ". = = guidance notes and further information = = guidance notes and flow charts are published by the ice, which are supplemented by the frequently asked questions sections of the nec website. prospective users of the nec3 contract are encouraged to study the faq's in order to avoid unintended contract provisions. the often unintended option c scenario where a contractor is paid monies in excess of the target cost plus maximum share provisions is specifically not addressed in the guidance notes or frequently asked questions. other common misinterpretations are minutes of meetings as communications, deleted work and paying for correcting defects. = = footnotes = = = = external links = = nec engineering and construction contract website free nec3 & nec4 guidance notes, flow charts & publications ne consult
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Abundance of the chemical elements
##orine ) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. a few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. the elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body. below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements. = = see also = = abundances of the elements ( data page ) abundance of elements in earth's crust natural abundance – isotopic abundance goldschmidt classification – geochemical classification primordial nuclide – nuclides predating the earth's formation ( found on earth ) radiative levitation – stellar phenomenon list of data references for chemical elements = = references = = = = = footnotes = = = = = = notes = = = = = = notations = = = " rare earth elements — critical resources for high technology | usgs fact sheet 087 - 02 ". geopubs. wr. usgs. gov. " imagine the universe! dictionary ". 3 december 2003. archived from the original on 3 december 2003. = = external links = = list of elements in order of abundance in the earth's crust ( only correct for the twenty most common elements ) cosmic abundance of the elements and nucleosynthesis webelements. com lists of elemental abundances for the universe, sun, meteorites, earth, ocean, streamwater, etc.
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Inert-pair effect
anion. in both of these the central bi atom is octahedrally coordinated with little or no distortion, in contravention to vsepr theory. the steric activity of the lone pair has long been assumed to be due to the orbital having some p character, i. e. the orbital is not spherically symmetric. more recent theoretical work shows that this is not always necessarily the case. for example, the litharge structure of pbo contrasts to the more symmetric and simpler rock - salt structure of pbs, and this has been explained in terms of pbii – anion interactions in pbo leading to an asymmetry in electron density. similar interactions do not occur in pbs. another example are some thallium ( i ) salts where the asymmetry has been ascribed to s electrons on tl interacting with antibonding orbitals. = = references = = = = external links = = chemistry guide an explanation of the inert pair effect.
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Electron degeneracy pressure
follow pauli's principle and fermi – dirac statistics. in general, for an ensemble of non - interacting fermions, also known as a fermi gas, each particle can be treated independently with a single - fermion energy given by the purely kinetic term, e = p 2 2 m, { \ displaystyle e = { \ frac { p ^ { 2 } } { 2m } }, } where p is the momentum of one particle and m its mass. every possible momentum state of an electron within this volume up to the fermi momentum pf being occupied. the degeneracy pressure at zero temperature can be computed as p = 2 3 e tot v = 2 3 p f 5 10 π 2 m 3, { \ displaystyle p = { \ frac { 2 } { 3 } } { \ frac { e _ { \ text { tot } } } { v } } = { \ frac { 2 } { 3 } } { \ frac { p _ { \ text { f } } ^ { 5 } } { 10 \ pi ^ { 2 } m \ hbar ^ { 3 } } }, } where v is the total volume of the system and etot is the total energy of the ensemble. specifically for the electron degeneracy pressure, m is substituted by the electron mass me and the fermi momentum is obtained from the fermi energy, so the electron degeneracy pressure is given by p e = ( 3 π 2 ) 2 / 3 2 5 m e ρ e 5 / 3, { \ displaystyle p _ { \ text { e } } = { \ frac { ( 3 \ pi ^ { 2 } ) ^ { 2 / 3 } \ hbar ^ { 2 } } { 5m _ { \ text { e } } } } { \ rho _ { \ text { e } } } ^ { 5 / 3 }, } where ρe is the free electron density ( the number of free electrons per unit volume ). for the case of a metal, one can prove that this equation remains approximately true for temperatures lower than the fermi temperature, about 106 kelvins. when particle energies reach relativistic levels, a modified formula is required. the relativistic degeneracy pressure is proportional to ρe4 / 3. = = examples = = = = = metals = = = for the case of electrons in crystalline solid, several approximations
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Finite von Neumann algebra
products of hilbert spaces and the algebras acting on them. von neumann, j. ( 1940 ), " on rings of operators iii ", annals of mathematics, second series, 41 ( 1 ) : 94 – 161, doi : 10. 2307 / 1968823, jstor 1968823. this shows the existence of factors of type iii. von neumann, j. ( 1943 ), " on some algebraical properties of operator rings ", annals of mathematics, second series, 44 ( 4 ) : 709 – 715, doi : 10. 2307 / 1969106, jstor 1969106. this shows that some apparently topological properties in von neumann algebras can be defined purely algebraically. von neumann, j. ( 1949 ), " on rings of operators. reduction theory ", annals of mathematics, second series, 50 ( 2 ) : 401 – 485, doi : 10. 2307 / 1969463, jstor 1969463. this discusses how to write a von neumann algebra as a sum or integral of factors. von neumann, john ( 1961 ), taub, a. h. ( ed. ), collected works, volume iii : rings of operators, ny : pergamon press. reprints von neumann's papers on von neumann algebras. wassermann, a. j. ( 1991 ), operators on hilbert space
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Structural chemistry
it has become possible to analyze large datasets with greater accuracy and efficiency. however, method also has its own limitations, such as the lack of training data, imbalanced data, and overfitting. = = future directions = = combining various experimental and computational techniques can provide comprehensive insights into complex structures. integrating data from x - ray crystallography, nmr spectroscopy, and computational modeling enhances accuracy and reliability. continued progress in computational simulations, including quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics, will allow researchers to study larger and more complex systems, aiding in predicting and understanding novel structures. open - access databases and collaborative efforts enable researchers worldwide to share structural data, accelerating scientific progress and fostering innovation. structural chemistry can contribute to the design of eco - friendly materials and catalysts, promoting sustainable practices in the chemical industry. structural chemistry can contribute to the design of eco - friendly materials and catalysts, promoting sustainable practices in the chemical industry. recent development of metal - free nanostructured catalysts is one of the advancements in the field of structural chemistry that has the potential to drive organic transformations in a sustainable manner. = = see also = = chemical structure = = references = =
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Spring (hydrology)
72 spring attractions and numerous micro spring holes spread over the city centre. = = see also = = fountain list of spa towns oasis petroleum seep soakage spring line settlement spring supply water cycle well = = references = = = = further reading = = lamoreaux, philip e. ; tanner, judy t, eds. ( 2001 ), springs and bottled water of the world : ancient history, source, occurrence, quality and use, berlin, heidelberg, new york : springer - verlag, isbn 3 - 540 - 61841 - 4 springs of missouri, vineyard and feder, missouri department of natural resources, division of geology and land survey in cooperation with u. s. geological survey and missouri department of conservation, 1982 cohen, stan ( revised 1981 edition ), springs of the virginias : a pictorial history, charleston, west virginia : quarrier press. = = external links = = " the science of springs " " what is a spring? " find a spring
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Genetic hitchhiking
rate in the area around it. due to the increased mutation rate, the nearby a allele may be mutated into a new, advantageous allele, a * - - m - - - - - - a - - - > - - m - - - - - - a * - - the individual in which this chromosome lies will now have a selective advantage over other individuals of this species, so the allele a * will spread through the population by the normal processes of natural selection. m, due to its proximity to a *, will be dragged through into the general population. this process only works when m is very close to the allele it has mutated. a greater distance would increase the chance of recombination separating m from a *, leaving m alone with any deleterious mutations it may have caused. for this reason, evolution of mutators is generally expected to happen largely in asexual species where recombination cannot disrupt linkage disequilibrium. = = = neutral theory of molecular evolution = = = the neutral theory of molecular evolution assumes that most new mutations are either deleterious ( and quickly purged by selection ) or else neutral, with very few being adaptive. it also assumes that the behavior of neutral allele frequencies can be described by the mathematics of genetic drift. genetic hitchhiking has therefore been viewed as a major challenge to neutral theory, and an explanation for why genome - wide versions of the mcdonald – kreitman test appear to indicate a high proportion of mutations becoming fixed for reasons connected to selection. = = references = =
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Functional shift
in linguistics, functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. if no change in form occurs, it is called a zero derivation. for example, the word like, formerly only used as a preposition in comparisons ( as in " eats like a pig " ), is now also used in the same way as the subordinating conjunction as in many dialects of english ( as in " sounds like he means it " ). the boundary between functional shift and conversion ( the derivation of a new word from an existing word of identical form ) is not well - defined, but it could be construed that conversion changes the lexical meaning and functional shift changes the syntactic meaning. shakespeare uses functional shift, for example using a noun to serve as a verb. researchers found that this technique allows the brain to understand what a word means before it understands the function of the word within a sentence. = = references = =
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Blowout (geomorphology)
rather the flow remained constant in the direction that it was flowing before or showed other characteristics like turbulent separated flows. saucer blowouts indicate a deceleration of wind flow along the deflation basin as the structure widens over time by reversing flows eroding the sides and expanding upwind. due to rapid deceleration, saucers tend to form short, wide, radial depositional slopes. when wind flow enters a saucer shape blowout, the wind speed decreases upon entering the blowout and accelerates at the downwind side of the formation. a zone of separation develops along the lee slope as the wind enters the blowout and decrease in speed, yet it accelerates again as it re - attaches at the basin and flow up to the depositional lobe, where sand becomes evacuated. even though they are more influences blowout structures have on their morphology, both types basically tend to have deflation basins eroded until they reach their non - erodible base level. a study conducted by hesp ( 1982 ) indicates that depositional length is not correlated with the eroded depth but rather the blowout width. in other words, as the depositional lobe increases, the blowout width also increases by a ratio of 1 : 2 to 1 : 3 in saucer blowouts and 1 : 4 in trough blowouts. = = see also = = aeolian processes – processes due to wind activity sand dune stabilization – coastal management practice redfieldia, also known as blowout grass – genus of grasses medanos – type of sand dunepages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback sand dune ecology – ecology of sand dunespages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback sandhills ( nebraska ) – temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion of nebraska, united states yardang – streamlined aeolian landform = = references = = = = external links = = the bibliography of aeolian research
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Karyorelict nuclear code
k ), methionine ( met, m ), phenylalanine ( phe, f ), proline ( pro, p ), serine ( ser, s ), threonine ( thr, t ), tryptophan ( trp, w ), tyrosine ( tyr, y ), and valine ( val, v ). = = differences from the standard code = = = = see also = = list of all genetic codes : translation tables 1 to 16, and 21 to 31. the genetic codes database. = = references = = this article incorporates text from the united states national library of medicine, which is in the public domain.
