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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Main Page error reports Toggle Main Page error reports subsection 1.1 Errors in the summary of the featured article 1 comment 1.1.1 Today's FA 1.1.2 Tomorrow's FA 1.1.3 Day-after-tomorrow's FA 1.2 Errors with "In the news" 9 comments 1.3 Errors in "Did you know ..." 1.3.1 Current DYK 1.3.2 Next DYK 1.3.3 Next-but-one DYK 1.4 Errors in "On this day" 2 comments 1.4.1 Today's OTD 1.4.2 Tomorrow's OTD 1.4.3 Day-after-tomorrow's OTD 1.5 Errors in the summary of the featured list 1.5.1 Monday's FL 1.5.2 Wednesday's FL 1.5.3 Friday's FL 1.6 Errors in the summary of the featured picture 1.6.1 Today's POTD 1.6.2 Tomorrow's POTD 1.1 Errors in the summary of the featured article 1 comment 1.1.1 Today's FA 1.1.2 Tomorrow's FA 1.1.3 Day-after-tomorrow's FA 1.1.1 Today's FA 1.1.2 Tomorrow's FA 1.1.3 Day-after-tomorrow's FA 1.2 Errors with "In the news" 9 comments 1.3 Errors in "Did you know ..." 1.3.1 Current DYK 1.3.2 Next DYK 1.3.3 Next-but-one DYK 1.3.1 Current DYK 1.3.2 Next DYK 1.3.3 Next-but-one DYK 1.4 Errors in "On this day" 2 comments 1.4.1 Today's OTD 1.4.2 Tomorrow's OTD 1.4.3 Day-after-tomorrow's OTD 1.4.1 Today's OTD 1.4.2 Tomorrow's OTD 1.4.3 Day-after-tomorrow's OTD 1.5 Errors in the summary of the featured list 1.5.1 Monday's FL 1.5.2 Wednesday's FL 1.5.3 Friday's FL 1.5.1 Monday's FL 1.5.2 Wednesday's FL 1.5.3 Friday's FL 1.6 Errors in the summary of the featured picture 1.6.1 Today's POTD 1.6.2 Tomorrow's POTD 1.6.1 Today's POTD 1.6.2 Tomorrow's POTD 2 General discussion Toggle General discussion subsection 2.1 Cant view page history for main page. 3 comments 2.2 Please remove… 4 comments 2.3 Changing the manual date addition for the POTD 6 comments 2.4 "Main Oage" listed at Redirects for discussion 1 comment 2.5 Albatross file hook 13 comments 2.1 Cant view page history for main page. 3 comments 2.2 Please remove… 4 comments 2.3 Changing the manual date addition for the POTD 6 comments 2.4 "Main Oage" listed at Redirects for discussion 1 comment 2.5 Albatross file hook 13 comments Talk : Main Page Main Page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version ↓ ↓ Skip header Welcome! 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Reports are removed when resolved . Once an error has been addressed or determined not to be an error, or the item has been rotated off the Main Page, the report will be removed from this page. Check the revision history for a record of any discussion or action taken; no archives are kept. Errors in the summary of the featured article Today's FA Tomorrow's FA Day-after-tomorrow's FA Errors with " In the news " @ Admins willing to post ITN : I have doubts about the accuracy of the train being an APD.20 . I have started a discussion on the article talk page ( link ) but out of an abundance of caution I propose removing the caption and/or image. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 00:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Note that the front page does not claim it is the exact same model of train: "( similar train pictured)". [emphasis added] See also my post on the above linked discussion. ~2026-33399-3 ( talk ) 02:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Since there seems to be doubt about this matter, and the exact train model isn't cited to any sources, I've removed the "similar train pictured" out of precaution. I've Swapped the image back to the Central African president hook for now. If more clarity later emerges, we can re-evaluate. Cheers — Amakuru ( talk ) 09:38, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] We should use a more topical image like this (right) , which I see being used elsewhere, such as the Arabic main page. I'll update the article. It needs a licence review but I'm not familiar with Thai and so can't do much more. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 10:11, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Amakuru The news images of the accident show the train to be #2515, which is an APD.20 - examples at [1] [2] . We could use the image linked above, but it's poor quality and doesn't really show the train at all... Black Kite (talk) 10:42, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hi Black Kite... per the discussion at Talk:2026 Sikhio train disaster#APD.20 train , I don't think it's verified at the moment that this is definitively an APD 20 train. If the number #2515 can be married up to some reliable source confirming that that carriage is indeed from that model number, then that would be OK, using the photo as a primary source. But concluding it's the same model as a different train purely on a visual inspection and the fact that they appear to look the same seems like OR to me. In any case, I think Andrew's picture is probably better anyway. It may be grainy, but it shows the actual accident, rather than a unit elsewhere that wasn't involved in the crash. And part of the carriage is visible. I've cropped it down to File:Sikhio train disaster cropped.jpg which omits irrelevant detail, so my choice would be to use that, if licensing checks out (the CC-uploaded video [3] looks fine to me). — Amakuru ( talk ) 11:03, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yeah, I'd agree that some image of the accident is definitely preferable. Whilst #2515 (and #2521, the other unit involved) are indeed APD.20's, I can't find a single usable source that says that, which is mildly annoying but pretty standard for a lot of smaller railway systems (there's probably sources in Thai, but is it really worth it?). Black Kite (talk) 11:21, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] So shall we go ahead and use the image on the right, on the basis the licence seems sound to us? What do you think? — Amakuru ( talk ) 11:23, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Seems like the best we have at the moment, yup. Black Kite (talk) 11:29, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Errors in "Did you know ..." Current DYK Next DYK Next-but-one DYK Errors in "On this day" Today's OTD Tomorrow's OTD I swapped the hooks in this set for 2026 and invite editors to take a look and note errors or concerns below. Z1720 ( talk ) 14:58, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Day-after-tomorrow's OTD I swapped the hooks for this date. Interested editors are invited to review the hooks and bolded articles and make changes as necessary. Z1720 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Errors in the summary of the featured list Monday's FL Wednesday's FL Friday's FL Errors in the summary of the featured picture Today's POTD Tomorrow's POTD General discussion T:MP T:MP WT:MP WT:MP Cant view page history for main page. Where can I view the daily page history for the main page? I swear I was able to view it before. Sorry if this isn't the right place for this question. AverageCheeseRoll ( talk ) 01:37, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Please remove… |August 30, 2025 = pictures because that day has already passed. 2600 etc ( talk ) 02:53, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Changing the manual date addition for the POTD Hello, I made a template at TM:Get file type so that you don't have to manually add the dates for each time. Specifically, replacing: {{#switch:{{#time:F j, Y}} |#default = picture <!-- Dates with multiple featured pictures: --> |August 30, 2025 = pictures <!-- Dates with a featured video: --> |January 18, 2026|June 10, 2026 = video }} with: {{#switch:{{#time:F j, Y}} |#default = {{Get file type|{{POTD/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|image}}}} <!-- Dates with multiple featured pictures: --> |August 30, 2025 = pictures }} I am not fully aware if this is the correct place to suggest this, if it is not then I would appreciate being directed to the correct place. Also, if this is to be done, then both TM:Get file type and TM:Get file format should be probably updated for more formats and obviously protected before being added to the main page. dot . p y 04:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] " Main Oage " listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Main Oage has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines . Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2026 January 14 § Main Oage until a consensus is reached. Sugar Tax ( talk ) 22:46, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Albatross file hook This hook requires a bunch of prior knowledge about decades-old insider Malaysian politics to mean anything to the reader. Pinging @ Dclemens1971 , @ Kingoflettuce , and @ ZKang123 . I think ALT0 is far more interesting to the average reader who knows nothing about this topic. It makes me want to read more about why. voorts ( talk / contributions ) 02:19, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Just weighing in as I was pinged... while my views on DYKInt are on record (I think it's too subjective to use as a criterion, and certainly at ERRORS), I don't think that applies here. He was told to do something by his boss, he didn't, and in the end that potentially affected Singapore's continued integration in Malaysia. That many readers in the West don't recognize the name of a statesman who led a country for 30+ years doesn't change the fact that, for the not insignificant population of Anglophones in those two countries, the hook has quite some impact. And looking at the other offerings, it was the best of the bunch; ALT0 had an Easter egg that likely would have resulted in ERRORS postings, and ALT1 was basically 'some documents were misplaced for 17 years'. — Chris Woodrich ( talk ) 03:59, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Since I was pinged as the approver: my logic was exactly the same as Chris Woodrich's above: it is a situation that does not require any specialized knowledge, but simply a basic understanding of political roles. I will add that not only is ALT0 Easter-eggy, but it also requires specialized knowledge of an idiomatic expression and/or a Romantic-era poem, of the kind that is arguably more obscure than the name recognition of one of Southeast Asia's best known leaders. (We are also arguing this point while plenty of promotional-y hooks about the most irrelevant pop singers get instant approval on the assumption that anyone interested in their trite careers will either recognize their novelty pseudonyms or click the link.) Dahn ( talk ) 05:36, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Main Page discussions Articles with short description Wikipedia semi-protected talk pages This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:10 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Julio Iglesias denies sexual assault allegations 2 hours ago Share Save Steven McIntosh Entertainment reporter Share Save Getty Images Iglesias said he wanted "to let people know the whole truth and defend my dignity" Singer Julio Iglesias has denied allegations of sexual assault made by two female former employees. The women allege that the 82-year-old Spanish superstar "normalised abuse" in a coercive, threatening and violent environment while they were working at his properties in the Bahamas and Dominican Republic. Responding on Instagram , Iglesias said: "I deny having abused, coerced, or disrespected any woman. These accusations are absolutely false and deeply sadden me." The allegations, which were first reported earlier this week, are being investigated by Spain's judiciary. The two women - a domestic worker and a physiotherapist - have alleged they suffered sexual and other forms of abuse while working at Iglesias's properties. The reports said they worked in his Caribbean residences for 10 months in 2021, which is when they allege the sexual assaults took place. On 5 January, the women filed a legal complaint for sexual assault and human trafficking with the national court, which investigates crimes allegedly committed beyond Spain's borders. Advocacy groups Women's Link Worldwide and Amnesty International said the acts alleged in the complaint could be considered "a crime of human trafficking for the purpose of forced labour" and "crimes against sexual freedom". According to testimony collected by the two groups, Iglesias subjected the women to "sexual harassment, regularly checked their mobile phones, restricted their ability to leave the home where they worked, and required them to work up to 16 hours a day without days off". Women's Link described the complainants as young Latin American women "in vulnerable situations who were heavily dependent on their wages due to their economic and social conditions". 'Defend my dignity' In his Instagram statement, Iglesias wrote: "It is with profound sadness that I respond to the accusations made by two people who previously worked for me. He added: "I have never felt such malice, but I still have the strength to let people know the whole truth and defend my dignity against such a serious accusation." The singer also thanked the "so many dear people who have sent me messages of affection and loyalty", adding: "I have found great comfort in them." According to by Spanish news site elDiario.es and US outlet Univision, which investigated the claims over three years, the women's allegations are backed up by documentary evidence including photographs, phone records, text messages and medical reports. Their reports cite other former employees who describe a threatening, highly stressful atmosphere for those working for Iglesias. But an old friend of the singer, Jaime Peñafiel, labelled the accusations "absolute lies", while another ally, journalist Miguel Ángel Pastor, said he had never heard "any suggestion that he might have committed this kind of act". Iglesias is one of the most successful Latin artists of all time, having sold more than 300 million records in a career spanning decades. He is also the father of fellow music superstar Enrique Iglesias. Singer Julio Iglesias faces Spanish inquiry into sexual assault allegations Music Julio Iglesias denies sexual assault allegations Singer Julio Iglesias has denied allegations of sexual assault made by two female former employees. The women allege that the 82-year-old Spanish superstar "normalised abuse" in a coercive, threatening and violent environment while they were working at his properties in the Bahamas and Dominican Republic. Responding on Instagram , Iglesias said: "I deny having abused, coerced, or disrespected any woman. These accusations are absolutely false and deeply sadden me." The allegations, which were first reported earlier this week, are being investigated by Spain's judiciary. The two women - a domestic worker and a physiotherapist - have alleged they suffered sexual and other forms of abuse while working at Iglesias's properties. The reports said they worked in his Caribbean residences for 10 months in 2021, which is when they allege the sexual assaults took place. On 5 January, the women filed a legal complaint for sexual assault and human trafficking with the national court, which investigates crimes allegedly committed beyond Spain's borders. Advocacy groups Women's Link Worldwide and Amnesty International said the acts alleged in the complaint could be considered "a crime of human trafficking for the purpose of forced labour" and "crimes against sexual freedom". According to testimony collected by the two groups, Iglesias subjected the women to "sexual harassment, regularly checked their mobile phones, restricted their ability to leave the home where they worked, and required them to work up to 16 hours a day without days off". Women's Link described the complainants as young Latin American women "in vulnerable situations who were heavily dependent on their wages due to their economic and social conditions". 'Defend my dignity' In his Instagram statement, Iglesias wrote: "It is with profound sadness that I respond to the accusations made by two people who previously worked for me. He added: "I have never felt such malice, but I still have the strength to let people know the whole truth and defend my dignity against such a serious accusation." The singer also thanked the "so many dear people who have sent me messages of affection and loyalty", adding: "I have found great comfort in them." According to by Spanish news site elDiario.es and US outlet Univision, which investigated the claims over three years, the women's allegations are backed up by documentary evidence including photographs, phone records, text messages and medical reports. Their reports cite other former employees who describe a threatening, highly stressful atmosphere for those working for Iglesias. But an old friend of the singer, Jaime Peñafiel, labelled the accusations "absolute lies", while another ally, journalist Miguel Ángel Pastor, said he had never heard "any suggestion that he might have committed this kind of act". Iglesias is one of the most successful Latin artists of all time, having sold more than 300 million records in a career spanning decades. He is also the father of fellow music superstar Enrique Iglesias. Singer Julio Iglesias faces Spanish inquiry into sexual assault allegations How the 1950s 'Red Scare' erased a US icon Nathan Evans: Embracing Scottish identity was the turning point Musician devastated as 'whole world stolen' Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Weather BBC Shop BritBox Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Weather BBC Shop BritBox BBC in other languages The BBC is in multiple languages Read the BBC In your own language Oduu Afaan Oromootiin Amharic ዜና በአማርኛ Arabic عربي Azeri AZƏRBAYCAN Bangla বাংলা Burmese မြန်မာ Chinese 中文网 Dari دری French AFRIQUE Hausa HAUSA Hindi हिन्दी Gaelic NAIDHEACHDAN Gujarati ગુજરાતીમાં સમાચાર Igbo AKỤKỌ N’IGBO Indonesian INDONESIA Japanese 日本語 Kinyarwanda GAHUZA Kirundi KIRUNDI Korean 한국어 Kyrgyz Кыргыз Marathi मराठी Nepali नेपाली Noticias para hispanoparlantes Pashto پښتو Persian فارسی Pidgin Polish PO POLSKU Portuguese BRASIL Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ Russian НА РУССКОМ Serbian NA SRPSKOM Sinhala සිංහල Somali SOMALI Swahili HABARI KWA KISWAHILI Tamil தமிழில் செய்திகள் Telugu తెలుగు వార్తలు Thai ข่าวภาษาไทย Tigrinya ዜና ብትግርኛ Turkish TÜRKÇE Ukrainian УКРАЇНСЬКA Urdu اردو Uzbek O'ZBEK Vietnamese TIẾNG VIỆT Welsh NEWYDDION Yoruba ÌRÒYÌN NÍ YORÙBÁ The BBC is in multiple languages Read the BBC In your own language Terms of Use Subscription Terms About the BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Accessibility Help Contact the BBC Advertise with us Do not share or sell my info BBC.com Help & FAQs Content Index Terms of Use Subscription Terms About the BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Accessibility Help Contact the BBC Advertise with us Do not share or sell my info BBC.com Help & FAQs Content Index Copyright 2026 BBC. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 General 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 General 2 Births and deaths 3 Nobel Prizes 4 New English words 5 See also 6 References 2016 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Ladin Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Eswatini Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Marshall Islands Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nauru Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa Solomon Islands South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union United Nations Categories Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain v t e v t e 2016 was designated as: International Year of Pulses by the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly . [ 1 ] International Year of Global Understanding (IYGU) by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Social Science Council (ISSC), and the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences (CIPSH). [ 2 ] Events January January 3 – Following the fallout caused by the execution of Nimr al-Nimr , Saudi Arabia and several other countries end their diplomatic relations with Iran . [ 3 ] January 8 – Joaquín Guzmán , widely regarded as the world's most powerful drug trafficker, is recaptured following his escape from a maximum-security prison in Mexico. [ 4 ] January 12 – Ten people are killed and 15 wounded in a bombing near the Blue Mosque in Istanbul . [ 5 ] January 16 The International Atomic Energy Agency announces that Iran has adequately dismantled its nuclear weapons program , allowing the United Nations to lift sanctions immediately. [ 6 ] 30 people are killed and 56 injured in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso , targeting a hotel and a nearby restaurant. A siege occurs and 176 hostages are released afterwards, by government forces. [ 7 ] In the general election of the Republic of China (Taiwan) , the Democratic Progressive Party, led by Tsai Ing-wen , secured a majority in the Legislative Yuan, resulting in the first majority by a non-KMT party and the first majority won by the DPP. Tsai became the 14th President for Taiwan , and also became the first female leader in China. [ 8 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency announces that Iran has adequately dismantled its nuclear weapons program , allowing the United Nations to lift sanctions immediately. [ 6 ] 30 people are killed and 56 injured in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso , targeting a hotel and a nearby restaurant. A siege occurs and 176 hostages are released afterwards, by government forces. [ 7 ] In the general election of the Republic of China (Taiwan) , the Democratic Progressive Party, led by Tsai Ing-wen , secured a majority in the Legislative Yuan, resulting in the first majority by a non-KMT party and the first majority won by the DPP. Tsai became the 14th President for Taiwan , and also became the first female leader in China. [ 8 ] January 28 – The World Health Organization announces an outbreak of the Zika virus . [ 9 ] February February 6 – An earthquake of magnitude 6.6 strikes southern Taiwan , killing 117 people. [ 10 ] February 7 – North Korea launches a reconnaissance satellite named Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into space, it is condemned internationally as a long-range ballistic missile test. [ 11 ] February 12 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their schism in 1054. [ 12 ] March March 14 – The ESA and Roscosmos launch the joint ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter on a mission to Mars . [ 13 ] March 21 The International Criminal Court finds former Congolese Vice President Jean-Pierre Bemba guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first time the ICC convicted someone of sexual violence. [ 14 ] Barack Obama visits Cuba , marking the first time a sitting US president has visited the island nation since President Calvin Coolidge visited in 1928. [ 15 ] The International Criminal Court finds former Congolese Vice President Jean-Pierre Bemba guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first time the ICC convicted someone of sexual violence. [ 14 ] Barack Obama visits Cuba , marking the first time a sitting US president has visited the island nation since President Calvin Coolidge visited in 1928. [ 15 ] March 22 – 2016 Brussels bombings : Suicide bombing attacks at Brussels' Zaventem airport and Maalbeek metro station kill 35 people and injure 300 more. [ 16 ] March 24 – Ex-Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić is sentenced to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War . [ 17 ] April April 1 – 5 – 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes : Clashes occur along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact with the Artsakh Defense Army , backed by the Armenian Armed Forces , on one side and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces on the other. The US State Department estimates that a total of 350 people have been killed in the clashes, which have been defined as "the worst" since the 1994 ceasefire . [ 18 ] April 3 – The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publish the " Panama Papers ", a set of 11.5 million confidential documents from the Panamanian corporate Mossack Fonseca that provides detailed information on more than 214,000 offshore companies, including the identities of shareholders and directors including noted personalities and heads of state . [ 19 ] April 8 – Pope Francis ' apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia (dated March 19) is published in the Vatican; it appears to amend the Roman Catholic Church's position on the availability of sacraments to Catholics who have divorced and contracted a civil remarriage. [ 20 ] April 16 – An earthquake of magnitude 7.8 strikes northwestern Ecuador killing 676 people and injuring over 6,000. Widespread damage was caused across Manabí Province , with structures hundreds of kilometres away from the epicenter collapsing. April 23 – American singer-songwriter Beyoncé releases her sixth studio album Lemonade . May May 2 – Leicester City are officially confirmed Premier League Champions against 5000:1 odds at the start of the season. May 9 – Rodrigo Duterte is elected the President of the Philippines . May 10 – 14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 is held in Stockholm , Sweden , and is won by Ukrainian entrant Jamala with the song " 1944 ". May 19 – EgyptAir Flight 804 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea en route from Paris to Cairo , killing all 66 people on board. [ 21 ] May 20 – Tsai Ing-wen is sworn in as the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) . [ 22 ] May 28 – Real Madrid wins The UEFA Champions League against Atlético de Madrid by penalties 5–3 in San Siro in Milan , Italy May 29 – The 100th Indianapolis 500 is held and is won by rookie Alexander Rossi . May 30 – Former Chadian President Hissène Habré is sentenced to life in prison for crimes against humanity committed during his tenure from 1982 to 1990 , the first time an African Union -backed court has convicted a former ruler of a country within its jurisdiction. [ 23 ] June June 1 – The Gotthard Base Tunnel , the world's longest and deepest railway tunnel, is opened following two decades of construction work. [ 24 ] June 10 – July 10 – France hosts the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, which is won by Portugal . [ 25 ] June 10 – Christina Grimmie was shot dead while signing autographs and taking pictures with her fans following a concert performance at the Plaza Live in Orlando, Florida . June 12 – A gunman claiming allegiance to the Islamic State opens fire at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, killing 49 people and injuring 53 others. [ 26 ] June 23 – The United Kingdom votes in a referendum to leave the European Union , triggering the so-called Brexit . [ 27 ] June 28 – 2016 Atatürk Airport attack : ISIL is suspected to be responsible for attacking Atatürk Airport in Istanbul , Turkey, killing 44 people and injuring over 230 others. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] July July 1 – Latvia becomes the 35th member of the OECD . [ 30 ] July 2 – 2016 Australian federal election : Malcolm Turnbull 's Liberal/National Coalition Government is narrowly re-elected, [ 31 ] defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Shorten . [ 32 ] July 5 – NASA 's Juno spacecraft enters orbit around Jupiter and begins a 20-month survey of the planet. [ 33 ] July 6 – The augmented reality mobile game Pokémon Go is released, breaking numerous records in terms of sales and revenue. [ 34 ] July 12 – The Philippines wins the arbitration case they filed at the Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding the legality of China 's " nine-dash line " claim over the South China Sea under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . [ 35 ] [ 36 ] July 14 – 2016 Nice truck attack : 86 people are killed and more than 400 others injured in a truck attack in Nice , France, during Bastille Day celebrations. [ 37 ] July 15 – 16 – In Turkey , a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council , unsuccessfully stages a coup against the state institutions , resulting in the deaths of at least 240 people and triggering a series of unprecedented purges throughout the country. [ 38 ] July 22 – The final videocassette recorder is manufactured by the Japanese company Funai . [ 39 ] July 26 – Swiss Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth. [ 40 ] August August 3 – Emirates Flight 521 crashed at Dubai International Airport in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . 1 person was killed and 39 people were injured. [ 41 ] August 5 – 21 – The 2016 Summer Olympics are held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , the first time in South America. [ 42 ] August 24 – An earthquake of magnitude 6.2 hits central Italy, killing 299 people. August 31 – The Brazilian Senate votes (61–20) to impeach the President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff . The Vice President of Brazil , Michel Temer , who had assumed the presidential powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during Rousseff's suspension, takes office for the remainder of her term. [ 43 ] September September 1 – An annular solar eclipse was visible from Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Mozambique and Madagascar. September 3 – The US and China, together responsible for 40% of the world's carbon emissions , both formally join the Paris global climate agreement . [ 44 ] September 8 – NASA launches OSIRIS-REx , its first asteroid sample return mission . The probe visited Bennu from 2018 to 2021 and would return samples to Earth on September 24, 2023 . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] September 9 – The government of North Korea conducts its fifth and reportedly biggest nuclear test . World leaders condemn the act, with South Korea calling it "maniacal recklessness". [ 48 ] September 28 International investigators conclude that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Buk missile that came from an area controlled by pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine. [ 49 ] Global CO 2 levels exceed 400 ppm at the time of year normally associated with minimum levels. [ 50 ] A 400 ppm level is believed to be higher than anything experienced in human history. [ 51 ] International investigators conclude that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Buk missile that came from an area controlled by pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine. [ 49 ] Global CO 2 levels exceed 400 ppm at the time of year normally associated with minimum levels. [ 50 ] A 400 ppm level is believed to be higher than anything experienced in human history. [ 51 ] September 30 – Two paintings by Vincent van Gogh with a combined value of $100 million, Seascape at Scheveningen and Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen , are recovered after having been stolen on December 7, 2002, from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. [ 52 ] October October 3 – Hurricane Matthew makes landfall in Haiti as a category 4 hurricane, killing 842 and causing $2.8 billion in damages. [ 53 ] October 7 – Three events that will play a significant role in the 2016 United States presidential election all take place on the same afternoon: (1) U.S. intelligence agencies publicly accuse the Russian government of using computer hacking to interfere with the U.S. election process; (2) The Washington Post releases a videotape showing candidate Donald Trump privately bragging about sexual improprieties; (3) WikiLeaks releases thousands of private emails from inside the political campaign of candidate Hillary Clinton. October 13 – The Maldives announces its decision to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations . [ 54 ] October 14 – American missionary and aid worker Jeff Woodke is kidnapped in Abalak, Niger by militants. He would not be freed for six years. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] October 15 – 150 nations meet at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) summit in Rwanda and agree to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . [ 57 ] November November 1 – The number of people globally using mobile devices to access the internet overtakes those using desktop computers for the first time, having been preceded by the U.S. two years prior. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] November 2 – The Chicago Cubs win the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the longest championship drought in North American sports history. [ 63 ] November 6 – The government of India announces the demonetisation of certain banknotes , causing prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that follow and significant disruption throughout the economy. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] November 8 – 2016 United States presidential election : Businessman and television personality Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States in a surprise victory against his opponent, former Secretary of State and First Lady Hillary Clinton . [ 66 ] November 18 – The remains of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos are buried in a private ceremony at the Libingan ng mga Bayani prompting protests throughout the Philippines . [ 67 ] [ 68 ] November 24 – The Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army sign a revised peace deal , slowing the Colombian conflict . [ 69 ] November 28 – LaMia Flight 2933 crashes into a mountain near Medellín , Colombia, killing 71 of the 77 people on board, including members of the Brazilian Chapecoense football squad . December December 1 – Following a mourning period of seven weeks after the death and funeral of Bhumibol Adulyadej , Vajiralongkorn formally succeeds his late father as the new King of Thailand . [ 70 ] December 4 – A constitutional referendum is held in Italy , resulting in the resignation of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi . December 9 – South Korean President Park Geun-hye is suspended after MPs vote to impeach her, following a political scandal . December 19 Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador to Turkey, is assassinated by an off-duty Turkish police officer at an art exhibition in Ankara . [ 71 ] Berlin truck attack : A truck is deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin , leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured. Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador to Turkey, is assassinated by an off-duty Turkish police officer at an art exhibition in Ankara . [ 71 ] Berlin truck attack : A truck is deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin , leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured. December 22 – A study finds the VSV-EBOV vaccine against the Ebola virus between 70 and 100% effective, thus making it the first proven vaccine against the disease. [ 72 ] December 23 – The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 2334 condemning " Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 ". [ 73 ] December 25 – 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash : A Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashes into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport , Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base , Syria. All 92 people on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces , are killed. [ 74 ] December 28 – The chemical elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 are officially named Nihonium , Moscovium , Tennessine and Oganesson . [ 75 ] [ 76 ] December 29 – The Helsinki District Court gives Jari Aarnio , the former head of anti-drugs police, to ten-year prison sentence for drug crimes as part of a rare police corruption scandal in Finland . [ 77 ] December 31 Withdrawal of the majority of U.S. troops from Afghanistan after 15 years of war. [ 78 ] An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end of the year. The last time this occurred was in June 2015 . [ 79 ] Withdrawal of the majority of U.S. troops from Afghanistan after 15 years of war. [ 78 ] An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end of the year. The last time this occurred was in June 2015 . [ 79 ] General Pemon conflict in Venezuela. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Beginning of the famine in Yemen . [ 83 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Ben Feringa , Jean-Pierre Sauvage , Fraser Stoddart Economics – Oliver Hart , Bengt R. Holmström Literature – Bob Dylan Peace – Juan Manuel Santos Physics – John M. Kosterlitz , Duncan Haldane , David J. Thouless Physiology or Medicine – Yoshinori Ohsumi New English words dark kitchen moscovium nihonium oganesson tennessine See also 2010s political history List of international years 2010s portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Observances: International Years" . 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Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 (12): 1225– 1229. doi : 10.1515/pac-2016-0501 . eISSN 1365-3075 . hdl : 1887/47427 . ISSN 0033-4545 . S2CID 99429711 . ^ "Finland jails police chief Aarnio for drug-smuggling" . BBC News . December 29, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2025 . ^ Sennott, Charles M. (May 5, 2015). "The First Battle of the 21st Century" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on July 30, 2019 . Retrieved May 15, 2015 . Even after 14 years of war in Afghanistan, the U.S. military has not fully succeeded in restoring security to the country or defeating the Taliban. Now, at the request of the new Afghan government, the United States has delayed the completion of its troop withdrawal from the country until 2016 at the earliest. ^ "New Year delayed by one second" . BBC News . December 31, 2016 . Retrieved November 25, 2025 . ^ Ebus, Bram (June 8, 2019). "Venezuela's mining arc: a legal veneer for armed groups to plunder" . The Guardian . 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Watch: Danes and Americans react to US threats against Greenland People expressed concern and surprise in Copenhagen and the 'Danish Capital of America', Solvang, California, as Trump doubled down on his bid to bring Greenland under US control. Denmark and Greenland's foreign ministers travelled to Washington for a meeting with US Vice-President JD Vance on Wednesday. Danish Foreign Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen said while the talks were constructive, there remained a "fundamental disagreement" between the two sides and later criticised US President Donald Trump's bid to buy Greenland. Although Trump did not rule out the use of force, he said late on Wednesday that he thought something could be worked out with the semi-autonomous Danish territory. Several European states have sent soldiers to Greenland's capital, Nuuk, as part of a so-called reconnaissance mission. Watch: Astronauts return to Earth after medical evacuation Four astronauts who left the International Space Station (ISS) a month early due to one of the crew members falling ill have returned to Earth on Thursday. US & Canada Watch: Moment Nasa astronauts undock from space station A medical issue prompted the first-ever emergency return from the International Space Station, which was put into Earth's orbit in 1998. US & Canada Video shows moment US immigration agent fatally shoots woman A woman in a car was shot and killed by a US immigration officer on a residential street in Minnesota. US & Canada Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. US & Canada Watch: Moment more than 80,000 teddy bears fly onto ice rink A total of 81,796 stuffed toys hit the ice rink in a moment of "sweet, cuddly mayhem" at an American Hockey League game. US & Canada Watch: Over 100 firefighters on the scene of Denver blaze No injuries have been reported as a result of the fire, with the cause still under investigation. US & Canada Watch: Residents kayak and wade through flood waters in California Bay Area The region is preparing for up 2.5ft (.76m) of coastal flooding over the weekend due to rain and increased king tides this time of year. US & Canada Watch: Moment 400-pound runaway prop injures Disney employee The incident took place during a live recreation of a scene from the film of Indiana Jones US & Canada Zohran Mamdani sworn in as first Muslim New York City Mayor The Democratic politician took his oath over a Quran in the disused Old City Hall subway station. US & Canada Crystals and LEDs: a look at the Times Square New Year's Eve ball The 'Constellation Ball' will drop to ring in 2026 for New York City. US & Canada Housing, Europe ties, economy... what Canadians are hopeful for in 2026 The BBC spoke to people in Toronto and Montreal to find out what they’re optimistic about heading into the new year. US & Canada Watch: Bomb cyclone hits parts of the US with heavy snow The powerful storm system brought blizzard conditions to areas of the Midwest and East Coast causing some travel delays. US & Canada Watch: Mudslides, flooding and debris - storms batter southern California Governor Gavin Newsom has declared a state of emergency for parts of California, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Diego. US & Canada Watch: Moment robbers rip ATM from inside Texas store The White Settlement Police Department is searching for two suspects. US & Canada Where is Santa now? Trump answers kids' Christmas calls to Norad tracker Norad got some help from President Donald Trump as it marked its 70th year tracking Santa Claus on Christmas Eve. US & Canada Watch: Kīlauea volcano sends lava fountains 1,400ft into the air Fountains of fiery red lava erupted from Hawaii’s Kīlauea volcano late Tuesday, continuing for nearly six hours before ending abruptly early on Christmas Eve. US & Canada Ho Ho No! Santa pulled over for speeding in Ohio Santa is speeding through his Christmas deliveries, but a sheriff had to stop him for "flying a little too fast". US & Canada Watch: Rescuers find survivor in wreckage of Mexican Navy medical flight Footage captures the moment rescuers discover a survivor in the wreckage of a plane crash that killed at least 5 people, with one person still missing. US & Canada AI app apologises over false crime alerts across US An AI-powered app called CrimeRadar has apologised for the distress caused by false crime alerts issued to local US communities after a BBC Verify investigation. US & Canada Watch: JD Vance and Nicki Minaj speak to conservative youth at AmericaFest The rapper's comments led to an unexpected moment when she referred to Vice President Vance as an 'assassin' in front of Erika Kirk. US & Canada Watch: Astronauts return to Earth after medical evacuation Four astronauts who left the International Space Station (ISS) a month early due to one of the crew members falling ill have returned to Earth on Thursday. Watch: Moment Nasa astronauts undock from space station A medical issue prompted the first-ever emergency return from the International Space Station, which was put into Earth's orbit in 1998. Video shows moment US immigration agent fatally shoots woman A woman in a car was shot and killed by a US immigration officer on a residential street in Minnesota. Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. Watch: Moment more than 80,000 teddy bears fly onto ice rink A total of 81,796 stuffed toys hit the ice rink in a moment of "sweet, cuddly mayhem" at an American Hockey League game. Watch: Over 100 firefighters on the scene of Denver blaze No injuries have been reported as a result of the fire, with the cause still under investigation. Watch: Residents kayak and wade through flood waters in California Bay Area The region is preparing for up 2.5ft (.76m) of coastal flooding over the weekend due to rain and increased king tides this time of year. Watch: Moment 400-pound runaway prop injures Disney employee The incident took place during a live recreation of a scene from the film of Indiana Jones Zohran Mamdani sworn in as first Muslim New York City Mayor The Democratic politician took his oath over a Quran in the disused Old City Hall subway station. Crystals and LEDs: a look at the Times Square New Year's Eve ball The 'Constellation Ball' will drop to ring in 2026 for New York City. Housing, Europe ties, economy... what Canadians are hopeful for in 2026 The BBC spoke to people in Toronto and Montreal to find out what they’re optimistic about heading into the new year. Watch: Bomb cyclone hits parts of the US with heavy snow The powerful storm system brought blizzard conditions to areas of the Midwest and East Coast causing some travel delays. Watch: Mudslides, flooding and debris - storms batter southern California Governor Gavin Newsom has declared a state of emergency for parts of California, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Diego. Watch: Moment robbers rip ATM from inside Texas store The White Settlement Police Department is searching for two suspects. Where is Santa now? Trump answers kids' Christmas calls to Norad tracker Norad got some help from President Donald Trump as it marked its 70th year tracking Santa Claus on Christmas Eve. Watch: Kīlauea volcano sends lava fountains 1,400ft into the air Fountains of fiery red lava erupted from Hawaii’s Kīlauea volcano late Tuesday, continuing for nearly six hours before ending abruptly early on Christmas Eve. Ho Ho No! Santa pulled over for speeding in Ohio Santa is speeding through his Christmas deliveries, but a sheriff had to stop him for "flying a little too fast". Watch: Rescuers find survivor in wreckage of Mexican Navy medical flight Footage captures the moment rescuers discover a survivor in the wreckage of a plane crash that killed at least 5 people, with one person still missing. AI app apologises over false crime alerts across US An AI-powered app called CrimeRadar has apologised for the distress caused by false crime alerts issued to local US communities after a BBC Verify investigation. Watch: JD Vance and Nicki Minaj speak to conservative youth at AmericaFest The rapper's comments led to an unexpected moment when she referred to Vice President Vance as an 'assassin' in front of Erika Kirk. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 2.1 Four major elements 2.2 Encyclopedic dictionaries 2.3 Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries 2.1 Four major elements 2.2 Encyclopedic dictionaries 2.3 Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries 3 Pre-modern encyclopedias 4 Printed encyclopedias Toggle Printed encyclopedias subsection 4.1 Encyclopédie 4.2 Encyclopædia Britannica 4.3 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 4.4 Encyclopedias in the United States 4.1 Encyclopédie 4.2 Encyclopædia Britannica 4.3 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 4.4 Encyclopedias in the United States 5 Digital encyclopedias Toggle Digital encyclopedias subsection 5.1 Physical media 5.2 Online 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 5.1 Physical media 5.2 Online 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Cited works 8.1 Cited works 9 External links Encyclopedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiatun Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item An encyclopedia [ a ] is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge , either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by article name [ 3 ] or by thematic categories, or, on online encyclopedias , are hyperlinked and searchable. [ 4 ] Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title; [ 5 ] this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words , such as their etymology , meaning, pronunciation , use, and grammatical forms. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years [ 10 ] and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective (authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries , schools , and other educational institutions. [ 11 ] In the 21st century, the appearance of digital and open-source versions such as Wikipedia (together with the wiki website format) has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries. [ 12 ] Etymology The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine Greek ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία , [ 13 ] transliterated enkúklios paideía ' general education ' , from enkúklios ( ἐγκύκλιος ) ' circular, recurrent, required regularly, general ' [ 5 ] [ 14 ] and paideía ( παιδεία ) ' education, rearing of a child ' ; together, the phrase literally translates as ' complete instruction, complete knowledge ' . [ 15 ] However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error [ 16 ] by copyists of a Latin manuscript edition of Quintillian in 1470. [ 17 ] The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkuklopaideía , with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the Neo-Latin word encyclopaedia , which was in turn borrowed into English. Because of this compounded word, readers since the fifteenth century have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and Pliny described an ancient genre. [ 18 ] Following Noah Webster 's spelling reform , [ 19 ] the spelling of the word varies between encyclopedia in American English, encyclopaedia in British English (although the spelling encyclopedia is increasingly gaining acceptance), and encyclopædia in certain specialized cases. [ 20 ] Characteristics The modern encyclopedia evolved from the dictionary in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias. [ 21 ] Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated authors, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of words and their definitions . Synonymous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information , analysis or background for the word defined. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term , and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. [ 24 ] To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or discipline . The Merriam-Webster definition of encyclopedia states that it is "a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject". [ 25 ] In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations , as well as bibliography and statistics . [ 5 ] In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia. [ 26 ] Four major elements Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production: Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field [ 27 ] (the English-language Encyclopædia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well-known examples). [ 2 ] General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers . [ 27 ] There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica . [ 24 ] Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine , philosophy or law . Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the target audience . Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the alphabetical method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by hierarchical categories. [ 4 ] The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media , however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference . The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 18th century Encyclopédie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection." [ 28 ] As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. [ 29 ] Projects such as Interpedia , Everything2 , Microsoft Encarta , h2g2 , and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts; such was the case of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, [ 30 ] while the Britannica was supported as a for-profit institution. Encyclopedic dictionaries Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages , the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships , and Black's Law Dictionary ). The Macquarie Dictionary , Australia's national dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns. Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries. [ 3 ] [ 31 ] There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be. [ 6 ] In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries. [ 8 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa. [ 32 ] In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Pre-modern encyclopedias The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the Natural History of Pliny the Elder , a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD, [ 5 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] a work indebted to Varro (1st century BCE). [ 36 ] He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering natural history , architecture, medicine, geography , geology, and all aspects of the world around him. [ 35 ] This work became very popular in antiquity , was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the Roman world, and especially Roman art , Roman technology and Roman engineering . The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville was the first Christian writer to try to compile a summa of universal knowledge, the Etymologiae ( c. 600–625 ), also known by classicists as the Origines (abbreviated Orig .). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian epitome —formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books [ 37 ] based on hundreds of classical sources, including the Naturalis Historia . Of the Etymologiae in its time it was said quaecunque fere sciri debentur , "practically everything that it is necessary to know". [ 38 ] [ 34 ] Among the areas covered were: grammar , rhetoric , mathematics , geometry , music , astronomy , medicine , law , the Catholic Church and heretical sects, pagan philosophers , languages , cities , animals and birds , the physical world , geography , public buildings , roads , metals , rocks , agriculture , ships , clothes , food , and tools . Another Christian encyclopedia was the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum of Cassiodorus (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts. [ 34 ] [ 5 ] The encyclopedia of Suda , a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries (broadly alphabetically arranged), many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. [ 34 ] From India, the Siribhoovalaya (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), variously dated to c. 800 AD, the 15th century, [ 39 ] or an even more recent time, is a work of Kannada literature written by Kumudendu Muni , a Jain monk. [ 40 ] It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in Kannada numerals . Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work. The 2nd century BC reference work Shiben has been described as a Chinese encyclopedia of genealogies, while the Huanglan , completed in the 220s, was an early leishu encyclopedia. The Yiwen Leiju , completed in 624, was a landmark literature encyclopedia of the early Tang dynasty . The Tongdian , Tongzhi and Wenxian Tongkao were three comprehensive encyclopedias of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and were collectively referred to as the Three Tongs ( Santong ). The enormous encyclopedic works of the Four Great Books of Song , compiled by the 11th century during the early Song dynasty (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau , amounted to 9.4 million Chinese characters in 1,000 written volumes. The Yongle Encyclopedia (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes, making it the largest paper encyclopedia in world history. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen (active 1290–1333) with his Nong Shu of 1313; and Song Yingxing (1587–1666) with his Tiangong Kaiwu . Song Yingxing was termed the " Diderot of China" by British historian Joseph Needham . [ 43 ] Printed encyclopedias This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Encyclopedia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. The introduction of printing from Asia allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. Nuremberg Chronicle from 1493 is one of the best-documented early printed books—an incunabulum —and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text. Both Latin and German editions were printed by Anton Koberger in Nuremberg. [ 44 ] The De expetendis et fugiendis rebus by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo Manuzio in Venice . This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by Archimedes ), newly discovered and translated. The Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch , printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the seven liberal arts . Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws. John Harris is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. Sir Isaac Newton contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710. Encyclopédie Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. The Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ( French for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'), better known as the Encyclopédie ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi] ), was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, an index, and translations. It had many contributors, known among contemporaries as the Encyclopédistes . It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert . [ 46 ] The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment . According to Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie 's aim was "to change the way people think" and to allow people to inform themselves. [ 47 ] Diderot hoped the Encyclopédie would disseminate a vast amount of knowledge to the present and future generations. [ 48 ] Thus, it is an example of democratization of knowledge , though the high price of the first edition especially (980 livres) prevented it from being bought by much of the middle class. [ 49 ] The Encyclopédie was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the mechanical arts in much detail. In the first edition, seventeen folio volumes of text were accompanied by eleven volumes of engravings. Later editions were published in smaller formats and with fewer engravings in order to reach a wider audience within Europe. [ 50 ] Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica ( Latin for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia . It has been published since 1768, and after several ownership changes is currently owned by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. [ 51 ] Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia at the website Britannica.com . Printed for 245 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh , Scotland, in weekly instalments that came together to form three volumes. At first, the encyclopaedia, from edition to edition, grew quickly in size. The second edition was extended to 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), the Britannica had expanded to 20 volumes. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, its size (at least in terms of total word length) has remained roughly steady, at about 40 million words. [ 52 ] The Britannica 's rising stature as an authoritative and scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors , and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained British English spelling . In 1932, the Britannica adopted a policy of "continuous revision," in which the encyclopaedia is continually revised and reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. [ 53 ] The publishers of Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia had already pioneered such a policy. [ 54 ] The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume Macropædia of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single Propædia volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge. The Micropædia was meant for quick fact-checking and as a guide to the Macropædia ; readers are advised to study the Propædia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. In the 21st century, the Britannica faced strong competition: in particular from the digital and multimedia encyclopaedia Microsoft Encarta , [ 55 ] and later from the online peer-produced encyclopaedia Wikipedia . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Despite (or perhaps because of) such competition, Britannica retained its reputation for authoritative, comprehensive, structured, and scholarly treatments of included subjects. [ 59 ] While it continued to score well in assessments of its overall quality, [ 60 ] as compared to its competitors, it could not (as an expert-authored compilation of a limited number of articles on only important subjects), match their breadth of coverage and continuous updating. [ 57 ] In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. [ 57 ] [ 61 ] Brockhaus Enzyklopädie The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie ( German for Brockhaus Encyclopedia ) is a German-language encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house. The first edition originated in the Conversations-Lexikon published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in Leipzig 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current [update] 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century. In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an online encyclopedia and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the Brockhaus trademark were purchased by Arvato services , a subsidiary of the Bertelsmann media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014. Encyclopedias in the United States In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were World Book and Funk and Wagnalls . As many as 90% were sold door to door . [ 33 ] Jack Lynch says in his book You Could Look It Up that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 World Book ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form. [ 62 ] As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were Collier's Encyclopedia and Encyclopedia Americana . [ 63 ] Digital encyclopedias Physical media By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with personal computers . This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, DVD discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, internet encyclopedias were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias. [ 5 ] CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a macOS or Microsoft Windows (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually hyperlinked and also included photographs , audio clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and video clips . In the CD-ROM age, the video clips usually had a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called multimedia encyclopedias . Microsoft 's Encarta , launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. It featured around 25,000 articles, supplemented with 7,000 high-quality images, 9 hours of audio files, and 30 videos. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009 with the rise of the Internet. [ 64 ] Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia and Britannica . Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as Wikimedia Enterprise ) to facilitate programmatic access to the content. [ 65 ] Online An online encyclopedia , also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the Internet . Some examples include pre- World Wide Web services that offered the Academic American Encyclopedia beginning in 1980, [ 66 ] Encyclopedia.com since 1998, Encarta from 2000 to 2009, Wikipedia since 2001, and Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016. Free encyclopedias The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the Interpedia proposal on Usenet in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based online encyclopedia to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included Everything2 and Open Site . In 1999, Richard Stallman proposed the GNUPedia , an online encyclopedia which, similar to the GNU operating system , would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's GNU philosophy. It was not until Nupedia and later Wikipedia that a stable free encyclopedia project could be established on the Internet. The English Wikipedia , which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage. [ 67 ] By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the copyleft GNU Free Documentation License . As of August 2009, [update] Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has 7,122,673 articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages. [ 68 ] Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including Hudong (2005–) and Baidu Baike (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's Knol (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including the Spanish encyclopedia Enciclopedia Libre (2002–2021) and the English encyclopedias Conservapedia (2006–), Scholarpedia (2006–), and Citizendium (2007–). See also Literature portal Education portal Bibliography of encyclopedias Biographical dictionary Encyclopedic knowledge Encyclopedism Fictitious entry History of science and technology Lexicography Library science Lists of encyclopedias Thesaurus Speculum literature Notes ^ Also spelled encyclopaedia in British English ; from Ancient Greek : ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία , romanized : enkyklios paideia References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Encyclopedia" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007. ^ a b "What are Reference Resources?" . Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . ^ a b "Encyclopedia" . Merriam-Webster . Archived from the original on September 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?" . Language Humanities . Archived from the original on September 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6 ^ a b "Encyclopaedia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on December 16, 2010 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand. ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. ^ a b Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I . Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words. ^ "A Short History of the Greatest Encyclopedias of Past and Present" . www.publishinghistory.com . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "250 Years of the Encyclopaedia Britannica – And Chicago's Role in Its Success" . WTTW Chicago . December 6, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013). Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78265-4 . ^ Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία Archived February 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria , 1.10.1, at Perseus Project ^ ἐγκύκλιος Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , at Perseus Project ^ παιδεία Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , at Perseus Project ^ According to some accounts, such as the American Heritage Dictionary Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία enkuklopaideía . ^ Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age . Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780226260709 . ^ König, Jason (2013). Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance . New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-107-03823-3 . ^ Cook & Ryan 2016 , p. 418. ^ Cook & Ryan 2016 , p. 121. ^ As explained by Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge: University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-521-15292-1 ^ "Dictionary vs. Encyclopedia - What's the Difference?" . This vs. That . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ curious, Patrick FROMAGET I. am very; web, I. love to learn about all types of subjects Thanks to my experience on the; site :), I. share my discoveries with you on this. "Differences Between Encyclopedia and Dictionary – AllDifferences" . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ a b "Encyclopedias" . Oregon School Library Information System . Archived from the original on April 25, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "Definition of ENCYCLOPEDIA" . www.merriam-webster.com . May 31, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "Definition of COMPENDIUM" . www.merriam-webster.com . June 1, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ a b Wilkins, Paige. "Guides: Types of Sources: Encyclopedias" . libguides.wpi.edu . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Allan, David (2003). "Some Methods and Problems in the History of Reading: Georgian England and the Scottish Enlightenme" . Journal of Historical Society . 3 : 91– 124. doi : 10.1111/1540-5923.00048 – via ResearchGate. ^ Miza, Jessica (February 4, 2025). "Clarifying the Role of Encyclopedias in Research" . www.atlas.org . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Great Soviet encyclopedia . Internet Archive. New York, Macmillan. 1973. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. pp. 48– 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning ... ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography . Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6 . The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa. ^ a b Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017). "Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . ^ a b c d "History of Encyclopaedias" . Britannica . Archived from the original on October 6, 2022 . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . ^ a b Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). "Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 5, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ Sordet, Yann (2021). Histoire du livre et de l'édition (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 36. 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"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 14, 2012 . Retrieved March 13, 2012 . ^ Jeff Loveland, "Why Encyclopedias Got Bigger ... and Smaller," Information and Culture 47 (2012): 244. ^ Paul Kruse, "The Story of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1768-1943," PhD dissertation (University of Chicago, 1958), 389. ^ M. A. Khan, The Principles and Practice of Library Science (New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 1996), 281. ^ Carmody, Tim (March 14, 2012). "Wikipedia Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . Note that in 1985 Microsoft approached Encyclopaedia Britannica to collaborate on digitizing and releasing Britannica's material on CD-ROM; this collaboration did not eventuate, and Microsoft then pursued deals with other encyclopaedia companies (including Funk and Wagnalls ) instead. ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . 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The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (1 ed.). Routledge. doi : 10.4324/9781315670003 . ISBN 978-1-317-36581-5 . Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . Darnton, Robert (1979). The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 . Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08785-9 . Ditmanson, Peter (September 17, 2018). "The Ming dynasty (pre-1521)". In Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-53822-6 . Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (July 25, 2019). Introduction to the Urban History of China . Springer. ISBN 978-981-13-8207-9 . Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981). Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0256-9 . OCLC 10645788 . Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994). Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0467-9 . OCLC 30787125 . Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic". Science and Civilization in China . Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-521-30358-3 . OCLC 59245877 . Rosenzweig, Roy (June 2006). "Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past" . Journal of American History . 93 (1): 117– 46. doi : 10.2307/4486062 . ISSN 1945-2314 . JSTOR 4486062 . Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Ioannides, Marinos (2006). The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century . Budapest: Archaeolingua. ISBN 963-8046-73-2 . OCLC 218599120 . Walsh, S. Padraig (1968). Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967 . New York: Bowker. p. 270. OCLC 577541 . Yeo, Richard R. (2001). Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture . Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65191-2 . OCLC 45828872 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2014 . Retrieved April 15, 2014 . External links Encyclopaedia and Hypertext Internet Accuracy Project – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs "Encyclopedia" – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original Encyclopédie . De expetendis et fugiendis rebus – First Renaissance encyclopedia Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias ; Archived July 18, 2001, at the Wayback Machine "Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips" – CNET article Encyclopedias online University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category Chambers' Cyclopaedia , 1728, with the 1753 supplement Encyclopædia Americana , 1851, Francis Lieber ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site Encyclopædia Britannica , articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Electoral system 3 Candidates 4 Conduct Toggle Conduct subsection 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 5 Results Toggle Results subsection 5.1 President 5.1 President 6 References 7 External links 2025 Central African general election Bislama Català Español Français Português کوردی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item ← 2020–21 28 December 2025 Presidential election Registered 2,398,158 [ 1 ] Turnout 52.42% 17.17pp Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e General elections were held in the Central African Republic on 28 December 2025. Incumbent president Faustin-Archange Touadéra was eligible for re-election after presidential term limits were removed by the 2023 Central African constitutional referendum , and was seeking his third term in office. The ruling United Hearts Movement , led by Touadéra, has been accused of repressing political opposition in the Central African Republic (CAR), and attempting to use the powers of the state to prevent opposition candidates from contesting in the election. [ 2 ] Background President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was initially limited to two terms, by term limits set in the constitution; however, he put forward revisions to the constitution that would remove term limits and extend presidential terms from 5 years, to 7. In 2023, a referendum was called to ratify these changes. Danièle Darlan , head of the Constitutional Court, ruled that the proposed referendum was illegal, but she was replaced by Touadéra. [ 3 ] Opposition parties boycotted the referendum but it was approved with 95% of the vote. The Wagner Group provided security and logistical support for the conduct of referendum. [ 4 ] Opposition leaders, such as Dominique Yandocka, were imprisoned despite their immunity as members of Parliament and opposition parties were banned from holding rallies. [ 5 ] 570,000 voters were registered by MINUSCA . [ 6 ] By February 2025, 98% of the voter registration centres in the CAR were open, although 58 were still closed due to violence, and voter list revisions were done in 11 out of 20 prefectures. [ 7 ] Human Rights Watch expressed concerns about the conduct of the election. [ 2 ] Electoral system The President of the Central African Republic is elected by a two-round system for a seven-year term, renewable. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the first ballot is elected. If no majority is secured, a runoff is held between the top two candidates to decide the winner. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In July 2025, officials announced that elections for local and municipal offices, which were due to be held in August 2025 after a nearly 40-year hiatus, were to instead be held concurrently with the presidential election. [ 10 ] On 7 August, the CAR's electoral commission announced that the election would be held on 28 December 2025. [ 11 ] In the event of a runoff in the presidential race, a second round of voting will be held in February 2026, while a runoff for parliamentary seats will be held on 5 April 2026. [ 12 ] Candidates On 14 November 2025, the Constitutional Court of the CAR approved seven and rejected three candidates for president. The candidates were: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Faustin-Archange Touadéra , a member of the United Hearts Movement and the incumbent president. [ 15 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé a member of the Union for Central African Renewal . [ 16 ] Henri-Marie Dondra , a member of Republican Unity (UNIR). Serge Gislan Djory, an independent candidate . Aristide Brian Ribois, an independent candidate. Eddy Simforian Kabarkuti, an independent candidate. Marcelin Yalimende, an independent candidate. Conduct Preparations for the election faced scrutiny regarding institutional readiness and security. The National Authority of Elections (ANE) worked to finalise voter lists and logistics under difficult conditions, with support from international partners and domestic observer groups. The United Nations called for reforms to strengthen the independence and capacity of electoral institutions, noting that the process is taking place amid fragile security and limited resources. [ 17 ] Campaign Campaigning began on 13 December 2025. [ 18 ] Both Georges Dologuélé and Henri-Marie Dondra accused authorities of hindering their campaign activities through travel restrictions and preventing related events, which was denied by officials of the United Hearts Movement. [ 19 ] Challenges and criticisms Observers and opposition figures raised concerns about the credibility of the upcoming elections. Reports highlight logistical delays, incomplete voter rolls, and the closure of registration centres in conflict-affected areas. [ 20 ] The 2023 constitutional referendum, which allowed President Touadéra to seek a third term, also drew criticism for being conducted in a restricted political environment. Security conditions and limited funding continue to pose challenges that could affect the transparency and inclusiveness of the December 2025 vote. [ 21 ] In October 2025, the CAR's main opposition bloc, the Republican Bloc for the Defense of the Constitution, said it will boycott the election, citing an unequal political environment. [ 22 ] Observers More than 1,700 local and international observers were accredited to monitor the election. [ 23 ] The African Union (AU) observer mission sent monitors to three of the CAR's 20 prefectures. Bernard Makuza , an AU delegation representative, said that elections were held peacefully except in Haut-Mbomou , and complied with the legal framework in force, which he said was an improvement over the 2016 and 2020 elections. [ 24 ] Results Provisional results announced on 6 January by the ANE showed that Faustin-Archange Touadéra was re-elected for a third term with 76.15% of the vote. [ 25 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé came second, receiving 14.66% of the vote. [ 26 ] Former prime minister Henri-Marie Dondra came third, receiving 3.19% of the vote. [ 27 ] Turnout among registered voters was 52.42%. [ 28 ] Both Dologuélé and Dondra disputed the results, citing alleged malpractice by the ANE and widespread electoral fraud. [ 29 ] Dologuélé declared himself the winner of the presidential election. [ 26 ] President Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Naili, Latifa (25 August 2025). "Central African Republic: Official Publication of Final Electoral Roll" . AL24 News . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ a b "Central African Republic: Concerns Over Crucial Election" . Human Rights Watch. 28 November 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2026. ^ Siegle, Joseph; Wahila, Hany (13 January 2025). "Africa's 2025 Elections: A Test of Credibility to Uphold Democratic Norms" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ Valade, Carol (9 August 2023). "Central African Republic's new constitution makes permanent Touadéra presidency possible" . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. ^ Siegle & Wahila 2025 . ^ "Signs of 'Historic Progress' towards Peace Emerge, Central African Republic's Delegate Tells Security Council, Requesting Donor Support for 2025 Elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Central African Republic faces ongoing challenges ahead of elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Proposition de Constitution de la Republique Centrafricaine" (PDF) . Sangonet (in French). March 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2020 . ^ "Code électoral de 2019" (PDF) . Droit-afrique (in French). 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2020 . ^ "Forty years and counting: CAR once again postpones local elections" . Africanews . 13 July 2025 . Retrieved 13 July 2025 . ^ Wabwireh, Dominic (8 August 2025). "Central African Republic sets 28 December 2025 for pivotal general elections" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Kouam, Joel (28 December 2025). "CAR general election gets underway as Touadéra seeks controversial third term" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 29 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic leader cleared for third term in key vote followed closely by Russia" . AP News . 17 November 2025 . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Seven Candidates in the Presidential Race in the Central African Republic" . afrocen.org . Retrieved 12 December 2025 . ^ "Central African President Touadéra launches third-term bid" . Africanews . 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . ^ "Dologuelé enters presidential race despite opposition calls for a boycott" . Africanews . 9 October 2025 . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic: UN Expert calls for urgent institutional reform of electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . OHCHR . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Campaigning starts in Central African Republic quadruple election" . France 24 . 13 December 2025 . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ "Campaign constraints cloud Central African Republic elections" . Africanews . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's president eyes third term" . DW . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ Law, Hannah Fang (28 June 2025). "UN rights expert urges reform of Central African Republic electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . Jurist . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's incumbent president, a Russian ally, eyes a third term in key elections" . AP News . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic president seeks third term in election" . France 24 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "AU observers praise 'peaceful' Central African Republic polls" . France 24 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadéra wins third term: provisional results" . Africanews . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ a b Koena, Jean-Fernand; Adetayo, Ope (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic President Faustin Archange Touadéra reelected, provisional results show" . AP News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadera wins re-election, results show" . Radio France Internationale . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic's Touadera wins third presidential term" . France24 . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Muia, Wycliffe (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. External links CAR opposition mulls strategy ahead of polls , Africa Intelligence, 27 February 2025 (requires free registration) v t e Elections and referendums in the Central African Republic v t e Presidential elections 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Parliamentary elections 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Local elections 1988 2021–22 1988 2021–22 French elections 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 Referendums 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 2025 elections in Africa December 2025 in the Central African Republic Parliamentary elections in the Central African Republic Presidential elections in the Central African Republic CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Use dmy dates from December 2025 Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:22 (UTC) . 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Latin America Strong winds and flying debris as Hurricane Melissa makes landfall Storm surges of 13 feet (3.9m) above ground level and destructive waves are expected as the storm hits Jamaica. Latin America Watch: How the US attack on Venezuela unfolded President Donald Trump has said the US will "run" Venezuela after it launched strikes on the country and captured President Nicolas Maduro. Ros Atkins on… the oil tanker being pursued by the US The BBC’s Analysis Editor Ros Atkins looks at what we know about the "active pursuit" of an oil tanker by the US Coast Guard off the coast of Venezuela. Venezuelan Nobel winner tells BBC people risked their lives for her to come to Oslo The Venezuelan opposition leader talked about she escaped Venezuela after months in hiding. BBC speaks to Nobel Peace Prize winner María Corina Machado The Venezuelan opposition leader made her first public appearance in 11 months moments before the interview. Moment skydiver crash lands onto traffic light Local police said the man was not injured in the crash in Mexico City on 9 December. CCTV shows suspects make off on foot with stolen artworks Brazilian officials say thieves held up a security guard and an elderly couple before making off with the artworks, including some by the famed French artist Henri Matisse. Watch: Flames and thick smoke surround plane in Brazil after fire breaks out Equipment on the tarmac at Brazil’s São Paulo airport caught fire, with the blaze rapidly surrounding a plane and forcing the evacuation of 169 passengers. 'We did it!': Countries celebrate World Cup qualification Panama, Haiti, Curacao and Scotland fans partied as their countries secured a spot at the World Cup in 2026. Protesters clash with security at COP30 climate talks in Brazil Demonstrators, some wearing traditional indigenous dress, broke through security lines of the UN climate summit. Watch: Drone footage shows town destroyed by deadly Brazil tornado At least six people were killed and 437 injured in the twister, authorities said. Police find suspected cocaine in trick-or-treat bucket An officer dressed as Spiderman to carry out a Halloween sting operation on a gang in Peru. Hurricane Melissa: Aerial view of 'ground zero' destruction The BBC's Will Grant witnessed the devastation in the town of Black River, as he joined an aid helicopter flight over the island. Watch: BBC is on the ground in hard hit Santa Cruz, Jamaica The BBC's Nada Tawfik reports on how the Jamaican Red Cross plans to aid recovery efforts in the wake of Hurricane Melissa. Jamaica's 'ground zero' - Assessing hurricane damage in Black River The southwest of the island bore the full force Hurricane Melissa's 185 mph (295km/h) winds on Tuesday. 'Everything's gone' - BBC finally able to access one of Jamaica's worst-hit areas Buildings, power lines, and a church once visited by King Charles are down in the tourism hub of Falmouth. Hurricane Melissa drone footage shows destroyed homes and towns under water Video shows the destruction in St Elizabeth and Montego Bay, which are among the worst hit places in Jamaica. Hurricane Melissa - what we know about the damage in Jamaica The Jamaican authorities are trying to assess the impact of Hurricane Melissa - footage on social media is revealing the scale of the damage left behind Watch: Aftermath of Hurricane Melissa as Montego Bay devastated The Category Five hurricane has left large parts of Jamaica without power. Flooded streets, inundated cars and tangled power lines - Jamaicans assess damage Hurricane Melissa is the strongest storm to hit the Caribbean nation in modern history. Strong winds and flying debris as Hurricane Melissa makes landfall Storm surges of 13 feet (3.9m) above ground level and destructive waves are expected as the storm hits Jamaica. 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Page where you dey, Home Nigeria Africa World Video Sport Entertainment Most popular Page where you dey, Home Nigeria Africa World Video Sport Entertainment Most popular BBC News , Pidgin - Home Top Tori ‘Impeachment na di only way to go’ - Rivers Assembly alert Chief Judge to investigate Fubara Rivers Lawmakers members alert chief judge to investigate Fubara one hour wey don pass US arrest, detain ex-Ghana govment official Sedina Tamakloe wey run from her 10-year jail term Ghana ambassador for US confam say authorities arrest and detain di ex-Ghana small loans centre boss wey run away from her 10-year jail-term in Ghana. 3 hours wey don pass Defence Minister Musa insist say Nigeria fit build wall across all di kontri border Di Nigeria govment insist say di kontri porous border na one of di main reason why insecurity dey increase. 15th January 2026 European military personnel land Greenland as Trump insist say US need di island France say one small military contingent don arrive and more forces go show face in di coming days. 15th January 2026 Ghana rate higher, Nigeria drop for international passport rating Ghana rate higher for 69th position wit access to 68 kontris, while Cameroon dey for 87th position wit access wit 47 kontris. 15th January 2026 Widespread delays hit Uganda election ontop internet shutdown Di election na rematch between Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni, wey don be president for 40 years. 15th January 2026 US pause immigrant visa processing for 75 countries Di pause wey go start on 21 January go stop foreign nationals wey 'go take welfare and public benefits.' 14th January 2026 Why no woman qualify to run for President for Uganda? Di last four elections wey dem don hold since dat time don get at least one female presidential candidate since dem start multi pary system for 2005. 14th January 2026 Bandits attack force thousands to leave Tidibale community for Sokoto state Tori from Sokoto state for northern Nigeria say some unknown bandits attack don make thousands of pipo run commot from dia homes for Tidibale ward. 14th January 2026 Top Tori ‘Impeachment na di only way to go’ - Rivers Assembly alert Chief Judge to investigate Fubara Rivers Lawmakers members alert chief judge to investigate Fubara one hour wey don pass ‘Impeachment na di only way to go’ - Rivers Assembly alert Chief Judge to investigate Fubara Rivers Lawmakers members alert chief judge to investigate Fubara US arrest, detain ex-Ghana govment official Sedina Tamakloe wey run from her 10-year jail term Ghana ambassador for US confam say authorities arrest and detain di ex-Ghana small loans centre boss wey run away from her 10-year jail-term in Ghana. 3 hours wey don pass US arrest, detain ex-Ghana govment official Sedina Tamakloe wey run from her 10-year jail term Ghana ambassador for US confam say authorities arrest and detain di ex-Ghana small loans centre boss wey run away from her 10-year jail-term in Ghana. Defence Minister Musa insist say Nigeria fit build wall across all di kontri border Di Nigeria govment insist say di kontri porous border na one of di main reason why insecurity dey increase. 15th January 2026 Defence Minister Musa insist say Nigeria fit build wall across all di kontri border Di Nigeria govment insist say di kontri porous border na one of di main reason why insecurity dey increase. European military personnel land Greenland as Trump insist say US need di island France say one small military contingent don arrive and more forces go show face in di coming days. 15th January 2026 European military personnel land Greenland as Trump insist say US need di island France say one small military contingent don arrive and more forces go show face in di coming days. Ghana rate higher, Nigeria drop for international passport rating Ghana rate higher for 69th position wit access to 68 kontris, while Cameroon dey for 87th position wit access wit 47 kontris. 15th January 2026 Ghana rate higher, Nigeria drop for international passport rating Ghana rate higher for 69th position wit access to 68 kontris, while Cameroon dey for 87th position wit access wit 47 kontris. Widespread delays hit Uganda election ontop internet shutdown Di election na rematch between Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni, wey don be president for 40 years. 15th January 2026 Widespread delays hit Uganda election ontop internet shutdown Di election na rematch between Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni, wey don be president for 40 years. US pause immigrant visa processing for 75 countries Di pause wey go start on 21 January go stop foreign nationals wey 'go take welfare and public benefits.' 14th January 2026 US pause immigrant visa processing for 75 countries Di pause wey go start on 21 January go stop foreign nationals wey 'go take welfare and public benefits.' Why no woman qualify to run for President for Uganda? Di last four elections wey dem don hold since dat time don get at least one female presidential candidate since dem start multi pary system for 2005. 14th January 2026 Why no woman qualify to run for President for Uganda? Di last four elections wey dem don hold since dat time don get at least one female presidential candidate since dem start multi pary system for 2005. Bandits attack force thousands to leave Tidibale community for Sokoto state Tori from Sokoto state for northern Nigeria say some unknown bandits attack don make thousands of pipo run commot from dia homes for Tidibale ward. 14th January 2026 Bandits attack force thousands to leave Tidibale community for Sokoto state Tori from Sokoto state for northern Nigeria say some unknown bandits attack don make thousands of pipo run commot from dia homes for Tidibale ward. Ginger Me <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-1qa60j4">Dem no support media player for your device</p></div> 01:15 Video , US pause immigrant visa for Nigeria, Ghana and 73 oda kontris , Duration 1,15 01:40 Video , Who be Patrice Lumumba wey Afcon superfan dey pay tribute to , Duration 1,40 00:40 Video , We dey wait for Morocco, we go deal wit Morocco inside Morocco , Duration 0,40 03:20 Video , Second-hand clothes dey choke beaches for Ghana , Duration 3,20 01:10 Video , Family and friends bury actress Allwell Ademola , Duration 1,10 02:42 Video , ‘How society go deal wit gender-based violence and sexual harassment’ , Duration 2,42 01:29 Video , Why Nigerians gatz pay $15,000 visa bond bifor dem enta US , Duration 1,29 01:32 Video , Wetin we know about di failed Burkina Faso coup , Duration 1,32 02:34 Video , US visa ban: 'We don marry but neva fit live togeda' , Duration 2,34 01:15 Video , Why Donald Trump really capture Venezuela leader Nicolas Maduro? , Duration 1,15 Ginger Me 01:15 Video , US pause immigrant visa for Nigeria, Ghana and 73 oda kontris , Duration 1,15 01:40 Video , Who be Patrice Lumumba wey Afcon superfan dey pay tribute to , Duration 1,40 00:40 Video , We dey wait for Morocco, we go deal wit Morocco inside Morocco , Duration 0,40 03:20 Video , Second-hand clothes dey choke beaches for Ghana , Duration 3,20 01:10 Video , Family and friends bury actress Allwell Ademola , Duration 1,10 02:42 Video , ‘How society go deal wit gender-based violence and sexual harassment’ , Duration 2,42 01:29 Video , Why Nigerians gatz pay $15,000 visa bond bifor dem enta US , Duration 1,29 01:32 Video , Wetin we know about di failed Burkina Faso coup , Duration 1,32 02:34 Video , US visa ban: 'We don marry but neva fit live togeda' , Duration 2,34 01:15 Video , Why Donald Trump really capture Venezuela leader Nicolas Maduro? , Duration 1,15 Special Tori Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner carry her medal present to Trump Trump thank Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, as e call am "wonderful gesture of mutual respect". 2 hours wey don pass 'My wife suffer serious pain for belle before her death' - Husband tok on di last days of im wife wey doctors forget scissors inside her belle Di husband of Aishatu Umar, di woman wey die afta dem allegedly forget one scissors inside her belle during surgery don follow BBC News Pidgin tok. 15th January 2026 Michel Kuka Mboladinga - di man for Afcon 2025 wey become Lumumba Michel Kuka Mboladinga almost become di unofficial poster boy for di Afcon even though e no open mouth tok even one word, sake of his unique Lumumba pose like di statue for stadium dey attract many pipo. 13th January 2026 Di musician and di strongman leader - wetin you need to know about Uganda election Voters fit push one leader into a fifth decade in power or support anoda candidate wey want change. 12th January 2026 How second-hand clothes dey choke beaches and drains for Ghana Second-hand clothes from di global north continue to choke kontris for di south like Ghana. 15 million used clothes dey enta di kontri evri year wey about 40% wey be waste dey choke drains and gutters, but authorities say dem no fit ban di clothes completely, but how dem dey deal wit am? 10th January 2026 Wetin be Storm Goretti wey dey cause problem for UK Storm Goretti one of di rare wind wey hit parts of UK and destroy tins, disrupt traffic and sake of am, schools for many areas dey closed. 