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Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
′ ∗ = n a n ⟨ n ′ | h | n ⟩ = ⟨ n ′ | h | ψ ⟩ { \ displaystyle { \ frac { \ partial \ langle h \ rangle } { \ partial a _ { n'} ^ { * } } } = \ sum _ { n } a _ { n } \ langle n'| h | n \ rangle = \ langle n'| h | \ psi \ rangle } by applying the schrodinger equation and using the orthonormality of the basis states, this further reduces to ∂ ⟨ h ⟩ ∂ a n ′ ∗ = i ∂ a n ′ ∂ t { \ displaystyle { \ frac { \ partial \ langle h \ rangle } { \ partial a _ { n'} ^ { * } } } = i \ hbar { \ frac { \ partial a _ { n'} } { \ partial t } } } similarly, one can show that ∂ ⟨ h ⟩ ∂ a n = − i ∂ a n ∗ ∂ t { \ displaystyle { \ frac { \ partial \ langle h \ rangle } { \ partial a _ { n } } } = - i \ hbar { \ frac { \ partial a _ { n } ^ { * } } { \ partial t } } } if we define " conjugate momentum " variables π n { \ displaystyle \ pi _ { n } } by π n ( t ) = i a n ∗ ( t ) { \ displaystyle \ pi _ { n } ( t ) = i \ hbar a _ { n } ^ { * } ( t ) } then the above equations become ∂ ⟨ h ⟩ ∂ π n = ∂ a n ∂ t, ∂ ⟨ h ⟩ ∂ a n = − ∂ π n ∂ t { \ displaystyle { \ frac { \ partial \ langle h \ rangle } { \ partial \ pi _ { n } } } = { \ frac { \ partial a _ { n } } { \ partial t } }, \ quad { \ frac { \ partial \ langle h \ rangle } { \ partial a _ { n } } } = - { \ frac { \ partial \ pi _ { n } } { \ partial t } } } which is precisely the form of hamilton's equations, with the a n { \ displaystyle a _ { n } } s as
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Quantum process
computing : progress and prospects. washington, dc : the national academies press. doi : 10. 17226 / 25196. isbn 978 - 0 - 309 - 47970 - 7. oclc 1091904777. s2cid 125635007. mermin, n. david ( 2007 ). quantum computer science : an introduction. doi : 10. 1017 / cbo9780511813870. isbn 978 - 0 - 511 - 34258 - 5. oclc 422727925. nielsen, michael ; chuang, isaac ( 2010 ). quantum computation and quantum information ( 10th anniversary ed. ). doi : 10. 1017 / cbo9780511976667. isbn 978 - 0 - 511 - 99277 - 3. oclc 700706156. s2cid 59717455. shor, peter w. ( 1994 ). algorithms for quantum computation : discrete logarithms and factoring. symposium on foundations of computer science. santa fe, new mexico : ieee. pp. 124 – 134. doi : 10. 1109 / sfcs. 1994. 365700. isbn 978 - 0 - 8186 - 6580 - 6. = = further reading = = = = external links = = media related to quantum computer at wikimedia commons learning materials related to quantum computing at wikiversity stanford encyclopedia of philosophy : " quantum computing " by amit hagar and michael e. cuffaro. " quantum computation, theory of ", encyclopedia of mathematics, ems press, 2001 [ 1994 ] introduction to quantum computing for business by koen groenland lectures quantum computing for the determined – 22 video lectures by michael nielsen video lectures by david deutsch lomonaco, sam. four lectures on quantum computing given at oxford university in july 2006
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Octafluorocubane
octafluorocubane or perfluorocubane is an organofluorine compound with the formula c8f8, consisting of eight carbon atoms joined into a cube, with a fluorine bonded to each carbon corner. it is a colorless, sublimable solid at room temperature. it has been of longstanding theoretical interest, but was not synthesised until 2022, when it was prepared in several steps from a cubane carboxylic ester beginning with its heptafluorination. according to x - ray crystallography, the c - c distances ( 1. 570 a ) in octafluorocubane are identical in length to those in the parent cubane ( 1. 572 a ). octafluorocubane has attracted interest from theorists because of its unusual electronic structure, which is indicated by its susceptibility to undergo reduction to a detectable anion c8f−8, with the free electron trapped inside of the cube. the compound was voted " favorite molecule of 2022 " by readers of chemical & engineering news. = = references = =
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Dependent adult
dependent adults are adults who are not senior citizens that need assistance in their day - to - day life. activities that require assistance include normal activities including but not limited to showering or getting out of bed. dependent adults have special rights and protections from abuse. after the age of 64, a person who might otherwise be considered a dependent adult is afforded other rights and protections as a senior citizen or elder. laws regulating dependent adult abuse are very similar or identical to those governing elder abuse. the definition is similar from state to state. california welfare and institutions code section 15610. 23 defines a dependent adult as : ( a )'dependent adult'means any person between the ages of 18 and 64 years who resides in this state and who has physical or mental limitations that restrict his or her ability to carry out normal activities or to protect his or her rights, including, but not limited to, persons who have physical or developmental disabilities, or whose physical or developmental abilities have diminished because of age. ( b )'dependent adult'includes any person between the ages of 18 and 64 years who is admitted as an inpatient to a 24 - hour facility, as defined in sections 1250, 1250. 2, and 1250. 3 of the health and safety code. the state of california gives two primary protections to dependent adults which include : = = references = =
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Incidence (epidemiology)
t = 5 years ) finds 20 new cases of hiv. a second follow - up at the end of the study ( t = 10 years ) finds 30 new cases. if you were to measure prevalence you would simply take the total number of cases ( 25 + 20 + 30 = 75 ) and divide by your sample population ( 225 ). so prevalence would be 75 / 225 = 0. 33 or 33 % ( by the end of the study ). this tells you how widespread hiv is in your sample population, but little about the actual risk of developing hiv for any person over a coming year. to measure incidence rate you must take into account how many years each person contributed to the study, and when they developed hiv because when a subject develops hiv he stops being at risk. when it is not known exactly when a person develops the disease in question, epidemiologists frequently use the actuarial method, and assume it was developed at a half - way point between follow - ups. in this calculation : at 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed hiv at 2. 5 years, thus contributing ( 20 * 2. 5 ) = 50 person - years of disease - free life. at 10 years you found 30 new cases. these people did not have hiv at 5 years, but did at 10, so you assume they were infected at 7. 5 years, thus contributing ( 30 * 7. 5 ) = 225 person - years of disease - free life. that is a total of ( 225 + 50 ) = 275 person years so far. you also want to account for the 150 people who never had or developed hiv over the 10 - year period, ( 150 * 10 ) contributing 1500 person - years of disease - free life. that is a total of ( 1500 + 275 ) = 1775 person - years of life. now take the 50 new cases of hiv, and divide by 1775 to get 0. 028, or 28 cases of hiv per 1000 population, per year. in other words, if you were to follow 1000 people for one year, you would see 28 new cases of hiv. this is a much more accurate measure of risk than prevalence. = = see also = = attack rate attributable risk rate ratio = = references = = = = external links = = calculation of standardized incidence rate archived 2015 - 01 - 09 at the wayback machine pamcomp person - years analysis and computation programme for calculating standardized incidence rates ( sirs )
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DNA sequencing theory
of sequencing theory has proceeded more according to the philosophy of applied mathematics. in particular, it has been problem - focused and makes expedient use of approximations, simulations, etc. = = = early uses derived from elementary probability theory = = = the earliest result may be found directly from elementary probability theory. suppose we model the above process taking l { \ displaystyle l } and g { \ displaystyle g } as the fragment length and target length, respectively. the probability of " covering " any given location on the target with one particular fragment is then l / g { \ displaystyle l / g }. ( this presumes l g { \ displaystyle l \ ll g }, which is valid often, but not for all real - world cases. ) the probability of a single fragment not covering a given location on the target is therefore 1 − l / g { \ displaystyle 1 - l / g }, and [ 1 − l / g ] n { \ displaystyle \ left [ 1 - l / g \ right ] ^ { n } } for n { \ displaystyle n } fragments. the probability of covering a given location on the target with at least one fragment is therefore p = 1 − [ 1 − l g ] n. { \ displaystyle p = 1 - \ left [ 1 - { \ frac { l } { g } } \ right ] ^ { n }. } this equation was first used to characterize plasmid libraries, but it may appear in a modified form. for most projects n 1 { \ displaystyle n \ gg 1 }, so that, to a good degree of approximation [ 1 − l g ] n exp ( − n l / g ), { \ displaystyle \ left [ 1 - { \ frac { l } { g } } \ right ] ^ { n } \ sim \ exp ( - nl / g ), } where r = n l / g { \ displaystyle r = nl / g } is called the redundancy. note the significance of redundancy as representing the average number of times a position is covered with fragments. note also that in considering the covering process over all positions in the target, this probability is identical to the expected value of the random variable c { \ displaystyle c }, the fraction of the target coverage. the final result, e ⟨ c ⟩ = 1 − e − r, { \ displaystyle e \ langle c \ rangle =
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Tasmanite (tektite)
into something like a " button ". other forms of tektites can be explained in a similar way. the greatest difficulty in modeling the situation is the need to distinguish between the effects of terrestrial and cosmic factors, since the surface structure of tektites sometimes seems too complex. = = references = = = = see also = = australite darwin glass indochinite billitonite bediasite libyan desert glass moldavite tektites
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Entanglement-assisted stabilizer formalism
} if for all e 1, e 2 ∈ e { \ displaystyle e _ { 1 }, e _ { 2 } \ in { \ mathcal { e } } }, e 1 † e 2 ∈ s i ∪ ( π n − z ( ⟨ s i, s e ⟩ ) ). { \ displaystyle e _ { 1 } ^ { \ dagger } e _ { 2 } \ in { \ mathcal { s } } _ { i } \ cup \ left ( \ pi ^ { n } - { \ mathcal { z } } \ left ( \ left \ langle { \ mathcal { s } } _ { i }, { \ mathcal { s } } _ { e } \ right \ rangle \ right ) \ right ). } = = operation = = the operation of an entanglement - assisted code is as follows. the sender performs an encoding unitary on her unprotected qubits, ancilla qubits, and her half of the ebits. the unencoded state is a simultaneous + 1 - eigenstate of the following pauli operators : { z 1, …, z s, z s + 1 | z 1, …, z s + c | z c, x s + 1 | x 1, …, x s + c | x c }. { \ displaystyle \ left \ { z _ { 1 }, \ ldots, z _ { s }, z _ { s + 1 } | z _ { 1 }, \ ldots, z _ { s + c } | z _ { c }, x _ { s + 1 } | x _ { 1 }, \ ldots, x _ { s + c } | x _ { c } \ right \ }. } the pauli operators to the right of the vertical bars indicate the receiver's half of the shared ebits. the encoding unitary transforms the unencoded pauli operators to the following encoded pauli operators : { z 1, …, z s, z s + 1 | z 1, …, z s + c | z c, x s + 1 | x 1, …, x s + c | x c }. { \ displaystyle \ left \ { { \ bar { z } } _ { 1 }, \ ldots, { \ bar { z } } _ { s }, { \ bar { z }
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Obligationes
dutilh novaes, catarina ( 2007 ). formalizing medieval logical theories : suppositio, consequentiae and obligationes. springer science & business media. isbn 9781402058530. dutilh novaes, c. and s. l. uckelman ( 2016 ). “ obligationes, ” in c. dutilh novaes and s. read ( eds ), cambridge companion to medieval logic ( 2016 ). cambridge university press. isbn 9781107449862 pp. 370 – 95. ekenberg, thomas. " order in obligational disputations. " in : georgiana donavin, carol poster, richard utz ( eds. ), medieval forms of argument : disputation and debate. eugene, or : wipf & stock, 2002. pp. 53 - 66. = = external links = = spade, paul vincent ; yrjonsuuri, mikko. " medieval theories of obligationes ". in zalta, edward n. ( ed. ). stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. sara l. uckelman, bibliography of obligationes literature
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Gard model
in evolutionary biology, the gard ( graded autocatalysis replication domain ) model is a general kinetic model for homeostatic - growth and fission of compositional - assemblies, with specific application towards lipids. in the context of abiogenesis, the lipid - world suggests assemblies of simple molecules, such as lipids, can store and propagate information, and thus undergo evolution. these'compositional assemblies'have been suggested to play a role in the origin of life. the idea is the information being transferred throughout the generations is compositional information – the different types and quantities of molecules within an assembly. this is different from the information encoded in rna or dna, which is the specific sequence of bases in such molecule. thus, the model is viewed as an alternative or an ancestor to the rna world hypothesis. = = the model = = the composition vector of an assembly is written as : v = n 1 n n g { \ displaystyle v = n _ { 1 } \ cdots n _ { n _ { g } } }. where n 1 n n g { \ displaystyle n _ { 1 } \ cdots n _ { n _ { g } } } are the molecular counts of lipid type i within the assembly, and ng is how many different lipid types exist ( repertoire size ). the change in the count of molecule type i is described by : d n i d t = ( k f ρ i n − k b n i ) ( 1 + j = 1 n g β i j n j n ) { \ displaystyle { \ frac { dn _ { i } } { dt } } = ( k _ { f } \ rho _ { i } n - k _ { b } n _ { i } ) \ left ( 1 + \ sum _ { j = 1 } ^ { n _ { g } } \ beta _ { ij } { \ frac { n _ { j } } { n } } \ right ) } k f { \ displaystyle k _ { f } } and k b { \ displaystyle k _ { b } } are the basal forward ( joining ) and backward ( leaving ) rate constants, βij is a non - negative rate enhancement exerted by molecule type j within the assembly on type i from the environment, and ρ is the environmental concentration of each molecule type. β is viewed as a directed, weighted, complex network. the assembly current size is n = i
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Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind
the bernoulli polynomials of the second kind ψn ( x ), also known as the fontana – bessel polynomials, are the polynomials defined by the following generating function : z ( 1 + z ) x ln ( 1 + z ) = n = 0 ∞ z n ψ n ( x ), | z | < 1. { \ displaystyle { \ frac { z ( 1 + z ) ^ { x } } { \ ln ( 1 + z ) } } = \ sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { \ infty } z ^ { n } \ psi _ { n } ( x ), \ qquad | z | < 1. } the first five polynomials are : ψ 0 ( x ) = 1 ψ 1 ( x ) = x + 1 2 ψ 2 ( x ) = 1 2 x 2 − 1 12 ψ 3 ( x ) = 1 6 x 3 − 1 4 x 2 + 1 24 ψ 4 ( x ) = 1 24 x 4 − 1 6 x 3 + 1 6 x 2 − 19 720 { \ displaystyle { \ begin { aligned } \ psi _ { 0 } ( x ) & = 1 \ \ [ 2mm ] \ psi _ { 1 } ( x ) & = x + { \ frac { 1 } { 2 } } \ \ [ 2mm ] \ psi _ { 2 } ( x ) & = { \ frac { 1 } { 2 } } x ^ { 2 } - { \ frac { 1 } { 12 } } \ \ [ 2mm ] \ psi _ { 3 } ( x ) & = { \ frac { 1 } { 6 } } x ^ { 3 } - { \ frac { 1 } { 4 } } x ^ { 2 } + { \ frac { 1 } { 24 } } \ \ [ 2mm ] \ psi _ { 4 } ( x ) & = { \ frac { 1 } { 24 } } x ^ { 4 } - { \ frac { 1 } { 6 } } x ^ { 3 } + { \ frac { 1 } { 6 } } x ^ { 2 } - { \ frac { 19 } { 720 } } \ end { aligned } } } some authors define these polynomials slightly differently z ( 1 + z ) x ln ( 1 + z ) = n = 0 ∞ z n n! ψ n ∗ ( x ), | z | < 1, { \ displays
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Kernel method
} } which satisfies k ( x, x ′ ) = ⟨ φ ( x ), φ ( x ′ ) ⟩ v. { \ displaystyle k ( \ mathbf { x }, \ mathbf { x'} ) = \ langle \ varphi ( \ mathbf { x } ), \ varphi ( \ mathbf { x'} ) \ rangle _ { \ mathcal { v } }. } the key restriction is that ⟨ ⋅, ⋅ ⟩ v { \ displaystyle \ langle \ cdot, \ cdot \ rangle _ { \ mathcal { v } } } must be a proper inner product. on the other hand, an explicit representation for φ { \ displaystyle \ varphi } is not necessary, as long as v { \ displaystyle { \ mathcal { v } } } is an inner product space. the alternative follows from mercer's theorem : an implicitly defined function φ { \ displaystyle \ varphi } exists whenever the space x { \ displaystyle { \ mathcal { x } } } can be equipped with a suitable measure ensuring the function k { \ displaystyle k } satisfies mercer's condition. mercer's theorem is similar to a generalization of the result from linear algebra that associates an inner product to any positive - definite matrix. in fact, mercer's condition can be reduced to this simpler case. if we choose as our measure the counting measure μ ( t ) = | t | { \ displaystyle \ mu ( t ) = | t | } for all t ⊂ x { \ displaystyle t \ subset x }, which counts the number of points inside the set t { \ displaystyle t }, then the integral in mercer's theorem reduces to a summation i = 1 n j = 1 n k ( x i, x j ) c i c j ≥ 0. { \ displaystyle \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } \ sum _ { j = 1 } ^ { n } k ( \ mathbf { x } _ { i }, \ mathbf { x } _ { j } ) c _ { i } c _ { j } \ geq 0. } if this summation holds for all finite sequences of points ( x 1, …, x n ) { \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf { x } _ { 1 }, \ dotsc, \ mathbf { x } _ { n } ) } in
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Tofu-dreg project
that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called " tofu buildings " because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete reinforcement ; using inferior grade cement, if any at all ; and using fewer bricks than they should. one local was quoted in the article as saying that " the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards. " the state - controlled media has largely ignored the tofu - dregs schoolhouses, under directives from the propaganda bureau's instructions. parents, volunteers, and journalists who have questioned authorities have been intimidated or arrested. to quash the issue, riot police officers have broken up protests by parents, cordons have been set up around the schools in question, and reportage simply stopped. = = references = =
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Jónsson–Tarski algebra
in mathematics, a jonsson – tarski algebra or cantor algebra is an algebraic structure encoding a bijection from an infinite set x onto the product x×x. they were introduced by bjarni jonsson and alfred tarski ( 1961, theorem 5 ). smirnov ( 1971 ), named them after georg cantor because of cantor's pairing function and cantor's theorem that an infinite set x has the same number of elements as x×x. the term cantor algebra is also occasionally used to mean the boolean algebra of all clopen subsets of the cantor set, or the boolean algebra of borel subsets of the reals modulo meager sets ( sometimes called the cohen algebra ). the group of order - preserving automorphisms of the free jonsson – tarski algebra on one generator is the thompson group f. = = definition = = a jonsson – tarski algebra of type 2 is a set a with a product w from a×a to a and two'projection'maps p1 and p2 from a to a, satisfying p1 ( w ( a1, a2 ) ) = a1, p2 ( w ( a1, a2 ) ) = a2, and w ( p1 ( a ), p2 ( a ) ) = a. the definition for type > 2 is similar but with n projection operators. = = example = = if w is any bijection from a×a to a then it can be extended to a unique jonsson – tarski algebra by letting pi ( a ) be the projection of w−1 ( a ) onto the ith factor. = = references = = jonsson, bjarni ; tarski, alfred ( 1961 ), " on two properties of free algebras ", math. scand., 9 : 95 – 101, mr 0126399, zbl 0111. 02002 smirnov, d. m. ( 1971 ), " cantor algebras with one generator. i. ", algebra and logic, 10 : 40 – 49, doi : 10. 1007 / bf02217801, mr 0296006, zbl 0223. 08006
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Generalizations of Pauli matrices
in mathematics and physics, in particular quantum information, the term generalized pauli matrices refers to families of matrices which generalize the ( linear algebraic ) properties of the pauli matrices. here, a few classes of such matrices are summarized. = = multi - qubit pauli matrices ( hermitian ) = = this method of generalizing the pauli matrices refers to a generalization from a single 2 - level system ( qubit ) to multiple such systems. in particular, the generalized pauli matrices for a group of n { \ displaystyle n } qubits is just the set of matrices generated by all possible products of pauli matrices on any of the qubits. the vector space of a single qubit is v 1 = c 2 { \ displaystyle v _ { 1 } = \ mathbb { c } ^ { 2 } } and the vector space of n { \ displaystyle n } qubits is v n = ( c 2 ) ⊗ n c 2 n { \ displaystyle v _ { n } = \ left ( \ mathbb { c } ^ { 2 } \ right ) ^ { \ otimes n } \ cong \ mathbb { c } ^ { 2 ^ { n } } }. we use the tensor product notation σ a ( n ) = i ( 1 ) ⊗ ⊗ i ( n − 1 ) ⊗ σ a ⊗ i ( n + 1 ) ⊗ ⊗ i ( n ), a = 1, 2, 3 { \ displaystyle \ sigma _ { a } ^ { ( n ) } = i ^ { ( 1 ) } \ otimes \ dotsm \ otimes i ^ { ( n - 1 ) } \ otimes \ sigma _ { a } \ otimes i ^ { ( n + 1 ) } \ otimes \ dotsm \ otimes i ^ { ( n ) }, \ qquad a = 1, 2, 3 } to refer to the operator on v n { \ displaystyle v _ { n } } that acts as a pauli matrix on the n { \ displaystyle n } th qubit and the identity on all other qubits. we can also use a = 0 { \ displaystyle a = 0 } for the identity, i. e., for any n { \ displaystyle n } we use σ 0 ( n ) = m = 1 n i ( m ) { \ textstyle \ sigma _ { 0 } ^ { (
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M-theory (learning framework)
both shape - based as well as texture - based objects ( on streetscenes data set ). the approach performs really well : it has the capability of learning from only a few training examples and was shown to outperform several more complex state - of - the - art systems constellation models, the hierarchical svm - based face - detection system. a key element in the approach is a new set of scale and position - tolerant feature detectors, which are biologically plausible and agree quantitatively with the tuning properties of cells along the ventral stream of visual cortex. these features are adaptive to the training set, though we also show that a universal feature set, learned from a set of natural images unrelated to any categorization task, likewise achieves good performance. = = = applications to speech recognition = = = this theory can also be extended for the speech recognition domain. as an example, in an extension of a theory for unsupervised learning of invariant visual representations to the auditory domain and empirically evaluated its validity for voiced speech sound classification was proposed. authors empirically demonstrated that a single - layer, phone - level representation, extracted from base speech features, improves segment classification accuracy and decreases the number of training examples in comparison with standard spectral and cepstral features for an acoustic classification task on timit dataset. = = references = =
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Iron stress repressed RNA
iron stress repressed rna ( isrr ) is a cis - encoded antisense rna which regulates the expression of the photosynthetic protein isia. isia expression is activated by the ferric uptake regulator protein ( fur ) under iron stress conditions. isia enhances photosynthesis by forming a ring around photosystem i which acts as an additional antenna complex. isrr is abundant when there is a sufficient iron concentration. isrr is encoded for within the opposite stand of isia gene and contains a conserved stem loop secondary structure. under sufficient iron conditions isrr binds to its complementary region which corresponds to the central third of the isia mrna. the resulting duplex rna is then targeted for degradation. this allows the antisense rna to act as a reversible switch that responds to changes in environmental conditions to modulate the expression of the isia protein. isrr was originally identified within cyanobacteria but may be conserved throughout a number of photosynthetic species from multiple kingdoms. at present, isrr is the only non coding rna identified that has a regulatory role on photosynthetic proteins. = = references = = = = external links = = rfam entry for antisense rna which regulates isia expression
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Therapeutic drug monitoring
s concentration profile is close to the “ exposure target ” associated with the best trade - off between probability of therapeutic success and risk of toxicity. this refers to clinical pharmacodynamic knowledge describing dose - concentration - response relationships among treated patients. if the observed concentration is plausible but far from the suitable level, determine how to adjust the dosage to drive the concentration curve close to target. several approaches exist for this, from the easiest “ rule of three ” to sophisticated computer - assisted calculations implementing bayesian inference algorithms based on population pharmacokinetics. ideally, the usefulness of a tdm strategy should be confirmed through an evidence - based approach involving the performance of well - designed controlled clinical trials. in practice however, tdm has undergone formal clinical evaluation only for a limited number of drugs to date, and much of its development rests on empirical foundations. point - of - care tests for an easy performance of tdm at the medical practice are under elaboration. = = integration with precision medicine : model - informed precision dosing = = the evolution of information technology holds great promise for using the methods and knowledge of pharmacometrics to bring patient treatment closer to the ideal of precision medicine ( which is not just about adjusting treatments to genetic factors, but encompasses all aspects of therapeutic individualization ). model - informed precision dosing ( mipd ) should enable significant progress to be made in taking into account the many factors influencing drug response, in order to optimize therapies ( a priori tdm ). it should also make it possible to take optimal account of tdm results to individualize drug dosage ( a posteriori tdm ). ideally, these computational approaches will be integrated into the electronic patient record in the form of clinical decision support systems ( cdss ), automatically and seamlessly linking laboratory resources and pharmacological expertise with clinicians and caregivers at the patient's bedside. software tools already exist and continue to be developed for this purpose. they are set to play an increasingly important role in patient treatment, in the same way that instrument piloting has become the norm in aviation. = = references = = = = external links = = international association of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology
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Schrieffer–Wolff transformation
of its elementary terms d 0 { \ displaystyle d _ { 0 } } and v ′ { \ displaystyle v'} : h i j ′ = d i δ i j + 1 2 k v i k ′ v k j ′ ( 1 d i − d k + 1 d j − d k ) + o ( v ′ 3 ) { \ displaystyle h'_ { ij } = d _ { i } \ delta _ { ij } + { \ frac { 1 } { 2 } } \ sum _ { k } v'_ { ik } v'_ { kj } \ left ( { \ frac { 1 } { d _ { i } - d _ { k } } } + { \ frac { 1 } { d _ { j } - d _ { k } } } \ right ) + o ( v'^ { 3 } ) } the " dressed " states have an energy e n ′ = d n + k v n k ′ v k n ′ d n − d k { \ displaystyle e'_ { n } = d _ { n } + \ sum _ { k } { \ frac { v'_ { nk } v'_ { kn } } { d _ { n } - d _ { k } } } } following the recipe for first - order ( non - degenerate ) perturbation theory. this is applicable since the sw transformation is based on the approximation | v i j | | d i − d j | { \ displaystyle | v _ { ij } | \ ll | d _ { i } - d _ { j } | } note that the unitary rotation u { \ displaystyle u } does not affect the eigenvalues, meaning that e n ′ { \ displaystyle e'_ { n } } is also a meaningful approximation for the original hamiltonian h { \ displaystyle h }. the " dressed " states themselves can be derived, in first - order perturbation theory too, as ψ n ′ = ψ r, n + 1 2 k = n j ψ r, k v k j ′ v j n ′ 2 d j − d k − d n ( d j − d n ) ( d j − d k ) ( d n − d k ) { \ displaystyle \ psi'_ { n } = \ psi _ { r, n } + { \ frac { 1 } { 2 } }
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Site survey
site surveys are inspections is an area where work is proposed, to gather information for a design or an estimate to complete the initial tasks required for an outdoor activity. it can determine a precise location, access, best orientation for the site and the location of obstacles. the type of site survey and the best practices required depend on the nature of the project. examples of projects requiring a preliminary site survey include urban construction, specialized construction ( such as the location for a telescope ) and wireless network design. in hydrocarbon exploration, for example, site surveys are run over the proposed locations of offshore exploration or appraisal wells. they consist typically of a tight grid of high resolution ( high frequency ) reflection seismology profiles to look for possible gas hazards in the shallow section beneath the seabed and detailed bathymetric data to look for possible obstacles on the seafloor ( e. g. shipwrecks, existing pipelines ) using multibeam echosounders. = = see also = = wireless site survey site analysis survey = = references = =
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Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice
semantic interoperability community of practice ( sicop ) is a group of people who seek to make the semantic web operational in their respective settings by achieving " semantic interoperability " and " semantic data integration ". sicop seeks to enable semantic interoperability, specifically the " operationalizing " of relevant technologies and approaches, through online conversation, meetings, tutorials, conferences, pilot projects, and other activities aimed at developing and disseminating best practices. the individuals making up this community of practice comes from various settings, however, the sicop claims neither formal nor implied endorsement by any organization.