9th January 2026 'God keep me for dia presence but I no know' – Anthony Joshua dey struggle wit coping afta crash British boxer Anthony Joshua don share how e dey cope afta e get injury for one car crash for Nigeria wey kill two of im close friends. 8th January 2026 Special Tori Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner carry her medal present to Trump Trump thank Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, as e call am "wonderful gesture of mutual respect". 2 hours wey don pass Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner carry her medal present to Trump Trump thank Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, as e call am "wonderful gesture of mutual respect". 'My wife suffer serious pain for belle before her death' - Husband tok on di last days of im wife wey doctors forget scissors inside her belle Di husband of Aishatu Umar, di woman wey die afta dem allegedly forget one scissors inside her belle during surgery don follow BBC News Pidgin tok. 15th January 2026 'My wife suffer serious pain for belle before her death' - Husband tok on di last days of im wife wey doctors forget scissors inside her belle Di husband of Aishatu Umar, di woman wey die afta dem allegedly forget one scissors inside her belle during surgery don follow BBC News Pidgin tok. Michel Kuka Mboladinga - di man for Afcon 2025 wey become Lumumba Michel Kuka Mboladinga almost become di unofficial poster boy for di Afcon even though e no open mouth tok even one word, sake of his unique Lumumba pose like di statue for stadium dey attract many pipo. 13th January 2026 Michel Kuka Mboladinga - di man for Afcon 2025 wey become Lumumba Michel Kuka Mboladinga almost become di unofficial poster boy for di Afcon even though e no open mouth tok even one word, sake of his unique Lumumba pose like di statue for stadium dey attract many pipo. Di musician and di strongman leader - wetin you need to know about Uganda election Voters fit push one leader into a fifth decade in power or support anoda candidate wey want change. 12th January 2026 Di musician and di strongman leader - wetin you need to know about Uganda election Voters fit push one leader into a fifth decade in power or support anoda candidate wey want change. How second-hand clothes dey choke beaches and drains for Ghana Second-hand clothes from di global north continue to choke kontris for di south like Ghana. 15 million used clothes dey enta di kontri evri year wey about 40% wey be waste dey choke drains and gutters, but authorities say dem no fit ban di clothes completely, but how dem dey deal wit am? 10th January 2026 How second-hand clothes dey choke beaches and drains for Ghana Second-hand clothes from di global north continue to choke kontris for di south like Ghana. 15 million used clothes dey enta di kontri evri year wey about 40% wey be waste dey choke drains and gutters, but authorities say dem no fit ban di clothes completely, but how dem dey deal wit am? Wetin be Storm Goretti wey dey cause problem for UK Storm Goretti one of di rare wind wey hit parts of UK and destroy tins, disrupt traffic and sake of am, schools for many areas dey closed. 9th January 2026 Wetin be Storm Goretti wey dey cause problem for UK Storm Goretti one of di rare wind wey hit parts of UK and destroy tins, disrupt traffic and sake of am, schools for many areas dey closed. 'God keep me for dia presence but I no know' – Anthony Joshua dey struggle wit coping afta crash British boxer Anthony Joshua don share how e dey cope afta e get injury for one car crash for Nigeria wey kill two of im close friends. 8th January 2026 'God keep me for dia presence but I no know' – Anthony Joshua dey struggle wit coping afta crash British boxer Anthony Joshua don share how e dey cope afta e get injury for one car crash for Nigeria wey kill two of im close friends. BBC News Pidgin now dey on Whatsapp No dull yoursef, be di first to get latest tori, analysis, exclusive interviews and ogbonge coverage of Nigerian and International news from BBC News Pidgin, straight to your Whatsapp. Click here to join di channel BBC News Pidgin now dey on Whatsapp No dull yoursef, be di first to get latest tori, analysis, exclusive interviews and ogbonge coverage of Nigerian and International news from BBC News Pidgin, straight to your Whatsapp. Tori from Africa Mane goal book Afcon final spot for Senegal 14th January 2026 E once condemn African leaders wey hold on to power. Now e wan run for seventh term 13th January 2026 Trump warn of more airstrikes for Nigeria if 'killing of Christians continue' 9th January 2026 US stop help for Somalia 8th January 2026 Tori from Africa Mane goal book Afcon final spot for Senegal 14th January 2026 Mane goal book Afcon final spot for Senegal E once condemn African leaders wey hold on to power. Now e wan run for seventh term 13th January 2026 E once condemn African leaders wey hold on to power. Now e wan run for seventh term Trump warn of more airstrikes for Nigeria if 'killing of Christians continue' 9th January 2026 Trump warn of more airstrikes for Nigeria if 'killing of Christians continue' US stop help for Somalia 8th January 2026 US stop help for Somalia Entertainment corner List of winners for 2026 All Africa Music Awards 12th January 2026 Golden Globes 2026: Full list of winners 12th January 2026 Nollywood actor Allwell Ademola make her final journey 9th January 2026 Beyoncé join Jay-Z, Rihanna and odas for di billionaire club as fifth musician to do so 30th December 2025 Entertainment corner List of winners for 2026 All Africa Music Awards 12th January 2026 List of winners for 2026 All Africa Music Awards Golden Globes 2026: Full list of winners 12th January 2026 Golden Globes 2026: Full list of winners Nollywood actor Allwell Ademola make her final journey 9th January 2026 Nollywood actor Allwell Ademola make her final journey Beyoncé join Jay-Z, Rihanna and odas for di billionaire club as fifth musician to do so 30th December 2025 Beyoncé join Jay-Z, Rihanna and odas for di billionaire club as fifth musician to do so Nutrition and Wellbeing Reduce risk of heart disease and stroke, help wit healthy weight loss and oda health benefits cashew nuts 11th January 2026 Drug wey fit make women develop dangerous sexual addiction wey doctors no warn about 10th January 2026 How human brain dey ‘reconfigure’ afta age 40 and how to keep am healthy for dat age 28th December 2025 'My late papa go begin pray for me, e go give me holy water to drink wen my period pain start' 27th December 2025 Nutrition and Wellbeing Reduce risk of heart disease and stroke, help wit healthy weight loss and oda health benefits cashew nuts 11th January 2026 Reduce risk of heart disease and stroke, help wit healthy weight loss and oda health benefits cashew nuts Drug wey fit make women develop dangerous sexual addiction wey doctors no warn about 10th January 2026 Drug wey fit make women develop dangerous sexual addiction wey doctors no warn about How human brain dey ‘reconfigure’ afta age 40 and how to keep am healthy for dat age 28th December 2025 How human brain dey ‘reconfigure’ afta age 40 and how to keep am healthy for dat age 'My late papa go begin pray for me, e go give me holy water to drink wen my period pain start' 27th December 2025 'My late papa go begin pray for me, e go give me holy water to drink wen my period pain start' Sport Why Caf sama Cameroon football President Samuel Eto'o anoda fine 15th January 2026 Morocco defeat Nigeria 4-2 on penalties to reach Afcon 2025 final 15th January 2026 Morocco defeat Nigeria on penalty shootout to reach Afcon 2025 final Nigeria vs Morocco - Meet di referee, oda officials wey go run di show 13th January 2026 Sport Why Caf sama Cameroon football President Samuel Eto'o anoda fine 15th January 2026 Why Caf sama Cameroon football President Samuel Eto'o anoda fine Morocco defeat Nigeria 4-2 on penalties to reach Afcon 2025 final 15th January 2026 Morocco defeat Nigeria 4-2 on penalties to reach Afcon 2025 final Morocco defeat Nigeria on penalty shootout to reach Afcon 2025 final Morocco defeat Nigeria on penalty shootout to reach Afcon 2025 final Nigeria vs Morocco - Meet di referee, oda officials wey go run di show 13th January 2026 Nigeria vs Morocco - Meet di referee, oda officials wey go run di show BBC Pidgin Social networks WhatsApp Instagram Facebook X BBC Pidgin Social networks WhatsApp Instagram Facebook X Di one wey dem dey read well well 1 Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner carry her medal present to Trump 2 US pause immigrant visa processing for 75 countries 3 ‘Impeachment na di only way to go’ - Rivers Assembly alert Chief Judge to investigate Fubara 4 US arrest, detain ex-Ghana govment official Sedina Tamakloe wey run from her 10-year jail term 5 Why Trump revoke di visas of more dan 100,000 US residents, including student visas Di one wey dem dey read well well 1 Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner carry her medal present to Trump 2 US pause immigrant visa processing for 75 countries 3 ‘Impeachment na di only way to go’ - Rivers Assembly alert Chief Judge to investigate Fubara 4 US arrest, detain ex-Ghana govment official Sedina Tamakloe wey run from her 10-year jail term 5 Why Trump revoke di visas of more dan 100,000 US residents, including student visas Why you fit trust BBC News How dem dey take use am As e concern BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Call BBC BBC News for oda languages Do not share or sell my info © 2026 BBC. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 2 Climate 3 Government 4 Education 5 Sport 6 Health 7 Transport Toggle Transport subsection 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 8 Economy 9 Twin towns – sister cities 10 Parks 11 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 16.1 Sources 16.1 Sources 17 External links Ouagadougou Адыгабзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Anarâškielâ العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Tyap Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Kumoring Moore Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Ouagadougou .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Capital city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top: Ouagadougou skyline, statue of Joanny Thévenoud in front of Ouagadougou Cathedral , Grand Mosque, National Assembly of Burkina Faso , Hall of Martyrs (formerly the Memorial to National Heroes) .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Coat of arms Nickname: Ouaga .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Ouagadougou Location within Burkina Faso Show map of Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (Africa) Show map of Africa Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°22′17″N 1°31′10″W / 12.37139°N 1.51944°W / 12.37139; -1.51944 Country Burkina Faso Regions Centre Region Province Kadiogo Founded 1050 [ 1 ] Area • Capital city 520 km 2 (200 sq mi) • Metro 2,805 km 2 (1,083 sq mi) Elevation 305 m (1,001 ft) Population (2019) [ 2 ] • Capital city 2,415,266 • Density 4,600/km 2 (12,000/sq mi) • Urban 3,063,271 • Metro 3,358,934 • Metro density 1,197/km 2 (3,101/sq mi) Time zone UTC+00:00 ( GMT ) Area code +226 Climate Aw Website www .mairie-ouaga .bf Ouagadougou or Wagadugu [ 3 ] ( / ˌ w ɑː ɡ ə ˈ d uː ɡ uː / ⓘ ; Mossi : Waogdgo , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ] ; Dyula : Wagadugu ; French : Ouagadougou , pronounced [waɡaduɡu] ) is the capital and largest city of Burkina Faso , [ 4 ] and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It has a population of 2,415,266 in 2019. [ 2 ] The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and, for freight only, to Kaya . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Ouagadougou has one of West Africa's largest markets, which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ), the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets. [ 19 ] History Foundation and regional importance Ouagadougou was founded possibly as early as 1050 by the Soninke Wangara diaspora from the Ghana Empire , also known as Wagadu. The name Wagadugu means 'home of the Wagu', the Soninke subgroup that ruled Ghana. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of this name. The Mossi people , moving north in the 14th century, conquered Wagadugu around the same time they raided Walata , contributing to the decline of the Mali Empire . [ 22 ] According to legend, the city was taken by Oubri, a grandson of Ouedraogo . [ 23 ] The eponymous Wagadugu Kingdom was founded in the 15th century, [ 24 ] which became the main center of the Mossi States around 1495. [ 25 ] The 10th Moro Naba, Nyadfo, was the first Moro-Naba to live at Ouagadougou, in the middle of the 17th century. It became the permanent capital under the 21st Moro Naba, Zombre, a century later. [ 26 ] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The 24th Moro Naba, Doulougou, built the first mosque in Ouagadougou early in the nineteenth century. [ 26 ] Colonialism On 5 September 1896 French forces entered Ouagadougou and burned the city to the ground. [ 27 ] In 1919 the colonial administration made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory, extensively rebuilding the town. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city, spurring massive population growth. [ 26 ] Independence On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel. 28 people were killed, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and at least 56 wounded; after a government counterattack, a total of 176 hostages were released [ 30 ] the morning after the initial attack. Three of the perpetrators were also killed. The jihadist insurgency continued with major attacks in 2017 and 2018 . Climate Ouagadougou's climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with annual rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in). The rainy season stretches from May to September, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F). The cool season runs from October to February, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (60.8 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to April, can reach 43 °C (109.4 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Being further north, Ouagadougou's warmest months are slightly hotter and drier than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the country's second most populous city. Climate data for Ouagadougou (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.8 (103.6) 42.3 (108.1) 44.5 (112.1) 46.1 (115.0) 44.5 (112.1) 41.3 (106.3) 38.8 (101.8) 36.6 (97.9) 38.6 (101.5) 41.0 (105.8) 40.5 (104.9) 40.1 (104.2) 46.1 (115.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.5 (92.3) 36.5 (97.7) 39.3 (102.7) 40.0 (104.0) 38.4 (101.1) 35.6 (96.1) 32.9 (91.2) 31.6 (88.9) 33.1 (91.6) 36.0 (96.8) 36.7 (98.1) 34.4 (93.9) 35.7 (96.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.0 (77.0) 28.1 (82.6) 31.7 (89.1) 33.5 (92.3) 32.5 (90.5) 30.1 (86.2) 27.8 (82.0) 26.8 (80.2) 27.7 (81.9) 29.6 (85.3) 28.3 (82.9) 25.7 (78.3) 28.9 (84.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.1 (62.8) 20.0 (68.0) 24.3 (75.7) 27.4 (81.3) 27.1 (80.8) 25.1 (77.2) 23.4 (74.1) 22.9 (73.2) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 20.4 (68.7) 17.5 (63.5) 22.7 (72.9) Record low °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.4 (50.7) 14.8 (58.6) 16.2 (61.2) 17.0 (62.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.0 (59.0) 17.9 (64.2) 17.6 (63.7) 17.6 (63.7) 13.0 (55.4) 9.5 (49.1) 8.5 (47.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.1 (0.00) 0.4 (0.02) 4.7 (0.19) 43.8 (1.72) 69.8 (2.75) 83.4 (3.28) 202.4 (7.97) 232.1 (9.14) 142.5 (5.61) 32.0 (1.26) 6.6 (0.26) 0.0 (0.0) 812.8 (32.00) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.2 5.2 7.0 12.3 14.4 10.4 3.6 0.1 0.0 55.7 Average relative humidity (%) 24 21 22 36 50 64 72 80 77 60 38 29 48 Mean monthly sunshine hours 271.1 245.9 245.4 232.2 250.0 235.9 221.8 194.8 218.1 264.9 277.4 283.4 2,940.9 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 31 ] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [ 32 ] Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967) [ 33 ] Government Ouagadougou's first municipal elections were held in 1956. [ 3 ] The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. [ citation needed ] Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Ouagadougou's communes have invested in huge city-management projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the villages' growing affluence allows for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it. [ 34 ] Arrondissement Population (Census 2006) [ 35 ] Baskuy 180,512 Bogodogo 374,473 Boulmiougou 366,182 Nongremassom 188,329 Sig-Noghin 163,859 Education Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students). [ 36 ] The city's official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994. [ 34 ] International schools include: Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school) International School of Ouagadougou Sport This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ouagadougou's inhabitants play a wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball. There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the city's main football team. Health Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG). Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée". [ 34 ] Transport Air transport Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina ) in Ouagadougou. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rail Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014, Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan. [ 39 ] There are freight services to Kaya in north Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016. [ 40 ] Economy The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is the sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry. [ 41 ] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti." [ 42 ] Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre. It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city. [ 41 ] The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. While the formal economy consists of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses. [ 41 ] Informal trade The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs. [ 41 ] Twin towns – sister cities Ouagadougou is twinned with: Bordeaux , France [ 43 ] Briton Ferry , Wales, United Kingdom [ 44 ] Grenoble , France [ 45 ] Kumasi , Ghana [ citation needed ] Kuwait City , Kuwait [ citation needed ] Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium [ 46 ] Lyon , France [ 47 ] Taipei , Taiwan [ 48 ] Zhengzhou , China [ 49 ] Parks This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km 2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge". Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 ha (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history. "Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the centre of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads". Culture There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap . [ 34 ] National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso. Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city. "Naba Koom": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre-high (20 ft) statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso's history. "Laongo": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents. [ 34 ] "La Place du Grand Lyon": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called "Parc Animalier de Ziniaré": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the former president Blaise Compaoré. Art and crafts Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO. [ 34 ] [ 50 ] Places of worship The most common places of worship are Muslim mosques. [ 51 ] There are also numerous Christian churches: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ), Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , and the International Evangelism Center . Notable people Dango Ouattara – footballer Malika Ouattara – slam poet and activist Serge Oulon – journalist Edmond Tapsoba – footballer Ezé Wendtoin – musician Hugues Fabrice Zango – triple jumper See also List of cities in Burkina Faso Notes References ^ Ade Ajayi 1965 . ^ a b Citypopulation.de Population of the major cities in Burkina Faso ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ouagadougou | Facts & History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Bienvenue sur le site Officiel du Premier Ministère du Burkina Faso" . gouvernement.gov.bf . Archived from the original on 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Ayka Textile to build an integrated cotton processing plant in Ouagadougou" . Ecofin Agency . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "IRO-TEXBURKINA textile complex in Sourgou: A factory to rehabilitate the industrial fabric in the Center-West" . Faso Observateur . 18 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Textile – Incubateur pour la transformation du coton et textile burkinabè" . Burkina Textile (in French) . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou City Profile" . citiesabc . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso" . ISS African Futures . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou Airport (OUA) - Thomas Sankara International Airport" . IATA . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Abidjan-Ouagadougou Railway" . African Development Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Ibrahima Diallo (14 November 2023). "Abidjan-Ouagadougou rail corridor: passenger transport will resume on November 17, 2023" . Africa Supply Chain . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou IPR - July 2022" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Multinational: Burkina Faso Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou EER - Juillet 2021" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Route from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to Niamey, Niger" . RouteToDrive . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou's Market Reopens After 2003 Fire" . Africa News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market Rebuilt with Enhanced Safety" . BBC News . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market: Fire, Reconstruction, and Safety Improvements" . African Development Bank . 15 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Key Attractions in Ouagadougou: Museums, Palaces, and Markets" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul . Paris: Karthala. p. 57-60. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1 . Retrieved 18 March 2024 . ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176-7. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 177. ^ Britannica, Ouagadougou , Encyclopædia Britannica , US. Retrieved 29 October 2024 ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 131. ^ a b c McFarland, Daniel Miles; Rupley, Lawrence (1998). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso . London: Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ^ Johnson 2010 . ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire" . BBC News . 15 January 2016 . 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Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ Government of France, MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO (French) ^ " Contact-us Archived 5 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ". Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ " Contactez-nous Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ." Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ European Rail Timetable, Summer 2014 Edition, (journey time is 43 to 48 hours) ^ Pan African Minerals receives permission from Burkina Faso for Tambao manganese project Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , 19 May 2014 ^ a b c d Ouedraogo, R Ulysse Emmanuel. "Chapitre 1 : Ouagadougou, une agglomération dynamique" (in French). University of Ouagadougou. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (1 July 2014). "Burkina Faso's French knicker-makers" . BBC News – Africa . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ "Les villes partenaires" . bordeaux.fr (in French). Bordeaux . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Twin Towns of Wales: Hay-on-Wye and Timbuktu, Briton Ferry and Ouagadougou, here are the sister cities of Welsh towns" . walesonline.co.uk . Wales Online. 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelages et coopérations" . grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage Leuze-Ouagadougou" . leuze-en-hainaut.be (in French). Leuze-en-Hainaut . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage" . economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "International Sister Cities" . tcc.gov.tw . Taipei City Council . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Lutte contre le COVID-19: la Chine multiplie les dons pour le Burkina Faso" . chinafrique.com (in French). Chinafrique. 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Ouaga ça Bouge : Votre Blog pour vos Voyages et Vacances" . Ouaga-ça-bouge.net (in French) . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 455 Bibliography Sources David P. Johnson, Jr. (2010). "Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso". In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709 . Page, Willie; Davis, R. Hunt, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture Volume II: African Kingdoms (500 to 1500) (E-book ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 . Ade Ajayi, J F. (1965). A Thousand Years of West African History . Ibadan University Press. p. 49 . Retrieved 19 April 2025 . External links Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French) The plan of Ouagdougou Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Capitals of African countries v t e Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory v t e Ouagadougou v t e Buildings Economy Government History Timeline People Sport Buildings Economy Government History Timeline Timeline People Sport Education Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Transport Ouagadougou Airport Ouagadougou Airport Landmarks Cathedral National Museum of Music Cathedral National Museum of Music Category Commons Category Commons Ouagadougou Capitals in Africa French West Africa Populated places in the Centre Region (Burkina Faso) Populated places established in the 11th century Wangara trade towns Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 Use British English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Mossi-language text Articles containing Dyula-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages including recorded pronunciations Pages with Mossi IPA Pages with French IPA Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 Articles needing additional references from December 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles needing additional references from January 2024 Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 17:10 (UTC) . 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صفحه فعلی, صفحه اول اعتراضات ایران ۱۴۰۴ پخش زنده ویدیو تلویزیون ايران افغانستان جهان هنر ورزش اقتصاد دانش فراتر از خبر صفحه فعلی, صفحه اول اعتراضات ایران ۱۴۰۴ پخش زنده ویدیو تلویزیون ايران افغانستان جهان هنر ورزش اقتصاد دانش فراتر از خبر BBC News , فارسی - صفحه اول مهمترین خبرها زنده , تماس تلفنی پوتین و پزشکیان؛ مسکو پیشنهاد میانجیگری میان ایران و اسرائیل داد ولادیمیر پوتین امروز با بنیامین نتانیاهو و مسعود پزشکیان تلفنی صحبت کرده و پیشنهاد میانجیگری بین دو کشور را داده است. استیو ویتکاف، فرستاده ویژه دونالد ترامپ هم گفته است که امیدوار است مسائل میان ایران و آمریکا نه از طریق نظامی بلکه از طریق دیپلماتیک حل و فصل شود. نتبلاکس، نهاد ناظری که دسترسی به اینترنت در جهان را رصد میکند اعلام کرد قطعی اینترنت در ایران از مرز ۱۸۰ ساعت عبور کرده است. اختلاف در راس طالبان؛ یافتههای بیبیسی از کشمکشها در کابل و قندهار در جریان قطع اینترنت با افزایش نشانههای «اختلاف» بین رهبری طالبان بیبیسی بخش افغانستان تحقیق گستردهای را با بیش از ۱۰۰ مصاحبه انجام داده است تا به این سئوال پاسخ بدهد که اختلافات بین مقامهای ارشد رهبری حکومت طالبان بر سر چیست و در چه سطحی است؟ اختلافاتی که هبتالله آخندزاده، رهبر طالبان، در مورد آن ابراز نگرانی کرده و هشدار که میتواند منجر به سقوط حکومت طالبان شود. ۴ ساعت پیش ماریا کورینا ماچادو جایزه صلح نوبل خود را به ترامپ اهدا کرد ماریا کورینا ماچادو، رهبر مخالفان ونزوئلا، اعلام کرد که مدال صلح نوبل خود را روز پنجشنبه در یک جلسه خصوصی در کاخ سفید به دونالد ترامپ، رئیسجمهور آمریکا، اهدا کرده است. او پس از ملاقات با آقای ترامپ، که اولین ملاقات حضوری این دو نفر بود، گفت: «فکر میکنم امروز یک روز تاریخی برای ما ونزوئلاییها است.» ۶ ساعت پیش اعتراضات ایران زیر ذرهبین پیونگیانگ؛ آیا کیم جونگاون نگران است؟ کره شمالی که همانند ایران سالها تحت تحریمهای شدید و فشار اقتصادی قرار داشته، اعتراضات ایران را چگونه ارزیابی میکند؟ ۲۶ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ آنچه گذشت؛ نشست اضطراری شورای امنیت در مورد سرکوب اعتراضات سراسری در ایران نشست اضطراری شورای امنیت سازمان ملل برای بررسی وضعیت ایران برگزار شد. این جلسه که به درخواست آمریکا تشکیل شده بود با سخنان سفرای کشورهای عضو درباره وضعیت ایران آغاز و با سخنان شدید الحن سفیر ایران که آمریکا و اسرائیل را متهم به دخالت در این کشور کرد پایان یافت. پیشتر دونالد ترامپ، از گزارشهایی استقبال کرده که نشان میدهد یک جوان بازداشتشده در جریان اعتراضات ایران، برخلاف نگرانیهای پیشین، با حکم اعدام روبهرو نیست. قوه قضائیه ایران اعلام کرد که اتهامهای واردشده به عرفان سلطانی شامل مجازات اعدام نمیشود. مهمترین خبرها زنده , تماس تلفنی پوتین و پزشکیان؛ مسکو پیشنهاد میانجیگری میان ایران و اسرائیل داد ولادیمیر پوتین امروز با بنیامین نتانیاهو و مسعود پزشکیان تلفنی صحبت کرده و پیشنهاد میانجیگری بین دو کشور را داده است. استیو ویتکاف، فرستاده ویژه دونالد ترامپ هم گفته است که امیدوار است مسائل میان ایران و آمریکا نه از طریق نظامی بلکه از طریق دیپلماتیک حل و فصل شود. نتبلاکس، نهاد ناظری که دسترسی به اینترنت در جهان را رصد میکند اعلام کرد قطعی اینترنت در ایران از مرز ۱۸۰ ساعت عبور کرده است. زنده , تماس تلفنی پوتین و پزشکیان؛ مسکو پیشنهاد میانجیگری میان ایران و اسرائیل داد ولادیمیر پوتین امروز با بنیامین نتانیاهو و مسعود پزشکیان تلفنی صحبت کرده و پیشنهاد میانجیگری بین دو کشور را داده است. استیو ویتکاف، فرستاده ویژه دونالد ترامپ هم گفته است که امیدوار است مسائل میان ایران و آمریکا نه از طریق نظامی بلکه از طریق دیپلماتیک حل و فصل شود. نتبلاکس، نهاد ناظری که دسترسی به اینترنت در جهان را رصد میکند اعلام کرد قطعی اینترنت در ایران از مرز ۱۸۰ ساعت عبور کرده است. اختلاف در راس طالبان؛ یافتههای بیبیسی از کشمکشها در کابل و قندهار در جریان قطع اینترنت با افزایش نشانههای «اختلاف» بین رهبری طالبان بیبیسی بخش افغانستان تحقیق گستردهای را با بیش از ۱۰۰ مصاحبه انجام داده است تا به این سئوال پاسخ بدهد که اختلافات بین مقامهای ارشد رهبری حکومت طالبان بر سر چیست و در چه سطحی است؟ اختلافاتی که هبتالله آخندزاده، رهبر طالبان، در مورد آن ابراز نگرانی کرده و هشدار که میتواند منجر به سقوط حکومت طالبان شود. ۴ ساعت پیش اختلاف در راس طالبان؛ یافتههای بیبیسی از کشمکشها در کابل و قندهار در جریان قطع اینترنت با افزایش نشانههای «اختلاف» بین رهبری طالبان بیبیسی بخش افغانستان تحقیق گستردهای را با بیش از ۱۰۰ مصاحبه انجام داده است تا به این سئوال پاسخ بدهد که اختلافات بین مقامهای ارشد رهبری حکومت طالبان بر سر چیست و در چه سطحی است؟ اختلافاتی که هبتالله آخندزاده، رهبر طالبان، در مورد آن ابراز نگرانی کرده و هشدار که میتواند منجر به سقوط حکومت طالبان شود. ماریا کورینا ماچادو جایزه صلح نوبل خود را به ترامپ اهدا کرد ماریا کورینا ماچادو، رهبر مخالفان ونزوئلا، اعلام کرد که مدال صلح نوبل خود را روز پنجشنبه در یک جلسه خصوصی در کاخ سفید به دونالد ترامپ، رئیسجمهور آمریکا، اهدا کرده است. او پس از ملاقات با آقای ترامپ، که اولین ملاقات حضوری این دو نفر بود، گفت: «فکر میکنم امروز یک روز تاریخی برای ما ونزوئلاییها است.» ۶ ساعت پیش ماریا کورینا ماچادو جایزه صلح نوبل خود را به ترامپ اهدا کرد ماریا کورینا ماچادو، رهبر مخالفان ونزوئلا، اعلام کرد که مدال صلح نوبل خود را روز پنجشنبه در یک جلسه خصوصی در کاخ سفید به دونالد ترامپ، رئیسجمهور آمریکا، اهدا کرده است. او پس از ملاقات با آقای ترامپ، که اولین ملاقات حضوری این دو نفر بود، گفت: «فکر میکنم امروز یک روز تاریخی برای ما ونزوئلاییها است.» اعتراضات ایران زیر ذرهبین پیونگیانگ؛ آیا کیم جونگاون نگران است؟ کره شمالی که همانند ایران سالها تحت تحریمهای شدید و فشار اقتصادی قرار داشته، اعتراضات ایران را چگونه ارزیابی میکند؟ ۲۶ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ اعتراضات ایران زیر ذرهبین پیونگیانگ؛ آیا کیم جونگاون نگران است؟ کره شمالی که همانند ایران سالها تحت تحریمهای شدید و فشار اقتصادی قرار داشته، اعتراضات ایران را چگونه ارزیابی میکند؟ آنچه گذشت؛ نشست اضطراری شورای امنیت در مورد سرکوب اعتراضات سراسری در ایران نشست اضطراری شورای امنیت سازمان ملل برای بررسی وضعیت ایران برگزار شد. این جلسه که به درخواست آمریکا تشکیل شده بود با سخنان سفرای کشورهای عضو درباره وضعیت ایران آغاز و با سخنان شدید الحن سفیر ایران که آمریکا و اسرائیل را متهم به دخالت در این کشور کرد پایان یافت. پیشتر دونالد ترامپ، از گزارشهایی استقبال کرده که نشان میدهد یک جوان بازداشتشده در جریان اعتراضات ایران، برخلاف نگرانیهای پیشین، با حکم اعدام روبهرو نیست. قوه قضائیه ایران اعلام کرد که اتهامهای واردشده به عرفان سلطانی شامل مجازات اعدام نمیشود. آنچه گذشت؛ نشست اضطراری شورای امنیت در مورد سرکوب اعتراضات سراسری در ایران نشست اضطراری شورای امنیت سازمان ملل برای بررسی وضعیت ایران برگزار شد. این جلسه که به درخواست آمریکا تشکیل شده بود با سخنان سفرای کشورهای عضو درباره وضعیت ایران آغاز و با سخنان شدید الحن سفیر ایران که آمریکا و اسرائیل را متهم به دخالت در این کشور کرد پایان یافت. پیشتر دونالد ترامپ، از گزارشهایی استقبال کرده که نشان میدهد یک جوان بازداشتشده در جریان اعتراضات ایران، برخلاف نگرانیهای پیشین، با حکم اعدام روبهرو نیست. قوه قضائیه ایران اعلام کرد که اتهامهای واردشده به عرفان سلطانی شامل مجازات اعدام نمیشود. ببینید <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-1nuepbm">برای پخش این فایل لطفا جاوا اسکریپت را فعال یا از یک مرورگر دیگر استفاده کنید.</p></div> 00:53 ویدیو , بهروز وثوقی: خون بیگناهان هنوز بر خاک وطن گرم است , مدت 0,53 00:40 ویدیو , اعتراضات سراسری در ایران، بندرعباس , مدت 0,40 01:44 ویدیو , حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری ایران در برلین، آلمان , مدت 1,44 01:10 ویدیو , اعتراضات ۱۹ دی ماه در شهرک اکباتان تهران، از «مرگ بر خامنهای» تا «جاوید شاه» , مدت 1,10 01:29 ویدیو , اعتراضات ۱۹ دی در تبریز، «یاشاسین پهلوی» , مدت 1,29 00:19 ویدیو , شعار در چیتگر تهران: «نه غزه، نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» - ۱۹ دی , مدت 0,19 01:08 ویدیو , شعار«جاوید شاه» در اشرفی اصفهانی تهران - ۱۹ دی , مدت 1,08 01:09 ویدیو , سعادتآباد تهران - ۱۸ دی؛ «مردم دیگر نمیترسیدند» , مدت 1,09 00:50 ویدیو , حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری ایران در استرالیا، «ضجه بزن موشعلی، داره میاد پهلوی» , مدت 0,50 01:24 ویدیو , شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «پهلوی بر میگرده» در اعتراضات ساری , مدت 1,24 00:32 ویدیو , تجمع معترضان مقابل استانداری کهگیلویه و بویراحمد , مدت 0,32 02:15 ویدیو , معترض زخمی خطاب به نیروی انتظامی: پشیمان نیستم؛ من هم جوانم، گرفتارم و گرسنه , مدت 2,15 ببینید 00:53 ویدیو , بهروز وثوقی: خون بیگناهان هنوز بر خاک وطن گرم است , مدت 0,53 00:40 ویدیو , اعتراضات سراسری در ایران، بندرعباس , مدت 0,40 01:44 ویدیو , حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری ایران در برلین، آلمان , مدت 1,44 01:10 ویدیو , اعتراضات ۱۹ دی ماه در شهرک اکباتان تهران، از «مرگ بر خامنهای» تا «جاوید شاه» , مدت 1,10 01:29 ویدیو , اعتراضات ۱۹ دی در تبریز، «یاشاسین پهلوی» , مدت 1,29 00:19 ویدیو , شعار در چیتگر تهران: «نه غزه، نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» - ۱۹ دی , مدت 0,19 01:08 ویدیو , شعار«جاوید شاه» در اشرفی اصفهانی تهران - ۱۹ دی , مدت 1,08 01:09 ویدیو , سعادتآباد تهران - ۱۸ دی؛ «مردم دیگر نمیترسیدند» , مدت 1,09 00:50 ویدیو , حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری ایران در استرالیا، «ضجه بزن موشعلی، داره میاد پهلوی» , مدت 0,50 01:24 ویدیو , شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «پهلوی بر میگرده» در اعتراضات ساری , مدت 1,24 00:32 ویدیو , تجمع معترضان مقابل استانداری کهگیلویه و بویراحمد , مدت 0,32 02:15 ویدیو , معترض زخمی خطاب به نیروی انتظامی: پشیمان نیستم؛ من هم جوانم، گرفتارم و گرسنه , مدت 2,15 اعتراضات سراسری ایران یرواند آبراهامیان، تاریخنگار ایران: اعتراضات این بار متفاوتند اما تقابلی طولانی و دردناک درپیش است ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ سه دهه پافشاری خامنهای بر «ریشه خارجی» اعتراضات ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ هزینه قطع کامل اینترنت در ایران چقدر است؟ ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در تلویزیون روسیه؛ سکوت درباره سرکوب و نظریه «کار کردن با اطرافیان خامنهای» ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ اعتراضات سراسری ایران یرواند آبراهامیان، تاریخنگار ایران: اعتراضات این بار متفاوتند اما تقابلی طولانی و دردناک درپیش است ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ یرواند آبراهامیان، تاریخنگار ایران: اعتراضات این بار متفاوتند اما تقابلی طولانی و دردناک درپیش است سه دهه پافشاری خامنهای بر «ریشه خارجی» اعتراضات ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ سه دهه پافشاری خامنهای بر «ریشه خارجی» اعتراضات هزینه قطع کامل اینترنت در ایران چقدر است؟ ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ هزینه قطع کامل اینترنت در ایران چقدر است؟ ایران در تلویزیون روسیه؛ سکوت درباره سرکوب و نظریه «کار کردن با اطرافیان خامنهای» ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در تلویزیون روسیه؛ سکوت درباره سرکوب و نظریه «کار کردن با اطرافیان خامنهای» فراتر از خبر ویدیو, مقام ارشد پیشین موساد: اسرائیل فقط در صورت حمله ایران وارد ماجرا میشود ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در رسانههای ترکیه و پاکستان؛ تردید درباره رهبری اعتراضها و هشدار نسبت به مداخله خارجی ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ جرمی بوئن: رژیمهای اقتدارگرا ناگهان سقوط میکنند، اما ایران هنوز به آن نقطه نرسیده است ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در لبه پرتگاه اقتصادی؛ آیا راه بازگشتی مانده است؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ فراتر از خبر ویدیو, مقام ارشد پیشین موساد: اسرائیل فقط در صورت حمله ایران وارد ماجرا میشود ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ویدیو, مقام ارشد پیشین موساد: اسرائیل فقط در صورت حمله ایران وارد ماجرا میشود ایران در رسانههای ترکیه و پاکستان؛ تردید درباره رهبری اعتراضها و هشدار نسبت به مداخله خارجی ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در رسانههای ترکیه و پاکستان؛ تردید درباره رهبری اعتراضها و هشدار نسبت به مداخله خارجی جرمی بوئن: رژیمهای اقتدارگرا ناگهان سقوط میکنند، اما ایران هنوز به آن نقطه نرسیده است ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ جرمی بوئن: رژیمهای اقتدارگرا ناگهان سقوط میکنند، اما ایران هنوز به آن نقطه نرسیده است ایران در لبه پرتگاه اقتصادی؛ آیا راه بازگشتی مانده است؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در لبه پرتگاه اقتصادی؛ آیا راه بازگشتی مانده است؟ سایر خبرها مانور اروپاییها در گرینلند؛ ترامپ مصرانه میگوید آمریکا به این جزیره نیاز دارد ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ بالا گرفتن تنش در مینیاپولیس؛ یک مرد با شلیک مامور اداره مهاجرت آمریکا زخمی شد ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ فضانوردان پس از اولین تخلیه اضطراری پزشکی در تاریخ ایستگاه فضایی، به زمین بازگشتند ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ همزمان با اخبار کشتار معترضان در ایران، آمریکا و بریتانیا بخشی از نیروهای خود را از پایگاه عدید قطر خارج کردند ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ سایر خبرها مانور اروپاییها در گرینلند؛ ترامپ مصرانه میگوید آمریکا به این جزیره نیاز دارد ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ مانور اروپاییها در گرینلند؛ ترامپ مصرانه میگوید آمریکا به این جزیره نیاز دارد بالا گرفتن تنش در مینیاپولیس؛ یک مرد با شلیک مامور اداره مهاجرت آمریکا زخمی شد ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ بالا گرفتن تنش در مینیاپولیس؛ یک مرد با شلیک مامور اداره مهاجرت آمریکا زخمی شد فضانوردان پس از اولین تخلیه اضطراری پزشکی در تاریخ ایستگاه فضایی، به زمین بازگشتند ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ فضانوردان پس از اولین تخلیه اضطراری پزشکی در تاریخ ایستگاه فضایی، به زمین بازگشتند همزمان با اخبار کشتار معترضان در ایران، آمریکا و بریتانیا بخشی از نیروهای خود را از پایگاه عدید قطر خارج کردند ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ همزمان با اخبار کشتار معترضان در ایران، آمریکا و بریتانیا بخشی از نیروهای خود را از پایگاه عدید قطر خارج کردند گزارش و تحلیل «یک ساعت و نیم جسد همسرم را در آغوش گرفتم و راه رفتم»؛ روایتهایی از معترضان کشتهشده در ایران ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ویدیو, درباره عبور یک کامیون از میان تجمع ایرانیان لسآنجلس چه میدانیم؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ جنگ روایتها؛ زبان چگونه ابزار قدرت نرم ایران و اسرائیل شد؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ حکومت ایران رکورد خودش را در قطع کردن اینترنت شکست ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ جریان اطلاعات در ایران هنگام قطع اینترنت چگونه ادامه مییابد؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ آیا حکومت ایران به «پایان راه» خود رسیده است؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ حاکمان ایران با بزرگترین چالش از زمان انقلاب ۱۳۵۷ روبهرو هستند ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ روبینا امینیان؛ دانشجویی که در اعتراضات شرکت کرد و آرزوهایش را با خود به زیر خاک برد ۲۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۳ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ گزارش و تحلیل «یک ساعت و نیم جسد همسرم را در آغوش گرفتم و راه رفتم»؛ روایتهایی از معترضان کشتهشده در ایران ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ «یک ساعت و نیم جسد همسرم را در آغوش گرفتم و راه رفتم»؛ روایتهایی از معترضان کشتهشده در ایران ویدیو, درباره عبور یک کامیون از میان تجمع ایرانیان لسآنجلس چه میدانیم؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ویدیو, درباره عبور یک کامیون از میان تجمع ایرانیان لسآنجلس چه میدانیم؟ جنگ روایتها؛ زبان چگونه ابزار قدرت نرم ایران و اسرائیل شد؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ جنگ روایتها؛ زبان چگونه ابزار قدرت نرم ایران و اسرائیل شد؟ حکومت ایران رکورد خودش را در قطع کردن اینترنت شکست ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ حکومت ایران رکورد خودش را در قطع کردن اینترنت شکست جریان اطلاعات در ایران هنگام قطع اینترنت چگونه ادامه مییابد؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ جریان اطلاعات در ایران هنگام قطع اینترنت چگونه ادامه مییابد؟ آیا حکومت ایران به «پایان راه» خود رسیده است؟ ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ آیا حکومت ایران به «پایان راه» خود رسیده است؟ حاکمان ایران با بزرگترین چالش از زمان انقلاب ۱۳۵۷ روبهرو هستند ۲۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ حاکمان ایران با بزرگترین چالش از زمان انقلاب ۱۳۵۷ روبهرو هستند روبینا امینیان؛ دانشجویی که در اعتراضات شرکت کرد و آرزوهایش را با خود به زیر خاک برد ۲۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۳ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ روبینا امینیان؛ دانشجویی که در اعتراضات شرکت کرد و آرزوهایش را با خود به زیر خاک برد کیست، چیست، کجاست پیامدهای قطع اینترنت؛ اختلال فراگیر در زندگی روزمره، از بیمارستانها تا بانکها و ادارات ۲۰ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۰ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ سقوط رهبران زیر فشار خیابان؛ تجربههای جهانی چه میگویند؟ ۲۰ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۰ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ دونالد ترامپ چگونه میتواند گرینلند را «تصاحب» کند؟ ۱۹ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ دلسی رودریگز، زنی که جانشین مادورو در ونزوئلا شد، کیست؟ ۱۶ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ کیست، چیست، کجاست پیامدهای قطع اینترنت؛ اختلال فراگیر در زندگی روزمره، از بیمارستانها تا بانکها و ادارات ۲۰ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۰ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ پیامدهای قطع اینترنت؛ اختلال فراگیر در زندگی روزمره، از بیمارستانها تا بانکها و ادارات سقوط رهبران زیر فشار خیابان؛ تجربههای جهانی چه میگویند؟ ۲۰ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۰ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ سقوط رهبران زیر فشار خیابان؛ تجربههای جهانی چه میگویند؟ دونالد ترامپ چگونه میتواند گرینلند را «تصاحب» کند؟ ۱۹ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ دونالد ترامپ چگونه میتواند گرینلند را «تصاحب» کند؟ دلسی رودریگز، زنی که جانشین مادورو در ونزوئلا شد، کیست؟ ۱۶ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ دلسی رودریگز، زنی که جانشین مادورو در ونزوئلا شد، کیست؟ انتخاب سردبیر گاهشمار اعتراضات ۱۴۰۴؛ آمار نگرانکننده از کشتار وسیع متعرضان ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ از تورم تا انزوا؛ چرا اعتراضات اخیر میتواند به جدیترین بحران جمهوری اسلامی تبدیل شود؟ ۱۶ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ ایران در دوران «پسا مهسا»؛ معترضان چه دادند و چه گرفتند؟ ۱۶ مهر ۱۴۰۱ - ۸ اکتبر ۲۰۲۲ اعتراضهای ایران؛ چرا حکومت اعتراض را اغتشاش روایت میکند؟ ۵ آذر ۱۳۹۸ - ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹ انتخاب سردبیر گاهشمار اعتراضات ۱۴۰۴؛ آمار نگرانکننده از کشتار وسیع متعرضان ۲۵ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ گاهشمار اعتراضات ۱۴۰۴؛ آمار نگرانکننده از کشتار وسیع متعرضان از تورم تا انزوا؛ چرا اعتراضات اخیر میتواند به جدیترین بحران جمهوری اسلامی تبدیل شود؟ ۱۶ دی ۱۴۰۴ - ۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ از تورم تا انزوا؛ چرا اعتراضات اخیر میتواند به جدیترین بحران جمهوری اسلامی تبدیل شود؟ ایران در دوران «پسا مهسا»؛ معترضان چه دادند و چه گرفتند؟ ۱۶ مهر ۱۴۰۱ - ۸ اکتبر ۲۰۲۲ ایران در دوران «پسا مهسا»؛ معترضان چه دادند و چه گرفتند؟ اعتراضهای ایران؛ چرا حکومت اعتراض را اغتشاش روایت میکند؟ ۵ آذر ۱۳۹۸ - ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹ اعتراضهای ایران؛ چرا حکومت اعتراض را اغتشاش روایت میکند؟ شبکه های اجتماعی اینستاگرام تلگرام یوتیوب ایکس فیسبوک ساندکلاد شبکه های اجتماعی اینستاگرام تلگرام یوتیوب ایکس فیسبوک ساندکلاد مطالب پرخواننده ۱ ماریا کورینا ماچادو جایزه صلح نوبل خود را به ترامپ اهدا کرد ۲ اختلاف در راس طالبان؛ یافتههای بیبیسی از کشمکشها در کابل و قندهار در جریان قطع اینترنت ۳ اعتراضات ایران زیر ذرهبین پیونگیانگ؛ آیا کیم جونگاون نگران است؟ ۴ یرواند آبراهامیان، تاریخنگار ایران: اعتراضات این بار متفاوتند اما تقابلی طولانی و دردناک درپیش است ۵ هزینه قطع کامل اینترنت در ایران چقدر است؟ ۶ سه دهه پافشاری خامنهای بر «ریشه خارجی» اعتراضات ۷ مانور اروپاییها در گرینلند؛ ترامپ مصرانه میگوید آمریکا به این جزیره نیاز دارد ۸ همزمان با اخبار کشتار معترضان در ایران، آمریکا و بریتانیا بخشی از نیروهای خود را از پایگاه عدید قطر خارج کردند ۹ ایران در رسانههای ترکیه و پاکستان؛ تردید درباره رهبری اعتراضها و هشدار نسبت به مداخله خارجی ۱۰ ایران در تلویزیون روسیه؛ سکوت درباره سرکوب و نظریه «کار کردن با اطرافیان خامنهای» مطالب پرخواننده ۱ ماریا کورینا ماچادو جایزه صلح نوبل خود را به ترامپ اهدا کرد ۲ اختلاف در راس طالبان؛ یافتههای بیبیسی از کشمکشها در کابل و قندهار در جریان قطع اینترنت ۳ اعتراضات ایران زیر ذرهبین پیونگیانگ؛ آیا کیم جونگاون نگران است؟ ۴ یرواند آبراهامیان، تاریخنگار ایران: اعتراضات این بار متفاوتند اما تقابلی طولانی و دردناک درپیش است ۵ هزینه قطع کامل اینترنت در ایران چقدر است؟ ۶ سه دهه پافشاری خامنهای بر «ریشه خارجی» اعتراضات ۷ مانور اروپاییها در گرینلند؛ ترامپ مصرانه میگوید آمریکا به این جزیره نیاز دارد ۸ همزمان با اخبار کشتار معترضان در ایران، آمریکا و بریتانیا بخشی از نیروهای خود را از پایگاه عدید قطر خارج کردند ۹ ایران در رسانههای ترکیه و پاکستان؛ تردید درباره رهبری اعتراضها و هشدار نسبت به مداخله خارجی ۱۰ ایران در تلویزیون روسیه؛ سکوت درباره سرکوب و نظریه «کار کردن با اطرافیان خامنهای» اخبار به زبانهای دیگر کلیک کنید اخبار به زبانهای دیگر چرا میتوانید به بیبیسی اطمینان کنید؟ شرایط استفاده درباره بی بی سی سیاست حفظ حریم خصوصی کوکی ها تماس با بی بی سی اخبار به زبانهای دیگر Do not share or sell my info © 2026 بی بی سی. بی بی سی مسئول محتوای سایت های دیگر نیست. سیاست ما درباره لینک دادن به سایت های دیگر.