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Australian monsoon
while la nina is mostly associated with an early monsoon season and wetter ones as well. the monsoon's thickness is normally less than 1, 500 metres ( 4, 900 feet ) over the sea and 2, 000 – 2, 500 metres ( 6, 600 – 8, 200 feet ) over the land. although the northern australian monsoonal bursts peak between mid - november and mid - december, they can extend well into march. the australian monsoon rainfall variability ( aumrv ) has a similar ratio in rainfall over much of the country, going as far south as the southern murray – darling basin. about 28 % of inter - annual aumrv is linked with oceanic irregularity in the tropical pacific and indian oceans. moreover, compared to the asian, african and north american monsoonal regions, the aum seems to possess the highest variation, as it is linked to el nino – southern oscillation, especially over northeastern australia. = = effects = = the monsoon seasons are generally associated with overcast conditions, extended periods of heavy rain, episodic thunderstorms and fresh to strong squally winds, which frequently lead to flooding in affected areas in the northern territory, northern western australia and northern queensland. most of the fresh water for the sparsely populated northern australia comes from the australian monsoonal rains. the australian monsoon can also have a high influence on rainfall on the southeastern seaboard during the warmer months, such as in southeast queensland and as well as the northern half of new south wales ( northern rivers to metropolitan sydney ), where summer is the wettest season and winter is the driest ( the precipitation contrast between the two seasons decrease farther to the south as the effect of the australian monsoon lessens ). = = see also = = climate of australia climate of indonesia effects of the el nino – southern oscillation in australia = = references = =
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Ecosystem-based adaptation
vulnerable people depend directly on biodiversity to fulfil their daily subsistence needs. ecosystem - based adaptation offers potential to contribute towards the implementation of numerous sdgs, including the goals related to climate adaptation ( sdg 13 ), eliminating poverty and hunger ( sdgs 1 and 2 ), ensuring livelihoods and economic growth ( sdg 8 ) and life on land and life under water ( sdgs 14 and 15 ), among others. = = = biodiversity conservation policy = = = the strategic plan for biodiversity 2011 – 2020 and the aichi biodiversity targets, under the convention on biological diversity ( cbd ), aim to halt the loss of biodiversity to ensure ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services. most recently, the conference of the parties has adopted voluntary guidelines for the design and effective implementation of ecosystem - based approaches to adaptation and disaster risk reduction. eba and similar approaches have been called for in other policy frameworks, including the united nations convention to combat desertification ( unccd ) and the ramsar convention. = = references = = = = external links = = adaptationcommunity coastal eba friends of eba panorama solutions – eba portal we adapt
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Intervocalic consonant
in phonetics and phonology, an intervocalic consonant is a consonant that occurs between two vowels. : 158 intervocalic consonants are often associated with lenition, a phonetic process that causes consonants to weaken and eventually disappear entirely. an example of such a change in english is intervocalic alveolar flapping, a process ( especially in north american and australian english ) that, impressionistically speaking, replaces / t / with / d /. for example, " metal " is pronounced [ mɛɾl ] ; " batter " sounds like ['bæ. ]. ( more precisely, both / t / and / d / are pronounced as the alveolar tap [ ɾ ]. ) in north american english, the weakening is variable across word boundaries, such that the / t / of " see you tomorrow " might be pronounced as either [ ɾ ] or [ tʰ ]. : 96 some languages have intervocalic - weakening processes fully active word - internally and in connected discourse. for example, in spanish, / d / is regularly pronounced like [ ð ] in the words " todo " [ ˈtoðo ] ( meaning " all " ) and " la duna [ laˈðuna ] ", meaning " the dune " ( but [ ˈduna ] if the word is pronounced alone ). = = references = =
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Natural number
zero divisors : if a and b are natural numbers such that a × b = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0 ( or both ). = = generalizations = = two important generalizations of natural numbers arise from the two uses of counting and ordering : cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. a natural number can be used to express the size of a finite set ; more precisely, a cardinal number is a measure for the size of a set, which is even suitable for infinite sets. the numbering of cardinals usually begins at zero, to accommodate the empty set ∅ { \ displaystyle \ emptyset }. this concept of " size " relies on maps between sets, such that two sets have the same size, exactly if there exists a bijection between them. the set of natural numbers itself, and any bijective image of it, is said to be countably infinite and to have cardinality aleph - null ( ). natural numbers are also used as linguistic ordinal numbers : " first ", " second ", " third ", and so forth. the numbering of ordinals usually begins at zero, to accommodate the order type of the empty set ∅ { \ displaystyle \ emptyset }. this way they can be assigned to the elements of a totally ordered finite set, and also to the elements of any well - ordered countably infinite set without limit points. this assignment can be generalized to general well - orderings with a cardinality beyond countability, to yield the ordinal numbers. an ordinal number may also be used to describe the notion of " size " for a well - ordered set, in a sense different from cardinality : if there is an order isomorphism ( more than a bijection ) between two well - ordered sets, they have the same ordinal number. the first ordinal number that is not a natural number is expressed as ω ; this is also the ordinal number of the set of natural numbers itself. the least ordinal of cardinality ( that is, the initial ordinal of ) is ω but many well - ordered sets with cardinal number have an ordinal number greater than ω. for finite well - ordered sets, there is a one - to - one correspondence between ordinal and cardinal numbers ; therefore they can both be expressed by the same natural number, the number of elements of the set. this number can also be used to describe the position of an element in a
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Errors and residuals
{ i = 1 } ^ { n } e _ { i } ^ { 2 } \ sim \ chi _ { n } ^ { 2 }. } however, this quantity is not observable as the population mean is unknown. the sum of squares of the residuals, on the other hand, is observable. the quotient of that sum by σ2 has a chi - squared distribution with only n − 1 degrees of freedom : 1 σ 2 i = 1 n r i 2 χ n − 1 2. { \ displaystyle { \ frac { 1 } { \ sigma ^ { 2 } } } \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } r _ { i } ^ { 2 } \ sim \ chi _ { n - 1 } ^ { 2 }. } this difference between n and n − 1 degrees of freedom results in bessel's correction for the estimation of sample variance of a population with unknown mean and unknown variance. no correction is necessary if the population mean is known. = = = remark = = = it is remarkable that the sum of squares of the residuals and the sample mean can be shown to be independent of each other, using, e. g. basu's theorem. that fact, and the normal and chi - squared distributions given above form the basis of calculations involving the t - statistic : t = x n − μ 0 s n / n, { \ displaystyle t = { \ frac { { \ overline { x } } _ { n } - \ mu _ { 0 } } { s _ { n } / { \ sqrt { n } } } }, } where x n − μ 0 { \ displaystyle { \ overline { x } } _ { n } - \ mu _ { 0 } } represents the errors, s n { \ displaystyle s _ { n } } represents the sample standard deviation for a sample of size n, and unknown σ, and the denominator term s n / n { \ displaystyle s _ { n } / { \ sqrt { n } } } accounts for the standard deviation of the errors according to : var ( x n ) = σ 2 n { \ displaystyle \ operatorname { var } \ left ( { \ overline { x } } _ { n } \ right ) = { \ frac { \ sigma ^ { 2 } } { n } } } the probability distributions of the numerator
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Utterance
that conversation maxim of quality : provide information that is true maxim of relation : provide information that is relevant to the topic at hand maxim of manner : give order to your utterances throughout conversation, be clear = = bakhtin's theory of utterance = = according to philosopher mikhail bakhtin, there are four accepted properties that utterances should have : boundaries – all utterances must be bounded by a " change of speech subject ". this usually means, as previously mentioned, that they are bounded by silence. responsivity or dialogicity – the utterance must be either responding / following a previous utterance or generating dialogue. finalization – an utterance must have a clear ending, and only occurs if the speaker has said everything they wish to say. generic form – the choice of the speech genre is determined based on the specific circumstances and sphere in which the dialogue occurs. bakhtin also emphasizes that an utterance and a sentence are not the same thing. according to bakhtin, sentences do not indicate a change of speech subject, and thus do not automatically satisfy one of the four properties of utterances. according to him, the sentence as a language unit is grammatical in nature, while an utterance is " ethical ". = = see also = = phonological hierarchy speech act dialog act speech processing = = references = = = = further reading = = mikhail bakhtin the problem of speech genres p. xvi bakhtin ’ s theory of the utterance : archived 2014 - 07 - 30 at the wayback machine
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Scheil equation
growth ". journal of crystal growth. 630 : 127605. bibcode : 2024jcrgr. 63027605a. doi : 10. 1016 / j. jcrysgro. 2024. 127605. s2cid 267414096. https : / / doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. jcrysgro. 2024. 127605 = = external links = = " scheil solidification simulation of 332. 1 foundry aluminium alloy, thermocalc youtube channel ". youtube. archived from the original on 2021 - 12 - 19. retrieved 12 january 2020. " computational phase diagram database of the national institute for materials science of japan, nims ". retrieved 22 september 2021. " matcalc open databases ". retrieved 13 january 2020. " performing scheil - gulliver analysis in matcalc " ( pdf ). retrieved 26 september 2021. " special issue " calphad tools for the metallurgy of solidification " ". retrieved 13 january 2020. " solidification simulation by scheil model and lever rule ". 3 march 2021. retrieved 26 september 2021.
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SATRO-ECG
, arxiv : physics / 0602162v2 [ physics. med - ph ] janicki js, leonski w, jagielski j. partial potentials of selected cardiac muscle regions and heart activity model based on single fibres. medical engineering & physics, 31 ( 2009 ) 1276 - 1282 janicki js, leonski w, jagielski j, sobieszczanska m, chapinski m, janicki ł. single fibre based heart activity model ( sfham ) based qrs - waves synthesis. w : sobieszczanska m, jagielski j, macfarlane pw, editors. electrocardiology 2009. jaks publishing company ; 2010. p. 81 - 86, isbn 978 - 83 - 928209 - 5 - 6 janicki js, leonski w, jagielski j, sobieszczanska m, leonska jg. implementation of sfham in coronary heart disease diagnosis. w : sobieszczanska m, jagielski j, macfarlane pw, editors. electrocardiology 2009. jaks publishing company ; 2010. p. 197 - 201, isbn 978 - 83 - 928209 - 5 - 6 janicki j. physical foundations of the satro method. piw primax medic, p. 1 - 71, 2006, lccn 2006 - 356427 ; isbn 83 - 60007 - 10 - 1 = = references = = = = external links = = satro - ecg method web page ( english )
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Hamiltonian mechanics
f _ { 1 } \ cdot f _ { 2 }, g \ } = f _ { 1 } \ { f _ { 2 }, g \ } + f _ { 2 } \ { f _ { 1 }, g \ } } jacobi identity : { { h, f }, g } + { { f, g }, h } + { { g, h }, f } ≡ 0 { \ displaystyle \ { \ { h, f \ }, g \ } + \ { \ { f, g \ }, h \ } + \ { \ { g, h \ }, f \ } \ equiv 0 } non - degeneracy : if the point x on m is not critical for f then a smooth function g exists such that { f, g } ( x ) = 0 { \ displaystyle \ { f, g \ } ( x ) \ neq 0 }. given a function f d d t f = ∂ ∂ t f + { f, h }, { \ displaystyle { \ frac { \ mathrm { d } } { \ mathrm { d } t } } f = { \ frac { \ partial } { \ partial t } } f + \ left \ { f, { \ mathcal { h } } \ right \ }, } if there is a probability distribution ρ, then ( since the phase space velocity ( p i, q i ) { \ displaystyle ( { \ dot { p } } _ { i }, { \ dot { q } } _ { i } ) } has zero divergence and probability is conserved ) its convective derivative can be shown to be zero and so ∂ ∂ t ρ = − { ρ, h } { \ displaystyle { \ frac { \ partial } { \ partial t } } \ rho = - \ left \ { \ rho, { \ mathcal { h } } \ right \ } } this is called liouville's theorem. every smooth function g over the symplectic manifold generates a one - parameter family of symplectomorphisms and if { g, h } = 0, then g is conserved and the symplectomorphisms are symmetry transformations. a hamiltonian may have multiple conserved quantities gi. if the symplectic manifold has dimension 2n and there are n functionally independent conserved quantities gi which are in involution ( i. e.
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Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem
springer, doi : 10. 1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 96750 - 4, isbn 978 - 3 - 540 - 12139 - 8, mr 0705278 malgrange, bernard ( 1955 – 1956 ), " existence et approximation des solutions des equations aux derivees partielles et des equations de convolution ", annales de l'institut fourier, 6 : 271 – 355, doi : 10. 5802 / aif. 65, mr 0086990 reed, michael ; simon, barry ( 1975 ), methods of modern mathematical physics. ii. fourier analysis, self - adjointness, new york - london : academic press harcourt brace jovanovich, publishers, pp. xv + 361, isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 585002 - 5, mr 0493420 rosay, jean - pierre ( 1991 ), " a very elementary proof of the malgrange - ehrenpreis theorem ", amer. math. monthly, 98 ( 6 ) : 518 – 523, doi : 10. 2307 / 2324871, jstor 2324871, mr 1109574 rosay, jean - pierre ( 2001 ) [ 1994 ], " malgrange – ehrenpreis theorem ", encyclopedia of mathematics, ems press wagner, peter ( 2009 ), " a new constructive proof of the malgrange - ehrenpreis theorem ", amer. math. monthly, 116 ( 5 ) : 457 – 462, citeseerx 10. 1. 1. 488. 6651, doi : 10. 4169 / 193009709x470362, mr 2510844
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INO80 Subfamily
##80 subfamily of chromatin remodeling complexes. this subfamily also contains an arp4 - actin complex that aids in stability of genes. the arp5 subunit is required for atpase function, binding to the dna, and relocation of nucleosomes. = = references = =
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Emerson Cavitation Tunnel
in newcastle university's old boiler house, where it was originally reconstructed. that location was on king's road in the middle of the university's city centre campus between the armstrong building, the student union, the arches and the bedson building. in 2016, the tunnel was moved from the newcastle university city centre campus and taken to poland, where it was fully refurbished before being brought back to the north east and installed in a new purpose - built research centre, marine campus at blyth. the first research grant of £8, 000 was awarded in 1950 for the testing of a new series of propellers, and was awarded by the department of scientific and industrial research ( dsir ). in the 1970s and 1980s, the tunnel was extensively modified and upgraded in order to improve the range of propellers that could be tested. the tunnel was also renamed to its current name, the emerson cavitation tunnel after dr arnold emerson, who was the tunnel superintendent and the driving force behind the upgrades. modifications were made to the tunnel during the 1980s. new computer - based data collection, interpretation and analysis technology has been added to aid with computational fluid dynamics. data is also collected with the help of laser doppler anemometry ( lda ) and phase doppler anemometry ( pda ). = = location = = the tunnel is now located at newcastle university's marine campus at blyth, northumberland. = = see also = = water tunnel ( hydrodynamic ) ship model basin = = references = = emerson cavitation tunnel at inter - agency committee on marine science and technology ( marine. gov. uk ) at the wayback machine ( archived february 16, 2012 ) = = external links = = emerson cavitation tunnel website at newcastle university school of engineering at newcastle university
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Paul Portier (physiologist)
honoured commander of the order of saint charles ( 1951 ) and of the order of cultural merit ( 1954 ) of monaco. he was elected member of the french academy of medicine in 1929 and of the french academy of sciences in 1936. = = references = =
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Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry
, zhenzhen dong ( adesis ), nicole camasso ( jacs ). = = = 2020 meeting and speakers = = = the second annual empowering women in organic chemistry conference was held virtually on thursday, august 13, 2020, and friday, august 14, 2020. 2020 career panel featured shanina sanders johnson ( spelman college ), davita watkins ( univ of mississippi ), niki patel ( merck ), stacy fosu ( abbvie ), beth lorsbach ( corteva agriscience ), sibrina collins ( marburger stem center, lawrence technological university ), shana cyr ( bristol myers squibb ), sherri pietranico - cole ( novartis ), gabby nepomuceno ( california department of toxic substances control ). = = = 2021 meeting and speakers = = = the third annual empowering women in organic chemistry conference was held virtually on thursday, june 24, and friday, june 25, 2021. 2021 career panel featured kay brummond ( univ of pittsburgh ), martha a. sarpong ( glaxosmithkline ), emma radoux ( royal society of chemistry ), callie bryan ( janssen ), kimberly steward ( cargill ) and daisy rosas vargas ( ithaca college ). = = = 2022 meeting and speakers = = = the fourth annual empowering women in organic chemistry conference was a hybrid meeting on thursday, june 23, and friday, june 24, 2022. = = references = =
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Intraoperative blood salvage
##r e, mckay w, qureshi am, et al. ( december 2013 ). " outcomes and biochemical parameters following cardiac surgery : effects of transfusion of residual blood using centrifugation and multiple - pass hemoconcentration ". journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 27 ( 6 ) : 1174 – 80. doi : 10. 1053 / j. jvca. 2013. 03. 011. pmid 23988781. moskowitz dm, klein jj, shander a, et al. ( september 2006 ). " use of the hemobag for modified ultrafiltration in a jehovah's witness patient undergoing cardiac surgery ". the journal of extra - corporeal technology. 38 ( 3 ) : 265 – 70. doi : 10. 1051 / ject / 200638265. pmc 4680820. pmid 17089515. samolyk ka, beckmann sr, bissinger rc ( october 2005 ). " a new practical technique to reduce allogeneic blood exposure and hospital costs while preserving clotting factors after cardiopulmonary bypass : the hemobag ". perfusion. 20 ( 6 ) : 343 – 9. doi : 10. 1191 / 0267659105pf831oa. pmid 16363320. s2cid 1791152. = = external links = = uk : serious hazards of transfusion reports archived 2006 - 05 - 07 at the wayback machine ( pdf )
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Kaprekar number
− 1 2 = ( 2 k + 1 ) i = 0 p − 1 b i { \ displaystyle x _ { 1 } = { \ frac { b ^ { p } - 1 } { 2 } } = ( 2k + 1 ) \ sum _ { i = 0 } ^ { p - 1 } b ^ { i } } is a kaprekar number. x 2 = b p + 1 2 = x 1 + 1 { \ displaystyle x _ { 2 } = { \ frac { b ^ { p } + 1 } { 2 } } = x _ { 1 } + 1 } is a kaprekar number for all natural numbers n { \ displaystyle n }. = = = b = m2k + m + 1 and p = mn + 1 = = = let m { \ displaystyle m }, k { \ displaystyle k }, and n { \ displaystyle n } be natural numbers, the number base b = m 2 k + m + 1 { \ displaystyle b = m ^ { 2 } k + m + 1 }, and the power p = m n + 1 { \ displaystyle p = mn + 1 }. then : x 1 = b p − 1 m = ( m k + 1 ) i = 0 p − 1 b i { \ displaystyle x _ { 1 } = { \ frac { b ^ { p } - 1 } { m } } = ( mk + 1 ) \ sum _ { i = 0 } ^ { p - 1 } b ^ { i } } is a kaprekar number. x 2 = b p + m − 1 m = x 1 + 1 { \ displaystyle x _ { 2 } = { \ frac { b ^ { p } + m - 1 } { m } } = x _ { 1 } + 1 } is a kaprekar number. = = = b = m2k + m + 1 and p = mn + m − 1 = = = let m { \ displaystyle m }, k { \ displaystyle k }, and n { \ displaystyle n } be natural numbers, the number base b = m 2 k + m + 1 { \ displaystyle b = m ^ { 2 } k + m + 1 }, and the power p = m n + m − 1 { \ displaystyle p = mn + m - 1 }. then : x 1 = m ( b p − 1 ) 4 = (
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Kainosymmetry
is likely that relativistic effects will partly counteract this, as they would tend to cause expansion of the 5g shell. another consequence is the increased metallicity of the following elements in a block after the first kainosymmetric orbital, along with a preference for higher oxidation states. this is visible comparing h and he ( 1s ) with li and be ( 2s ) ; n – f ( 2p ) with p – cl ( 3p ) ; fe and co ( 3d ) with ru and rh ( 4d ) ; and nd – dy ( 4f ) with u – cf ( 5f ). as kainosymmetric orbitals appear in the even rows ( except for 1s ), this creates an even – odd difference between periods from period 2 onwards : elements in even periods are smaller and have more oxidising higher oxidation states ( if they exist ), whereas elements in odd periods differ in the opposite direction. the difference between kainosymmetric elements and subsequent ones has been called the first - row anomaly. it has been used to argue that helium should be placed over beryllium in the periodic table rather than over neon, on the grounds that this would constitute the most extreme case of the first - row anomaly. = = references = =
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Nonmanual feature
in these questions. nonmanual features are frequently used to grammatically signify role shift, which is when the signer switches between two or more individuals they are quoting. for example, in german sign language this can be done by the signer using signing space to tie quoted speech to pronouns. it can also be expressed by gaze - shifting or head - shifting. adjective phrases can be formed using nonmanual features. for instance, in asl a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means'carelessly ', but a similar nonmanual in bsl means'boring'or'unpleasant '. = = = discourse = = = discourse functions such as turn taking are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact. = = recognition in academia = = in early studies of signed languages done by hearing researchers, nonmanual features were largely ignored. in the 1960s, william stokoe established a system of sign language phonology for american sign language and was one of the first researchers to discuss nonmanual features in his writings when he used diacritics in his writings to signify six different facial expressions based on their meanings in english. from stokoe's writings until the 1990s, facial expressions were discussed in some studies on signed languages, and awareness of them as a grammaticised aspect of signed languages began to grow. in the 21st century, discussion of nonmanual signs in both research on individual languages and sign language education has become more common, partially due to the increased awareness of minimal pairs in automatic sign language recognition technology. = = references = =
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Genetic analysis
have also been studies to determine the legal and social and moral effects of the increase of genetic analysis. genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic / inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutations, fusion genes, and dna copy number changes. = = references = =
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Limbic resonance
other, and describes it as " intersubjectivity ". he then goes on to explore what developmental neuropsychology can reveal about both types of interrelatedness. in integrative medicine : principles for practice, authors kligler and lee state " the empathic therapist offers a form of affect regulation. the roots of empathy — limbic resonance — are found in the early caregiver experiences, which shape the ways the child learns to experience, share, and communicate affects. " = = in popular culture = = limbic resonance is the title of the first episode of the netflix series sense8 ; the episode describes how eight uniquely different people from across the globe start seeing and hearing things after inexplicably seeing a vision of a woman they've never met before. = = see also = = linguistic empathy = = references = =
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Routhian mechanics