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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries What happens in space during a medical emergency? Four astronauts evacuated from the International Space Station (ISS) have landed back on Earth, after their stay in space was cut short by a month due to a "serious" medical issue. The astronauts arrived on the ISS on 1 August expecting to complete a standard six and a half month stay. But last week, a scheduled spacewalk was called off at the last minute. Hours later, Nasa revealed a crew member had become ill. It is the first time astronauts have been evacuated due to a health issue since the station was put into Earth's orbit in 1998. BBC science correspondent Pallab Ghosh explains how Nasa deals with medical emergencies in space. More on this story. Watch: Stunning celestial events that lit up the skies in 2025 From meteor showers to supermoons, here are some of the sights that wowed stargazers this year. Science & Environment Zoo celebrates arrival of Haggis the pygmy hippo Science & Environment Flood alerts as Storm Benjamin hits South East Science & Environment Watch: Weather forecast as Storm Benjamin hits England and Wales The Met Office has issued yellow severe weather warnings for both wind and rain. Science & Environment 'Nature should run through a city the same way that water does' Baroness Kathy Willis talks about the importance of green and blue spaces in cities. Science & Environment Inside the lab analysing the world's oldest ice Studying samples from the ice sheet gives an environmental record of over a million years. Science & Environment Watch: Jane Goodall tells BBC how she became interested in animals The animal rights activist has died aged 91, after a pioneering career studying chimps. Science & Environment Water voles reintroduced to River Wey Science & Environment Is Trump right about wind power and UK energy bills? President Trump has suggested this week that wind power is the reason for rising energy bills in the UK. BBC Verify's Ben Chu takes a look at the data. Science & Environment Watch: London Zoo's capybaras and tortoises on weigh-in day London Zoo in Regent's Park holds its annual animal weigh-in, with zookeepers weighing and measuring over 10,000 animals to monitor their health and wellbeing. Science & Environment The Donegal man shearing sheep all over the world Science & Environment Watch: Meteor shower seen in skies above UK The astronomical event was captured on camera at North York Moors National Park on 13 August. Science & Environment Storm Floris to bring 'unseasonably strong gusty' winds to UK Storm Floris to bring 'unseasonably strong gusty' wind to UK Science & Environment Triceratops' secret weapon in fight with T. rex Science & Environment Could this faraway world be home to life? Researchers studying planet K2-18b's atmosphere have detected signs of molecules which on Earth are only produced by simple organisms. Science & Environment Katy Perry kisses the ground as Blue Origin crew return to land The all-female crew are back on Earth after reaching space on Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rocket. Science & Environment Watch: Moment Blue Origin flight with all-female crew blasts off The six women, including pop star Katy Perry, took off from Texas on Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rocket. Science & Environment Partial eclipse darkens sky over UK and abroad The eclipse won't be total anywhere in the world, but parts of Canada will come close. Science & Environment 'A lot of panic': Tourists caught up in Bangkok earthquake People in nearby Bangkok have reacted after a 7.7 magnitude earthquake hit central Myanmar. Strong tremors were felt in Thailand as well as parts of China. Science & Environment Strange spiral seen in the sky - BBC explains what it was On Monday, stargazers may have noticed an unusual sight in the sky above the UK. Science & Environment Watch: Stunning celestial events that lit up the skies in 2025 From meteor showers to supermoons, here are some of the sights that wowed stargazers this year. Zoo celebrates arrival of Haggis the pygmy hippo Flood alerts as Storm Benjamin hits South East Watch: Weather forecast as Storm Benjamin hits England and Wales The Met Office has issued yellow severe weather warnings for both wind and rain. 'Nature should run through a city the same way that water does' Baroness Kathy Willis talks about the importance of green and blue spaces in cities. Inside the lab analysing the world's oldest ice Studying samples from the ice sheet gives an environmental record of over a million years. Watch: Jane Goodall tells BBC how she became interested in animals The animal rights activist has died aged 91, after a pioneering career studying chimps. Water voles reintroduced to River Wey Is Trump right about wind power and UK energy bills? President Trump has suggested this week that wind power is the reason for rising energy bills in the UK. BBC Verify's Ben Chu takes a look at the data. Watch: London Zoo's capybaras and tortoises on weigh-in day London Zoo in Regent's Park holds its annual animal weigh-in, with zookeepers weighing and measuring over 10,000 animals to monitor their health and wellbeing. The Donegal man shearing sheep all over the world Watch: Meteor shower seen in skies above UK The astronomical event was captured on camera at North York Moors National Park on 13 August. Storm Floris to bring 'unseasonably strong gusty' winds to UK Storm Floris to bring 'unseasonably strong gusty' wind to UK Triceratops' secret weapon in fight with T. rex Could this faraway world be home to life? Researchers studying planet K2-18b's atmosphere have detected signs of molecules which on Earth are only produced by simple organisms. Katy Perry kisses the ground as Blue Origin crew return to land The all-female crew are back on Earth after reaching space on Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rocket. Watch: Moment Blue Origin flight with all-female crew blasts off The six women, including pop star Katy Perry, took off from Texas on Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rocket. Partial eclipse darkens sky over UK and abroad The eclipse won't be total anywhere in the world, but parts of Canada will come close. 'A lot of panic': Tourists caught up in Bangkok earthquake People in nearby Bangkok have reacted after a 7.7 magnitude earthquake hit central Myanmar. Strong tremors were felt in Thailand as well as parts of China. Strange spiral seen in the sky - BBC explains what it was On Monday, stargazers may have noticed an unusual sight in the sky above the UK. 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Please consider uploading your file on Commons . However, if you prefer to do it here instead, you may go ahead with this form. You can also first use this form to collect the information about your file and then send it to Commons from here. Copyright status: This file is entirely my own work. I am the copyright holder. I made this myself, from scratch, without copying or incorporating anybody else's creative work, and I am willing to release it under a free license. Please note that by "entirely self-made" we really mean just that. Do not use this section for any of the following: a scan or photograph you made of a painting, drawing, printed page or other item originally created by somebody else. The copyright belongs to the original creator, not to you. a screenshot or other kind of capture of a video, computer screen, TV programme or other kind of visual media. a picture you created by modifying or copying some other picture or by combining several preexisting pictures made by somebody else. a picture given to you by somebody else. a picture you found somewhere on the Internet. Editors who falsely declare such items as their "own work" will be blocked from editing . Please describe how and when you created this item. How? (e.g.: Where and on what kind of occasion did you take this photo? How did you make this diagram? etc.) Date (please use YYYY-MM-DD format if possible). Publication: Please indicate here if you have previously published this item elsewhere, e.g. on your own website, your Flickr or Facebook account, etc., providing a link. It is important that you place this work under a free license, which will allow everybody else to use it for any purpose, including both commercial and non-commercial purposes, and to modify it. This license will be irrevocable. This file was given to me by its owner. The copyright owner of this file has given it to me for uploading on Wikipedia. I can provide evidence that they have agreed to release it under a free license, for free use by anybody and for any purpose. Please describe who owns this work and how you got it from them. Owner/author: Date of creation: Source: Where did you get the file from? (e.g. available online; was sent to me personally …) Permission: How did you receive the permission? (e.g.: by e-mail, personally, I work for the owner …) The copyright owner has chosen the following license: License: Other: Evidence: The license statement can be found online at: The license agreement has been forwarded to Wikimedia's volunteer response team at "permissions-en@wikimedia.org". OTRS ticket received: The license hasn't yet been forwarded, but I will do so shortly or ask the owner to send it. I haven't got the evidence right now, but I will provide some if requested to do so. Note: files without verifiable permissions may be deleted. You may be better off obtaining proof of permission first. This file is from a free published source. I took it from a website or other published source, where its author has explicitly placed it under a free license, allowing free re-use by anybody. Use this only if there is an explicit licensing statement in the source. The website must explicitly say that the image is released under a license that allows free re-use for any purpose, e.g. the Creative Commons Attribution license. You must be able to point exactly to where it says this. If the source website doesn't say so explicitly, please do not upload the file . Author/owner: Date of creation: Source: For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) The copyright owner has chosen the following license for this file: License: Other: Evidence: Provide a link to where the author explicitly says that the file is released under a free license. (if not visible on the source page itself). This work is so old its copyright has expired This is an old photograph, or a photographic reproduction of an old painting, drawing, etc. I can provide enough information about its author and provenance to prove that it is old enough for its copyright to have expired. It is now legally in the Public Domain . Original author: Please name the original author of this work. Lifetime: Specify date of death, if applicable to public domain status. In many cases, we need to be certain the author died before a certain year, in many cases before 1931. Original publication: Provide as much information as possible about the original time and place of publication of this work. For print publications: provide full bibliographic information. Date of publication: Provide date of first publication, and date of creation if different. Immediate source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Public Domain status: This work is free of all copyrights because: It was created and first published before 1931 and is therefore in the Public Domain in the US. It was first published outside the US , and it was in the Public Domain in its country of origin by the " URAA date ". For most countries, this means the author died 70 years before 1 January 1996, i.e. before 1926. Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country at [1] . It was first published in the US before 1989 , and its copyright expired because it was published without a copyright notice and/or without the necessary copyright registration. Please look up the exact rules at [2] . Its copyright expired for some other reason. [Please explain below]. Explanation: Please provide any evidence necessary to verify the public domain status. This file is in the Public Domain for some other reason. I can demonstrate that this work is legally in the Public Domain, i.e. nobody owns any copyrights on it. This may be for a variety of reasons, for instance because it was created by the US Federal Government, or because it is too simple to attract any copyright. Public Domain means that nobody owns any copyrights on this work. It does not mean simply that it is freely viewable somewhere on the web or that it has been widely used by others. This is not for images you simply found somewhere on the web. Most images on the web are under copyright and belong to somebody, even if you believe the owner won't care about that copyright. If it is in the public domain, you must be able to point to an actual law that makes it so. If you can't point to such a law but merely found this image somewhere, then please do not upload it. Author: Please name the original author of this work. Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Date of creation: Public Domain status: This work is free of all copyrights because: It was created by an agency of the US Federal Government. This does not apply to most US state and local agencies , nor to governments of other countries! It is an official governmental item, such as a flag, state emblem, banknote or postage stamp, from a country where such items are exempt from copyright according to local law. This does not apply to all countries, nor does it usually apply to all publications! (For instance, it usually doesn't apply to simple publicity photographs published on a governmental website.) Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country in question. If the country does not have an exemption rule that applies to this item, go on with the section for " non-free copyrighted works " below. Explanation: Add any explanation or evidence necessary to substantiate your statement above. Cite and provide a link to the relevant law if possible. It is too simple to be eligible for copyright. This typically applies only to graphics that consist solely of simple geometric shapes and/or a few letters or words, or to items such as mathematical or chemical formulae. It may apply to some very simple logos that do not contain complex pictorial elements. It never applies to photographs! It is in the Public Domain for some other reason. Explanation: Thank you for offering to upload a free work. Wikipedia loves free files. However, we would love it even more if you uploaded them on our sister project, Wikimedia Commons . Files uploaded on Commons can be used immediately here on Wikipedia as well as on all its sister projects. Uploading files on Commons works just the same as here. Your Wikipedia account will automatically work on Commons too. Please consider uploading your file on Commons . However, if you prefer to do it here instead, you may go ahead with this form. You can also first use this form to collect the information about your file and then send it to Commons from here. Copyright status: This file is entirely my own work. I am the copyright holder. I made this myself, from scratch, without copying or incorporating anybody else's creative work, and I am willing to release it under a free license. Please note that by "entirely self-made" we really mean just that. Do not use this section for any of the following: a scan or photograph you made of a painting, drawing, printed page or other item originally created by somebody else. The copyright belongs to the original creator, not to you. a screenshot or other kind of capture of a video, computer screen, TV programme or other kind of visual media. a picture you created by modifying or copying some other picture or by combining several preexisting pictures made by somebody else. a picture given to you by somebody else. a picture you found somewhere on the Internet. Editors who falsely declare such items as their "own work" will be blocked from editing . Please describe how and when you created this item. How? (e.g.: Where and on what kind of occasion did you take this photo? How did you make this diagram? etc.) Date (please use YYYY-MM-DD format if possible). Publication: Please indicate here if you have previously published this item elsewhere, e.g. on your own website, your Flickr or Facebook account, etc., providing a link. It is important that you place this work under a free license, which will allow everybody else to use it for any purpose, including both commercial and non-commercial purposes, and to modify it. This license will be irrevocable. Please note that by "entirely self-made" we really mean just that. Do not use this section for any of the following: a scan or photograph you made of a painting, drawing, printed page or other item originally created by somebody else. The copyright belongs to the original creator, not to you. a screenshot or other kind of capture of a video, computer screen, TV programme or other kind of visual media. a picture you created by modifying or copying some other picture or by combining several preexisting pictures made by somebody else. a picture given to you by somebody else. a picture you found somewhere on the Internet. Editors who falsely declare such items as their "own work" will be blocked from editing . Please describe how and when you created this item. How? (e.g.: Where and on what kind of occasion did you take this photo? How did you make this diagram? etc.) Date (please use YYYY-MM-DD format if possible). Publication: Please indicate here if you have previously published this item elsewhere, e.g. on your own website, your Flickr or Facebook account, etc., providing a link. It is important that you place this work under a free license, which will allow everybody else to use it for any purpose, including both commercial and non-commercial purposes, and to modify it. This license will be irrevocable. This file was given to me by its owner. The copyright owner of this file has given it to me for uploading on Wikipedia. I can provide evidence that they have agreed to release it under a free license, for free use by anybody and for any purpose. Please describe who owns this work and how you got it from them. Owner/author: Date of creation: Source: Where did you get the file from? (e.g. available online; was sent to me personally …) Permission: How did you receive the permission? (e.g.: by e-mail, personally, I work for the owner …) The copyright owner has chosen the following license: License: Other: Evidence: The license statement can be found online at: The license agreement has been forwarded to Wikimedia's volunteer response team at "permissions-en@wikimedia.org". OTRS ticket received: The license hasn't yet been forwarded, but I will do so shortly or ask the owner to send it. I haven't got the evidence right now, but I will provide some if requested to do so. Note: files without verifiable permissions may be deleted. You may be better off obtaining proof of permission first. Please describe who owns this work and how you got it from them. Owner/author: Date of creation: Source: Where did you get the file from? (e.g. available online; was sent to me personally …) Permission: How did you receive the permission? (e.g.: by e-mail, personally, I work for the owner …) The copyright owner has chosen the following license: License: Other: Evidence: The license statement can be found online at: The license agreement has been forwarded to Wikimedia's volunteer response team at "permissions-en@wikimedia.org". OTRS ticket received: The license hasn't yet been forwarded, but I will do so shortly or ask the owner to send it. I haven't got the evidence right now, but I will provide some if requested to do so. Note: files without verifiable permissions may be deleted. You may be better off obtaining proof of permission first. The license statement can be found online at: The license agreement has been forwarded to Wikimedia's volunteer response team at "permissions-en@wikimedia.org". OTRS ticket received: The license hasn't yet been forwarded, but I will do so shortly or ask the owner to send it. I haven't got the evidence right now, but I will provide some if requested to do so. Note: files without verifiable permissions may be deleted. You may be better off obtaining proof of permission first. This file is from a free published source. I took it from a website or other published source, where its author has explicitly placed it under a free license, allowing free re-use by anybody. Use this only if there is an explicit licensing statement in the source. The website must explicitly say that the image is released under a license that allows free re-use for any purpose, e.g. the Creative Commons Attribution license. You must be able to point exactly to where it says this. If the source website doesn't say so explicitly, please do not upload the file . Author/owner: Date of creation: Source: For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) The copyright owner has chosen the following license for this file: License: Other: Evidence: Provide a link to where the author explicitly says that the file is released under a free license. (if not visible on the source page itself). Use this only if there is an explicit licensing statement in the source. The website must explicitly say that the image is released under a license that allows free re-use for any purpose, e.g. the Creative Commons Attribution license. You must be able to point exactly to where it says this. If the source website doesn't say so explicitly, please do not upload the file . Author/owner: Date of creation: Source: For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) The copyright owner has chosen the following license for this file: License: Other: Evidence: Provide a link to where the author explicitly says that the file is released under a free license. (if not visible on the source page itself). This work is so old its copyright has expired This is an old photograph, or a photographic reproduction of an old painting, drawing, etc. I can provide enough information about its author and provenance to prove that it is old enough for its copyright to have expired. It is now legally in the Public Domain . Original author: Please name the original author of this work. Lifetime: Specify date of death, if applicable to public domain status. In many cases, we need to be certain the author died before a certain year, in many cases before 1931. Original publication: Provide as much information as possible about the original time and place of publication of this work. For print publications: provide full bibliographic information. Date of publication: Provide date of first publication, and date of creation if different. Immediate source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Public Domain status: This work is free of all copyrights because: It was created and first published before 1931 and is therefore in the Public Domain in the US. It was first published outside the US , and it was in the Public Domain in its country of origin by the " URAA date ". For most countries, this means the author died 70 years before 1 January 1996, i.e. before 1926. Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country at [1] . It was first published in the US before 1989 , and its copyright expired because it was published without a copyright notice and/or without the necessary copyright registration. Please look up the exact rules at [2] . Its copyright expired for some other reason. [Please explain below]. Explanation: Please provide any evidence necessary to verify the public domain status. Original author: Please name the original author of this work. Lifetime: Specify date of death, if applicable to public domain status. In many cases, we need to be certain the author died before a certain year, in many cases before 1931. Original publication: Provide as much information as possible about the original time and place of publication of this work. For print publications: provide full bibliographic information. Date of publication: Provide date of first publication, and date of creation if different. Immediate source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Public Domain status: This work is free of all copyrights because: It was created and first published before 1931 and is therefore in the Public Domain in the US. It was first published outside the US , and it was in the Public Domain in its country of origin by the " URAA date ". For most countries, this means the author died 70 years before 1 January 1996, i.e. before 1926. Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country at [1] . It was first published in the US before 1989 , and its copyright expired because it was published without a copyright notice and/or without the necessary copyright registration. Please look up the exact rules at [2] . Its copyright expired for some other reason. [Please explain below]. It was created and first published before 1931 and is therefore in the Public Domain in the US. It was first published outside the US , and it was in the Public Domain in its country of origin by the " URAA date ". For most countries, this means the author died 70 years before 1 January 1996, i.e. before 1926. Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country at [1] . It was first published in the US before 1989 , and its copyright expired because it was published without a copyright notice and/or without the necessary copyright registration. Please look up the exact rules at [2] . Its copyright expired for some other reason. [Please explain below]. Explanation: Please provide any evidence necessary to verify the public domain status. This file is in the Public Domain for some other reason. I can demonstrate that this work is legally in the Public Domain, i.e. nobody owns any copyrights on it. This may be for a variety of reasons, for instance because it was created by the US Federal Government, or because it is too simple to attract any copyright. Public Domain means that nobody owns any copyrights on this work. It does not mean simply that it is freely viewable somewhere on the web or that it has been widely used by others. This is not for images you simply found somewhere on the web. Most images on the web are under copyright and belong to somebody, even if you believe the owner won't care about that copyright. If it is in the public domain, you must be able to point to an actual law that makes it so. If you can't point to such a law but merely found this image somewhere, then please do not upload it. Author: Please name the original author of this work. Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Date of creation: Public Domain status: This work is free of all copyrights because: It was created by an agency of the US Federal Government. This does not apply to most US state and local agencies , nor to governments of other countries! It is an official governmental item, such as a flag, state emblem, banknote or postage stamp, from a country where such items are exempt from copyright according to local law. This does not apply to all countries, nor does it usually apply to all publications! (For instance, it usually doesn't apply to simple publicity photographs published on a governmental website.) Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country in question. If the country does not have an exemption rule that applies to this item, go on with the section for " non-free copyrighted works " below. Explanation: Add any explanation or evidence necessary to substantiate your statement above. Cite and provide a link to the relevant law if possible. It is too simple to be eligible for copyright. This typically applies only to graphics that consist solely of simple geometric shapes and/or a few letters or words, or to items such as mathematical or chemical formulae. It may apply to some very simple logos that do not contain complex pictorial elements. It never applies to photographs! It is in the Public Domain for some other reason. Explanation: Public Domain means that nobody owns any copyrights on this work. It does not mean simply that it is freely viewable somewhere on the web or that it has been widely used by others. This is not for images you simply found somewhere on the web. Most images on the web are under copyright and belong to somebody, even if you believe the owner won't care about that copyright. If it is in the public domain, you must be able to point to an actual law that makes it so. If you can't point to such a law but merely found this image somewhere, then please do not upload it. Author: Please name the original author of this work. Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Date of creation: Public Domain status: This work is free of all copyrights because: It was created by an agency of the US Federal Government. This does not apply to most US state and local agencies , nor to governments of other countries! It is an official governmental item, such as a flag, state emblem, banknote or postage stamp, from a country where such items are exempt from copyright according to local law. This does not apply to all countries, nor does it usually apply to all publications! (For instance, it usually doesn't apply to simple publicity photographs published on a governmental website.) Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country in question. If the country does not have an exemption rule that applies to this item, go on with the section for " non-free copyrighted works " below. Explanation: Add any explanation or evidence necessary to substantiate your statement above. Cite and provide a link to the relevant law if possible. It is too simple to be eligible for copyright. This typically applies only to graphics that consist solely of simple geometric shapes and/or a few letters or words, or to items such as mathematical or chemical formulae. It may apply to some very simple logos that do not contain complex pictorial elements. It never applies to photographs! It is in the Public Domain for some other reason. Explanation: It was created by an agency of the US Federal Government. This does not apply to most US state and local agencies , nor to governments of other countries! It is an official governmental item, such as a flag, state emblem, banknote or postage stamp, from a country where such items are exempt from copyright according to local law. This does not apply to all countries, nor does it usually apply to all publications! (For instance, it usually doesn't apply to simple publicity photographs published on a governmental website.) Please look up the copyright rules for the specific country in question. If the country does not have an exemption rule that applies to this item, go on with the section for " non-free copyrighted works " below. Explanation: Add any explanation or evidence necessary to substantiate your statement above. Cite and provide a link to the relevant law if possible. It is too simple to be eligible for copyright. This typically applies only to graphics that consist solely of simple geometric shapes and/or a few letters or words, or to items such as mathematical or chemical formulae. It may apply to some very simple logos that do not contain complex pictorial elements. It never applies to photographs! It is in the Public Domain for some other reason. Explanation: This is a copyrighted, non-free work, but I believe it is Fair Use. I have read the Wikipedia rules on Non-Free Content , and I am prepared to explain how the use of this file will meet the criteria set out there. It is not a photo from a press agency or photo agency (e.g., AP or Getty Images ). Please remember that you will need to demonstrate that: The file will serve an important function in a particular article; ( NFCC8 ) It cannot be replaced by any other, free illustration that might yet be created; ( NFCC1 ) Its use does not negatively affect the commercial interests of its owner ( NFCC2 ) There will not be more non-free material used than necessary. ( NFCC3 ) This file will be used in the following article: Enter the name of exactly one Wikipedia article, without the [[...]] brackets and without the " URL code. It has to be an actual article, not a talkpage, template, user page, etc. If you plan to use the file in more than one article, please name only one of them here. Then, after uploading, open the image description page for editing and add your separate explanations for each additional article manually. Example – article okay. This article doesn't exist! The article Example could not be found. Please check the spelling, and make sure you enter the name of an existing article in which you will include this file. If this is an article you are only planning to write, please write it first and upload the file afterwards. This is not an actual encyclopedia article! The page Example is not in the main article namespace. Non-free files can only be used in mainspace article pages, not on a user page, talk page, template, etc. Please upload this file only if it is going to be used in an actual article. If this page is an article draft in your user space, we're sorry, but we must ask you to wait until the page is ready and has been moved into mainspace, and only upload the file after that. This is a disambiguation page! The page Example is not a real article, but a disambiguation page pointing to a number of other pages. Please check and enter the exact title of the actual target article you meant. Non-free use rationale This image is the object of discussion in an article. This is a copyrighted artwork or photograph, and the image itself is the topic of discussion in the article. The discussion is about the photograph or painting as such, as a creative work, not just about the thing or person it shows. Which of these options describes this item best? Who created this work? Author/owner: Date: Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Usage: The article as a whole is dedicated specifically to a discussion of this particular photograph/painting. (It is not just about the person or thing shown in the picture.) There is a substantial amount of encyclopedic discussion of this particular photograph/painting ( not just about the person or thing shown in it) in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point: If neither of these two statements applies, then please do not upload this image. This section is not for images used merely to illustrate an article about a person or thing, showing what that person or thing look like. This is a depiction of a copyrighted three-dimensional work or building , which is the object of discussion in an article. This is a photograph or other kind of depiction of a copyrighted, three-dimensional creative work, such as a statue or work of architecture. The article contains a discussion of that work which requires illustration. The photograph as such is free, or was provided by the creator of the sculpture. Which of these options describes this item best? First describe who created the original work depicted: Creator: Date: Usage: The article as a whole is dedicated specifically to this work. There is a substantial amount of encyclopedic discussion of this work in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point: Now describe who created the image : Author: Date: Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Image status The image was created and published by the same author who also holds the rights to the original object, and no alternative depiction could be suitably created. The author of the image has released the photographic work under a free license, or it is in the public domain: Name the license or describe the public domain status, adding any necessary evidence to make the licensing status verifiable. This is an excerpt from a copyrighted work . This is an excerpt from a copyrighted work, e.g. a screenshot from a movie or TV programme, a panel from a comic, or a sound sample from a song. Its presence is needed to support a piece of explicit critical discussion in an article related to that work or its creator(s). Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (author / copyright owner of the original work) Date of creation: Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) Please explain what exactly in the article it is that you want to illustrate with this. Typically, the illustration must be used to support some specific issue of discussion in the article. Please be concrete and specific. Don't just copy boilerplate statements from elsewhere. State clearly, in your own words, what this particular file will be doing in this particular article. If necessary, please explain why this purpose cannot be achieved through text alone. This is the official cover art of a work. This is the cover or dustjacket of a book, the cover of a CD or video, the official release poster of a movie, or a comparable item. It will be included as that work's primary means of visual identification, at the top of the article about the book, movie, etc. in question. Note: If you plan to use it for any other purpose than this, please tick the box for "other non-free work" below. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (author / copyright owner of the original work) Date of publication: Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the work in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. This is a logo of an organization , company, brand, etc. This is an official logo of an entity that is the subject of a Wikipedia article. It will be included as that entity's primary means of visual identification, at the top of the article in question. Note: If you plan to use it for any other purpose than this, please tick the box for "other non-free work" below. Which of these options describes this item best? Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the entity in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. This is a historical portrait of a person no longer alive. This is a historical photograph or other depiction of a person who is no longer alive. It will be used as the primary means of visual identification of that person in the article about them. Deceased since: (This type of file can typically only be used with people who are no longer alive.) Author: (Who made this image?) Original publication: (Where, when and how was this image first published?) Date of publication: Source: (Where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the person in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. Please explain why a free alternative to this image cannot be found. For subjects who died recently: have you made a reasonable effort to find people who might possess photographs of this person and might be willing to release one? For subjects who lived in the early-to-mid 20th century: have you considered if there might be an older photograph that has fallen in the public domain? Please explain why you are confident that our use of the file will not harm any commercial opportunities of its owner. We will typically not use a file if its owner has a potential commercial interest in its use, and if our use of it would compete with its original market role. This is some other kind of non-free work that I believe is legitimate Fair Use. This is a copyrighted work whose use does not fall into any of the classes above. I have read the Wikipedia rules on Non-free content , and I will explain how this file meets all of the criteria set out there. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (Who made this image?) Original publication: (Where, when and how was this image first published?) Date of publication: Source: (Where exactly did you get this file from?) Please explain what exact purpose this file will serve in the article. Please be concrete and specific. Don't just copy boilerplate statements from elsewhere. State clearly, in your own words, what this particular file will be doing in this particular article. Your explanation must make it clear why the article would be significantly worse off without this file. Please explain why this purpose could not be served by text alone. Please explain why this purpose could not be served with an alternative, free illustration that could yet be found or created. For a file to be deemed replaceable, it is not necessary that a suitable replacement already exists. Even if it is merely possible that a replacement could be created, we will not use the non-free file. Please explain why you are confident that our use of the file will not harm any commercial opportunities of its owner. We will typically not use a file if its owner has a potential commercial interest in its use, and if our use of it would compete with its original market role. Remember that the use of non-free files must be minimal. This can mean several things: Don't use more files per article/topic than necessary Don't use the same file in more articles than necessary Don't use larger excerpts of a single work than necessary Don't use images of higher resolution than necessary In view of this, please explain how the use of this file will be minimal. Special source and license conditions (optional) Any further relevant information about this file? Edit summary: A brief description of why you are overwriting this file. This will not be saved on the description page, but will be shown in its edit history. Yes , I want this file to be immediately available in all Wikimedia projects, in all languages. I will upload it on the Wikimedia Commons . Clicking this button will redirect you to a page on Commons. This will only work if you are already logged in there, which is likely the case if you have a unified account . Check here to see if you are logged in. No , I want to upload this file locally. This way it can be used only on the English Wikipedia. We urge you to upload it to the Commons unless there is a very good reason for it to stay local. Often such local files are copied to the Commons for use elsewhere and deleted locally, requiring extra work for other volunteers. If you do not want your file to be copied to Commons and deleted locally, consider adding the {{ Keep local }} tag. Reset this form and start over. Please remember that you will need to demonstrate that: The file will serve an important function in a particular article; ( NFCC8 ) It cannot be replaced by any other, free illustration that might yet be created; ( NFCC1 ) Its use does not negatively affect the commercial interests of its owner ( NFCC2 ) There will not be more non-free material used than necessary. ( NFCC3 ) This file will be used in the following article: Enter the name of exactly one Wikipedia article, without the [[...]] brackets and without the " URL code. It has to be an actual article, not a talkpage, template, user page, etc. If you plan to use the file in more than one article, please name only one of them here. Then, after uploading, open the image description page for editing and add your separate explanations for each additional article manually. Example – article okay. This article doesn't exist! The article Example could not be found. Please check the spelling, and make sure you enter the name of an existing article in which you will include this file. If this is an article you are only planning to write, please write it first and upload the file afterwards. This is not an actual encyclopedia article! The page Example is not in the main article namespace. Non-free files can only be used in mainspace article pages, not on a user page, talk page, template, etc. Please upload this file only if it is going to be used in an actual article. If this page is an article draft in your user space, we're sorry, but we must ask you to wait until the page is ready and has been moved into mainspace, and only upload the file after that. This is a disambiguation page! The page Example is not a real article, but a disambiguation page pointing to a number of other pages. Please check and enter the exact title of the actual target article you meant. Non-free use rationale This image is the object of discussion in an article. This is a copyrighted artwork or photograph, and the image itself is the topic of discussion in the article. The discussion is about the photograph or painting as such, as a creative work, not just about the thing or person it shows. Which of these options describes this item best? Who created this work? Author/owner: Date: Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Usage: The article as a whole is dedicated specifically to a discussion of this particular photograph/painting. (It is not just about the person or thing shown in the picture.) There is a substantial amount of encyclopedic discussion of this particular photograph/painting ( not just about the person or thing shown in it) in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point: If neither of these two statements applies, then please do not upload this image. This section is not for images used merely to illustrate an article about a person or thing, showing what that person or thing look like. Which of these options describes this item best? Who created this work? Author/owner: Date: Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Usage: The article as a whole is dedicated specifically to a discussion of this particular photograph/painting. (It is not just about the person or thing shown in the picture.) There is a substantial amount of encyclopedic discussion of this particular photograph/painting ( not just about the person or thing shown in it) in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point: If neither of these two statements applies, then please do not upload this image. This section is not for images used merely to illustrate an article about a person or thing, showing what that person or thing look like. If neither of these two statements applies, then please do not upload this image. This section is not for images used merely to illustrate an article about a person or thing, showing what that person or thing look like. This is a depiction of a copyrighted three-dimensional work or building , which is the object of discussion in an article. This is a photograph or other kind of depiction of a copyrighted, three-dimensional creative work, such as a statue or work of architecture. The article contains a discussion of that work which requires illustration. The photograph as such is free, or was provided by the creator of the sculpture. Which of these options describes this item best? First describe who created the original work depicted: Creator: Date: Usage: The article as a whole is dedicated specifically to this work. There is a substantial amount of encyclopedic discussion of this work in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point: Now describe who created the image : Author: Date: Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Image status The image was created and published by the same author who also holds the rights to the original object, and no alternative depiction could be suitably created. The author of the image has released the photographic work under a free license, or it is in the public domain: Name the license or describe the public domain status, adding any necessary evidence to make the licensing status verifiable. Which of these options describes this item best? First describe who created the original work depicted: Creator: Date: Usage: The article as a whole is dedicated specifically to this work. There is a substantial amount of encyclopedic discussion of this work in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point: Now describe who created the image : Author: Date: Source: State exactly where you found this file. For web sources: please provide a link to the html web page where the file can be found (" .html"), not a direct link to the image file itself (" .jpg"). For print sources: provide full bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, year, page, etc.) Image status The image was created and published by the same author who also holds the rights to the original object, and no alternative depiction could be suitably created. The author of the image has released the photographic work under a free license, or it is in the public domain: Name the license or describe the public domain status, adding any necessary evidence to make the licensing status verifiable. This is an excerpt from a copyrighted work . This is an excerpt from a copyrighted work, e.g. a screenshot from a movie or TV programme, a panel from a comic, or a sound sample from a song. Its presence is needed to support a piece of explicit critical discussion in an article related to that work or its creator(s). Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (author / copyright owner of the original work) Date of creation: Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) Please explain what exactly in the article it is that you want to illustrate with this. Typically, the illustration must be used to support some specific issue of discussion in the article. Please be concrete and specific. Don't just copy boilerplate statements from elsewhere. State clearly, in your own words, what this particular file will be doing in this particular article. If necessary, please explain why this purpose cannot be achieved through text alone. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (author / copyright owner of the original work) Date of creation: Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) Please explain what exactly in the article it is that you want to illustrate with this. Typically, the illustration must be used to support some specific issue of discussion in the article. Please be concrete and specific. Don't just copy boilerplate statements from elsewhere. State clearly, in your own words, what this particular file will be doing in this particular article. If necessary, please explain why this purpose cannot be achieved through text alone. This is the official cover art of a work. This is the cover or dustjacket of a book, the cover of a CD or video, the official release poster of a movie, or a comparable item. It will be included as that work's primary means of visual identification, at the top of the article about the book, movie, etc. in question. Note: If you plan to use it for any other purpose than this, please tick the box for "other non-free work" below. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (author / copyright owner of the original work) Date of publication: Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the work in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (author / copyright owner of the original work) Date of publication: Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the work in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. This is a logo of an organization , company, brand, etc. This is an official logo of an entity that is the subject of a Wikipedia article. It will be included as that entity's primary means of visual identification, at the top of the article in question. Note: If you plan to use it for any other purpose than this, please tick the box for "other non-free work" below. Which of these options describes this item best? Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the entity in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. Which of these options describes this item best? Source: (where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the entity in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. This is a historical portrait of a person no longer alive. This is a historical photograph or other depiction of a person who is no longer alive. It will be used as the primary means of visual identification of that person in the article about them. Deceased since: (This type of file can typically only be used with people who are no longer alive.) Author: (Who made this image?) Original publication: (Where, when and how was this image first published?) Date of publication: Source: (Where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the person in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. Please explain why a free alternative to this image cannot be found. For subjects who died recently: have you made a reasonable effort to find people who might possess photographs of this person and might be willing to release one? For subjects who lived in the early-to-mid 20th century: have you considered if there might be an older photograph that has fallen in the public domain? Please explain why you are confident that our use of the file will not harm any commercial opportunities of its owner. We will typically not use a file if its owner has a potential commercial interest in its use, and if our use of it would compete with its original market role. Deceased since: (This type of file can typically only be used with people who are no longer alive.) Author: (Who made this image?) Original publication: (Where, when and how was this image first published?) Date of publication: Source: (Where exactly did you get this file from?) This image will be shown as a primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the person in question. A standard fair use rationale will be added that matches this type of use. If you plan to use the file for any purpose other than this, please do not use this section, but the one labelled "other type of non-free work" below. Please explain why a free alternative to this image cannot be found. For subjects who died recently: have you made a reasonable effort to find people who might possess photographs of this person and might be willing to release one? For subjects who lived in the early-to-mid 20th century: have you considered if there might be an older photograph that has fallen in the public domain? Please explain why you are confident that our use of the file will not harm any commercial opportunities of its owner. We will typically not use a file if its owner has a potential commercial interest in its use, and if our use of it would compete with its original market role. This is some other kind of non-free work that I believe is legitimate Fair Use. This is a copyrighted work whose use does not fall into any of the classes above. I have read the Wikipedia rules on Non-free content , and I will explain how this file meets all of the criteria set out there. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (Who made this image?) Original publication: (Where, when and how was this image first published?) Date of publication: Source: (Where exactly did you get this file from?) Please explain what exact purpose this file will serve in the article. Please be concrete and specific. Don't just copy boilerplate statements from elsewhere. State clearly, in your own words, what this particular file will be doing in this particular article. Your explanation must make it clear why the article would be significantly worse off without this file. Please explain why this purpose could not be served by text alone. Please explain why this purpose could not be served with an alternative, free illustration that could yet be found or created. For a file to be deemed replaceable, it is not necessary that a suitable replacement already exists. Even if it is merely possible that a replacement could be created, we will not use the non-free file. Please explain why you are confident that our use of the file will not harm any commercial opportunities of its owner. We will typically not use a file if its owner has a potential commercial interest in its use, and if our use of it would compete with its original market role. Remember that the use of non-free files must be minimal. This can mean several things: Don't use more files per article/topic than necessary Don't use the same file in more articles than necessary Don't use larger excerpts of a single work than necessary Don't use images of higher resolution than necessary In view of this, please explain how the use of this file will be minimal. Special source and license conditions (optional) Any further relevant information about this file? Edit summary: A brief description of why you are overwriting this file. This will not be saved on the description page, but will be shown in its edit history. Yes , I want this file to be immediately available in all Wikimedia projects, in all languages. I will upload it on the Wikimedia Commons . Clicking this button will redirect you to a page on Commons. This will only work if you are already logged in there, which is likely the case if you have a unified account . Check here to see if you are logged in. No , I want to upload this file locally. This way it can be used only on the English Wikipedia. We urge you to upload it to the Commons unless there is a very good reason for it to stay local. Often such local files are copied to the Commons for use elsewhere and deleted locally, requiring extra work for other volunteers. If you do not want your file to be copied to Commons and deleted locally, consider adding the {{ Keep local }} tag. Reset this form and start over. Which of these options describes this item best? Author: (Who made this image?) Original publication: (Where, when and how was this image first published?) Date of publication: Source: (Where exactly did you get this file from?) Please explain what exact purpose this file will serve in the article. Please be concrete and specific. Don't just copy boilerplate statements from elsewhere. State clearly, in your own words, what this particular file will be doing in this particular article. Your explanation must make it clear why the article would be significantly worse off without this file. Please explain why this purpose could not be served by text alone. Please explain why this purpose could not be served with an alternative, free illustration that could yet be found or created. For a file to be deemed replaceable, it is not necessary that a suitable replacement already exists. Even if it is merely possible that a replacement could be created, we will not use the non-free file. Please explain why you are confident that our use of the file will not harm any commercial opportunities of its owner. We will typically not use a file if its owner has a potential commercial interest in its use, and if our use of it would compete with its original market role. Remember that the use of non-free files must be minimal. This can mean several things: Don't use more files per article/topic than necessary Don't use the same file in more articles than necessary Don't use larger excerpts of a single work than necessary Don't use images of higher resolution than necessary In view of this, please explain how the use of this file will be minimal. Don't use more files per article/topic than necessary Don't use the same file in more articles than necessary Don't use larger excerpts of a single work than necessary Don't use images of higher resolution than necessary In view of this, please explain how the use of this file will be minimal. Special source and license conditions (optional) Any further relevant information about this file? Edit summary: A brief description of why you are overwriting this file. This will not be saved on the description page, but will be shown in its edit history. Yes , I want this file to be immediately available in all Wikimedia projects, in all languages. I will upload it on the Wikimedia Commons . Clicking this button will redirect you to a page on Commons. This will only work if you are already logged in there, which is likely the case if you have a unified account . Check here to see if you are logged in. No , I want to upload this file locally. This way it can be used only on the English Wikipedia. We urge you to upload it to the Commons unless there is a very good reason for it to stay local. Often such local files are copied to the Commons for use elsewhere and deleted locally, requiring extra work for other volunteers. If you do not want your file to be copied to Commons and deleted locally, consider adding the {{ Keep local }} tag. Reset this form and start over. Edit summary: A brief description of why you are overwriting this file. This will not be saved on the description page, but will be shown in its edit history. Yes , I want this file to be immediately available in all Wikimedia projects, in all languages. I will upload it on the Wikimedia Commons . Clicking this button will redirect you to a page on Commons. This will only work if you are already logged in there, which is likely the case if you have a unified account . Check here to see if you are logged in. No , I want to upload this file locally. This way it can be used only on the English Wikipedia. We urge you to upload it to the Commons unless there is a very good reason for it to stay local. Often such local files are copied to the Commons for use elsewhere and deleted locally, requiring extra work for other volunteers. If you do not want your file to be copied to Commons and deleted locally, consider adding the {{ Keep local }} tag. Reset this form and start over. This file doesn't fit either of the categories above. This file doesn't seem to fall into either of the classes above, or I am not certain what its status is. I found this file somewhere, but I don't really know who made it or who owns it, or it was made by a press agency or photo agency (e.g., AP or Getty Images ). Well, we're very sorry, but if you're not sure about this file's copyright status, or if it doesn't fit into any of the groups above, then: Please don't upload it. Really, please don't. Even if you think it would make for a great addition to an article. We really take these copyright rules very seriously on Wikipedia. Note that media is assumed to be fully-copyrighted unless shown otherwise; the burden is on the uploader. In particular, please don't upload: any file you simply found on some website, without knowing who its author or copyright owner is. any file you found somewhere, even if you have good reason to believe it has a copyright owner who would not mind us using it, but you don't have an explicit licensing statement from them. any file that was released for publicity purposes by its owners but doesn't have a fully-free license for free re-use for all purposes. any file credited to a commercial image agency, such as Reuters, AP or Getty Images. Such files normally cannot be used even under the "Fair Use" rules, except in rare cases. any file that is licensed for use exclusively on Wikipedia, or is free except that the free license excludes commercial use. If you are in any doubt, please ask some experienced editors for advice before uploading. People will be happy to assist you at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions . Thank you. Well, we're very sorry, but if you're not sure about this file's copyright status, or if it doesn't fit into any of the groups above, then: Please don't upload it. Really, please don't. Even if you think it would make for a great addition to an article. We really take these copyright rules very seriously on Wikipedia. Note that media is assumed to be fully-copyrighted unless shown otherwise; the burden is on the uploader. In particular, please don't upload: any file you simply found on some website, without knowing who its author or copyright owner is. any file you found somewhere, even if you have good reason to believe it has a copyright owner who would not mind us using it, but you don't have an explicit licensing statement from them. any file that was released for publicity purposes by its owners but doesn't have a fully-free license for free re-use for all purposes. any file credited to a commercial image agency, such as Reuters, AP or Getty Images. Such files normally cannot be used even under the "Fair Use" rules, except in rare cases. any file that is licensed for use exclusively on Wikipedia, or is free except that the free license excludes commercial use. If you are in any doubt, please ask some experienced editors for advice before uploading. People will be happy to assist you at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions . Thank you. Preview (test) This is the data that will be submitted to upload: Filename: Edit summary: Text: Upload in process Your file is being uploaded. This might take a minute or two, depending on the size of the file and the speed of your internet connection. Once uploading is completed, you will find your new file at this link: File:Example.jpg File successfully uploaded Your file has been uploaded successfully and can now be found here: File:Example.jpg Please follow the link and check that the image description page has all the information you meant to include. If you want to change the description, just go to the image page, click the "edit" tab at the top of the page and edit just as you would edit any other page. Do not go through this upload form again, unless you want to replace the actual file with a new version. To insert this file into an article, you may want to use code similar to the following: If you wish to make a link to the file in text, without actually showing the image, for instance when discussing the image on a talk page, you can use the following (mark the ":" after the initial brackets!): See Wikipedia:Picture tutorial for more detailed help on how to insert and position images in pages. Thank you for using the File Upload Wizard. Please leave your feedback, comments, bug reports or suggestions on the talk page . Uploading media files Commons Wikipedia Commons Wizard (recommended for free files) Plain form for Commons (experienced users) Old form Files for upload process (recommended for new users) Plain form for local uploads (experienced users) Old guided form Commons Wikipedia Commons Wizard (recommended for free files) Plain form for Commons (experienced users) Old form Files for upload process (recommended for new users) Plain form for local uploads (experienced users) Old guided form Commons Wikipedia Commons Wizard (recommended for free files) Plain form for Commons (experienced users) Old form Commons Wizard (recommended for free files) Plain form for Commons (experienced users) Old form Files for upload process (recommended for new users) Plain form for local uploads (experienced users) Old guided form Files for upload process (recommended for new users) Plain form for local uploads (experienced users) Old guided form Help and guidelines Ask copyright questions Image use policy Non-free content Ask copyright questions Image use policy Non-free content This wizard Documentation Script Discuss Documentation Script Discuss This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 09:56 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 Date unknown 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 Date unknown 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 January–February 2.2 March–April 2.3 May–June 2.4 July–August 2.5 September–October 2.6 November–December 2.7 Date unknown 2.1 January–February 2.2 March–April 2.3 May–June 2.4 July–August 2.5 September–October 2.6 November–December 2.7 Date unknown 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 January–June 3.2 July–December 3.3 Dates unknown 3.1 January–June 3.2 July–December 3.3 Dates unknown 4 References 5 Further reading 1883 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 18th century 19th century 20th century 18th century 19th century 20th century Decades 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s Years 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e 1883 by topic Humanities Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Music Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Poetry Music By country Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark France Germany New Zealand Norway Portugal Russia South Africa Sweden United Kingdom United States Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark France Germany New Zealand Norway Portugal Russia South Africa Sweden United Kingdom United States Other topics Rail transport Science Sports Rail transport Science Sports Lists of leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law Birth and death categories Births Deaths Births Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments Disestablishments Establishments Disestablishments Works category Works Works v t e v t e Gregorian calendar 1883 MDCCCLXXXIII Ab urbe condita 2636 Armenian calendar 1332 ԹՎ ՌՅԼԲ Assyrian calendar 6633 Baháʼí calendar 39–40 Balinese saka calendar 1804–1805 Bengali calendar 1289–1290 Berber calendar 2833 British Regnal year 46 Vict. 1 – 47 Vict. 1 Buddhist calendar 2427 Burmese calendar 1245 Byzantine calendar 7391–7392 Chinese calendar 壬午 年 (Water Horse ) 4580 or 4373 — to — 癸未年 (Water Goat ) 4581 or 4374 Coptic calendar 1599–1600 Discordian calendar 3049 Ethiopian calendar 1875–1876 Hebrew calendar 5643–5644 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1939–1940 - Shaka Samvat 1804–1805 - Kali Yuga 4983–4984 Holocene calendar 11883 Igbo calendar 883–884 Iranian calendar 1261–1262 Islamic calendar 1300–1301 Japanese calendar Meiji 16 (明治１６年) Javanese calendar 1812–1813 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 12 days Korean calendar 4216 Minguo calendar 29 before ROC 民前29年 Nanakshahi calendar 415 Thai solar calendar 2425–2426 Tibetan calendar ཆུ་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Water- Horse ) 2009 or 1628 or 856 — to — ཆུ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Water- Sheep ) 2010 or 1629 or 857 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar , the 1883rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 883rd year of the 2nd millennium , the 83rd year of the 19th century , and the 4th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1883, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Events January January 4 – Life magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States. January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee , Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people. January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States civil service , is passed. January 19 – The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey , United States, installed by Thomas Edison . February February 15 – Tokyo Electrical Lightning Grid, predecessor of Tokyo Electrical Power ( TEPCO ), one of the largest electrical grids in Asia and the world, is founded in Japan. [ 1 ] February 16 – The Ladies' Home Journal is published for the first time, in the United States. [ 2 ] February 23 – Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law . [ 3 ] February 28 – The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston , Massachusetts . February – The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi is first published complete in book form, in Italy. March March 2 – The Hong Kong Observatory is established. [ 4 ] March 9 – Demonstration of 9 March 1883 : Parisian anarchists , unemployed and carpenters narrowly miss the Presidential palace during a violent protest; first use of the black flag as a symbol of anarchism by Louise Michel . [ 5 ] March 20 – The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is held. [ 6 ] March 28 – Battle of Gia Cuc : A French force defeats the Vietnamese in northern Vietnam in the run-up to the Sino-French War . April April 5 – Oxygen is liquefied for the first time. April 28 – The first rugby sevens tournament is played at Melrose RFC in Scotland. [ 7 ] May May 20 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , Indonesia May 23 – Robert Louis Stevenson 's children's pirate adventure novel Treasure Island is first published in book format, in London. May 24 – Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic in New York City, after 13 years of construction. May 30 – A rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede, which crushes 12 people. May 31 – Otto von Bismarck pushes the first social security law through the Reichstag . It establishes a system of Publicly funded health care , one of the first worldwide. It is signed into law on June 15 . June June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden . He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius , the first non-aristocrat (Swedish; " ofrälse ") to serve as Swedish head of government, and Prime Minister. June 16 – Victoria Hall disaster : A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland , England. June 28 – In Milan , Italy, the first central European electricity power station is inaugurated. June 30 – Robert Louis Stevenson 's novel The Black Arrow first appears as a serial in the British magazine Young Folks; A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature as by 'Captain George North'. Stevenson completes writing it at the end of the summer in France. July July 3 – The SS Daphne sinks on launch in Glasgow , Scotland, leaving 124 dead. [ 8 ] July 4 – The world's first rodeo is held in Pecos, Texas . July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes a rebel attack with his life. August August 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam . August 21 – 1883 Rochester tornado : An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota , leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic . August 26 – 27 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa : The volcanic island of Krakatoa erupts at 10:02 am (local time); 163 villages are destroyed, 36,417 killed by tsunami. August 29 – Dunfermline Carnegie Library , the first Carnegie library , is opened in Andrew Carnegie 's hometown, Dunfermline , Scotland. August – King William's College is opened on the Isle of Man . September September 1 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Supremi apostolatus officio ("On Devotion of the Rosary"). September 11 – Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule . September 15 The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in India. The University of Texas at Austin opens to students. The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in India. The University of Texas at Austin opens to students. September 29 – A consortium of flour mill operators in Minneapolis forms the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway , as a means to get their product to the Great Lakes ports, avoiding the high tariffs of Chicago. October October 1 Sydney Boys High School is founded in Sydney, Australia, the country's first state high school. In Amsterdam , the first International Colonial and Export Exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors. Sydney Boys High School is founded in Sydney, Australia, the country's first state high school. In Amsterdam , the first International Colonial and Export Exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors. October 4 The Boys' Brigade (the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in Glasgow , Scotland. The Orient Express train begins to run through from Paris Gare de l'Est to Giurgiu in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to Istanbul (the train has been running since June 5 as far as Vienna). The Boys' Brigade (the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in Glasgow , Scotland. The Orient Express train begins to run through from Paris Gare de l'Est to Giurgiu in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to Istanbul (the train has been running since June 5 as far as Vienna). October 16 – In five Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race . October 20 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón , by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific . October 22 – The Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram in Vienna (Austria) is the first electric tram powered by overhead wire . October 24 – Cardiff University , Wales, opens (under the name of University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire). October 30 – Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground , injuring several people. The next day, British Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground, and introduces the Explosives Bill. November November 3 The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH. American Old West : Self-described Black Bart the Po-8 makes his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture. The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH. American Old West : Self-described Black Bart the Po-8 makes his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture. November 14 – Chile's National Library of Congress is founded. November 18 – U.S. and Canadian railroads institute 5 standard continental time zones , ending the confusion of thousands of local times . November 28 – Whitman College is chartered as a 4-year college in Walla Walla, Washington . December December 1 – Battleford Industrial School , the first government-operated Indian residential school opens in Canada. December 5 – Bisbee Massacre : Five people are killed in the robbery of a general store by bandits in Bisbee, Arizona . [ 9 ] December 16 – Tonkin Campaign : French forces capture the Sơn Tây citadel. December 21 – The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment , the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed. December 26 – The Harbour Grace Affray takes place in Harbour Grace , Colony of Newfoundland . Date unknown Antoni Gaudí begins to work on the Sagrada Família Cathedral in Barcelona (it was consecrated in 2010 ) Construction of Speicherstadt as a free zone in the Port of Hamburg begins. During construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883, blasting and excavation reveal high concentrations of nickel – copper ore at Murray Mine , on the edge of the Sudbury Basin , located near Sudbury, Ontario , Canada. The British Parliament considers a major bill to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in India. The British community rises in protest, and defeats the measure. The Mexican government passes a law allowing real estate companies (controlled by General Porfirio Díaz 's political associates) to survey public and "vacant" lands, and to retain one third of the land they survey. Bernard Kroger establishes the first Kroger grocery store , in Cincinnati , Ohio . The first purebred Percheron (horse) stud book is created in France. ASEA is founded by Ludvig Fredholm in Sweden , predecessor of the global electronic equipment and engineering business ABB . [ 10 ] Founding of: Houghton College in New York State Wagner College in New York City Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in Maryland Raith Rovers F.C. in Scotland The Black Arabs F.C (later Bristol Rovers ) in England Dunstable Town F.C. in England Houghton College in New York State Wagner College in New York City Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in Maryland Raith Rovers F.C. in Scotland The Black Arabs F.C (later Bristol Rovers ) in England Dunstable Town F.C. in England Births January–February January 1 – Ichirō Hatoyama , Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1959 ) January 3 – Clement Attlee , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967 ) January 4 – Johanna Westerdijk , Dutch plant pathologist (d. 1961 ) January 5 – Döme Sztójay , Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946 ) January 6 – Kahlil Gibran , Lebanese poet, painter and novelist (d. 1931 ) January 10 Francis X. Bushman , American screen actor (d. 1966 ) Hubert Latham , pioneer French aviator of the pre- World War I era (d. 1912 ) Florence Reed , American actress (d. 1967 ) Helen Lackaye , American stage actress (d. 1940 ) Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy , Russian writer (d. 1945 ) [ 11 ] Francis X. Bushman , American screen actor (d. 1966 ) Hubert Latham , pioneer French aviator of the pre- World War I era (d. 1912 ) Florence Reed , American actress (d. 1967 ) Helen Lackaye , American stage actress (d. 1940 ) Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy , Russian writer (d. 1945 ) [ 11 ] January 16 – Oswald Short , English aircraft manufacturer (d. 1969 ) January 19 – Waite Phillips , American businessman, philanthropist (d. 1964 ) January 20 – Bertram Ramsay , British admiral (d. 1945 ) [ 12 ] February 8 – Joseph Schumpeter , Austrian economist (d. 1950 ) [ 13 ] February 15 – Sax Rohmer , English author (d. 1959 ) February 16 – Koshirō Oikawa , Japanese admiral (d. 1958 ) February 22 Abe Attell , American boxer (d. 1970 ) Marguerite Clark , American silent film actress (d. 1940 ) Abe Attell , American boxer (d. 1970 ) Marguerite Clark , American silent film actress (d. 1940 ) February 23 – Karl Jaspers , German philosopher (d. 1969 ) February 28 – Gheorghe Argeșanu , Romanian general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940 ) March–April March 2 – Nikos Kazantzakis , Greek writer (d. 1957 ) March 3 – Cyril Burt , British educational psychologist (d. 1971 ) March 4 Sam Langford , Canadian boxer (d. 1956 ) Maude Fealy , American actress (d. 1971 ) Sam Langford , Canadian boxer (d. 1956 ) Maude Fealy , American actress (d. 1971 ) March 7 – Michael Somogyi , Hungarian-American biochemist (d. 1971 ) March 19 Norman Haworth , British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950 ) Joseph Stilwell , American general (d. 1946 ) Norman Haworth , British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950 ) Joseph Stilwell , American general (d. 1946 ) March 21 – Sam Hardy , American stage and screen actor (d. 1935 ) March 24 – Dorothy Campbell , Scottish golfer (d. 1945 ) March 28 – Tikiri Bandara Panabokke II , Ceylonese colonial-era legislator, lawyer and diplomat (d. 1963 ) April 1 Laurette Taylor , American actress (d. 1946 ) Lon Chaney , American actor (d. 1930 ) Laurette Taylor , American actress (d. 1946 ) Lon Chaney , American actor (d. 1930 ) April 3 – Henry Diesen , Norwegian admiral (d. 1953 ) April 5 – Walter Huston , Canadian-born American actor (d. 1950 ) April 11 – Leonard Mudie , English actor (d. 1965 ) April 12 – Dally Messenger , Australian rugby league player (d. 1959 ) April 15 – Stanley Bruce , 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967 ) April 25 – Semyon Budyonny , Cossack cavalryman, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1973 ) April 30 – Jaroslav Hašek , Czech writer (d. 1923 ) [ 14 ] May–June May 1 – Tom Moore , Irish-American actor (d. 1955 ) May 5 Eleazar López Contreras , 32nd President of Venezuela (d. 1973 ) Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell , British field marshal (d. 1950 ) Eleazar López Contreras , 32nd President of Venezuela (d. 1973 ) Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell , British field marshal (d. 1950 ) May 9 – José Ortega y Gasset , Spanish philosopher (d. 1955 ) May 10 – Eugen Leviné , Communist leader of the Munich Soviet Republic (d. 1919 ) May 16 Celâl Bayar , Turkish politician, statesman, 3rd President of Turkey (d. 1986 ) Solomone Ula Ata , Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 1950 ) Celâl Bayar , Turkish politician, statesman, 3rd President of Turkey (d. 1986 ) Solomone Ula Ata , Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 1950 ) May 18 Walter Gropius , German architect (d. 1969 ) Hasui Kawase , Japanese painter, printmaker (d. 1957 ) Eurico Gaspar Dutra , Brazilian marshal, 16th President of Brazil (d. 1974 ) Walter Gropius , German architect (d. 1969 ) Hasui Kawase , Japanese painter, printmaker (d. 1957 ) Eurico Gaspar Dutra , Brazilian marshal, 16th President of Brazil (d. 1974 ) May 23 – Douglas Fairbanks , American actor (d. 1939 ) May 24 – Elsa Maxwell , American gossip columnist, international party giver (d. 1963 ) May 25 – Lesley J. McNair , American general (d. 1944 ) May 27 – Jessie Arms Botke , American artist (d. 1971 ) May 28 – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , Indian pro-independence activist, Hindu nationalist (d. 1966 ) May 31 – Lauri Kristian Relander , President of Finland (d. 1942 ) June 5 John Maynard Keynes , English economist (d. 1946 ) Mary Helen Young , Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (died 1945 ) [ 15 ] John Maynard Keynes , English economist (d. 1946 ) Mary Helen Young , Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (died 1945 ) [ 15 ] June 7 – Sylvanus Morley , American scholar, World War I spy (d. 1948 ) June 11 – Aubrey Fitch , American admiral (d. 1978 ) June 18 – Mary Alden , American stage, screen actress (d. 1946 ) June 20 – Royal E. Ingersoll , American admiral (d. 1976 ) June 24 – Victor Francis Hess , Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964 ) June 28 – Pierre Laval , Prime Minister of France (d. 1945 ) June 29 – Lothrop Stoddard , American eugenicist , radical scientific racist (d. 1950 ) July–August July 1 – István Friedrich , 24th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1951 ) July 3 – Franz Kafka , Austrian writer (d. 1924 ) July 4 – Rube Goldberg , American cartoonist (d. 1970 ) July 6 – Godfrey Huggins , English-born Rhodesian politician and physician, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 1971 ) July 10 – Johannes Blaskowitz , German general (d. 1948 ) July 13 – Jack Reagan , American salesman (d. 1941 ) July 16 – Charles Sheeler , American photographer, artist (d. 1965 ) July 19 Max Fleischer , Austrian animator, film producer ( Betty Boop ) (d. 1972 ) Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard , American-born heiress (d. 1972 ) Max Fleischer , Austrian animator, film producer ( Betty Boop ) (d. 1972 ) Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard , American-born heiress (d. 1972 ) July 20 – Catherine Bramwell-Booth , English Salvation Army officer (d. 1987 ) July 23 Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke , British field marshal (d. 1963 ) Ubaldo Soddu , Italian general (d. 1949 ) [ 16 ] Oscar Westover , United States Army Air Corps general (d. 1938 ) [ 17 ] Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke , British field marshal (d. 1963 ) Ubaldo Soddu , Italian general (d. 1949 ) [ 16 ] Oscar Westover , United States Army Air Corps general (d. 1938 ) [ 17 ] July 25 – Alfredo Casella , Italian composer (d. 1947 ) July 26 – Edwin Balmer , American science fiction, mystery writer (d. 1959 ) July 29 Henry Robertson Bowers , Scottish polar explorer (d. 1912 ) Benito Mussolini , dictator of Italy (d. 1945 ) Henry Robertson Bowers , Scottish polar explorer (d. 1912 ) Benito Mussolini , dictator of Italy (d. 1945 ) July 31 – Ramón Fonst , Cuban fencer (d. 1959) August 2 – Aurelio Mosquera , Ecuadorian politician, 25th President of Ecuador (d. 1939 ) August 6 – Scott Nearing , American political activist, economist, and simple living advocate (d. 1983 ) August 9 – Chester Gillette , American murderer (d. 1908 ) August 12 Pauline Frederick , American stage, screen actress (d. 1938 ) Marion Lorne , American film, stage and television actress (d. 1968 ) Pauline Frederick , American stage, screen actress (d. 1938 ) Marion Lorne , American film, stage and television actress (d. 1968 ) August 15 – Ivan Meštrović , Croatian sculptor and architect (d. 1962 ) August 19 Coco Chanel , French fashion designer (d. 1971 ) [ 18 ] Elsie Ferguson , American actress (d. 1961 ) José Mendes Cabeçadas , 9th President of Portugal and 94th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1965 ) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp , 24th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1954 ) Coco Chanel , French fashion designer (d. 1971 ) [ 18 ] Elsie Ferguson , American actress (d. 1961 ) José Mendes Cabeçadas , 9th President of Portugal and 94th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1965 ) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp , 24th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1954 ) August 23 Jesse Pennington , English footballer (d. 1970 ) Jonathan M. Wainwright , American general (d. 1953 ) Jesse Pennington , English footballer (d. 1970 ) Jonathan M. Wainwright , American general (d. 1953 ) August 30 – Theo van Doesburg , Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931 ) September–October September 2 – Rudolf Weigl , Polish biologist (d. 1957 ) September 5 – Mel Sheppard , American Olympic athlete (d. 1942 ) September 13 – August Zaleski , 6th President of Poland (d. 1972 ) September 15 – Esteban Terradas i Illa , Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950 ) September 28 – Berta Pīpiņa , Latvian politician (d. 1942 ) October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi , Austrian civil engineer and "father of soil mechanics" (d. 1963 ) October 5 – Joseph Hubert Priestley , British botanist (d. 1944 ) [ 19 ] October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg , German physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970 ) October 15 – Robert L. Ghormley , American admiral (d. 1958 ) October 26 – Paul Pilgrim , American athlete (d. 1958 ) October 30 – Bob Jones Sr. , American evangelist, religious broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University (d. 1968 ) October 31 – Anthony Wilding , New Zealand tennis player (d. 1915 ) November–December November 4 – Nikolaos Plastiras , Greek general and politician (d. 1953 ) November 7 – Francisco Moreno Fernández , Spanish admiral (d. 1945 ) [ 20 ] November 8 – Arnold Bax , English composer (d. 1953 ) November 9 – Edna May Oliver , American stage and film character actress (d. 1942 ) November 11 – Ernest Ansermet , Swiss conductor (d. 1969 ) November 14 – Ado Birk , 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942 ) November 18 Carl Vinson , U.S. congressman (d. 1981 ) Alf Bjørnskau Bastiansen , Norwegian priest and politician (d. 1965 ) Carl Vinson , U.S. congressman (d. 1981 ) Alf Bjørnskau Bastiansen , Norwegian priest and politician (d. 1965 ) November 25 Harvey Spencer Lewis , American occultist (b. 1939 ) Diego Martínez Barrio , Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962 ) Harvey Spencer Lewis , American occultist (b. 1939 ) Diego Martínez Barrio , Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962 ) November 26 – Belle da Costa Greene , American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (d. 1950 ) November 29 Lev Galler , Soviet admiral (d. 1950 ) Max Horton , British admiral (d. 1951 ) Lev Galler , Soviet admiral (d. 1950 ) Max Horton , British admiral (d. 1951 ) December 3 – Anton Webern , Austrian composer (d. 1945 ) December 9 Alexander Papagos , Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955 ) Joseph Pilates , German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967 ) Alexander Papagos , Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955 ) Joseph Pilates , German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967 ) December 10 – Giovanni Messe , Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968 ) December 12 – Maxey Dell Moody , American businessman and founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (d. 1949 ) December 14 – Morihei Ueshiba , Japanese martial artist and founder of aikido (d. 1969 ) December 16 – Max Linder , French actor (d. 1925 ) December 22 – Edgard Varèse , French composer (d. 1965 ) December 25 – Hugo Bergmann , German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d. 1975 ) December 26 – Maurice Utrillo , French artist and illustrator (d. 1955 ) December 28 – Lloyd Fredendall , American general (d. 1963 ) December 29 – Forrest Taylor , American stage, film and television actor (d. 1965 ) Date unknown Lotte Herrlich , German photographer (d. 1956 ) Constantin Noe , Megleno-Romanian editor and professor (d. 1939 ) [ 21 ] Ali Ahmad Khan , Afghan politician and emir (d. 1929 ) Ernest Spybuck , Native American artist (d. 1949 ) [ 22 ] Trần Trọng Kim , Vietnamese historian and Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam (d. 1953 ) Deaths January–June January 4 – Antoine Chanzy , French general and colonial governor (b. 1823 ) January 8 – Miska Magyarics , Slovene poet in Hungary (b. 1825 ) January 10 Samuel Mudd , American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833 ) Elling Eielsen , Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804 ) Samuel Mudd , American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833 ) Elling Eielsen , Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804 ) January 17 – Matilde Diez , Spanish actress (b. 1818 ) [ 23 ] January 23 – Gustave Doré , French artist (b. 1832 ) January 24 – Friedrich von Flotow , German composer (b. 1812 ) February 13 – Richard Wagner , German composer (b. 1813 ) February 15 – Prince Kachō Hiroatsu of Japan (b. 1875 ) February 17 Napoléon Coste , French guitarist and composer (b. 1806 ) Vasudev Balwant Phadke , Indian revolutionary (b. 1845 ) Napoléon Coste , French guitarist and composer (b. 1806 ) Vasudev Balwant Phadke , Indian revolutionary (b. 1845 ) February 18 – Francis Abbott , Australian astronomer (b. 1799 ) March 4 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens , Vice President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1812 ) March 14 – Karl Marx , German communist philosopher (b. 1818 ) March 20 – Charles Lasègue , French physician (b. 1816 ) March 21 – Grigol Orbeliani , Georgian poet and soldier (b. 1804 ) March 27 – John Brown , Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (b. 1826 ) March 28 – Napoleon Bonaparte Buford , American general and railroad executive (b. 1807 ) April 4 – Peter Cooper , American industrialist, inventor and philanthropist (b. 1791 ) April 13 – Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (b. 1858 ) [ 24 ] April 15 – Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1823 ) April 16 – Charles II, Duke of Parma (b. 1799 ) April 26 – Napoleon Orda , Belarusian composer and artist (b. 1807 ) April 30 – Édouard Manet , French painter (b. 1832 ) May 6 – Cecilia Fryxell , Swedish educational pioneer (b. 1806 ) [ 25 ] May 24 – Keʻelikōlani , princess of Hawaii (b. 1826 ) [ 26 ] May 26 – Abdelkader El Djezairi , Algerian leader (b. 1808 ) June 6 – Ciprian Porumbescu , Romanian composer (b. 1853) June 11 – Caroline Leigh Gascoigne , English writer (b. 1813) June 20 – John Colenso , English-born mathematician and theologian, Bishop of Natal (b. 1814 ) June 26 – Edward Sabine , Irish astronomer (b. 1788 ) July–December July 15 – General Tom Thumb , American circus performer and entertainer (b. 1838 ) July 22 – Edward Ord , U.S. Army officer (b. 1818 ) July 23 – Rose Massey , English actress (b. 1851 ?) July 24 – Matthew Webb , English sailor, first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids (b. 1848 ) July 27 – Montgomery Blair , American politician (b. 1813 ) July 28 – Carlo Pellion di Persano , Italian admiral and politician (b. 1806 ) August 24 – Henri, Count of Chambord , pretender to the French throne (b. 1820 ) August 25 – Louise Lateau , Belgian mystic and stigmatist (b. 1850 ) September 3 – Ivan Turgenev , Russian writer (b. 1818 ) September 10 – Otto Pius Hippius , Baltic German architect (b. 1826 ) September 17 – Junius Brutus Booth Jr. , American actor and theatre manager (b. 1821 ) September 24 – Selina Jenkinson , British aristocrat (b. 1812 ) October 5 – Joachim Barrande , French palaeontologist (b. 1799 ) October 14 – Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet , English writer and Liberal Party politician (b. 1818 ) October 20 – George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall , Anglo-Irish landowner, courtier and politician (b. 1797 ) October 22 – Thomas Mayne Reid , Irish-American novelist (b. 1818 ) October 30 Dayananda Saraswati , Hindu religious leader (b. 1824 ) Robert Volkmann , German composer (b. 1815 ) Dayananda Saraswati , Hindu religious leader (b. 1824 ) Robert Volkmann , German composer (b. 1815 ) November 19 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens , German engineer (b. 1823 ) November 20 – Tenshoin , wife of 13th Shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Iesada (b. 1836 ) November 29 – Elisabeth Dieudonné Vincent , Haitian-born migrant and free woman of colour (b. 1798 ) December 13 – Victor de Laprade , French poet and critic (b. 1812 ) December 27 – Andrew A. Humphreys , American general and civil engineer (b. 1810 ) Dates unknown Margaret Agnes Bunn , British actress (b. 1799 ) Jules Miot , French republican socialist (b. 1809 ) References ^ ja:東京配電#沿革 (Japanese language edition) Retrieved on July 12, 2020. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation" (PDF) . PSA Research Center . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2016 . Retrieved February 6, 2016 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Antitrust Law!" . The Blackacre Times . 2013-02-23 . Retrieved 2025-07-20 . ^ "History of the Hong Kong Observatory" . Hong Kong Observatory. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . ^ Chartreux, Félix; Larrère, Mathilde; Palieraki, Eugénia (2013), "Brandir la révolution:Histoire des drapeaux révolutionnaires" , Révolutions, Quand les peuples font l'histoire (in French), Belin, pp. 44– 47, doi : 10.3917/bel.larre.2013.01.0044 , retrieved 2025-10-11 ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (1983). The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property from 1883 to 1983 . WIPO. ISBN 978-92-805-0099-8 . ^ "History of melrose sevens" . Archived from the original on February 18, 2014 . Retrieved 2014-03-02 . ^ "SS Daphne" . Clydebuilt Database . Archived from the original on 2006-07-07 . Retrieved 2014-06-23 . ^ "Bisbee Massacre", in The Encyclopedia of Lawmen, Outlaws, and Gunfighters , Leon Claire Metz, ed. (Infobase Publishing, 2002) p25. ^ Glete, Jan (1987). Asea under hundra år: 1883-1983 . Västerås: ASEA. ^ Stanley Hochman (1984). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes . McGraw-Hill. p. 31. ^ Farrell, Brian P. (19 May 2011). "Ramsay, Sir Bertram Home (1883–1945), naval officer" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/35661 . Retrieved 5 September 2019 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ^ Humphrey, Thomas M. (2008). "Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950)" . In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950) . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 452– 455. doi : 10.4135/9781412965811.n276 . ISBN 978-1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . ^ Patrick, Julian (2009). 501 great writers : A comprehensive guide to the giants of literature . Apple. p. 287. ISBN 9781845433109 . ^ Watson, Fiona R. (2004). "Young, Mary Helen (1883–1945), nurse and resistance worker" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/73212 . ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ^ Ubaldo Soddu on [1] , Access date 24 February 2020 ^ "Official US Air Force biography" . Archived from the original on December 12, 2012 . Retrieved December 12, 2022 . ^ "Coco Chanel | Biography, Fashion, Designs, Perfume, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 19 February 2021 . ^ Who's Who (96th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishers . 1944. p. 2239. OCLC 49208358 . Retrieved 6 December 2021 . ^ "Francisco Moreno Fernández: Biografía" [Francisco Moreno Fernández: Biography] (in Spanish). Madrid : Real Academia de la Historia. 