dq + { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial \ zeta } } d \ zeta + pd { \ dot { q } } + { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial { \ dot { \ zeta } } } } d { \ dot { \ zeta } } + { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial t } } dt } and to replace pd ( dq / dt ) by ( dq / dt ) dp, recall the product rule for differentials, and substitute p d q = d ( q p ) − q d p { \ displaystyle pd { \ dot { q } } = d ( { \ dot { q } } p ) - { \ dot { q } } dp } to obtain the differential of a new function in terms of the new set of variables : d ( l − p q ) = p d q + ∂ l ∂ ζ d ζ − q d p + ∂ l ∂ ζ d ζ + ∂ l ∂ t d t. { \ displaystyle d ( l - p { \ dot { q } } ) = { \ dot { p } } dq + { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial \ zeta } } d \ zeta - { \ dot { q } } dp + { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial { \ dot { \ zeta } } } } d { \ dot { \ zeta } } + { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial t } } dt \,. } introducing the routhian r ( q, ζ, p, ζ, t ) = p q ( p ) − l { \ displaystyle r ( q, \ zeta, p, { \ dot { \ zeta } }, t ) = p { \ dot { q } } ( p ) - l } where again the velocity dq / dt is a function of the momentum p, we have d r = − p d q − ∂ l ∂ ζ d ζ + q d p − ∂ l ∂ ζ d ζ − ∂ l ∂ t d t, { \ displaystyle dr = - { \ dot { p } } dq - { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial \ zeta } } d \ zeta + { \ dot { q } } dp - { \ frac { \ partial l } { \ partial { \ dot { \ zeta }
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Sister language
in historical linguistics, sister languages are languages that are descended from a common ancestral language. every language in a language family that descends from the same language as the others is a sister to them. a commonly given example is of urdu and hindi ( the standardized registers of the hindustani language ), which are mutually intelligible with each other. also, the romance languages, each of which is a continuation of vulgar latin. italian and french ( both romance languages ) have about 89 % lexical overlap, meaning 89 percent of words share the same characteristics and root origins. similarly, spanish and portuguese also have about 89 % lexical overlap. spanish and romanian overlap less, about 67 %, because while spanish and portuguese have undergone arabic influence, romanian has undergone many different influences over the years, particularly from the slavic languages and greek. along with a large amount of shared vocabulary, the romance languages share numerous features of morphology and syntax because they are all continuations of their common ancestor, latin. another example is the relationship between modern scots and english. scots is considered to be a sister language of english because they are both descended from the common ancestor old english ( via early middle english ). the phonological development of the two languages is divergent, with different loanwords entering each language from sources such as norse, latin, and french. political and cultural events have largely dictated the decline of broad scots as a standard variety in the modern period, and scots is currently confined to largely spoken use and unofficial functions. = = see also = = daughter language language family lexical similarity = = references = =
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Centralite
{ \ displaystyle t }, and a v, t = 0 { \ displaystyle a _ { v, t } = 0 } otherwise. the relative centrality score x v { \ displaystyle x _ { v } } of vertex v { \ displaystyle v } can be defined as the nonnegative solution over the set of vertices v ∈ v { \ displaystyle v \ in v } to the equations : x v = 1 λ t ∈ m ( v ) x t = 1 λ t ∈ g a v, t x t { \ displaystyle x _ { v } = { \ frac { 1 } { \ lambda } } \ sum _ { t \ in m ( v ) } x _ { t } = { \ frac { 1 } { \ lambda } } \ sum _ { t \ in g } a _ { v, t } x _ { t } } where m ( v ) { \ displaystyle m ( v ) } is a set of the neighbors of v { \ displaystyle v } and λ { \ displaystyle \ lambda } is a constant. with a small rearrangement this can be rewritten in vector notation as the eigenvector equation a x = λ x { \ displaystyle \ mathbf { ax } = { \ lambda } \ mathbf { x } }. in general, there will be many different eigenvalues λ { \ displaystyle \ lambda } for which a non - zero eigenvector solution exists. since the entries in the adjacency matrix are non - negative, there is a unique largest eigenvalue, which is real and positive, by the perron – frobenius theorem. this greatest eigenvalue results in the desired centrality measure. the v t h { \ displaystyle v ^ { th } } component of the related eigenvector then gives the relative centrality score of the vertex v { \ displaystyle v } in the network. the eigenvector is only defined up to a common factor, so only the ratios of the centralities of the vertices are well defined. to define an absolute score one must normalise the eigenvector, e. g., such that the sum over all vertices is 1 or the total number of vertices n. power iteration is one of many eigenvalue algorithms that may be used to find this dominant eigenvector. furthermore, this can be generalized so that the entries in a can be
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Root mean square deviation of atomic positions
the rmsd is used to assess how well mathematical or computational models of behavior explain the empirically observed behavior. in gis, the rmsd is one measure used to assess the accuracy of spatial analysis and remote sensing. in hydrogeology, rmsd and nrmsd are used to evaluate the calibration of a groundwater model. in imaging science, the rmsd is part of the peak signal - to - noise ratio, a measure used to assess how well a method to reconstruct an image performs relative to the original image. in computational neuroscience, the rmsd is used to assess how well a system learns a given model. in protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the rmsd is used as a measure to estimate the quality of the obtained bundle of structures. submissions for the netflix prize were judged using the rmsd from the test dataset's undisclosed " true " values. in the simulation of energy consumption of buildings, the rmse and cv ( rmse ) are used to calibrate models to measured building performance. in x - ray crystallography, rmsd ( and rmsz ) is used to measure the deviation of the molecular internal coordinates deviate from the restraints library values. in control theory, the rmse is used as a quality measure to evaluate the performance of a state observer. in fluid dynamics, normalized root mean square deviation ( nrmsd ), coefficient of variation ( cv ), and percent rms are used to quantify the uniformity of flow behavior such as velocity profile, temperature distribution, or gas species concentration. the value is compared to industry standards to optimize the design of flow and thermal equipment and processes. = = see also = = root mean square mean absolute error average absolute deviation mean signed deviation mean squared error squared deviations from the mean errors and residuals coefficient of variation = = references = =
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Wearable cardioverter defibrillator
##d after mi or icd explantation. the authors found that the wcd is a cost - effective treatment option in patients after mi using the data from the vest study. in patients after icd explantation the wcd provided even a cost saving of €1, 782 compared to 3 weeks hospitalization in a low intensity hospital ( standard of care ) using data from the italian nhs. the authors concluded that for the italian nhs the wcd use contributes to a more effective utilization of resources and to the improvement of patient care in clinical practice. currently an hta is planned to be conducted in the uk. = = notes = = = = references = = reek et al., “ clinical efficacy of the wearable defibrillator in acutely terminating episodes of ventricular fibrillation using biphasic shocks, ” pace, 2002, 25 ( 4, part ii ) : 577. wase, “ wearable defibrillators : a new tool in the management of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation, ” ep lab digest, 2005 ; 12 : 22 – 24 feldman et al., “ use of a wearable defibrillator in terminating tachyarrhythmias in patients at high risk for sudden death : results of wearit / biroad ”, pace, 2004, 27 : 4 l – 9. reek et al., “ clinical efficacy of the wearable defibrillator in acutely terminating episodes of ventricular fibrillation using biphasic shocks, ” pace, 2002, 25 ( 4, part ii ) : 577. keller et al., “ using the lifevest as a bridge to icd implantation : one urban community hospital ’ s experience, ” ep lab digest, 2008 ; vol. 8, issue 8. elrod, “ measuring the effectiveness of wearable defibrillators and implantable devices : ep lab digest speaks with jeffrey olgin, md about the vest / predicts study, ” ep lab digest, 2008 ; vol. 8, issue 7.
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Interdental consonant
languages ) lh. they are always laminal ( pronounced by touching with the blade of the tongue ) but may be formed in one of three different ways, depending on the language, the speaker, and how carefully the speaker pronounces the sound. they are apical interdental [ t ~ d n l ] with the tip of the tongue visible between the teeth, as in th in american english ; laminal interdental [ t ~ d n l ] with the tip of the tongue down behind the lower teeth, so that the blade is visible between the teeth ; and denti - alveolar [ t ~ d n l ], that is, with both the tip and the blade making contact with the back of the upper teeth and alveolar ridge, as in french t, d, n, l. = = see also = = bidental consonant adyghe language = = references = = ladefoged, peter ; maddieson, ian ( 1996 ). the sounds of the world's languages. oxford : blackwell. isbn 0 - 631 - 19815 - 6.
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CDNA library
more resource - intensive to generate and keep. = = cloning of cdna = = cdna molecules can be cloned by using restriction site linkers. linkers are short, double stranded pieces of dna ( oligodeoxyribonucleotide ) about 8 to 12 nucleotide pairs long that include a restriction endonuclease cleavage site e. g. bamhi. both the cdna and the linker have blunt ends which can be ligated together using a high concentration of t4 dna ligase. then sticky ends are produced in the cdna molecule by cleaving the cdna ends ( which now have linkers with an incorporated site ) with the appropriate endonuclease. a cloning vector ( plasmid ) is then also cleaved with the appropriate endonuclease. following " sticky end " ligation of the insert into the vector the resulting recombinant dna molecule is transferred into e. coli host cell for cloning. = = see also = = functional cloning = = references = = = = external links = = functional annotation of the mouse database ( fantom ) examples of cdna synthesis and cloning preparation of cdna libraries for high - throughput rna sequencing analysis of rna 5 ′ ends
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Generalized signal averaging
within signal processing, in many cases only one image with noise is available, and averaging is then realized in a local neighborhood. results are acceptable if the noise is smaller in size than the smallest objects of interest in the image, but blurring of edges is a serious disadvantage. in the case of smoothing within a single image, one has to assume that there are no changes in the gray levels of the underlying image data. this assumption is clearly violated at locations of image edges, and edge blurring is a direct consequence of violating the assumption. = = description = = averaging is a special case of discrete convolution. for a 3 by 3 neighborhood, the convolution mask m is : m = 1 9 [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] { \ displaystyle m = { \ frac { 1 } { 9 } } { \ begin { bmatrix } 1 & 1 & 1 \ \ 1 & 1 & 1 \ \ 1 & 1 & 1 \ \ \ end { bmatrix } } } the significance of the central pixel may be increased, as it approximates the properties of noise with a gaussian probability distribution : m = 1 10 [ 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 ] { \ displaystyle m = { \ frac { 1 } { 10 } } { \ begin { bmatrix } 1 & 1 & 1 \ \ 1 & 2 & 1 \ \ 1 & 1 & 1 \ \ \ end { bmatrix } } } m = 1 16 [ 1 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 1 ] { \ displaystyle m = { \ frac { 1 } { 16 } } { \ begin { bmatrix } 1 & 2 & 1 \ \ 2 & 4 & 2 \ \ 1 & 2 & 1 \ \ \ end { bmatrix } } } a suitable page for beginners about matrices is at : https : / / web. archive. org / web / 20060819141930 / http : / / www. gamedev. net / reference / programming / features / imageproc / page2. asp the whole article starts on page : https : / / web. archive. org / web / 20061019072001 / http : / / www. gamedev. net / reference / programming / features / imageproc / = = references = =
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Concurrent logic programming
concurrent logic programming is a variant of logic programming designed for parallel computing in which programs are sets of guarded horn clauses of the form : h : - g1, …, gn | b1, …, bn. the conjunction g1, …, gn is called the guard of the clause, and | is the commitment operator. declaratively, guarded horn clauses are read as ordinary logical implications : h if g1 and … and gn and b1 and … and bn. however, procedurally, when there are several clauses whose heads h match a given goal, then all of the clauses are executed in parallel, checking whether their guards g1, …, gn hold. if the guards of more than one clause hold, then a committed choice is made to one of the clauses, and execution proceeds with the subgoals b1, …, bn of the chosen clause. these subgoals can also be executed in parallel. thus concurrent logic programming implements a form of " don't care nondeterminism ", rather than " don't know nondeterminism ". = = history = = the first concurrent logic programming language was the relational language of keith l. clark and steve gregory, which was an offshoot of ic - prolog. later versions of concurrent logic programming include ehud shapiro's concurrent prolog and ueda's guarded horn clause language. the development of concurrent logic programming was given an impetus when guarded horn clause was used to implement kl1, the systems programming language of the japanese fifth generation project ( fgcs ). the fgcs project was a $ 400m initiative by japan's ministry of international trade and industry, begun in 1982, to use massively parallel computing / processing for artificial intelligence applications. the choice of concurrent logic programming as the “ missing link ” between the hardware and the applications was influenced by a visit to the fgcs project in 1982 by ehud shapiro, who invented concurrent prolog. = = see also = = concurrent constraint logic programming logic programming nondeterministic programming = = references = = clark, keith leonard ; gregory, steve ( 1981 ). a relational language for parallel programming. proceedings of the 1981 conference on functional programming languages and computer architecture. association for computing machinery. pp. 171 – 178.
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QED vacuum
equal - time commutator is : [ π i ( r, t ), a j ( r ′, t ) ] = − i δ i j δ ( r − r ′ ), { \ displaystyle { \ bigl [ } \ pi _ { i } ( \ mathbf { r }, t ), \ a _ { j } ( \ mathbf { r } ', t ) { \ bigr ] } = - i \ hbar \ delta _ { ij } \ delta ( \ mathbf { r } - \ mathbf { r }') \,, } where r, r ′ are spatial locations, ħ is the reduced planck constant, δij is the kronecker delta and δ ( r − r ′ ) is the dirac delta function. the notation [, ] denotes the commutator. quantization can be achieved without introducing the vector potential, in terms of the underlying fields themselves : [ e ^ k ( r ), b ^ k ′ ( r ′ ) ] = − k k ′ m i ε 0 ∂ ∂ x m δ ( r − r ′ ), { \ displaystyle \ left [ { \ hat { e } } _ { k } ( { \ boldsymbol { r } } ), { \ hat { b } } _ { k'} ( { \ boldsymbol { r } }') \ right ] = - \ epsilon _ { kk'm } { \ frac { i \ hbar } { \ varepsilon _ { 0 } } } { \ frac { \ partial } { \ partial x _ { m } } } \ delta ( { \ boldsymbol { r - r'} } ) \,, } where the circumflex denotes a schrodinger time - independent field operator, and εijk is the antisymmetric levi - civita tensor. because of the non - commutation of field variables, the variances of the fields cannot be zero, although their averages are zero. the electromagnetic field has therefore a zero - point energy, and a lowest quantum state. the interaction of an excited atom with this lowest quantum state of the electromagnetic field is what leads to spontaneous emission, the transition of an excited atom to a state of lower energy by emission of a photon even when no external perturbation of the atom is present. = = electromagnetic properties = = as a result of quantization
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Spray (liquid drop)
also used to cool animals = = = consumer products = = = atomizers are used with pump - operated sprays of household cleaning products. the function of these nozzles is to distribute the product over an area. see aerosol spray and spray can water and detergent sprays for the car washing = = references = =
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Data generating process
in statistics and in empirical sciences, a data generating process is a process in the real world that " generates " the data one is interested in. this process encompasses the underlying mechanisms, factors, and randomness that contribute to the production of observed data. usually, scholars do not know the real data generating model and instead rely on assumptions, approximations, or inferred models to analyze and interpret the observed data effectively. however, it is assumed that those real models have observable consequences. those consequences are the distributions of the data in the population. those distributors or models can be represented via mathematical functions. there are many functions of data distribution. for example, normal distribution, bernoulli distribution, poisson distribution, etc. = = references = = https : / / stats. stackexchange. com / questions / 443320 / what - does - a - data - generating - process - dgp - actually - mean
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Herbert Schendl
a member of the university board of governors ( " senat " in austrian german ), as the dean's committee chair or as a member of the university - wide arbitration committee. his efforts have been recognized in a 2007 festschrift on the occasion of his 65th birthday published by braumuller, and a 2012 international symposium on the occasion of his 70th birthday ( see conferences ). = = austrian studies in english = = herbert schendl has been editor of austrian studies in english ( ase ), currently with sabine coelsch - foisner and gabriella mazzon. ase is a book series originally founded in 1895 as wiener beitrage zur englischen philologie and is one of the longest - running academic publication series in the world. austrian studies has been a major vehicle of publication for the vienna school, publishing works by jakob schipper ( 1895 ), karl luick ( 1903 ), or herbert koziol ( 1967 ). jakob schipper, as the founding professor of the vienna english department in 1877, was also the series'first main editor. over 105 volumes have appeared in the series, which has been published with peter lang since 2014. = = conferences = = in february 2012, the symposium " studying change in the history of english : new directions in linguistics " ( schendl ) was held at the department of english and american studies at the university of vienna ( co - organised by the school of english at birmingham city university ). on february 24 - 25, several national and international scholars presented their research on historical english linguistics in honour of herbert schendl. = = references = =
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Inbreeding avoidance
offspring, providing protection against environmental changes that may otherwise target more homozygous populations that inbreeding often produces. whether a female engages in extra - pair copulations for the sake of inbreeding avoidance depends on whether the costs of extra - pair copulation outweigh the costs of inbreeding. in extra - pair copulations, both inbreeding costs and pair - bond male loss ( leading to the loss of paternal care ) must be considered with the benefits of reproductive success that extra - pair copulation provides. when paternal care is absent or has little influence on offspring survivability, it is generally favorable for females to engage in extra - pair mating to increase reproductive success and avoid inbreeding. = = gaps = = inbreeding avoidance has been studied via three main methods : ( 1 ) observing individual behavior in the presence and absence of close kin, ( 2 ) contrasting costs of avoidance with costs of tolerating close inbreeding, and ( 3 ) comparing observed and random frequencies of close inbreeding. no method is perfect, giving rise to questions about the completeness and consistency of the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis. although the first option, individual behavioral observation, is preferred and most widely used, there is still debate over whether it can provide definitive evidence for inbreeding avoidance. a majority of the literature on inbreeding avoidance was published at least 15 years ago, allowing for growth and development of the study through contemporary experimental methods and technology. molecular techniques such as dna fingerprinting have become more advanced and accessible, improving the efficiency and accuracy of measuring relatedness. studying inbreeding avoidance in carnivores has garnered increased interest due to ongoing work to explain their social behaviors. = = references = =
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Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
and internal medicine journals ( 50 % ) than in specialty medicine journals ( 25 % ). these results showed that the uptake of prisma guidelines by journals is still inadequate although there has been some improvement over time. approximately 174 journals in the health sciences endorse the prisma statement for the reporting of systematic reviews and meta - analysis published in their collections. prisma has been also included as one of the tools for assessing the reporting of research within the equator network ( enhancing the quality and transparency of health care research ), an international initiative that seeks to enhance reliability and value of medical research literature by promoting transparent and accurate reporting of research studies. = = see also = = strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology = = references = = = = external links = = prisma statement equator network ( enhancing the quality and transparency of health care research
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Quantum superposition
weights of a and b in the superposition process. it will never be different from both a and b [ i. e., either a or b ]. the intermediate character of the state formed by superposition thus expresses itself through the probability of a particular result for an observation being intermediate between the corresponding probabilities for the original states, not through the result itself being intermediate between the corresponding results for the original states. anton zeilinger, referring to the prototypical example of the double - slit experiment, has elaborated regarding the creation and destruction of quantum superposition : " [ t ] he superposition of amplitudes... is only valid if there is no way to know, even in principle, which path the particle took. it is important to realize that this does not imply that an observer actually takes note of what happens. it is sufficient to destroy the interference pattern, if the path information is accessible in principle from the experiment or even if it is dispersed in the environment and beyond any technical possibility to be recovered, but in principle still ‘ ‘ out there. ’ ’ the absence of any such information is the essential criterion for quantum interference to appear. = = theory = = = = = general formalism = = = any quantum state can be expanded as a sum or superposition of the eigenstates of an hermitian operator, like the hamiltonian, because the eigenstates form a complete basis : | α ⟩ = n c n | n ⟩, { \ displaystyle | \ alpha \ rangle = \ sum _ { n } c _ { n } | n \ rangle, } where | n ⟩ { \ displaystyle | n \ rangle } are the energy eigenstates of the hamiltonian. for continuous variables like position eigenstates, | x ⟩ { \ displaystyle | x \ rangle } : | α ⟩ = d x ′ | x ′ ⟩ ⟨ x ′ | α ⟩, { \ displaystyle | \ alpha \ rangle = \ int dx'| x'\ rangle \ langle x'| \ alpha \ rangle, } where α ( x ) = ⟨ x | α ⟩ { \ displaystyle \ phi _ { \ alpha } ( x ) = \ langle x | \ alpha \ rangle } is the projection of the state into the | x ⟩ { \ displaystyle | x \ rangle } basis and is called the wave function of the particle. in both instances we notice that | α ⟩
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Whisker (metallurgy)
shut down due to a " false alarm " that indicated an unsafe pressure drop in the reactor's steam system when the steam pressure was actually nominal. the false alarm was caused by a tin whisker that short circuited the logic board responsible for monitoring the steam pressure lines in the power plant. = = = toyota accelerator position sensors false positive = = = in september 2011, three nasa investigators claimed that they identified tin whiskers on the accelerator position sensors of sampled toyota camry models that could contribute to the " stuck accelerator " crashes affecting certain toyota models during 2005 – 2010. this contradicted an earlier 10 - month joint investigation by the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) and a large group of other nasa researchers that found no electronic defects. in 2012, nhtsa maintained : " we do not believe that tin whiskers are a plausible explanation for these incidents... [ the likely cause was ] pedal misapplication. " toyota also maintains that tin whiskers were not the cause of any stuck accelerator issues : " in the words of u. s. transportation secretary ray lahood,'the verdict is in. there is no electronic - based cause for unintended high - speed acceleration in toyotas. period.'" according to a toyota press release, " no data indicates that tin whiskers are more prone to occur in toyota vehicles than any other vehicle in the marketplace. " toyota also states that " their systems are designed to reduce the risk that tin whiskers will form in the first place. " = = see also = = monocrystalline whisker dendrite ( metal ) crystal growth gold - aluminium intermetallic impurity = = references = = = = external links = = images of silver whiskers nasa
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Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
thereby access the wi - fi network, without knowing the user's password. " = = see also = = extensible authentication protocol ( eap ) key - agreement protocol krack ieee 802. 1x = = references = = = = further reading = = harkins, dan ( aug 20, 2008 ). " simultaneous authentication of equals : a secure, password - based key exchange for mesh networks ". 2008 second international conference on sensor technologies and applications ( sensorcomm 2008 ). pp. 839 – 844. doi : 10. 1109 / sensorcomm. 2008. 131. isbn 978 - 0 - 7695 - 3330 - 8. s2cid 18401678 – via ieee xplore. vanhoef, mathy ; ronen, eyal ( 2019 - 04 - 10 ). " dragonblood : analyzing the dragonfly handshake of wpa3 and eap - pwd ". ieee symposium on security & privacy. ieee.
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Fubini–Study metric
\ partial z ^ { i } \, \ partial { \ bar { z } } ^ { j } } } k } = = = using homogeneous coordinates = = = an expression is also possible in the notation of homogeneous coordinates, commonly used to describe projective varieties of algebraic geometry : z = [ z0 :... : zn ]. formally, subject to suitably interpreting the expressions involved, one has d s 2 = | z | 2 | d z | 2 − ( z ⋅ d z ) ( z ⋅ d z ) | z | 4 = z α z α d z β d z β − z α z β d z α d z β ( z α z α ) 2 = 2 z [ α d z β ] z [ α d z β ] ( z α z α ) 2. { \ displaystyle { \ begin { aligned } ds ^ { 2 } & = { \ frac { | \ mathbf { z } | ^ { 2 } | d \ mathbf { z } | ^ { 2 } - ( { \ bar { \ mathbf { z } } } \ cdot d \ mathbf { z } ) ( \ mathbf { z } \ cdot d { \ bar { \ mathbf { z } } } ) } { | \ mathbf { z } | ^ { 4 } } } \ \ & = { \ frac { z _ { \ alpha } { \ bar { z } } ^ { \ alpha } dz _ { \ beta } d { \ bar { z } } ^ { \ beta } - { \ bar { z } } ^ { \ alpha } z _ { \ beta } dz _ { \ alpha } d { \ bar { z } } ^ { \ beta } } { \ left ( z _ { \ alpha } { \ bar { z } } ^ { \ alpha } \ right ) ^ { 2 } } } \ \ & = { \ frac { 2z _ { [ \ alpha } \, dz _ { \ beta ] } { \ bar { z } } ^ { [ \ alpha } \, { \ overline { dz } } ^ { \ beta ] } } { \ left ( z _ { \ alpha } { \ bar { z } } ^ { \ alpha } \ right ) ^ { 2 } } }. \ end { aligned } } } here the summation convention is used to
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Societal psychology
for cross - fertilization among societal, developmental, and personality psychologists there is also a need for cross - fertilization between basic and applied research societal psychology requires a systems approach the study of a social phenomenon requires a multilevel approach, at the macro as well as the micro level we need to accept and examine the implication that there is no such thing as value - free social research we need to adopt a much wider range of research tools = = references = =
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Social status
). " the origins of status hierarchy : a formal theory and empirical test ". american journal of sociology. 107 ( 5 ) : 1143 – 1178. doi : 10. 1086 / 341744. s2cid 142599569. macdonald, paul k. ; parent, joseph m. ( 2021 ). " the status of status in world politics ". world politics 73 ( 2 ) : 358 – 391. mcpherson, miller ; smith - lovin, lynn ; cook, james m ( 2001 ). " birds of a feather : homophily in social networks ". annual review of sociology. 27 : 415 – 444. doi : 10. 1146 / annurev. soc. 27. 1. 415. s2cid 2341021. bolender, ronald keith ( 2006 ). " max weber 1864 – 1920 ". llc : bolender initiatives. archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 27. retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15. chernoff, seth david ( 2015 ). " what is success ". bourdieu, pierre. distinction : a social critique of the judgment of taste, translated by richard nice. cambridge : harvard university press, 1984. ridgeway, cecilia ( 2014 ). " why status matters for inequality ". american sociological review. 79 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16. doi : 10. 1177 / 0003122413515997. s2cid 17880907. weber, max ( 2015 ) " classes, stande, parties, " pp. 37 – 58 in weber's rationalism and modern society : new translations on politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification edited and translated by tony waters and dagmar waters. new york : palgrave macmillan.
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Fermat's principle
, } indicating that the optical length is the physical length multiplied by the ray index : the opl is a notional geometric quantity, from which time has been factored out. in terms of opl, the condition for γ to be a ray path ( fermat's principle ) becomes this has the form of maupertuis's principle in classical mechanics ( for a single particle ), with the ray index in optics taking the role of momentum or velocity in mechanics. in an isotropic medium, for which the ray velocity is also the phase velocity, we may substitute the usual refractive index n for nr. = = = relation to hamilton's principle = = = if x, y, z are cartesian coordinates and an overdot denotes differentiation with respect to s, fermat's principle ( 2 ) may be written δ s = δ a b n r d x 2 + d y 2 + d z 2 = δ a b n r x 2 + y 2 + z 2 d s = 0. { \ displaystyle { \ begin { aligned } \ delta s & = \, \ delta \ int _ { a } ^ { b } \! n _ { \ mathrm { r } } \, { \ sqrt { dx ^ { 2 } + dy ^ { 2 } + dz ^ { 2 } } } \ \ & = \, \ delta \ int _ { a } ^ { b } \! n _ { \ mathrm { r } } \, { \ sqrt { { \ dot { x } } ^ { 2 } + { \ dot { y } } ^ { 2 } + { \ dot { z } } ^ { 2 } } } ~ ds \, = \, 0 \,. \ end { aligned } } } in the case of an isotropic medium, we may replace nr with the normal refractive index n ( x, y, z ), which is simply a scalar field. if we then define the optical lagrangian as l ( x, y, z, x, y, z ) = n ( x, y, z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2, { \ displaystyle l ( x, y, z, { \ dot { x } }, { \ dot { y } }, { \ dot { z } } ) \, = \, n ( x, y, z
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Muffle furnace
##laze of the porcelain. they were used for painted enamels on metal for the same reason. like other types of muffle furnaces, the design isolates the objects from the flames producing the heat ( with electricity this is not so important ). for historical overglaze enamels the kiln was generally far smaller than that for the main firing and produced firing temperatures in the approximate range of 750 to 950 °c, depending on the colours used. typically, wares were fired for between five and twelve hours and then cooled over twelve hours. = = references = =
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Gitea
that the attacker can modify. if a windows or mac user pulls ( downloads ) a version of the repository with the malicious directory, then switches to that directory, the. git directory will be overwritten ( due to the case - insensitive trait of the windows and mac filesystems ) and the malicious executable files in. git / hooks may be run, which results in the attacker's commands being executed. an attacker could also modify the. git / config configuration file, which allows the attacker to create malicious git aliases ( aliases for git commands or external commands ) or modify extant aliases to execute malicious commands when run. the vulnerability was patched in version 2. 2. 1 of git, released on 17 december 2014, and announced the next day. git version 2. 6. 1, released on 29 september 2015, contained a patch for a security vulnerability ( cve - 2015 - 7545 ) that allowed arbitrary code execution. the vulnerability was exploitable if an attacker could convince a victim to clone a specific url, as the arbitrary commands were embedded in the url itself. an attacker could use the exploit via a man - in - the - middle attack if the connection was unencrypted, as they could redirect the user to a url of their choice. recursive clones were also vulnerable since they allowed the controller of a repository to specify arbitrary urls via the gitmodules file. git uses sha - 1 hashes internally. linus torvalds has responded that the hash was mostly to guard against accidental corruption, and the security a cryptographically secure hash gives was just an accidental side effect, with the main security being signing elsewhere. since a demonstration of the shattered attack against git in 2017, git was modified to use a sha - 1 variant resistant to this attack. a plan for hash function transition is being written since february 2020. = = trademark = = " git " is a registered word trademark of software freedom conservancy under us500000085961336 since 2015 - 02 - 03. = = see also = = comparison of source - code - hosting facilities comparison of version - control software list of version - control software = = notes = = = = citations = = = = external links = = official website
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Posterior probability
x ) { \ displaystyle f _ { x \ mid y = y } ( x ) } is the posterior density of x { \ displaystyle x } given the data y = y { \ displaystyle y = y }. = = credible interval = = posterior probability is a conditional probability conditioned on randomly observed data. hence it is a random variable. for a random variable, it is important to summarize its amount of uncertainty. one way to achieve this goal is to provide a credible interval of the posterior probability. = = classification = = in classification, posterior probabilities reflect the uncertainty of assessing an observation to particular class, see also class - membership probabilities. while statistical classification methods by definition generate posterior probabilities, machine learners usually supply membership values which do not induce any probabilistic confidence. it is desirable to transform or rescale membership values to class - membership probabilities, since they are comparable and additionally more easily applicable for post - processing. = = see also = = prediction interval bernstein – von mises theorem probability of success bayesian epistemology metropolis – hastings algorithm = = references = = = = further reading = = lancaster, tony ( 2004 ). an introduction to modern bayesian econometrics. oxford : blackwell. isbn 1 - 4051 - 1720 - 6. lee, peter m. ( 2004 ). bayesian statistics : an introduction ( 3rd ed. ). wiley. isbn 0 - 340 - 81405 - 5.
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Pseudohypoxia
= = = = ethanol + nad + → acetaldehyde + nadh + h + ( catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase ) acetaldehyde + nad + → acetate + nadh + h + ( catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase ) = = = = meos = = = = ethanol + nadph + h + + o2 → acetaldehyde + nadp + + 2h2o ( catalyzed by cyp2e1 ) acetaldehyde + nad + → acetate + nadh + h + ( catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase ) = = see also = = hypoxia ( medical ) hypoxia ( disambiguation ) - list under hypoxia ( medical ) e. g. intrauterine hypoxia bioenergetic systems - metabolic pathways of producing atp metabolic acidosis = = references = =
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Subarctic climate
due to extreme elevation ) in sichuan most of qamdo prefecture ( due to extreme elevation ) in the tibet autonomous region parts of ladakh ( including siachen glacier ) and spiti regions of india middle reaches of the himalayas in nepal, bhutan, myanmar, and northeast india. parts of kaema plateau ( including mount baekdu, samjiyon, musan ) in north korea southeast fairbanks census area in alaska in the southern hemisphere, small pockets of the lesotho highlands and the drakensberg mountains have a dwc classification. = = charts of selected sites = = = = see also = = boreal ecology koppen climate classification subantarctic taiga = = references = =
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Urban plans in Iran
in framework plans = = strategic approach in urban planning = = specifications of strategic - structural plans shows they are better than comprehensive plans. the most important specifics of these plans are : cyclical process of preparation of these plans flexibility and envisaging probable failures and the possibility of reviewing the perspective, general objectives, and strategies possibility of participation of people in preparation, approval, implementation, and review of these plans iranian managers are supporting comprehensive plans despite the fact that such plans were proven outdated in other countries over four decades ago. support extended by iranian officials to comprehensive plans is the main challenge facing strategic - structural ones. the high capacity of strategic - structural plans to adapt to complicated and changeable social and economic conditions has been proven. but implementation of these plans needs at least a basic foundation in science, theory, economics, law, finance, and administration. until such preconditions materialize, implementation of a plan with a strategic stance is impossible. = = references = =
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Dixon elliptic functions
##2 } } z ^ { 15 } + \ cdots \ \ [ 8mu ] \ operatorname { sm } z & = z - { \ frac { 1 } { 6 } } z ^ { 4 } + { \ frac { 2 } { 63 } } z ^ { 7 } - { \ frac { 13 } { 2268 } } z ^ { 10 } + { \ frac { 23 } { 22113 } } z ^ { 13 } - { \ frac { 2803 } { 14859936 } } z ^ { 16 } + \ cdots \ end { aligned } } } = = relation to other elliptic functions = = = = = weierstrass elliptic function = = = the equianharmonic weierstrass elliptic function ( z ) = ( z ; 0, 1 27 ), { \ displaystyle \ wp ( z ) = \ wp { \ bigl ( } z ; 0, { \ tfrac { 1 } { 27 } } { \ bigr ) }, } with lattice λ = π 3 z ⊕ π 3 ω z { \ displaystyle \ lambda = \ pi _ { 3 } \ mathbb { z } \ oplus \ pi _ { 3 } \ omega \ mathbb { z } } a scaling of the eisenstein integers, can be defined as : ( z ) = 1 z 2 + λ ∈ λ { 0 } ( 1 ( z − λ ) 2 − 1 λ 2 ) { \ displaystyle \ wp ( z ) = { \ frac { 1 } { z ^ { 2 } } } + \ sum _ { \ lambda \ in \ lambda \ smallsetminus \ { 0 \ } } \! \ left ( { \ frac { 1 } { ( z - \ lambda ) ^ { 2 } } } - { \ frac { 1 } { \ lambda ^ { 2 } } } \ right ) } the function ( z ) { \ displaystyle \ wp ( z ) } solves the differential equation : ′ ( z ) 2 = 4 ( z ) 3 − 1 27 { \ displaystyle \ wp'( z ) ^ { 2 } = 4 \ wp ( z ) ^ { 3 } - { \ tfrac { 1 } { 27 } } } we can also write it as the inverse of the integral : z = ∞ ( z ) d w
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Dynamic problem (algorithms)
given a graph, maintain its parameters, such as connectivity, maximal degree, shortest paths, etc., when insertion and deletion of its edges are allowed. = = see also = = dynamization dynamic connectivity kinetic data structure = = references = =
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Wavelet
). multirate systems and filter banks. englewood cliffs, nj : prentice hall. isbn 0 - 13 - 605718 - 7. vetterli, martin ; kovacevic, jelena ( 1995 ). wavelets and subband coding. englewood cliffs, n. j : prentice hall ptr. isbn 0 - 13 - 097080 - 8. wickerhauser, mladen victor ( 1994 ). adapted wavelet analysis from theory to software. wellesley, ma : a. k. peters. isbn 1 - 56881 - 041 - 5. = = external links = = " wavelet analysis ", encyclopedia of mathematics, ems press, 2001 [ 1994 ] 1st njit symposium on wavelets ( april 30, 1990 ) ( first wavelets conference in usa ) binomial - qmf daubechies wavelets wavelets by gilbert strang, american scientist 82 ( 1994 ) 250 – 255. ( a very short and excellent introduction ) course on wavelets given at uc santa barbara, 2004 wavelets for kids ( pdf file ) ( introductory ( for very smart kids! ) ) wits : where is the starlet? a dictionary of tens of wavelets and wavelet - related terms ending in - let, from activelets to x - lets through bandlets, contourlets, curvelets, noiselets, wedgelets. the fractional spline wavelet transform describes a fractional wavelet transform based on fractional b - splines. a panorama on multiscale geometric representations, intertwining spatial, directional and frequency selectivity provides a tutorial on two - dimensional oriented wavelets and related geometric multiscale transforms. concise introduction to wavelets by rene puschinger a really friendly guide to wavelets by clemens valens " how wavelets allow researchers to transform — and understand — data ". quanta magazine. 2021 - 10 - 13. retrieved 2021 - 10 - 20.
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