2022 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Berciu Drăghicescu, Adina; Dorin, Lozovanu; Virgil, Coman (2012). Aromâni, meglenoromâni, istroromâni: aspecte identitare și culturale (in Romanian). Editura Universității din București. ISBN 9786061601486 . ^ "SPYBUCK, ERNEST (1883–1949)" . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Oklahoma State University . Retrieved 2010-08-30 . ^ The Athenaeum . J. Lection. 1883. p. 194. ^ "Il divin salvatore periodico settimanale romano" . Tip. Salviucci. 7 June 1883 – via Google Books. ^ Ulrika Cecilia Fryxell at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon ^ Damon, Samuel C. (1883). "The Friend" . Vol. 32, no. 7. S.C. Damon. p. 60. Further reading 1883 Annual Cyclopedia (1884) online ; highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for 1883; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. 897pp 1883 CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1: unfit URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 00:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Difficulties and clashes 3.5 Design and visual effects 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Difficulties and clashes 3.5 Design and visual effects 4 Music 5 Release Toggle Release subsection 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Director's cut 7.2 Batman '89 7.1 Director's cut 7.2 Batman '89 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Batman Forever العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Forever Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Akiva Goldsman Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Akiva Goldsman Story by Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Based on Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane & Bill Finger Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane & Bill Finger Produced by Tim Burton Peter MacGregor-Scott Tim Burton Peter MacGregor-Scott Starring Val Kilmer Tommy Lee Jones Jim Carrey Nicole Kidman Chris O'Donnell Michael Gough Pat Hingle Val Kilmer Tommy Lee Jones Jim Carrey Nicole Kidman Chris O'Donnell Michael Gough Pat Hingle Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt Edited by Dennis Virkler Music by Elliot Goldenthal Production companies PolyGram Pictures [ 1 ] Tim Burton Productions [ 1 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 1 ] Tim Burton Productions [ 1 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 9, 1995 ( 1995-06-09 ) ( Mann Village Theater ) June 16, 1995 ( 1995-06-16 ) (United States) June 9, 1995 ( 1995-06-09 ) ( Mann Village Theater ) June 16, 1995 ( 1995-06-16 ) (United States) Running time 122 minutes [ 3 ] Country United States Language English Budget $100 million [ 4 ] Box office $336.6 million [ 4 ] Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . [ a ] It is the third installment of the Batman film series , acting as a standalone sequel to Batman Returns . Directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton and Peter MacGregor-Scott , it stars Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman , replacing Michael Keaton , [ 6 ] alongside Tommy Lee Jones , Jim Carrey , Nicole Kidman , and Chris O'Donnell . The film follows Batman as he attempts to prevent Two-Face (Jones) and the Riddler (Carrey) from uncovering his secret identity and extracting information from the minds of Gotham City 's residents, while at the same time navigating his feelings for psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian (Kidman) and adopting orphaned acrobat Dick Grayson (O'Donnell)—who becomes his partner and best friend, Robin . Schumacher mostly eschewed the dark, dystopian atmosphere of Burton's films by drawing inspiration from the Batman comic books of the Dick Sprang era, as well as the 1960s television series . After Keaton chose not to reprise his role, William Baldwin and Ethan Hawke were considered as a replacement, before Kilmer joined the cast. Batman Forever was released on June 16, 1995, to mixed reviews from critics, who praised the visuals, action sequences, and soundtrack, but criticized the screenplay and tonal departure from the previous two films. The film was a box office success, grossing over $336 million worldwide and becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1995 . It was followed by Batman & Robin in 1997, with Schumacher returning as the director, O'Donnell returning as Robin, and George Clooney replacing Kilmer as Batman. Plot In Gotham City , Batman defuses a hostage situation orchestrated by the criminal Two-Face , formerly district attorney Harvey Dent , who escapes. Flashbacks reveal that Dent, once one of Batman's biggest supporters, was horribly disfigured with acid by mobster Sal Maroni , the trauma of the incident causing Dent to develop a split personality , make decisions based on the flip of a coin, and swear vengeance against Batman for failing to prevent the incident. Edward Nygma , an eccentric and egotistical researcher at Wayne Enterprises , approaches his employer, Bruce Wayne, to present an invention that can beam television signals directly into the brain, demanding immediate approval directly from Bruce. Bruce rejects the device as he is concerned that the technology could manipulate minds . After killing his abusive supervisor and staging it as a suicide, Nygma resigns and plots revenge against Bruce, sending him riddles . Criminal psychologist Chase Meridian diagnoses Nygma as psychotic . Bruce attends a circus with Chase. Two-Face hijacks the event and threatens to detonate a bomb unless Batman reveals his identity. Dick Grayson , the youngest member of the Flying Graysons family of acrobats, prevents the bomb from killing anyone by throwing it into a river with the help of his family; however, Two-Face kills all of them except Dick in the process. Bruce invites the now-orphaned Dick to live at Wayne Manor as his ward , where he later discovers that Bruce is Batman. Seeking to avenge the death of his family, Dick demands to join Batman in crime-fighting , hoping to kill Two-Face, but Bruce declines in order to help Dick move on instead, as he is considering retirement. Nygma becomes the Riddler and teams up with Two-Face. They commit a series of robberies to finance Nygma's new company and mass-produce his brainwave device dubbed the Box, which steals information from minds and transfers it to Nygma's, increasing his intelligence but also slowly causing him to lose his grip on reality. At a party hosted by Nygma, Batman pursues Two-Face and is almost killed until Dick saves him. Batman visits Chase, who explains that she has fallen in love with Bruce, and Bruce reveals his secret identity to her. Having discovered Bruce's secret through the Box, on Halloween night, Two-Face and the Riddler destroy the Batcave , shoot Bruce, and abduct Chase. As Bruce recovers, he and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth , deduce that Nygma is the Riddler through clues he left in his riddles, while Chase is held prisoner in the Riddler's lair. Bruce finally accepts Dick as his best friend and partner, Robin . At the Riddler's lair, Robin defeats Two-Face but chooses to spare him, which allows Two-Face to capture Robin at gunpoint. The Riddler reveals his final riddle: Chase and Robin, representing the two sides of Batman's personality, are trapped in tubes above a deadly drop, and he only has the time to save one. Batman distracts the Riddler with a riddle himself, before destroying the Riddler's brainwave receiver with a Batarang , damaging the Riddler's mind and enabling Batman to rescue both when he sees the floor is an optical illusion. Two-Face corners them and flips his coin to decide their fate, but loses his balance after Batman throws multiple identical coins in the air, and falls to his death. Committed to Arkham Asylum , a now-delusional Nygma exclaims that he is Batman. Bruce, the real Batman, resumes his crusade with Robin as his partner. Cast .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Val Kilmer, Tommy Lee Jones (both 2005) and Jim Carrey (in 2008) Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A wealthy industrialist who duly works as Gotham City's vigilante protector but now struggles with his dual identity, becoming romantically involved with Dr. Chase Meridian and questioning his act of vengeance. Kilmer replaces Michael Keaton from the previous two films . Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey Dent / Two-Face : The district attorney of Gotham City , who becomes a gangster bent on killing Batman for failing to save him when a crime boss throws acid at him during a trial , scarring half his face and damaging his brain . Billy Dee Williams , who played the role in the 1989 film , was supposed to reprise the role, but Schumacher wanted to work with Jones again after working with him on The Client . Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma / The Riddler : A Wayne Enterprises employee who becomes a criminal mastermind leaving riddles and puzzles at crime scenes after his newest invention is personally rejected by Bruce. Nicole Kidman as Dr. Chase Meridian : A virtuous psychologist and love interest of Bruce who can use martial arts . Chris O'Donnell as Richard "Dick" Grayson / Robin : A circus acrobat taken in by Bruce after Two-Face murders his family, who becomes Batman's sidekick Robin upon discovering the Batcave and learning Bruce's secret identity. Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : The Wayne family's faithful butler and Bruce's confidant. Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The police commissioner of Gotham City. Drew Barrymore as Sugar: Two-Face's "good" angel-esque assistant. Debi Mazar as Spice: Two-Face's "bad" goth assistant. Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty: Gotham's top gossip columnist. René Auberjonois as Dr. Burton: Head Doctor of Arkham Asylum . Joe Grifasi as Hawkins: A bank guard and Two-Face's hostage during the opening scene. Michael Paul Chan as executive Jon Favreau as assistant Glory Fioramonti as Mary Grayson : Dick Grayson's mother. Larry A. Lee as John Grayson : Dick Grayson's father and leader of the Flying Graysons. George Wallace as the mayor: The unnamed mayor of Gotham City and the successor of Roscoe Jenkins. En Vogue as girls on the corner who are hoping to see Batman Ofer Samra as Harvey's thug Ed Begley Jr. as Fred Stickley: Edward Nygma's ill-tempered supervisor at Wayne Enterprises, whom Nygma kills after Stickley discovers the true nature of Nygma's invention. Begley was uncredited for this role. Additionally, United States Senator and Batman fan Patrick Leahy makes an uncredited appearance as himself. [ 7 ] Production Development Batman Returns was released in 1992 with financial success and generally favorable reviews from critics, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with its box office run, having made $150 million less than the first film. After Batman Returns was deemed too dark and inappropriate for children, with McDonald's even recalling their Happy Meal tie-in, Warner Bros. decided that this was the primary cause of the film's financial results. [ 8 ] After the film's release, Warner Bros. was not interested in Tim Burton 's return as director. [ 9 ] Burton noted he was unsure about returning to direct, writing: "I don't think Warner Bros. wanted me to direct a third Batman . I even said that to them." [ 10 ] Burton and Warner Bros. mutually agreed to part ways, though Burton would stay on as producer. John McTiernan turned down an offer to direct. [ 11 ] In June 1993, Joel Schumacher was selected by Warner Bros. while he was filming The Client (1994), and with Burton's approval. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife screenwriting team, were hired to write the script. Warner Bros. had lost a bidding war for their spec script titled Smoke and Mirrors to Disney 's Hollywood Pictures . The project ultimately fell through, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and Warner Bros. offered the Batchlers several of their film properties to write. Being familiar with the Batman comics from their childhood, the Batchlers chose to work on the next Batman film as their next project. [ 16 ] In a meeting with Burton, they agreed that "the key element to Batman is his duality. And it's not just that Batman is Bruce Wayne". [ 17 ] "I always hated those titles like Batman Forever . That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook." "I always hated those titles like Batman Forever . That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook." Their original script introduced a psychotic Riddler, real name Lyle Heckendorf, with a pet rat accompanying him. A scene cut from the final film included Heckendorf obtaining his costume from a fortune-telling leprechaun at the circus. Instead of NygmaTech, the company would have been named HeckTech. [ 19 ] The story elements and much of the dialogue still remained in the finished film, though Schumacher felt it could be "lighte[ne]d down". Keaton initially approved the selection of Schumacher as director and planned on reprising his role as Batman from the first two films. [ 20 ] Schumacher claims he originally had in mind an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman: Year One and Keaton claimed that he was enthusiastic about the idea. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Warner Bros. rejected the idea as they wanted a sequel , not a prequel , though Schumacher was able to include very brief events in Bruce Wayne's childhood with some events of the comic The Dark Knight Returns . Akiva Goldsman , who worked with Schumacher on The Client , was brought in to rewrite the script. Burton, who now was more interested in directing Ed Wood (1994), later reflected he was taken aback by some of the focus group meetings for Batman Forever , a title he hated. Producer Peter MacGregor-Scott represented the studio's aim in making a film for the MTV Generation , with full merchandising appeal. [ 21 ] Casting Production went on fast track with Rene Russo cast as Chase Meridian , but Keaton decided not to reprise Batman because he did not like the direction the series was headed in, and rejected the script. Keaton's departure was announced in July 1994. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Keaton also wanted to pursue "more interesting roles", [ 25 ] turning down $15 million. [ 26 ] A decision was made to go with a younger actor for Bruce Wayne, and an offer was made to Ethan Hawke , who turned it down, but eventually regretted the decision. [ 27 ] Schumacher had seen Val Kilmer in Tombstone (1993), but was also interested in William Baldwin , Ralph Fiennes (who would later voice Alfred Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie in 2017), and Daniel Day-Lewis . [ 28 ] While Burton pushed for Johnny Depp to get the role, Kurt Russell was also considered. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Kilmer, who as a child visited the studios where the 1960s series was recorded, and shortly before had visited a bat cave in Africa, was contacted by his agent for the role. Kilmer signed on by July 1994 without reading the script or knowing who the director was. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] With Kilmer's casting, Warner Bros. dropped Russo, considering her too old to be paired with Kilmer. [ 23 ] Jeanne Tripplehorn and Linda Hamilton were considered for the role, which was eventually recast with Nicole Kidman . [ 33 ] [ 30 ] Kidman later revealed she took the role because she "wanted to kiss Batman." [ 34 ] Billy Dee Williams took the role of Harvey Dent in the 1989 film on the possibility of portraying Two-Face in a sequel, but Schumacher instead cast Tommy Lee Jones in the role. Al Pacino , Clint Eastwood , Martin Sheen and Robert De Niro were also considered. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Jones was reluctant to accept the role, [ 21 ] but did so at his son's insistence. [ 37 ] Robin Williams was in discussions to be the Riddler at one point, [ 38 ] [ 39 ] and was reportedly in competition for the role with John Malkovich . [ 9 ] [ 40 ] In June 1994, the role was given to Jim Carrey after Williams had reportedly turned it down. [ 33 ] According to Goldsman, Williams backed out after he and Schumacher couldn't see eye to eye. [ 39 ] In a 2003 interview, Schumacher stated Michael Jackson had lobbied hard for the role, but was turned down before Carrey was cast. [ 41 ] Brad Dourif (who was Burton's original choice to portray the Joker and Scarecrow after), Kelsey Grammer , Micky Dolenz , Matthew Broderick , Phil Hartman and Steve Martin were said to have been considered. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Robin had appeared in the shooting script for Batman Returns but was deleted due to the production having too many characters. Marlon Wayans had been cast in the role and signed on for a potential sequel, but when Schumacher took over, he decided to open up casting to other actors. [ 44 ] Leonardo DiCaprio was considered, but decided not to pursue the role after a meeting with Schumacher. [ 45 ] Among others, Matt Damon , Corey Haim , Corey Feldman , Mark Wahlberg , Michael Worth , Toby Stephens , Ewan McGregor , Jude Law , Alan Cumming and Scott Speedman were considered. [ b ] Chris O'Donnell was cast and Mitch Gaylord served as his stunt double . Gaylord also portrayed Mitch Grayson, Dick's older brother, who was created for the film. [ 33 ] Schumacher attempted to create a cameo role for Bono as his MacPhisto character, but both came to agree it was not suitable for the film. [ 53 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 24, 1994, and wrapped on March 5, 1995. [ 13 ] [ 9 ] Schumacher hired Barbara Ling for production design, claiming that the film needed a "force" and good design. Ling could "advance on it". Schumacher wanted a design in no way connected to the previous films, and instead inspired by the images from the Batman comic books seen in the 1940s and early 1950s and New York City architecture in the 1930s, with a combination of modern Tokyo . He also wanted a "city with personality," with more statues, as well as various amounts of neon. Difficulties and clashes Schumacher and Kilmer clashed during the making of the film; Schumacher described Kilmer as "childish and impossible," reporting that he fought with various crewmen, and refused to speak to Schumacher for two weeks after the director told him to stop being rude. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Schumacher also mentioned Tommy Lee Jones as a source of trouble: "Jim Carrey was a gentleman, and Tommy Lee was threatened by him. I'm tired of defending overpaid, overprivileged actors. I pray I don't work with them again." [ 56 ] In a 2014 interview, Carrey acknowledged that Jones was not friendly to him, and recounted an incident wherein Jones told him: "I hate you. I really don't like you ... I cannot sanction your buffoonery." [ 57 ] Design and visual effects Rick Baker designed the prosthetic makeup . John Dykstra , Andrew Adamson , Jim Rygiel and Ariel Velasco-Shaw served as visual effects supervisors , with Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H) and Pacific Data Images also contributing to visual effects work. R&H and PDI provided a CGI Batman for complicated stunts. [ 58 ] For the costume design, producer Peter MacGregor-Scott claimed that 146 workers were at one point working together. Batman's costume was redesigned along the lines of a more "MTV organic, and edgier feel" to the suit. [ 59 ] Sound design and mixing was created and supervised by Bruce Stambler and John Levesque, which included trips to caves to record bat sounds. [ 60 ] A new Batmobile was designed for Batman Forever , with two cars being constructed, one for stunt purposes and one for close-ups. [ 61 ] Chris O'Donnell had the area around his eyes painted black and then the Robin mask glued on him. [ 62 ] Swiss surrealist painter H. R. Giger provided his version for the Batmobile but it was considered too sinister for the film. [ 63 ] The film used some motion capture for certain visual effects. Warner Bros. had acquired motion capture technology from arcade video game company Acclaim Entertainment for use in the film's production. [ 64 ] Music Elliot Goldenthal was hired by Schumacher to compose the film score before the screenplay was written. In discussions with Schumacher, the director wanted Goldenthal to avoid taking inspiration from Danny Elfman , and requested an original composition. [ 65 ] The film's promotional teaser trailer however used the main title theme from Elfman's score from the 1989 film . [ 66 ] The soundtrack was commercially successful, selling almost as many copies as Prince 's soundtrack to the 1989 Batman film. Only five of the songs on the soundtrack are actually featured in the movie. Hit singles from the soundtrack include " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " by U2 and " Kiss from a Rose " by Seal , both of which were nominated for MTV Movie Awards. "Kiss from a Rose" (whose music video was also directed by Joel Schumacher) reached No. 1 in the U.S. charts as well. The soundtrack itself, featuring additional songs by The Flaming Lips , Brandy (both songs also included in the film), Method Man , Nick Cave , Michael Hutchence (of INXS ), PJ Harvey and Massive Attack , was an attempt to (in producer Peter MacGregor-Scott's words) make the film more "pop". Release Marketing This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In addition to a large line of toys, video games and action figures from Kenner , the McDonald's food chain released several collectibles and mugs to coincide with the release of the film. Peter David and Alan Grant wrote separate novelizations of the film. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Dennis O'Neil authored a comic book adaptation, with art by Michal Dutkiewicz . [ 69 ] Six Flags Great Adventure theme park re-themed their "Axis Chemical" arena, home of the Batman stunt show, to resemble Batman Forever , and the new show featured props from the film. Six Flags Over Texas featured a one-time fireworks show to promote the movie, and replica busts of Batman, Robin, Two-Face, and the Riddler could be found in the Justice League store in the Looney Tunes U.S.A. section until they were removed in 2023. Batman: The Ride opened at Six Flags St. Louis to promote the movie. At Six Flags Over Georgia , The Mind Bender roller coaster was redesigned to look as though it were the creation of The Riddler and some images and props were used in the design of the roller coaster and its queue. Video games Video games based on the film were released. A tie-in video game , was released in 1995 for Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , Sega Genesis , Game Gear , R-Zone and MS-DOS , it was followed by Batman & Robin for the PlayStation , to promote the release of the 1997 film . Two arcade versions, Batman Forever: The Arcade Game , was released in 1996 and was ported to the three consoles, and a pinball machine based on the film was released in 1995 by Sega Pinball . Home media Batman Forever was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 31, 1995. [ 70 ] Over 3 million VHS copies were sold during the first week of release. [ 71 ] The film was then released on DVD on May 20, 1997. This release was a double sided disc containing both widescreen (1.85:1) and full screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. Batman Forever made its Blu-ray debut on April 20, 2010. [ 72 ] This was followed by an Ultra HD Blu-ray release on June 4, 2019. [ 73 ] Deleted scenes Batman Forever went through a few major edits before its release. Originally darker than the final product, the film's original length was closer to two hours and forty minutes, according to Schumacher. There was talk of an extended cut being released to DVD for the film's tenth anniversary in 2005. While all four previous Batman films were given special-edition DVD releases on the same day as the Batman Begins DVD release, none of them were given extended cuts, although some scenes were in a deleted scenes section in the special features. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In the United Kingdom, almost two minutes of cuts were made to ensure the film a PG cinema certificate; these cuts were waived for the 2024 cinema re-release, which was instead rated 12 . [ 77 ] Reception Box office Batman Forever opened in a record 2,842 theaters and 4,300 screens in the United States and Canada on June 16, 1995, grossing $52.8 million in its opening weekend, [ 78 ] [ 4 ] [ 79 ] taking Jurassic Park ' s record for having the highest opening-weekend gross of all time (it was surpassed two years later by The Lost World: Jurassic Park ' s $72.1 million). [ 80 ] For six years, it had the largest opening weekend for a Warner Bros. film until 2001, when it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone . [ 81 ] The film also achieved the highest June opening weekend, holding that record until it was beaten by Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999. [ 82 ] It was the first film to gross $20 million in one day, on its opening day on Friday. [ 83 ] The film also beat out Congo to reach the number one spot. [ 80 ] It grossed $77.4 million in its first week, which was below the record $81.7 million set by Jurassic Park . [ 79 ] Additionally, the film held the record for having the highest opening weekend for a superhero film until it was taken by X-Men in 2000. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] That year, How the Grinch Stole Christmas broke Batman Forever ' s record for scoring the biggest opening weekend for any film starring Jim Carrey. [ 86 ] While the film was overtaken by Pocahontas during its second weekend, it still made $29.2 million. [ 87 ] It then became the first film of 1995 to reach $100 million domestically. [ 88 ] The film started its international roll out in Japan on June 17, 1995, and grossed $2.2 million in 5 days from 167 screens, which was only 80% of the gross of its predecessor Batman Returns . [ 89 ] The film went on to gross $184 million in the United States and Canada, and $152.5 million in other countries, totaling $336.53 million. The film grossed more than Batman Returns , [ 90 ] and is the second-highest-grossing film from 1995 in the United States, behind Toy Story , as well as the sixth-highest-grossing film of that year worldwide. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes , Batman Forever has an approval rating of 41% based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Loud, excessively busy, and often boring, Batman Forever nonetheless has the charisma of Jim Carrey and Tommy Lee Jones to offer mild relief." [ 91 ] On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. [ 92 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. [ 93 ] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: " Batman Forever still gets in its licks. There's no fun machine this summer that packs more surprises." Travers criticized the film's excessive commercialism and felt that "the script misses the pain Tim Burton caught in a man tormented by the long-ago murder of his parents", but praised Kilmer's performance as having a "deftly understated [...] comic edge". [ 94 ] James Berardinelli of ReelViews enjoyed the film, writing: "It's lighter, brighter, funnier, faster-paced, and a whole lot more colorful than before." [ 95 ] On the television program Siskel & Ebert , Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times both gave the film mixed reviews, but with the former giving it a thumbs up and the latter a thumbs down . [ 96 ] In his written review, Ebert wrote: "Is the movie better entertainment? Well, it's great bubblegum for the eyes. Younger children will be able to process it more easily; some kids were led bawling from Batman Returns where the PG-13 rating was a joke." [ 97 ] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle had a mixed reaction, concluding: "a shot of Kilmer's rubber buns at one point is guaranteed to bring squeals from the audience." [ 98 ] Brian Lowry of Variety believed: "One does have to question the logic behind adding nipples to the hard-rubber batsuit . Whose idea was that supposed to be anyway, Alfred 's? Some of the computer-generated Gotham cityscapes appear too obviously fake. Elliot Goldenthal 's score, while serviceable, also isn't as stirring as Danny Elfman 's work in the first two films." [ 99 ] Some observers thought Schumacher, a gay man, added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline. [ 100 ] Regarding the costume design, Schumacher stated: "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from Ancient Greek statues , which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct." [ 100 ] O'Donnell felt: "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual." [ 100 ] Accolades This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) At the 68th Academy Awards , Batman Forever was nominated for Cinematography (lost to Braveheart ), Sound ( Donald O. Mitchell , Frank A. Montaño , Michael Herbick and Petur Hliddal ; lost to Apollo 13 ) and Sound Effects Editing ( John Leveque and Bruce Stambler ; also lost to Braveheart ). [ 101 ] [ 102 ] " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " by U2 was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (lost to " Colors of the Wind " from Pocahontas ), but was also nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song (lost to "Walk into the Wind" from Showgirls ). At the 22nd Saturn Awards , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film (lost to Babe ), Make-up (lost to Seven ), Special Effects (lost to Jumanji ) and Costume Design (lost to 12 Monkeys ). Composer Elliot Goldenthal was given a Grammy Award nomination . Batman Forever received six nominations at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards , four of which were divided between two categories (Carrey and Lee Jones for Best Villain ; and Seal's "Kiss from a Rose" and U2's "Hold Me" in Best Song from a Movie ). However, it won in just one category: Best Song from a Movie for Seal's "Kiss from a Rose". Legacy Director's cut Cuts were made to the film based on audience reactions during test screenings, like the rest of the Batman films. Photographs from these scenes have always been available since the film's release, shown in magazines such as Starlog . Some excerpts from these scenes appear in the music video for " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me ". [ 103 ] In 2005, Batman Forever was the only film in the franchise to include a dedicated deleted scenes selection among its bonus content on the special edition DVD. [ 75 ] After Schumacher died on June 22, 2020, media outlets started reporting the possible existence of an extended cut, with the first rumors being thrown in by American journalist Marc Bernardin . Bernardin claimed it to be darker and contain less camp than the theatrical cut. Some of the differences include Bruce having a vision of a human-sized bat, less of an emphasis on Dick Grayson, and a focus on Bruce's psychological issues with Chase. The cut uses about 50 minutes of additional footage. Warner Bros. confirmed that alternative test screening cuts existed after an interview with Variety , although they have no plans to release it and are unsure about what, if any, footage remains. Later that year on August 7, Kilmer's appearance at DC FanDome fueled fan speculation about the release of a so-called "Schumacher Cut". [ 104 ] Batman Forever screenwriter Akiva Goldsman revealed in a YouTube interview in April 2021 that he had recently seen the original cut of the film (dubbed "Preview Cut: One") and that he expects a rebirth coming up, suggesting all the footage needed to make the Schumacher cut still exists and that the release of a director's cut might be possible. [ 105 ] In July 2023, following a private screening of a workprint version by director Kevin Smith , Goldsman confirmed that the original cut does exist. Even though Warner Bros. currently has no plans to release it, he said he was hopeful for a possible distribution in the future. [ 106 ] Some of the aforementioned deleted scenes made up a portion of this footage. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] In July 2024, Goldsman reaffirmed the existence of the director's cut, while also declaring that work to restore it has been put on hold following Warner Bros.' recent internal turmoil. [ 109 ] In May 2025, an independent Los Angeles theater announced that a screening of the workprint of the director's cut at their venue later that month. However, on May 24, the screening was cancelled following a cease and desist letter from Warner Bros. [ 110 ] In July 2025, during an interview about his career, Goldsman declared that while Warner Bros isn't currently interested in releasing the director's cut, he's still lobbying for it. [ 111 ] In September 2025, during the celebrations for Batman Day, executive producer Michael E. Uslan confirmed the existence of the unreleased footage and urged the fans to continue to voice their support for the release of the alternate cut of the film. [ 112 ] Batman '89 An alternate six-issue comic book continuation of Batman Returns titled Batman '89 , which ignores the events of Batman Forever and Batman & Robin and brings back Keaton's Batman along with Burton's dark setting seen in his first two Batman films, along with elements of his failed third Batman film (particularly, the return of Billy Dee Williams ' Harvey Dent and transformation into Two-Face, the introductions of new versions of Robin and Barbara Gordon , and the return of Catwoman), was launched on August 10, 2021, with its issues releasing monthly before ending in July 2022. [ 113 ] [ importance? ] In response to a question as to whether Schumacher's Batman films are canon to the world of Batman '89 , the first two films' screenwriter Sam Hamm , who also serves as the comics' writer, confirmed that the latter two films take place in a diverging timeline and they are not building toward that fate. [ 114 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger was not credited for his role in the creation of Batman until 2015. [ 5 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Batman Forever (1995)" . 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"Batman Forever, and its villain problem" . Film Stories . ^ "From Pro Swimmer to Movie Star: Scott Speedman's Unlikely Rise" . Men's Journal . December 4, 2017. ^ Cotter, Padraig (June 25, 2022). "Did Christian Bale Audition To Play Batman Forever's Robin? (Rumor Explained)" . Screen Rant . Retrieved February 12, 2024 . ^ Faraci, Derek (March 26, 2020). "10 Awesome Things You Didn't Know About Batman Forever" . CBR . Retrieved February 12, 2024 . ^ "Bono's Movie Debut Stays Out Of Reach" . South Florida Sun-Sentinel . Tribune Media Services . December 16, 1994. section Showtime, p. 14. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012 . Retrieved March 27, 2012 . ^ Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca (May 31, 1995). "Psycho Kilmer" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1, 2008 . Retrieved November 11, 2008 . ^ Corliss, Richard (April 7, 1997). "Cinema: A Saint Goes Marching on" . Time . ^ Svetkey, Benjamin (July 12, 1996). "Holy Happy Set!" . Entertainment Weekly . 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Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. ^ Ambrosi, Jason (June 18, 2021). "The 'Batman Forever' Deleted Scenes That Could be in the 'Schumacher Cut' " . Newsweek . Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. ^ Hood, Cooper (August 7, 2020). "Val Kilmer at DC FanDome Fuels Batman Forever Schumacher Cut Speculation" . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on March 6, 2021 . Retrieved March 10, 2021 . ^ Austin Film Festival (April 10, 2021). On Story 1102: A Conversation with Akiva Goldsman . Archived from the original on June 30, 2021 . Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Barfield, Charles (July 5, 2023). " 'Batman Forever': Akiva Goldsman Says the "Schumacher Cut" Exists & Releasing It Would be "A Nice Way to Honor" the Director" . The Playlist . Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. ^ Labonte, Rachel (July 9, 2020). "Joel Schumacher's Batman Forever Unreleased Extended Director's Cut DOES Exist" . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on July 10, 2020 . Retrieved July 22, 2020 . ^ Vary, Adam B. (July 9, 2020). "Could Joel Schumacher's Darker, Longer 'Batman Forever' Cut Ever Get Released?" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13, 2020 . Retrieved July 22, 2020 . ^ Mullinax, Hope (July 25, 2024). "Joel Schumacher's 'Batman Forever' Director's Cut Actually Exists" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. ^ Fenn, Archie (May 26, 2025). "Long-Awaited 'Batman' Director's Cut Gets Devastating Release Update" . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on July 2, 2025. ^ Couch, Aaron (July 10, 2025). "The Writer Who Killed the Dog — and Lived to Tell the Tale" . The Hollywood Reporter (Interview). Archived from the original on July 10, 2025. ^ ^ Betancourt, David (September 11, 2021). "Tim Burton Never Got to Make More Batman Movies. This New Comic Is the Next Best Thing" . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved August 10, 2021 . ^ Stone, Sam (September 11, 2021). "Batman '89 Rejects the Dark Knight's '90s Movies With a New Twist on Batgirl" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved August 14, 2021 . Bibliography Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2000). Burton on Burton . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0-57120-507-0 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Forever at IMDb Batman Forever at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Batman Forever .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category v t e Batman franchise media Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints v t e Batman in film Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Joel Schumacher Films directed The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) Written only Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) TV series created Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Related Unrealized projects v t e Akiva Goldsman Films directed Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Films written The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) Films produced Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) TV series created Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Category .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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(2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Joel Schumacher v t e Films directed The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) Written only Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) TV series created Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Related Unrealized projects Unrealized projects v t e Akiva Goldsman v t e Films directed Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Films written The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) Films produced Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) TV series created Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Category United States 1990s Film Comics Speculative fiction Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National France BnF data France BnF data 1995 films 1995 action films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American action films American sequel films American superhero films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films American films about Halloween American films about revenge Casting controversies in film Films produced by Tim Burton Films directed by Joel Schumacher Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films about stalking Films adapted into comics Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New York City Films shot in Oregon Films shot in San Francisco Films with screenplays by Akiva Goldsman Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal Joker (character) in other media American mad scientist films Films produced by Peter MacGregor-Scott Patrick Leahy Robin (character) films 1990s English-language films 1995 American films English-language action films Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award–winning films Fictional duos CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2023 Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles needing additional references from December 2020 All articles needing additional references Commons category link from Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:07 (UTC) . 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries 'Baby, don't move': Australian woman wakes to find massive python on her chest 10 hours ago Share Save Tiffanie Turnbull Sydney Share Save Rachel Bloor Rachel Bloor found a reptile in her bed on Monday In the middle of the night on Monday, Rachel Bloor stirred in her bed to find a heavy weight curled up on her chest. Half asleep, she reached out for her dog - and instead found herself petting a smooth, slithering object. As Bloor retreated further under the covers and pulled them up to her neck, her partner switched on the bedside lamp and confirmed the Brisbane couple's fears. "He goes, 'Oh baby. Don't move. There's like a 2.5m python on you," Bloor told the BBC. Her first words were expletives. The second, an order to evacuate the dogs. "I thought if my Dalmatian realises that there's a snake there... it's gonna be carnage." The dogs secured outside the room - and her husband wishing he was with them - Bloor began carefully extricating herself. "I was just trying to shimmy out from under the covers... in my mind, going, 'Is this really happening? This is so bizarre'." She believes the carpet python - which is non-venomous - had squeezed itself through the shutters on her window and onto her bed below. Rachel Bloor Part of the python's tail was outside the window Once freed from the python, she began casually feeding it back out the way it came in. "It was that big that even though it had been curled up on me, part of its tail was still out the shutter." "I grabbed him, [and] even then he didn't seem overly freaked out. He sort of just wobbled in my hand." The same couldn't be said for her stunned husband, but Bloor herself was barely fazed, having grown up on acreage around snakes. "I think if you're calm, they're calm." Though if it had been a cane toad - one of the country's most damaging, and ugly pests - that would be another story, she said. "I can't stand them, like they make me dry retch. So if it was a cane toad, it would have scared me." All animals and humans escaped from the interaction unharmed. Carpet pythons are constrictors that are common in coastal areas of Australia, and usually eat small animals such as birds. Python bites and drags Australian boy into pool How hated Australian bird learnt to wash toxic toads Wildlife Australia 'Baby, don't move': Australian woman wakes to find massive python on her chest In the middle of the night on Monday, Rachel Bloor stirred in her bed to find a heavy weight curled up on her chest. Half asleep, she reached out for her dog - and instead found herself petting a smooth, slithering object. As Bloor retreated further under the covers and pulled them up to her neck, her partner switched on the bedside lamp and confirmed the Brisbane couple's fears. "He goes, 'Oh baby. Don't move. There's like a 2.5m python on you," Bloor told the BBC. Her first words were expletives. The second, an order to evacuate the dogs. "I thought if my Dalmatian realises that there's a snake there... it's gonna be carnage." The dogs secured outside the room - and her husband wishing he was with them - Bloor began carefully extricating herself. "I was just trying to shimmy out from under the covers... in my mind, going, 'Is this really happening? This is so bizarre'." She believes the carpet python - which is non-venomous - had squeezed itself through the shutters on her window and onto her bed below. Once freed from the python, she began casually feeding it back out the way it came in. "It was that big that even though it had been curled up on me, part of its tail was still out the shutter." "I grabbed him, [and] even then he didn't seem overly freaked out. He sort of just wobbled in my hand." The same couldn't be said for her stunned husband, but Bloor herself was barely fazed, having grown up on acreage around snakes. "I think if you're calm, they're calm." Though if it had been a cane toad - one of the country's most damaging, and ugly pests - that would be another story, she said. "I can't stand them, like they make me dry retch. So if it was a cane toad, it would have scared me." All animals and humans escaped from the interaction unharmed. Carpet pythons are constrictors that are common in coastal areas of Australia, and usually eat small animals such as birds. Python bites and drags Australian boy into pool How hated Australian bird learnt to wash toxic toads Founder left 'numb' after wildlife centre is refused Rare images of Europe's 'ghost cat' Toad campaigners oppose golf club expansion plans Woman who accused high-profile twins of sexual assault found dead in Australia The woman, who accused Oren and Alon Alexander of sexual assault, was found dead in Sydney late last year. Watch: Aerial footage shows cars swept away by flash floods in Australia Australia's Great Ocean Road closed on Thursday after flash floods hit the state of Victoria. 2026 Men's T20 World Cup - squads Find out who is in each squad for the Men's T20 World Cup which begins on 7 February. Australia pull Dwarshuis out of Worcs T20 deal Australia left-arm seamer Ben Dwarshuis is pulled out of his T20 deal with Worcestershire by Cricket Australia to manage his workload. England set to reject future pink-ball Ashes Tests England plan to reject any proposals to play a day-night Test using a pink ball under lights in the next Ashes series in Australia. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Television Toggle Television subsection 1.1 Live-action 1.2 Animation 1.1 Live-action 1.2 Animation 2 Film Toggle Film subsection 2.1 Live-action 2.2 Animation 2.1 Live-action 2.2 Animation 3 Video games Toggle Video games subsection 3.1 Lego Batman 3.2 Batman: Arkham 3.1 Lego Batman 3.2 Batman: Arkham 4 Merchandise 5 References 6 External links Penguin in other media Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Adaptations of Penguin in other media A cosplayer dressed as Danny DeVito's depiction of the Penguin Created by Bill Finger Bob Kane Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #58 (December 1941 ) Films and television Film(s) See below Television show(s) See below The supervillain Penguin , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger , [ 1 ] made his first appearance in Detective Comics #58 (December 1941). Since then, he has been adapted into other forms of media, including feature films, television series, and video games. Television Live-action The Penguin appears in Batman (1966), portrayed by Burgess Meredith . This version possesses a "quacking" laugh, which covered a cough caused by cigarette usage. [ 2 ] A young Oswald Cobblepot appears in Gotham , portrayed by Robin Lord Taylor . [ 3 ] The series follows his journey to power, starting as a ruthless small-time criminal working for mobster Fish Mooney [ 4 ] and his love–hate relationship with fellow criminal Edward Nygma . The Batman (2022) incarnation of Oswald Cobb / Penguin appears in a self-titled spin-off series , portrayed again by Colin Farrell . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] This series expands on his portrayal, depicting him as suffering from a clubfoot , displaying an Oedipal dynamic with his senile mother Francis, and having history with the Falcone crime family and Rex Calabrese . Animation The Penguin appears in The Adventures of Batman , voiced by Ted Knight . The Penguin appears in The New Scooby-Doo Movies , voiced again by Ted Knight. The Penguin was set to appear in Challenge of the Superfriends as a member of the Legion of Doom . However, due to the development of The New Adventures of Batman , the Penguin was removed. [ 8 ] The Penguin appears in The New Adventures of Batman , voiced by Lennie Weinrib . The Penguin appears in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians episode "The Case of the Stolen Powers", voiced by Robert Morse . The Penguin appears in television series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Paul Williams . [ 9 ] This version's initial design is visually inspired by the Batman Returns incarnation before he was redesigned to more resemble his comic counterpart. The Penguin first appears in Batman: The Animated Series (1992), where he is served by several henchmen - Jay, Raven, Eagleton, Falcone, and Sheldrake - as well as trained birds. The Penguin appears in The New Batman Adventures , in which he has founded the Iceberg Lounge and seemingly reformed while secretly continuing his criminal activities. The Penguin appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Knight Time". The Penguin first appears in Batman: The Animated Series (1992), where he is served by several henchmen - Jay, Raven, Eagleton, Falcone, and Sheldrake - as well as trained birds. The Penguin appears in The New Batman Adventures , in which he has founded the Iceberg Lounge and seemingly reformed while secretly continuing his criminal activities. The Penguin appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Knight Time". The Penguin appears in The Batman (2004), voiced by Tom Kenny . [ 9 ] This version turned to crime to rebuild his wealth and re-establish his family name. Additionally, he is aided by two silent henchmen, the Kabuki Twins, whom he recruited during a trip to China, and has history with Alfred Pennyworth 's family. The Penguin appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold , voiced by Stephen Root . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special , Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise , and Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship , voiced by Seth Green . This version is a member of the Legion of Doom. The Penguin makes a cameo appearance in the Beware the Batman episode "Animal" via a wanted poster. The Penguin appears in DC Super Friends , voiced by Dana Snyder . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Justice League Action , voiced again by Dana Snyder. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in the first two seasons of Harley Quinn , voiced by Wayne Knight . [ 9 ] This version is Jewish , has a nephew named Joshua (voiced by Sean Giambrone ), and appears as a member of the Legion of Doom in the first season and the Injustice League in the second season. In the latter season, he and the League take over Gotham City after the Joker destroys it before Harley Quinn kills him in retaliation for being excluded from the League. A young Penguin appears in the Kite Man: Hell Yeah! episode "Portal Potty, Hell Yeah!", voiced by James Adomian . A young Penguin appears in the Kite Man: Hell Yeah! episode "Portal Potty, Hell Yeah!", voiced by James Adomian . The Penguin appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode "#EmperorPenguin", voiced by Alexander Polinsky . The Penguin appears in Batwheels , voiced by Jess Harnell . [ 10 ] Oswalda Cobblepot , a gender-flipped incarnation of the Penguin, appears in the Batman: Caped Crusader episode "In Treacherous Waters", voiced by Minnie Driver . [ 11 ] She is the mother of Aaron and Ronald Cobblepot (both voiced by Paul Scheer ) and a rival of Rupert Thorne . Film Live-action The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Penguin appears in the series' film adaptation , portrayed again by Burgess Meredith. Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin appears in Batman Returns , portrayed by Danny DeVito . As an infant, this version was left for dead by his family due to birth defects before he is found by penguins from a condemned Gotham City zoo. As a child, he joined the Red Triangle Circus Gang as part of their freak show before eventually taking over. DeVito's portrayal as the Penguin was largely praised, though some considered him inferior to Jack Nicholson 's Joker in Batman (1989). Additionally, DeVito was suggested for the role by his friend Nicholson following Batman (1989)'s success. [ 12 ] According to DeVito, "It was four-and-a-half hours of makeup and getting into the costume. We got it down to three hours by the end of the shoot". [ 13 ] Uncredited script doctor , Wesley Strick , recalled, "When I was hired to write [ Batman Returns ], the big problem of the script was the Penguin's lack of a 'master plan'." [ 14 ] He took inspiration from a Moses parallel that had the Penguin killing the firstborn sons of Gotham. A similar notion was used when the Penguin's parents threw him into a river as a baby. [ 14 ] While this Penguin retained many trademarks, such as his top hat, a variety of trick umbrellas and the use of a monocle , he was given a dramatic visual makeover. Where the comic version varies between having a balding head of short cropped hair and varying degrees of thinning, this Penguin is still bald at the top but with his remaining length of hair long and stringy. His hands are flippers with a thumb and index finger, and the remaining three fingers fused together . An unidentified thick, dark green bile -like liquid sometimes trickles from his nose and mouth. Instead of a tuxedo, he wears a more gothic , Victorian -style outfit with a jabot as opposed to a bow tie. In certain scenes, he also wears black boots, a dickey , and a union suit . He also has a penguin-like appetite, as shown in a scene where he devours a raw fish, and uses a vehicle shaped like a giant rubber duck to move around the sewers and the city. Janet Maslin in The New York Times described DeVito as "conveying verve". [ 15 ] Peter Travers in Rolling Stone wrote that "DeVito's mutant Penguin — a balloon-bellied Richard III with a kingdom of sewer freaks — is as hilariously warped as Jack Nicholson's Joker and even quicker with the quips." [ 16 ] Desson Howe in The Washington Post wrote that the Penguin holds court in a penguin-crowded, Phantom of the Opera -like sewer home. He also described DeVito as "exquisite". [ 17 ] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times compared the Penguin negatively with the Joker of the first film, writing that "the Penguin is a curiously meager and depressing creature; I pitied him, but did not fear him or find him funny. The genius of Danny DeVito is all but swallowed up in the paraphernalia of the role." [ 18 ] Jonathan Rosenbaum called DeVito "a pale substitute for Jack Nicholson from the first film" and felt that "there's no suspense in Batman Returns whatsoever". [ 19 ] Oswald "Oz" Cobb / The Penguin appears in The Batman (2022), [ 7 ] portrayed by Colin Farrell , who received DeVito's blessing for the role. [ 20 ] This version acts as the right-hand man of crime lord Carmine Falcone and resents his "Penguin" nickname, given to him in mockery of his clubfoot . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Animation The DCAU incarnation of the Penguin appears in Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman , voiced by David Ogden Stiers . [ 9 ] The Batman (2004) incarnation of the Penguin appears in The Batman vs. Dracula , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite , voiced by Steve Blum . The Penguin appears in Batman: Assault on Arkham , voiced by Nolan North . [ 9 ] The Penguins appears in Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in the Batman Unlimited series of films, voiced again by Dana Snyder. [ 9 ] This version is the leader of the Animilitia who possesses a robotic monocle. The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] This version is a member of the Legion of Doom . The Penguin makes a cameo appearance in Batman: Bad Blood . The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Gotham City Breakout , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Penguin appears in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders and Batman vs. Two-Face , voiced by William Salyers . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in The Lego Batman Movie , voiced by an uncredited John Venzon . [ 23 ] The Penguin appears in DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon , voiced by Mitsuo Iwata . [ 24 ] The Penguin appears in Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] A Feudal Japan-inspired incarnation of the Penguin appears in Batman Ninja , voiced by Chō in the Japanese dub and again by Tom Kenny in the English dub. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Batman: Family Matters , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: The Long Halloween , voiced by David Dastmalchian . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham , voiced again by William Salyers. [ 9 ] This version is a professor and explorer who helped found Gotham City in the 1600s and gained longevity through dark magic. In the 1920s , he embarks on an expedition to Antarctica , coming to live with its penguin population after the deaths of his crewmates and his mutation caused by Iog-Sotha . The Penguin appears in Merry Little Batman , voiced by Brian George . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 9 ] This version is elderly and confined to a mobility scooter. The Penguin appears as a plague doctor in Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires . [ 30 ] Video games The Penguin appears as a boss in Batman: The Caped Crusader . The Penguin, based on Danny DeVito 's portrayal, appears as a boss in the Batman Returns tie-in game, The Penguin appears as a boss in Batman: The Animated Series (1993). The Penguin was set to appear in The Adventures of Batman & Robin before he was cut. The Penguin appears in DC Universe Online , voiced by David Jennison. [ 9 ] This version runs a smuggling operation in Gotham City's old subway tunnels. The Penguin appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure . The Penguin appears in Batman (2013), voiced by Brian Silva. [ 9 ] The Penguin makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Arkham Asylum stage. The Penguin appears in Batman: The Telltale Series , voiced by Jason Spisak as an adult and by Cole Sand as a child. [ 9 ] This version is a childhood friend of Bruce Wayne and a member of the Children of Arkham terrorist group whose name is derived from a beak-shaped gas mask he wears during his crimes. Additionally, he seeks revenge on the Wayne family after Bruce's father Thomas Wayne had the Penguin's mother Esther drugged, rendered psychotic, and forcibly committed to Arkham Asylum for refusing to sell land she owned to him. Due to his friendship with Bruce, the Penguin attempts to warn him about the Children of Arkham's plans before helping them attack Gotham City, during which he may scar Harvey Dent depending on the player's choices, before he is eventually defeated by Batman. The Penguin was set to appear as a playable character in Injustice 2 , but was cut for unknown reasons. [ 31 ] The Penguin appears in Gotham Knights , voiced by Elias Toufexis . [ 9 ] After years imprisoned in Blackgate, Cobblepot has given up his villainous ways and starts a business at the Iceberg Lounge, however he is kept under the watchful eye of the Court of Owls , which his mother is secretly a member. Lego Batman The Penguin appears as a boss in Lego Batman: The Videogame , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 32 ] The Penguin appears as a boss in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes , voiced by Steve Blum. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham , voiced by JB Blanc . The Penguin appears in Lego DC Super-Villains , voiced again by JB Blanc. [ 33 ] [ 9 ] This version is a member of the Legion of Doom . The Penguin, based on his appearance in Batman Returns, will appear in Lego Batman: Legacy of the Dark Knight . Batman: Arkham The Penguin appears in the Batman: Arkham franchise, voiced primarily by Nolan North and by Ian Redford in Batman: Arkham VR . [ 34 ] [ 9 ] This version's monocle is part of a broken glass bottle that was shoved into his face and became lodged too deeply to safely remove. He also speaks with an East London dialect, which is heavily implied to be an attempt at making himself more intimidating to his followers. The Penguin first appears in Batman: Arkham City as a criminal kingpin of the titular city prison until he is defeated by Batman and imprisoned by Mr. Freeze . [ 35 ] A young Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Origins as a weapons dealer based in a refitted cruise liner called the Final Offer until he is arrested in the Cold, Cold Heart DLC following a failed alliance with Mr. Freeze. A young Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate , having taken over part of the eponymous prison amidst a breakout. [ 36 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Knight as a gunrunner until he is defeated, captured, and incarcerated by Batman and Nightwing . [ 37 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham VR . The Penguin appears in Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League . [ 38 ] He is forcibly recruited into the Suicide Squad to provide anti-metahuman weaponry. The Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Shadow . Merchandise The Penguin received an 8" figure from the Mego Corporation via their "World's Greatest Super-Heroes" line in 1974. The Penguin received a .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 3 + 3 / 4 " figure from the Mego Corporation via their Comic Action Heroes line in the 1970s. The Penguin received a minifigure in the Lego Batman set The Batcave: The Penguin and Mr. Freeze's Invasion . The Penguin received a figure in the Super Powers Collection toy line in the 1980s. The Batman Returns incarnation of the Penguin received a figure in the film's tie-in toy line. The DCAU incarnation of the Penguin, based on his Batman: The Animated Series design, received a figure in the series' tie-in toy line. The Batman (2004) incarnation of the Penguin received a figure in the series' tie-in toy line. Several incarnations of the Penguin received several plush dolls and vinyl figures from Funko . The Batman Returns incarnation of the Penguin served as inspiration for Madame Alexander 's DC Fashion Squad line. The Batman Returns incarnation of the Penguin received a 6-inch action figure as part of Mattel's DC Multiverse Signature Collection. References ^ Detective Comics #58 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Burgess Meredith interview" . Dial B for Blog . Archived from the original on 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 March 2023 . ^ Murphy, Shaunna (September 4, 2014). " 'Gotham': Meet The Show's Breakout Villain In This Exclusive Video" . MTV . New York City: Viacom . Archived from the original on September 16, 2014 . Retrieved Jun 4, 2015 . ^ Goldberg, Lesley (February 14, 2014). "Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham' Casts Penguin, Alfred" . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries . ^ White, Peter (September 13, 2021). " 'The Batman' Spinoff Series Centered On The Penguin In The Works At HBO Max" . Deadline . Retrieved September 13, 2021 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2022-03-09). "HBO Max Orders 'The Penguin' Limited Series As 'The Batman' Clocks $301 Million+ At Global Box Office" . Deadline . Retrieved 2022-03-16 . ^ a b Wilding, Josh (September 16, 2024). "The Penguin Producer Addresses Controversial Decision To Change Title Villain's Name To "Oz Cobb" " . Comic Book Movie . Retrieved September 17, 2024 . ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (29 July 2011). "Super '70s and '80s: "Super Friends" – Darrell McNeil, animator" . Noblemania . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Penguin Voices (Batman)" . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved January 1, 2024 . A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information. ^ Schreur, Brandon (May 19, 2022). "Batman's Villains Get a Radical Makeover for Batmobile-Starring Batwheels" . CBR . Retrieved January 1, 2024 . ^ Spry, Jeff (July 19, 2024). "Holy Noirish Comeback, Batman! Bruce Timm and James Tucker Lift the Cowl Over 'Batman: Caped Crusader' " . Animation Magazine . Retrieved July 22, 2024 . ^ "Six Things You Didn't Know About Jack Nicholson" . AMC . Retrieved 2019-11-13 . ^ " 'Batman Returns' at 25: Stars Reveal Script Cuts, Freezing Sets and Aggressive Penguins" . The Hollywood Reporter . 19 June 2017. ^ a b Hughes, David (2003). "Batman". Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33– 46. ISBN 0-7535-0767-6 . ^ Janet Maslin (June 19, 1992). "Movie Review—Batman Returns" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 19, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2009 . ^ Peter Travers (February 7, 2001). "Batman Returns" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 4, 2007 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Howe, Desson (June 19, 1992). "Batman Returns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ "Batman" . Roger Ebert . Archived from the original on August 7, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum (June 19, 1992). "Batman" . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on December 8, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ " 'The Batman': Colin Farrell says Danny DeVito gave him 'the green light' to play Penguin (exclusive)" . Yahoo!News . 2022-03-02 . Retrieved 2022-03-29 . ^ Couch, Aaron (November 22, 2019). " 'The Batman' Casts John Turturro as Crime Boss Carmine Falcone" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22, 2019 . ^ "Street Tree Aesthetics", Seeing Trees , Yale University Press, pp. 43– 66, 2019, doi : 10.2307/j.ctv8jp086.6 , ISBN 978-0-300-24070-2 ^ Chris McKay [@buddboetticher] (29 May 2017). "@ArthurDenorfia It was one of our editors John Venzon" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ "サイト名" . dc-taka.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 6, 2020 . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . ^ " 'Batman Ninja' Anime: First Details & Poster Revealed" . Anime . 6 October 2017. ^ "ニンジャバットマン BATMAN NINJA公式サイト【2018年6月15日(金) 劇場公開】" . warnerbros.co.jp (in Japanese) . Retrieved July 3, 2018 . ^ Ressler, Karen (February 13, 2018). "Batman Ninja Anime's English Trailer Reveals Dub Cast, Home Video Release" . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 3, 2018 . ^ Melissa, Billie (2023-11-14). "Luke Wilson Is Bruce Wayne in Merry Little Batman" . Men's Journal | Streaming . Retrieved 2023-11-14 . ^ Milligan, Mercedes (November 19, 2023). "Trailer: 'Merry Little Batman' Brings a Lighter Dark Knight Tale to Prime Video" . Retrieved November 20, 2023 . ^ Rangel, Felipe (September 23, 2025). "DC Reveals Unique Penguin Design in New Batman Movie" . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 4, 2025 . ^ Fischer, Tyler (October 13, 2018). " 'Injustice 2' Concept Art Reveals Scrapped Characters Including Constantine, Penguin, and More" . comicbook.com . ^ Game Informer features a two-page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph. See " LEGO Batman : Character Gallery", Game Informer 186 (October 2008): 93. ^ GameSpot Trailers (July 19, 2018). "LEGO DC Super-Villains - Official Character Creator Trailer - SDCC 2018" – via YouTube. ^ Logan Westbrook. "Arkham City's Penguin Shares a Voice With Nathan Drake" . The Escapist . Archived from the original on 2018-12-12 . Retrieved 2013-09-14 . ^ " Batman: Arkham City • Portrait of a Penguin" . Arkhamcity.co.uk. 2011-05-25. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24 . Retrieved 2011-07-12 . ^ Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate , Armature Studio (2013) ^ "Batman: Arkham Knight Game Guide & Walkthrough: Penguin Side Mission" . Game Pressure . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ McNulty, Thomas (March 2, 2023). "Every DC Villain Helping Suicide Squad In Kill The Justice League" . ScreenRant . Retrieved September 14, 2023 . External links Oswald Cobblepot (Burtonverse) on DC Database , a DC Comics wiki Tim Burton's Original Batman Returns Had A Weird Penguin & Catwoman Team-Up Batman Returns: The Actors Who Almost Played The Penguin CREATING PENGUIN’S PROSTHETICS FOR ‘BATMAN RETURNS’ BATMAN RETURNS - CREATING THE PENGUIN'S ARMY OF PENGUINS Why Batman Returns’ Danny DeVito Thinks Colin Farrell Will Be ‘Great’ As The Penguin In The Batman Danny DeVito was eating WHAT in Batman Returns? A monkey attacked Danny DeVito on the 'Batman Returns' set 'BATMAN RETURNS' ACTOR DANNY DEVITO REFLECTS ON TIM BURTON AND THE BENEFITS OF BEING THE PENGUIN Danny DeVito Wants To Reprise His Role As Penguin In A Future Batman Film Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman characters v t e Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Ace the Bat-Hound Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Kate Kane Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman (TV series) v t e Episodes " Hi Diddle Riddle " " Smack in the Middle " " Fine Feathered Finks " " The Penguin's a Jinx " " The Joker Is Wild " " Batman Is Riled " " Instant Freeze " " Rats Like Cheese " " Zelda the Great " " A Death Worse Than Fate " " The Joker Goes to School " " He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul " " True or False-Face " " Holy Rat Race " " The Penguin Goes Straight " " Not Yet, He Ain't " " Shoot a Crooked Arrow " " Walk the Straight and Narrow " " Hot Off the Griddle " " The Cat and the Fiddle " " Marsha, Queen of Diamonds " " Marsha's Scheme of Diamonds " " The Zodiac Crimes " " The Joker's Hard Times " " The Penguin Declines " " Enter Batgirl, Exit Penguin " " The Londinium Larcenies/The Foggiest Notion/The Bloody Tower " " Hi Diddle Riddle " " Smack in the Middle " " Fine Feathered Finks " " The Penguin's a Jinx " " The Joker Is Wild " " Batman Is Riled " " Instant Freeze " " Rats Like Cheese " " Zelda the Great " " A Death Worse Than Fate " " The Joker Goes to School " " He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul " " True or False-Face " " Holy Rat Race " " The Penguin Goes Straight " " Not Yet, He Ain't " " Shoot a Crooked Arrow " " Walk the Straight and Narrow " " Hot Off the Griddle " " The Cat and the Fiddle " " Marsha, Queen of Diamonds " " Marsha's Scheme of Diamonds " " The Zodiac Crimes " " The Joker's Hard Times " " The Penguin Declines " " Enter Batgirl, Exit Penguin " " The Londinium Larcenies/The Foggiest Notion/The Bloody Tower " Characters Bookworm Egghead Green Hornet Kato King Tut Bookworm Egghead Green Hornet Kato King Tut Spin-off media Batman (1966 film) The New Adventures of Batman Legends of the Superheroes Batman '66 Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two-Face Batman (1966 film) The New Adventures of Batman Legends of the Superheroes Batman '66 Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two-Face Other " Batman Theme " "Holy..." Batusi " Batman Theme " "Holy..." Batusi Related Television The Green Hornet " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Films Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Flash Parodies " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX Television The Green Hornet " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Green Hornet " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Films Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Flash Parodies " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Flash Parodies " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX Category Category Batman in other media Penguin (character) in other media DC Comics film characters DC Comics television characters CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 06:18 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 1936–1978: Early years 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.2 1978–1998: Rising popularity 1.3 1998–2007: Further rise 1.4 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 1.1 1936–1978: Early years 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.2 1978–1998: Rising popularity 1.3 1998–2007: Further rise 1.4 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 2 Animated 3 Criticism 4 Parody 5 Box office reception 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Superhero film العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Superhero film" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The superhero film is a film genre categorized by the presence of superhero characters, individuals with extraordinary abilities who are dedicated to fighting crime, saving the world, or helping the innocent. It is sometimes considered a sub-genre of the action film genre and has evolved into one of the most financially successful film genres worldwide. These films focus on superhuman abilities , advanced technology, mystical phenomena, or exceptional physical and mental skills that enable these heroes to fight for the common good or defeat a supervillain antagonist. Superhero films typically include genre elements of romance , comedy , fantasy , and science fiction , with large instances of the superhero genre predominantly occupied and produced by American media franchises DC and Marvel , originally adaptations of their existing works of superhero comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Individual superhero films frequently contain a character's origin story. [ 3 ] History 1936–1978: Early years Superhero stories initially gained popularity through comic books and were later adapted into film serials . Early examples include Flash Gordon (1936), Mandrake the Magician (1939), The Shadow (1940), Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941), Batman (1943), The Phantom (1943), Captain America (1944), and Superman (1948). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Between 1941 and 1942, Fleischer Studios produced a series of eight animated cartoons and one additional short based on the Superman comic book . [ 6 ] Famous Studios , the successor of Fleischer Studios , created eight more cartoons between 1942 and 1943. In the following decades, the decline of Saturday matinée showings of serials and turmoil in the comic book industry slowed superhero motion picture production greatly, although films were still being produced. These films included Superman and the Mole Men (1951), starring George Reeves , and Batman (1966), a big-screen extension of the Batman television series starring Adam West . Superman and the Mole Men was a pilot for the TV series Adventures of Superman . Compilations of the series were later released theatrically. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Tokusatsu In 1957, Shinto Ho produced the first film serial featuring the Tokusatsu superhero character Super Giant , marking a shift in Japanese popular culture toward masked superheroes in Tokusatsu . The Super Giant film series and Astro Boy heavily influenced later Japanese Tokusatsu superhero films. [ 10 ] Moonlight Mask also became popular around that time, with six films retelling the story of the TV series. [ 11 ] Another early Japanese superhero film was Ōgon Bat (1966), starring Sonny Chiba , based on the 1931 Kamishibai superhero Ōgon Bat. [ 12 ] Kaiju films Although kaiju movies, or movies featuring kaiju monsters, do not typically fall under the superhero category, the kaiju monster Godzilla , originally a villain, transitioned into a superhero role in subsequent films. [ 13 ] Godzilla has been described as "the original radioactive superhero" because his nuclear origin story predates Spider-Man 's 1962 debut. [ 13 ] However, Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964). [ 14 ] By the 1970s, Godzilla was viewed as a superhero, with the magazine King of the Monsters describing Godzilla in 1977 as the "Superhero of the '70s." Donald F. Glut wrote that Godzilla was "the most universally popular superhero of 1977." [ 15 ] 1966 saw the debut of the Ultra Series with the kaiju TV show Ultra Q . With the release of the original Ultraman , the franchise started focusing on superheroes and the series averaged an audience rating of 36.8% through its first 39 episodes. [ 16 ] In 1967, Ultraman started expanding to films. Early films, such as Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature , were compilations or theatrical releases of TV show episodes. The first original Ultraman film was The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army , a co-production with Thailand . [ 17 ] The popularity of television superheroes in Japan led to the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai franchises by manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori in 1971 and 1975, respectively. As with Ultraman , many early Kamen Rider and Super Sentai episodes were released as films. Original Kamen Rider films released before 1978 include Kamen Rider vs. Shocker , Kamen Rider vs. Ambassador Hell , Kamen Rider V3 vs. Destron Mutants, and Five Riders vs. King Dark . [ 18 ] Original superhero characters emerged in other, more comedy-oriented films , such as the French political satire film Mr. Freedom (1969), the Polish parody Hydrozagadka (1970), and the American B movies Rat Pfink a Boo Boo (1966) and The Wild World of Batwoman (1966). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] 1978–1998: Rising popularity Following the success of Star Wars , Richard Donner 's Superman (1978), the first big-budget DC feature film, was a critical and commercial success. [ 21 ] The same year, Toei Company 's Spider-Man reimagining and the first Super Sentai crossover film, JAKQ Dengekitai vs. Gorenger , were released. Other entries emerged throughout the 1980s, including Eight Riders vs. Galaxy King (1980), Kamen Rider Super-1: The Movie (1981), Richard Lester 's Superman II (1981), Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981), and Paul Verhoeven 's RoboCop (1987). These were followed by Kamen Rider Black: Hurry to Onigashima and Kamen Rider Black: Terrifying! The Phantom House of Devil Pass , released in 1988. The success of Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and its direct follow-up, Batman Returns (1992), spawned the DC Animated Universe . [ 22 ] One of the first superhero films of the 1990s was Marvel 's Captain America (1991), which did not have a theatrical release. Roger Corman 's The Fantastic Four (1994) was produced solely to maintain the film rights to the property [ 23 ] and was not released theatrically or on home video . [ 24 ] Alex Proyas ' The Crow (1994) became the first independent comic superhero franchise film. [ 24 ] The film introduced a new level of violence to a younger audience, bridging the gap between superhero and modern action films . [ 25 ] The success of The Crow may have influenced the release of a film version of Spawn (1997), Image Comics 's leading character. After Marvel bought Malibu Comics (which owned The Men in Black comic series), Marvel and Columbia Pictures released Men in Black in 1997. [ 26 ] This film was the first Marvel property to win an Academy Award and, at the time, was the highest-grossing comic book adaptation. [ 27 ] While commercially successful, Joel Schumacher 's Batman & Robin (1997) was critically panned for its campiness [ 28 ] and deviation from the darker style of the series' first two films directed by Tim Burton . [ 29 ] Some have cited it as a factor in the temporary decline of the superhero film sub-genre . [ 30 ] In Japan in the 1990s, original Ultraman films became more common. In 1996, Tsuburaya released Ultraman Zearth , which parodied the original TV series and later installments. [ 31 ] The following year, the sequel titled Ultraman Zearth 2: Superhuman Big Battle - Light and Shadow premiered. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] 1998–2007: Further rise In 1998, Marvel released Blade , a darker superhero film blended with traditional action elements. The title character possesses the powers of a vampire and an arsenal of weaponry. [ 25 ] The success of Blade is considered the beginning of Marvel's film success and a catalyst for further comic book film adaptations. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Blade II was released in 2002. Adam Sternberg of Vulture stated that The Matrix (1999) was influenced by comic books, cyberpunk fiction, Japanese anime , and Hong Kong action films . He also credits the film and its incorporation of Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) with reinventing the superhero film by setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters. According to Sternberg, this inspired the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century. [ 36 ] John Kenneth Muir , in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television , describes The Matrix as a re-imagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films. He credits it with helping to "make comic-book superheroes hip." He notes that the bullet-time effect successfully demonstrates the concept of " faster than a speeding bullet " onscreen. [ 37 ] In Japan, following the success of the Kamen Rider Kuuga television series, a new era of the Kamen Rider franchise began, leading to the production of annual Kamen Rider movies, starting with Kamen Rider Agito: Project G4 in 2001. [ 38 ] The popularity of the Ultraman Tiga TV series led to several films based on it and later installments, including Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998), Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999), and Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000). 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 2008–2014 The release of Iron Man in 2008 began the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). A few months later, The Dark Knight was released to widespread critical acclaim and became the first superhero movie to make over $1 billion at the worldwide box office. [ 39 ] 2009 saw the release of Watchmen and X-Men Origins: Wolverine . The 2010s saw continued success for superhero films both culturally and economically, [ 40 ] taking the sub-genre's success and ubiquity to new heights. [ 41 ] Matthew Vaughn 's adaptation of Kick-Ass was released in 2010, followed by Iron Man 2 a month later. 2011 releases included The Green Hornet , [ 42 ] Green Lantern , and X-Men: First Class . After referencing the " Avengers Initiative " in the Iron Man films and The Incredible Hulk , Marvel released Thor in May 2011, [ 43 ] followed by Captain America: The First Avenger in July 2011. [ 44 ] While Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2012) had little audience interest, [ 45 ] three superhero films made it to the top ten in the box office chart for the year, both in the US [ 46 ] and internationally. [ 47 ] These were The Avengers (May 2012), The Dark Knight Rises (July 2012), and The Amazing Spider-Man (July 2012). A Superman Returns sequel was planned for 2009 but was delayed and later scrapped in favor of Man of Steel (2013), a reboot of the Superman franchise. At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con , Marvel confirmed an Ant-Man movie was in development, as well as a film based on the 2008 comic book series Guardians of the Galaxy , which was released in August 2014. Iron Man 3 was released in May 2013, Thor: The Dark World in November 2013, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier in April 2014. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 , the sequel to the 2012 reboot, was released in May 2014. A sequel to the 2009 film X-Men Origins: Wolverine , titled The Wolverine was released in 2013. In 2014, X-Men: Days of Future Past was released. In 2014, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Salvatores directed a superhero-fantasy film titled Il Ragazzo Invisible ( The Invisible Boy ), which won the Young Audience Award at the 2015 European Film Awards . [ 48 ] 2015—2018 An Avengers sequel, titled Avengers: Age of Ultron , was released in May 2015. Following the success of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, rival DC also planned to make and produce their own shared film universe called the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), which tied back to the release of Man of Steel in 2013 . A sequel titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was scheduled for release in May 2016 but was postponed to March 2016. The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water , a 2015 Nickelodeon film, features the main characters transforming into superheroes. 20th Century Fox rebooted the Fantastic Four series and released Fantastic Four in August 2015. [ 49 ] On March 9, 2015, publishing house Valiant Comics made a nine-figure deal with Chinese company DMG Entertainment to produce their series of superhero movies set in their cinematic universe. [ 50 ] The series was co-produced by Sony Pictures and started with a movie adaptation of Bloodshot for a 2020 release, followed by Harbinger , both movies receiving a sequel and ending in a crossover movie based on the Harbinger Wars arc from the comic books. [ 51 ] In 2015, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Mainetti directed the superhero film They Call Me Jeeg starring Claudio Santamaria . [ 52 ] Its original title is Lo Chiamavano Jeeg Robot , from the Italian name of the anime and manga series Steel Jeeg . It was released in Italy on February 25, 2016. [ 53 ] The eighth installment in the X-Men series, Deadpool , was released in February 2016. It became the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time (when adjusted for inflation) and the highest-grossing film of the series. The ninth instalment, X-Men: Apocalypse , was released in May. Warner Bros. released Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , the first film to feature both Batman and Superman, in March 2016. Suicide Squad , released in August, featured a team of antihero/supervillains. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad are in the DCEU. In May 2016, Marvel Studios released Captain America: Civil War , where the Avengers split into opposing factions. In October, Max Steel , based on Mattel 's eponymous toy line, was released. [ 54 ] In November of the same year, Marvel Studios released Doctor Strange , which recounts the superhero origin of Stephen Strange . The first Finnish superhero film, Rendel: Dark Vengeance , was released in September 2017, and it won the Best Action Movie award at the Erratum Film Festival in Mexico. [ 55 ] Power Rangers , a movie reboot of the TV series, was released in March, with Lionsgate planning a seven-film franchise. The film Logan , which was Hugh Jackman 's and Patrick Stewart 's last appearances as their characters in the X-Men film series before Disney acquired 20th Century Fox, was the first ever canon X-Men movie to be rated R and the first superhero movie to receive an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . In the summer movie season, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman , and Spider-Man: Homecoming confirmed the superhero film domination in the mainstream movie market. [ 56 ] That trend continued into the fall with the success of Thor: Ragnarök . Due to this, Warner Bros. attempted to have a shared universe media franchise, the DCEU , with Justice League , though this was poorly received and a box office disappointment . [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In February 2018, Marvel Studios released Black Panther , featuring the solo film adaptation of the first mainstream African American superhero, the Black Panther , a commercial and critical success in the MCU franchise. It became the first superhero film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . [ 59 ] This MCU project was soon followed up by Avengers: Infinity War , released in April 2018, which earned both critical acclaim [ 60 ] and worldwide financial success, earning more than $2 billion. [ 61 ] Soon after, 20th Century Fox released Deadpool 2 in May 2018. [ 62 ] In addition, Incredibles 2 's wide release in June 2018 was met with considerable critical acclaim [ 63 ] and earned $182.68 million during its premiere weekend. [ 64 ] The next superhero film in the MCU, Ant-Man and the Wasp , was released on July 6th. The antihero film Venom , based on the comic book character of the same name, was released in October 2018 to poor reviews but box-office success. In December 2018, Warner Bros. released Aquaman , a film about the DC Comics superhero of the same name , marking a box office success for the DCEU, grossing $1.152 billion worldwide. [ 65 ] 2019—present Marvel's Captain Marvel was released in March 2019 and faced online hostility, originating from star Brie Larson 's comments about the lack of diversity in the film and film criticism industries. [ 66 ] Despite the controversy, it earned over $1 billion worldwide [ 67 ] and received largely positive reviews. [ 68 ] Later in April, the DCEU's Shazam! , featuring the lead character who was previously known as Captain Marvel , had decent box office success for a relatively low budget, [ 69 ] which has been seen as further evidence of the revitalization of the Warner Bros. media franchise. That same month, Avengers: Endgame ended the Infinity Saga to widespread acclaim, broke numerous box office records, and became the fastest film to exceed $1 billion worldwide, doing so in just five days. Avengers: Endgame became the highest-grossing film of all time , surpassing James Cameron 's Avatar before the latter reclaimed its place in 2021. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] By contrast, the X-Men film Dark Phoenix performed poorly — critically and financially — upon release in June. [ 72 ] This would be the last film in 20th Century Fox's X-Men series. Afterwards, X-Men and the Fantastic Four entered the MCU with Disney's acquisition of 20th Century Fox. However, neither franchise would receive a standalone film in the MCU until 2024's Deadpool & Wolverine , and 2025's The Fantastic Four: First Steps . [ 73 ] In July 2019, Phase 3 of the MCU was concluded with the Marvel and Sony co-produced film Spider-Man: Far From Home , which was released to critical and commercial success. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In August 2019, Joko Anwar 's Gundala was released in Indonesia. [ 76 ] It screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in September. It also took the first entry in the Bum Langit Cinematic Universe (BCU) film series based on characters from comic books published by Bum Langit . [ 77 ] The second and third films in the series, Sri Asih and Patriot Taruna: Virgo and the Sparkling's , were announced for a 2020 release but were pushed back to 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic significantly delayed production. [ 78 ] The production company's strategy of announcing films in volumes with a team-up film as the climax has led to the media dubbing it the "Indonesian equivalent to the MCU and DCEU". [ 79 ] The Suicide Squad was released in August but was a box office disappointment despite receiving positive reviews. The poor performance was attributed to the disruption of cinema during the COVID-19 pandemic (particularly the Delta variant ) and confusion from the general audience on whether the film was a sequel, reboot , or remake . [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Meanwhile, Marvel's Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings broke Labor Day records, [ 82 ] while similar successes were seen in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage . [ 83 ] Despite mediocre reviews and the first rotten rating [ 84 ] for an MCU film on Rotten Tomatoes , Eternals opened to moderate success at the box office. [ 85 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home was released in December 2021, and became the highest-grossing film of 2021 , [ 86 ] the highest-grossing film of all time , [ 87 ] the third-highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada , [ 88 ] the highest-grossing Spider-Man film, and the highest-grossing film produced by Sony. [ 89 ] It also became the first film to gross over $1 billion since Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker , mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic , [ 90 ] as well as the highest-grossing film not to be released in China (one of the world's biggest box office markets). [ 91 ] In 2022, Warner Bros. released The Batman , a reboot of the Batman film series , unconnected to the DC Extended Universe. It was a critical and commercial hit, with praise for the film being a grounded detective story, [ 92 ] due to Matt Reeves ' direction and Robert Pattinson 's performance as the titular hero. [ 93 ] It became the second biggest pandemic debut, after Spider-Man: No Way Home . [ 94 ] Morbius , starring Jared Leto and based on the Spider-Man villain of the same name , debuted that April as another chapter in Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The film was critically panned and a box-office bomb. [ 95 ] Variety reported that whilst the initial opening was hopeful for Morbius , "the character is not nearly as recognizable to general audiences as Spider-Man, Batman or Venom, nor is the film connected to a larger story like Eternals or Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings . Thus, Morbius wasn't expected to match the receipts for recent comic book tent-poles based on those characters." [ 96 ] Scott Mendelson further stated Sony seemed to rely on the film's connection to the Spider-Man universe, the success of Venom , and a misguided assumption that audiences were interested in villain movies. [ 97 ] In May 2022, Sam Raimi returned to the superhero genre with Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness . The film was met with mixed-to-positive reviews and earned $187 million on its opening weekend. It became the eleventh-best domestic debut of all time, the best summer debut for a Disney release during the pandemic, and Raimi's best opening. [ 98 ] The film earned $61 million in its second weekend, becoming one of the MCU's most significant second-weekend box office drops. The 67% decline was attributed by Deadline Hollywood to the "bad word of mouth" on the film and its CinemaScore grade. At the same time, Intelligence saw more than a 17% downsize of available seats for the film, resulting in fewer showtimes, which also led to the decline. [ 99 ] In its third weekend, the film earned $31.6 million, contributing to the 800-million-dollar mark at the box office to become Hollywood's second-highest-grossing film released during the pandemic behind No Way Home . [ 100 ] The film earned $16.4 million in its fourth weekend, contributing to the total box office that helped it to become the highest-grossing film of 2022, previously held by The Batman . [ 101 ] As of June 2022, the film stands as the 11th highest-grossing of the MCU worldwide. [ 102 ] In 2023, a majority of the superhero films released, such as Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania , Shazam! Fury of the Gods , The Flash , Blue Beetle , The Marvels , and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom , were moderate commercial failures. Only two superhero films released that year, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse , performed well at the box office, grossing $845 million and $690 million respectively, turning a profit alongside positive reviews from audiences and critics. [ 103 ] In February 2024, Sony released its fourth film in the Spider-Man Universe, Madame Web . The film was panned by critics and underperformed at the box office. [ 104 ] In July, the MCU's first film of the year, Deadpool & Wolverine , was also its first R-rated film. It was Hugh Jackman's first X-Men film since 2017's Logan and Ryan Reynolds ' Deadpool 's MCU debut. The film was highly acclaimed and grossed over $1.33 billion worldwide, making it the 20th highest-grossing film of all time , the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time , and the second-highest-grossing film of 2024. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Warner Bros.' Joker: Folie a Deux , a sequel to the 2019 film, Joker , was released in October 2024. Joaquin Phoenix reprised his role as The Joker and Lady Gaga made her superhero film debut as Harley Quinn . Joker: Folie a Deux was followed by Sony Spider-Man Universe films Venom: The Last Dance in November 2024, and Kraven the Hunter in December 2024. [ 107 ] In February 2025, Captain America: Brave New World was released to moderately poor reviews by critics, and to date has the fourth-lowest box office earnings of any MCU movie. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Economic importance Since the 2010s, superhero films have played a significant role in the film industry. According to The Hollywood Reporter , "With rare exception, even A+ stars aren't making what they used to" - making superhero films "one of the last ways for an actor to earn a major payday." They write that if an actor wants to get paid, they "have to put on a cape" and that characters like Spider-Man and Batman are more important than the actors themselves. [ 110 ] Since 2022, superhero films (especially from the MCU) have seen more inconsistent performances. The Marvels (2023) had the worst box-office outcome for an MCU film since 2008's The Incredible Hulk amid a broader trend of box-office disappointments for superhero films. [ 111 ] Fans, critics, and actors alike have pointed to cultural fatigue and the exhaustion of well-used storylines to explain this sudden dip in earnings and popularity. [ 112 ] On the other hand, director Joe Russo has suggested a "generational divide" in media consumption driving declining box office performances. [ 113 ] Animated Animated superhero films have also achieved critical and financial success. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] While animated superhero films are typically direct-to-video , a number have been released theatrically. In 1968, VIP my Brother Superman , a parody of the superhero genre, [ 116 ] directed by Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto , was a financial success. [ 117 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm , which was released theatrically in 1993, was a critical success, though a box-office failure. [ 118 ] In 2004, Pixar released The Incredibles , a film about a retired superhero couple and their children. It did well critically and financially, and went on to win an Academy Award . In 2010, DreamWorks Animation released Megamind to middling success. [ 119 ] In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios released an adaptation of the Marvel superhero team Big Hero 6 . The same year, Warner Bros. released The Lego Movie , with Batman and other DC superheroes in leading and supporting roles. As a significant box-office success, it was followed in 2017 by The Lego Batman Movie and DreamWorks Animation's Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie . [ citation needed ] In 2018, three theatrical animated superhero films were released to critical and commercial success: Pixar's Incredibles 2 , Warner Bros.' Teen Titans Go! To the Movies , and Sony Pictures Animation 's Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse . Into the Spider-Verse swept that year's major film awards for animated features, including the Academy Award . [ 120 ] A sequel to Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse came out in 2023, titled Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse . Another Spider-Verse sequel, Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse , is currently in production and scheduled to be released in 2027. [ 121 ] Criticism As the number of superhero films being produced increased during the latter part of the 2010s, the genre's contribution to cinema was questioned. In a 2019 interview with Empire magazine , American filmmaker Martin Scorsese commented, "The closest I can think of them, as well-made as they are, with actors doing the best they can under the circumstances, is theme parks. It isn't the cinema of human beings trying to convey emotional, psychological experiences to another human being." He stated the Marvel Cinematic Universe was not "cinema." [ 122 ] He later added that he was worried about studios' dependence on the format because in "many places around this country and the world, franchise films are now your primary choice if you want to see something on the big screen. It's a perilous time in film exhibition, and there are fewer independent theaters than ever." [ 123 ] Criticism of Marvel Studios ' films continued, with Jennifer Aniston stating that Marvel movies are "diminishing". Denis Villeneuve dismissed "too many Marvel films" as being "a cut and paste of others," [ 124 ] and Roland Emmerich stated large blockbuster films such as the MCU and Star Wars movies were "ruining our industry a little" since "nobody does anything original anymore". [ 125 ] Some media commentators have attributed the increasingly popular superhero franchises in the new millennium to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11 attacks . [ 126 ] Others have argued advances in special effects technology have played a more significant role. [ 127 ] Grant Morrison , writer and co-creator of the All-Star Superman comic series, wonders whether the superhero genre can legitimately be classified as a film genre. They reflect that the idea of a superhuman is malleable and has been used in many other genres, like westerns and detective stories. They goes on to explain: I’m not even sure if there is a superhero genre or if the idea of the superhero is a special chilli pepper-like ingredient designed to energize other genres. The costumed superhero has survived since 1938, constantly shifting in tone from decade to decade to reflect the fears and the needs of the audience. The current mainstream popularity of the superhero has, I think, a lot to do with the fact that the Terror-stricken, environmentally-handicapped, overpopulated, pedophile-haunted world that’s being peddled by our news media is crying out for utopian role models and for any hopeful images of humankind’s future potential! [ 128 ] I’m not even sure if there is a superhero genre or if the idea of the superhero is a special chilli pepper-like ingredient designed to energize other genres. The costumed superhero has survived since 1938, constantly shifting in tone from decade to decade to reflect the fears and the needs of the audience. The current mainstream popularity of the superhero has, I think, a lot to do with the fact that the Terror-stricken, environmentally-handicapped, overpopulated, pedophile-haunted world that’s being peddled by our news media is crying out for utopian role models and for any hopeful images of humankind’s future potential! [ 128 ] Writer Alan Moore , a veteran of the comics industry known for his work on Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Batman: The Killing Joke , and From Hell , has expressed criticism of modern superhero movies in general, which he once called a "blight" to cinema and "also to culture to a degree." He said in an October 2022 interview with The Guardian that the popularization of the genre on the part of adults is an "infantilization" that can act as "a precursor to fascism ." Lamenting at how deeply such films became part of the culture, Moore commented: [ 129 ] [ 130 ] "I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys — and it was always boys — of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s — to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional — when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way." [ 129 ] [ 130 ] "I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys — and it was always boys — of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s — to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional — when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way." [ 129 ] [ 130 ] In a September 2023 interview with The Telegraph , Moore reiterated this view, saying what had appealed to him most about output from comics publishers was "no more," saying, "now they're called 'graphic novels,' which sounds sophisticated, and you can charge a lot more for them. These innocent and inventive and imaginative superhero characters from the '40s, '50s, and '60s are being recycled to a modern audience as if they were adult fare." During that same interview, journalist Jake Kerridge asked Moore if he divided the money he had received from onscreen adaptations of his work among the writers and other staff members of those productions. Moore replied, "I no longer wish it to even be shared with them. I don't feel, with the recent films, that they have stood by what I assumed were their original principles. So, I asked for DC Comics to send all of the money from any future TV series or films to Black Lives Matter ." [ 131 ] [ 130 ] At the end of the 2010s and later on in the 2020s, Moore's opinions became more widespread, often pointing out a tendency for superheroes to maintain the status quo. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] In "Infinity Wars: Post 9/11 Superhero Films and American Empire" [ 135 ] Peter J. Bruno argues that "[...] post-9/11 superhero films cannot imagine alternatives outside of empire and its capitalist hegemony." He goes forward, tying superhero movies to an "aesthetic of death" and the process of the dehumanization of the enemy or othering — both typical of fascism according to Umberto Eco 's Ur-Fascism — and ties in Achille Mbembe ’s concept of necropolitics . Similar fascistic tendencies were noted by other commentators, notably with the spread of the term " Copaganda ." [ 136 ] By the 2020s, " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} superhero fatigue " emerged to describe audience weariness with formulaic superhero films, reflected in declining box-office returns and mixed reviews. In particular, the Marvel Cinematic Universe has been criticized for over-saturating the market with its expansion to streaming beginning with Phase Four , prompting Marvel Studios to rethink its annual output. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Parody Andrzej Kondratiuk 's 1970 film Hydrozagadka is a parody of the American ideals glorified in superhero films. [ 140 ] Kinka Usher 's 1999 film Mystery Men features a group of inept amateur superheroes. Another comedic play on superheroes is The Specials , a 2000 film in which the title team is more concerned with their public image than actually being superheroes. Kevin Smith 's 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back parodies film companies' seemingly compulsive purchase of comic book film rights with " Bluntman and Chronic ." In the movie, the character Brodie Bruce (played by Jason Lee ) describes the process: "Well, after X-Men hit at the box office, all the studios started buying out every comic property they could get their dirty little hands on." Mark Hamill 's 2004 parody film Comic Book: The Movie was about a comic book fan and a film adaptation of his favorite character, and was released direct-to-video and achieved mild success, [ 141 ] garnering a cult following among comic book readers. Craig Mazin directed the more direct parody Superhero Movie , released in 2008. 2008's Hancock was a subversion of the genre by having the title character become a reluctant superhero. The movie grossed more than $629 million at the box office. Matthew Vaughn directed the 2010 film Kick-Ass , which saw a regular teenager turn to fighting crime. A sequel, Kick-Ass 2 , was released in 2013. James Gunn directed and wrote the 2010 film Super starring Rainn Wilson . Alejandro González Iñárritu 's Oscar-winning 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) satirizes Hollywood's reliance on superhero and blockbuster films. In the film, Michael Keaton portrays Riggan Thomson, a washed-up Hollywood actor known for playing the superhero Birdman in blockbuster movies decades earlier. He is tormented by Birdman's voice, which mocks and criticizes him, and he sees himself performing feats of levitation and telekinesis. [ 142 ] The 2016 movie Deadpool and its 2018 sequel Deadpool 2 were box-office juggernauts, making $782.6 million and $785.8 million, respectively. Deadpool & Wolverine , which was released in 2024, has grossed approximately $1.3 billion and currently sits on the list of highest-grossing superhero films . Philippe Lacheau 's 2021 French movie Super-hero's malgré Lui , or Super Who? in English, follows an actor who landed the role of a superhero named "Badman." The actor suffers an accident that causes him amnesia and he starts believing that he is an actual superhero. The movie references DC and Marvel while making fun of the superhero film genre. [ 143 ] Quentin Dupieux ’s 2022 French film Fumer Fait Tousser ( Smoking Causes Coughing ) follows a team of five superheroes called the Tobacco Force who, following a battle against a diabolical giant turtle that goes wrong, go on a compulsory retreat to strengthen cohesion within their group. Soon, however, an enemy named Lézardin interrupts the retreat to destroy the planet Earth. Box office reception According to Box Office Mojo , the ten highest-grossing (as of January 2025) superhero films are: [ citation needed ] Film Year Worldwide gross Avengers: Endgame 2019 $2,799,439,100 [ 144 ] Avengers: Infinity War 2018 $2,048,359,754 [ 145 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home 2021 $1,926,899,310 [ 146 ] The Avengers 2012 $1,518,812,988 [ 147 ] Avengers: Age of Ultron 2015 $1,402,809,540 [ 148 ] Black Panther 2018 $1,346,913,171 [ 149 ] Deadpool & Wolverine 2024 $1,338,073,645 [ 150 ] Incredibles 2 2018 $1,242,805,359 [ 151 ] Iron Man 3 2013 $1,215,577, 205 [ 152 ] Captain America: Civil War 2016 $1,153,304,495 [ 153 ] The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has earned over $31 billion and is one of the largest film franchises in history, surpassing Star Wars by over $7 billion. [ 154 ] Its highest-grossing film, Avengers: Endgame (2019), briefly held the record for the highest-grossing film of all time [ 155 ] before being surpassed by a record-breaking re-release of Avatar (2009) in 2021. [ 156 ] Deadpool & Wolverine is also the highest grossing R-rated film , both in the US/Canada and worldwide. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] See also Film portal Speculative fiction portal List of American superhero films List of films based on comics List of television series and films based on Dark Horse Comics publications List of films based on DC Comics publications List of films based on Image Comics List of films based on Marvel Comics publications Superhero fiction References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shaw, Gabbi. 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(November 14, 2014), Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (Comedy, Drama), Michael Keaton, Zach Galifianakis, Edward Norton, New Regency Productions, M Productions, Grisbi Productions, Le , retrieved September 13, 2024 ^ Lacheau, Philippe (February 2, 2022), Super-héros malgré lui (Action, Comedy), Philippe Lacheau, Julien Arruti, Tarek Boudali, Cinéfrance Studios, Baf Prod, StudioCanal , retrieved September 13, 2024 ^ "Avengers: Endgame" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Avengers: Infinity War" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Spider-Man: No Way Home" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "The Avengers" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Avengers: Age of Ultron" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Black Panther" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Deadpool & Wolverine" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Incredibles 2" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Iron Man 3" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Captain America: Civil War" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Movie Franchises - Box Office History" . The Numbers . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Avengers: Endgame overtakes Avatar as top box office movie of all time" . BBC News . July 22, 2019 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ McClintock, Pamela (March 13, 2021). " 'Avatar' Passes 'Avengers: Endgame' to Once Again Rule as Top-Grossing Pic at Global Box Office" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office for R-rated Movies" . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21, 2025 . ^ "All Time Worldwide Box Office for R-rated Movies" . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21, 2025 . Bibliography Lichtenfeld, Eric (2007). Action Speaks Louder: Violence, Spectacle, and the American Action . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978-0-8195-6801-4 . The Staff and Friends of Scarecrow (2003). The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1-57061-415-6 . Graeber, David (2012). Super Position (Essay). The New Inquiry .* Graeber, David (October 8, 2012). "Super Position" . The New Inquiry . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . "All Time Worldwide Box Office for Super Hero Movies" . The Numbers . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Superhero fiction v t e Media Comics Novels Film Podcasts Television American Kamishibai Comics Novels Film Podcasts Television American American Kamishibai Plot elements Superhero Supervillain Superhuman Superpower Secret identity Alter ego Comic book death Superhero Supervillain Superhuman Superpower Secret identity Alter ego Comic book death Continuity Continuity Retroactive continuity Reboot Crossover Continuity Retroactive continuity Reboot Crossover Superhero fiction Superhero fiction Superhero films Action films by genre Film genres CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from December 2024 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2023 Use American English from June 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2025 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 02:57 (UTC) . 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Israel-Gaza War War in Ukraine US & Canada UK Africa Asia Australia Europe Latin America Middle East In Pictures BBC InDepth BBC Verify News News Latin America Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner presents her medal to Trump Trump thanked Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, calling it "a wonderful gesture of mutual respect". 4 hrs ago World US forces seize a sixth Venezuela-linked oil tanker in Caribbean Sea The tanker, Veronica, was seized in a predawn operation "without incident", the US military's Southern Command says. 16 hrs ago Latin America Singer Julio Iglesias faces Spanish inquiry into sexual assault allegations Iglesias, who is 82, has been a household name in Spain since the 1960s and has sold millions of records worldwide. 3 days ago Europe Five severed heads displayed on Ecuador beach Bathers found the body parts in Puerto López, a town which has been wracked by gang violence. 4 days ago Latin America Bodies of Cubans killed during US raid on Venezuela returned The bodies of 32 soldiers killed during the US action are received in Havana on Thursday. 22 hrs ago Latin America Venezuela has freed some American citizens from prison, US official says A US state department official did not confirm the identities or number of prisoners released, but called the move "an important step in the right direction". 2 days ago World Jailed Venezuelan politician's son says Trump shouldn't be 'fooled' by pledge of prisoner releases Ramón Guanipa's father was accused of treason for challenging the disputed 2024 presidential election result. 4 days ago Latin America US-Venezuela tensions The continued mysteries surrounding the intelligence operation to seize Maduro From intelligence sources to intricate mission plans, some details are becoming clearer - but many questions remain unanswered. US involvement in Venezuela could last years, Trump says The US president says only time would tell how long his administration will be involved in the running of the country. Analysis: Why Trump chose Maduro's VP over Nobel winner What is it about Delcy Rodríguez that caught the eye of the Trump administration? US will control Venezuela oil sales 'indefinitely', official says Officials say sales were expected to start with 30 million to 50 million barrels of oil and the revenue would be controlled by the US government. 'Fear in the streets': Venezuelans uncertain about what might happen next The BBC spoke to Venezuelans after the seizure by US forces of Venezuelan leader Nicolás Maduro. Features & Analysis Colombia sees 'real threat' of US military action, president tells BBC Gustavo Petro tells the BBC's Ione Wells that the United States is treating other nations as part of a US "empire", after Trump threatened Colombia with military action. Trump's Venezuela raid has created chaos - and that is a risk for China The US's seizure of Nicolás Maduro carries uncertainty for China, which is no fan of chaos. Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. Which countries could be in Trump's sights after Venezuela? Trump has made numerous threats against other nations in Washington's orbit. Cuba defiant as it braces for post-Maduro era The prospects for Cuba - a close ally of Nicolás Maduro's Venezuela - are now bleak, writes the BBC's Will Grant. Watch/Listen Watch: BBC reports from outside Venezuela's 'El Helicoide' prison BBC reporter Norberto Paredes is in Caracas as the Venezuelan government begins to release its political prisoners. Watch: US seizes oil tanker in Caribbean sea The US Coast Guard boarded two "ghost fleet" tanker ships in a "meticulously coordinated" operation, Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said. BBC Verify examines claims Venezuela 'stole' US oil The US government has made it clear that getting access to Venezuelan oil is an important motivation for its actions in the country. Watch: Trump says Maduro copied his dancing. Did he? The US president on Tuesday claimed the ousted Venezuelan leader imitated his moves. Here's a side-by-side look at both men's dancing. What's the relationship between Venezuela and Cuba? The BBC's Cuba Correspondent, Will Grant, looks at the close ties between the two nations. Latest Updates 9 hrs ago Cuba counts cost of alliance after 32 troops killed in Venezuela The recent events in Venezuela have exposed the strategic risks of Cuba’s foreign entanglements. 9 hrs ago 13 hrs ago Public pay their respects to Cubans killed in Venezuela during US raid The BBC's Will Grant is in Cuba's capital, Havana, where people lined the streets to pay tribute. 13 hrs ago 16 hrs ago US forces seize a sixth Venezuela-linked oil tanker in Caribbean Sea The tanker, Veronica, was seized in a predawn operation "without incident", the US military's Southern Command says. 16 hrs ago 22 hrs ago Bodies of Cubans killed during US raid on Venezuela returned The bodies of 32 soldiers killed during the US action are received in Havana on Thursday. 22 hrs ago 24 hrs ago She's offered to share her Nobel with Trump. But what might Machado ask for in return? Venezuela's opposition leader will meet with US President Donald Trump at the White House on Thursday. 24 hrs ago 4 days ago Jailed Venezuelan politician's son says Trump shouldn't be 'fooled' by pledge of prisoner releases Ramón Guanipa's father was accused of treason for challenging the disputed 2024 presidential election result. 4 days ago 4 days ago Five severed heads displayed on Ecuador beach Bathers found the body parts in Puerto López, a town which has been wracked by gang violence. 4 days ago 7 days ago US calls Argentina peso bet a 'homerun deal' The US Treasury Secretary said the US no longer held pesos in its exchange stabilisation fund. 7 days ago 7 days ago Watch: BBC reports from outside Venezuela's 'El Helicoide' prison BBC reporter Norberto Paredes is in Caracas as the Venezuelan government begins to release its political prisoners. 7 days ago ... News News Latin America Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner presents her medal to Trump Trump thanked Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, calling it "a wonderful gesture of mutual respect". 4 hrs ago World US forces seize a sixth Venezuela-linked oil tanker in Caribbean Sea The tanker, Veronica, was seized in a predawn operation "without incident", the US military's Southern Command says. 16 hrs ago Latin America Singer Julio Iglesias faces Spanish inquiry into sexual assault allegations Iglesias, who is 82, has been a household name in Spain since the 1960s and has sold millions of records worldwide. 3 days ago Europe Five severed heads displayed on Ecuador beach Bathers found the body parts in Puerto López, a town which has been wracked by gang violence. 4 days ago Latin America Bodies of Cubans killed during US raid on Venezuela returned The bodies of 32 soldiers killed during the US action are received in Havana on Thursday. 22 hrs ago Latin America Venezuela has freed some American citizens from prison, US official says A US state department official did not confirm the identities or number of prisoners released, but called the move "an important step in the right direction". 2 days ago World Jailed Venezuelan politician's son says Trump shouldn't be 'fooled' by pledge of prisoner releases Ramón Guanipa's father was accused of treason for challenging the disputed 2024 presidential election result. 4 days ago Latin America Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner presents her medal to Trump Trump thanked Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado, calling it "a wonderful gesture of mutual respect". US forces seize a sixth Venezuela-linked oil tanker in Caribbean Sea The tanker, Veronica, was seized in a predawn operation "without incident", the US military's Southern Command says. Singer Julio Iglesias faces Spanish inquiry into sexual assault allegations Iglesias, who is 82, has been a household name in Spain since the 1960s and has sold millions of records worldwide. Five severed heads displayed on Ecuador beach Bathers found the body parts in Puerto López, a town which has been wracked by gang violence. Bodies of Cubans killed during US raid on Venezuela returned The bodies of 32 soldiers killed during the US action are received in Havana on Thursday. Venezuela has freed some American citizens from prison, US official says A US state department official did not confirm the identities or number of prisoners released, but called the move "an important step in the right direction". Jailed Venezuelan politician's son says Trump shouldn't be 'fooled' by pledge of prisoner releases Ramón Guanipa's father was accused of treason for challenging the disputed 2024 presidential election result. US-Venezuela tensions The continued mysteries surrounding the intelligence operation to seize Maduro From intelligence sources to intricate mission plans, some details are becoming clearer - but many questions remain unanswered. US involvement in Venezuela could last years, Trump says The US president says only time would tell how long his administration will be involved in the running of the country. Analysis: Why Trump chose Maduro's VP over Nobel winner What is it about Delcy Rodríguez that caught the eye of the Trump administration? US will control Venezuela oil sales 'indefinitely', official says Officials say sales were expected to start with 30 million to 50 million barrels of oil and the revenue would be controlled by the US government. 'Fear in the streets': Venezuelans uncertain about what might happen next The BBC spoke to Venezuelans after the seizure by US forces of Venezuelan leader Nicolás Maduro. US-Venezuela tensions The continued mysteries surrounding the intelligence operation to seize Maduro From intelligence sources to intricate mission plans, some details are becoming clearer - but many questions remain unanswered. US involvement in Venezuela could last years, Trump says The US president says only time would tell how long his administration will be involved in the running of the country. Analysis: Why Trump chose Maduro's VP over Nobel winner What is it about Delcy Rodríguez that caught the eye of the Trump administration? US will control Venezuela oil sales 'indefinitely', official says Officials say sales were expected to start with 30 million to 50 million barrels of oil and the revenue would be controlled by the US government. 'Fear in the streets': Venezuelans uncertain about what might happen next The BBC spoke to Venezuelans after the seizure by US forces of Venezuelan leader Nicolás Maduro. Features & Analysis Colombia sees 'real threat' of US military action, president tells BBC Gustavo Petro tells the BBC's Ione Wells that the United States is treating other nations as part of a US "empire", after Trump threatened Colombia with military action. Trump's Venezuela raid has created chaos - and that is a risk for China The US's seizure of Nicolás Maduro carries uncertainty for China, which is no fan of chaos. Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. Which countries could be in Trump's sights after Venezuela? Trump has made numerous threats against other nations in Washington's orbit. Cuba defiant as it braces for post-Maduro era The prospects for Cuba - a close ally of Nicolás Maduro's Venezuela - are now bleak, writes the BBC's Will Grant. Features & Analysis Colombia sees 'real threat' of US military action, president tells BBC Gustavo Petro tells the BBC's Ione Wells that the United States is treating other nations as part of a US "empire", after Trump threatened Colombia with military action. Trump's Venezuela raid has created chaos - and that is a risk for China The US's seizure of Nicolás Maduro carries uncertainty for China, which is no fan of chaos. Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. Which countries could be in Trump's sights after Venezuela? Trump has made numerous threats against other nations in Washington's orbit. Cuba defiant as it braces for post-Maduro era The prospects for Cuba - a close ally of Nicolás Maduro's Venezuela - are now bleak, writes the BBC's Will Grant. Watch/Listen Watch: BBC reports from outside Venezuela's 'El Helicoide' prison BBC reporter Norberto Paredes is in Caracas as the Venezuelan government begins to release its political prisoners. Watch: US seizes oil tanker in Caribbean sea The US Coast Guard boarded two "ghost fleet" tanker ships in a "meticulously coordinated" operation, Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said. BBC Verify examines claims Venezuela 'stole' US oil The US government has made it clear that getting access to Venezuelan oil is an important motivation for its actions in the country. Watch: Trump says Maduro copied his dancing. Did he? The US president on Tuesday claimed the ousted Venezuelan leader imitated his moves. Here's a side-by-side look at both men's dancing. What's the relationship between Venezuela and Cuba? The BBC's Cuba Correspondent, Will Grant, looks at the close ties between the two nations. Watch/Listen Watch: BBC reports from outside Venezuela's 'El Helicoide' prison BBC reporter Norberto Paredes is in Caracas as the Venezuelan government begins to release its political prisoners. Watch: US seizes oil tanker in Caribbean sea The US Coast Guard boarded two "ghost fleet" tanker ships in a "meticulously coordinated" operation, Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said. BBC Verify examines claims Venezuela 'stole' US oil The US government has made it clear that getting access to Venezuelan oil is an important motivation for its actions in the country. Watch: Trump says Maduro copied his dancing. Did he? The US president on Tuesday claimed the ousted Venezuelan leader imitated his moves. Here's a side-by-side look at both men's dancing. What's the relationship between Venezuela and Cuba? The BBC's Cuba Correspondent, Will Grant, looks at the close ties between the two nations. Latest Updates Cuba counts cost of alliance after 32 troops killed in Venezuela The recent events in Venezuela have exposed the strategic risks of Cuba’s foreign entanglements. Public pay their respects to Cubans killed in Venezuela during US raid The BBC's Will Grant is in Cuba's capital, Havana, where people lined the streets to pay tribute. US forces seize a sixth Venezuela-linked oil tanker in Caribbean Sea The tanker, Veronica, was seized in a predawn operation "without incident", the US military's Southern Command says. Bodies of Cubans killed during US raid on Venezuela returned The bodies of 32 soldiers killed during the US action are received in Havana on Thursday. She's offered to share her Nobel with Trump. But what might Machado ask for in return? Venezuela's opposition leader will meet with US President Donald Trump at the White House on Thursday. Jailed Venezuelan politician's son says Trump shouldn't be 'fooled' by pledge of prisoner releases Ramón Guanipa's father was accused of treason for challenging the disputed 2024 presidential election result. Five severed heads displayed on Ecuador beach Bathers found the body parts in Puerto López, a town which has been wracked by gang violence. US calls Argentina peso bet a 'homerun deal' The US Treasury Secretary said the US no longer held pesos in its exchange stabilisation fund. Watch: BBC reports from outside Venezuela's 'El Helicoide' prison BBC reporter Norberto Paredes is in Caracas as the Venezuelan government begins to release its political prisoners. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries BBC Global Terms of Use Page updated: 26 June 2025 Version 1.0 1. Hello These are BBC.com’s terms of use (“Terms”). These Terms tell you: The rules for using our Services (as defined below); What you can do with our Content (as defined below); What we can do with things you post or upload; What disclaimers may apply to our own liability; and The protections you provide to us for your breach of these Terms. Your rights and responsibilities, basically – important stuff. It’s important to read these Terms and check in for updates as the latest version always applies. When we reference “BBC.com”, we mean the digital news properties operated by or on behalf of BBC Global News Limited, BBC Studios Distribution Limited, or their parent companies, subsidiaries, and affiliates (each a part of the BBC Studios, the commercial production and distribution arm of the British Broadcasting Corporation) which may be accessible in several manners, including via the web on BBC.com, mobile phone, and the BBC: World News & Stories mobile app (collectively, “the BBC”, “BBC.com”, “we”, “our”, or “us”). In these Terms, “Affiliated Entities” means any direct or indirect parent, subsidiaries, sponsors, licensees or affiliated companies of BBC.com. Find out more about our group of companies and their locations . In whatever manner you access BBC.com, you agree to be bound by these Terms. If you have accessed BBC.com from the United States of America, you also agree to be bound by the additional terms contained at the end of these Terms. BBC.com may, in its sole discretion, and at any time, discontinue the Services or any part of the Services, with or without notice, or may prevent your use of the Services or access to Content with or without notice to you. You agree that you do not have any rights in the Services and that BBC.com will have no liability to you if the Services are discontinued or your ability to access the Services or any Content you may have posted on the Services is terminated. All restrictions, rights granted by you, and all disclaimers and limitations of liability will survive any termination. Except as otherwise expressly set forth in these Terms, the Services and the Content are provided only for your personal, non-commercial use. Non-commercial use does not include the use of Content, without prior consent from us, in connection with the development, training, fine tuning, or grounding of any software program, model, algorithm, artificial intelligence system, or machine learning or generative artificial intelligence tool. 2. When these Terms apply Read these Terms before using our Services. As stated above, whenever you use our Services you agree to these terms. Without limiting our rights, if you don’t stick to all these Terms then we can suspend or terminate your use of Services and your account. 3. What’s not covered in these Terms? BBC Public Service: Digital properties and services provided directly by the BBC Public Service, which is a publicly funded service in and for the UK and therefore operates differently to BBC Studios which is a commercially funded business. This includes the BBC website in the UK (bbc.co.uk), any UK BBC account (as explained in more detail below), UK public services that are not geo-restricted (such as BBC Bitesize and the BBC programme pages), and the international World Service language sites. These are all covered by the BBC Public Service privacy policy and terms of use, which you can view here and here . Linked Services: Sometimes we link to other companies’ services, like articles published on other sites. Similarly, you might engage with our content and brands via another platform or company. For example, we publish certain Content on other platforms, like YouTube, Facebook and other social media, and news aggregators. These external services will have their own terms of service which will apply to your use of such services, and we are not liable for any of your interactions with such services. Additional terms that may be applicable to certain BBC.com Services, like when you enter a competition or a sweepstakes: If there are extra terms, we’ll let you know. Any promotions or offers set forth on the Services are void where prohibited and are subject to any applicable additional terms. Data Privacy: To find out what personal data we collect and how we use it, please visit our privacy policy at bbcstudios.com/privacy. 4. Changes to these Terms We may modify these Terms, or add or remove terms at any time, and such modifications, additions, or deletions will be effective immediately upon posting. Your use of the Services after such posting shall constitute acceptance by you of such modifications, additions or deletions. 5. What are the "Services" and "Content" addressed in these Terms? a. “Services” Digital services offered by the BBC that links to or references these Terms. Such as: BBC.com BBC: World News & Stories Mobile App BBC Sport Mobile App (International) BBC Global News US LLC’s digital subscription services b. “Content” Anything that’s available through the Services. Including: Text Articles Audio Video Images Games Anything made by people using our Services, which is often referred to as User-generated content, or in these Terms as User Content and Your Contributions. Nothing contained on the Services or in the Content should be construed as granting, by implication, or otherwise, any licence or right to use any trade mark displayed on the Services or in the Content without our written permission or that of such third party that may own the trade mark displayed on the Services or in the Content. Images, photographs, or illustrations displayed on the Services are either the property of, or used with permission by, us. The use of these materials by you, or anyone else authorised by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by these Terms or specific permission provided elsewhere on the Services or by BBC.com. In some instances, Content may represent the opinions and judgments of providers or users, such as User Content (as defined below). BBC.com and the Affiliated Entities do not endorse nor shall they be responsible or liable for the accuracy or reliability of any statement made on the Services by anyone other than authorised BBC.com employees acting in such capacity. Content is not intended to substitute for, nor does it replace, professional legal, financial, tax or medical advice. Seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding personal health or medical conditions. 6. Third party advertising You may see advertising from third parties on our Services. Each advertiser is responsible for its own content, and we are not liable for any errors, omissions, or inaccuracies in their ads, or for your engagement with such advertiser. If you’re interested in advertising on our Services, please contact our sales team at internationalsales@bbc.com . 7. Terms for using our Services and Content A few rules to stop you (and us) from getting in trouble. These apply to our Services and Content. You may not use the Services in violation of applicable laws, including export controls and sanctions, or in violation of our or any third party’s rights. You also agree that you will not make any unauthorized use of the Services and you will not attempt to circumvent, reverse engineer, decrypt, or otherwise alter or interfere with the Services or any Content. a. Don’t mess with our Services What do we mean by that? It is a breach of these Terms to do this sort of thing: Hacking our Services or use robots, spiders, scripts, or any tool or process designed to data mine or scrape the Content or collect the Content, data or information from the Services using automated means Trying to get around our Content security technology (software that stops people copying our Content) Trying to get around geographical restrictions that we put on some Content and products, for example using a VPN service to watch BBC iPlayer (which is only legally available in the UK) when you’re outside the UK. Refusing to remove our Content, games or apps from your device when we ask you to. This might happen when we take down Services, which we can do at any time, without notice. b. Don’t harm or offend other people... ...while using our Services or Content. That means: Don’t damage our reputation by associating us with sexism or racism, for instance Don’t get us sued – by defaming (damaging the reputation of) someone, say, or commenting on an active lawsuit Don’t harass or upset people Don’t post or upload anything offensive or obscene If you disagree with someone, attack the argument, not the person. c. Don’t pretend to be the BBC Pretending to be the BBC may include: Recreating a service or copying the look of a Service Using our brands, trade marks or logos without our permission Using or mentioning our Content in press releases and other marketing materials Making money from our Content or Services. You can’t charge people to watch our shows, for example Sharing our Content except as allowed in these Terms. 8. Using Content You agree not to download, display, or use any Content for use in any publication, in public performances, on websites other than the Services, in connection with products or services that are not those of BBC.com, or in any other manner that is likely to cause confusion among consumers, that dilutes the strength of BBC.com’s or its licensors’ intellectual property, or that otherwise infringes BBC.com’s or its licensors’ intellectual property or other rights. a. When you need permission To use any of the following Content, you need to get permission from us or BBC Public Service first: Whole shows Clips Photos Content from BBC.com or other Services Our logo and other branding Metadata Anything taken from our Services to develop or train artificial intelligence or to do computer analysis Anything else that’s protected by copyright. b. How to get permission from BBC Public Service: For logos and branding, read this. For metadata and RSS feeds, read this. For business use, read this. Bear in mind: you normally need to ask permission and there may be a fee to pay. For everything else, read this . There are exceptions to some of these sharing restrictions for Content that’s made to be shared, which we will refer to in these Terms as “Shareable Content” or “Shareables”– which has some different rules. Read more about Shareable Content below. In addition, we don’t always own the copyright. Click here for information about open-source code. 9. Shareable Content - what it is Content that’s shareable will have one or more of these buttons next to it: Share Social media buttons for posting to Facebook, X (Twitter), or other social media platforms. When you share to a social media platform, their terms of use and privacy policy will apply. 10. Shareable Content - what you can do a. Use sharing buttons to share a link to our Content on your website or social media. b. Post comments and views about certain Content that has commenting available, subject to the rules contained in these Terms 11. Shareable Content - what you can't do a. Don’t use it to harm or offend. And don't put Shareable Content with harmful or offensive stuff. Here’s a non-exhaustive list of what may harm or offend: Insulting, misleading, discriminating or defaming (damaging people’s reputations) Promoting pornography, tobacco or weapons Putting children at risk Anything illegal, which could include using hate speech, inciting terrorism or breaking privacy law b. Don’t share it in a setting that makes the Shareable Content more prominent than non-BBC content c. Don’t exaggerate your relationship with the BBC You can’t say we endorse, promote, supply or approve of you. And you can’t say you have exclusive access to our Content. d. Don’t associate Shareable Content with advertising or sponsorship That means you can’t: Put any other content between the link to the Shareable Content and the Shareable Content itself (meaning no ads or short videos people have to sit through) Put ads next to or over the Shareable Content Put any ads in a web page or app that contain mostly Shareable Content Put ads related to their subject alongside Shareable Content (meaning no trainer ads with a piece of Shareable Content about shoes) Add extra content that means you’d earn money from them e. Don’t be misleading about where the Shareable Content came from You can’t remove or alter the copyright notice or imply that someone else made them. 12. Metadata and RSS feeds You’re not allowed to export metadata from our Content or RSS feeds without a licence from BBC Public Service. If you are an individual, you can add the BBC News RSS feed to your website or social media account, provided: You don't change the RSS feed or remove any of our branding or logos You credit us by saying it's from BBC News or BBC.com putting the text and hyperlink in a prominent place nearby You don't add our branding, logos and so on, except for any branding that's already embedded in the RSS feed. Read about how to set up a BBC News RSS feed here . If you are a business, you’ll need a licence from BBC Public Service to use metadata (such as images, text, media and the links to them) or our RSS feeds. Apply for a metadata licence . For business use of our RSS feeds , there may be a fee to pay. 13. Your Contributions - what they are When you create your own content by: Uploading or posting something of yours to one of our Services – like uploading or posting to comment boards and forums Uploading your clip or photo of a breaking story to contribute to our (or BBC Public Service) editorial Using a service to make something and then uploading it to the Services We call these “Your Contributions” or “User Content”. Please note that by sharing Your Contributions through the Services, Your Contributions may become publicly accessible and will not be subject to any confidentiality restrictions. By displaying, publishing, or otherwise posting any User Content on or through the Services, you hereby grant to BBC.com and its Affiliated Entities a non-exclusive, sub-licensable, worldwide, fully-paid, perpetual, irrevocable, and royalty free licence to use, modify, publicly perform, publicly display, create derivative works of, adapt, remove, delete, reproduce, and distribute such User Content in any and all media now known or hereafter developed without the requirement to make payment to you or to any third party or the need to seek any third party permission. This licence includes, without limitation, the right to host, index, cache, distribute, and tag any User Content, as well as the right to sublicense User Content to third parties, including other users, for use on other media or platforms known or hereafter developed. You continue to retain your ownership rights in your User Content, and you continue to have any right to use your User Content in any way you choose, subject to these Terms and the licence described herein. The foregoing licences shall survive any termination of your use of the Services. For all User Content you share through the Services, you represent and warrant that you have all rights necessary for you to grant these licences, and that such User Content, and your provision or creation thereof through the Services, complies with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations and does not infringe or otherwise violate the copyright, trade mark, trade secret, privacy or other intellectual property or other rights of any third party, and is furthermore free from cookies, pixels, and viruses and other malware. 14. Your Contributions - the terms All of Your Contributions you send through the Services are submitted directly to the BBC Public Service, and as such, you can find the terms related to such User Content submissions here (see references to “Creations”) . Please note that we do not solicit or encourage submissions of User Content containing suggestions relating to the Services, our business or our Affiliated Entities’ businesses. If you send us any ideas or suggestions, regardless of the topic, we and our Affiliated Entities may use them for any purpose whatsoever and will not have any obligations with respect to such User Content (including, but not limited to, confidentiality). You understand and acknowledge that we have both internal resources and other external resources which may have developed, or may in the future develop, ideas identical or similar to any ideas or suggestions or comments to suggestions you may submit. Any idea or suggestion you submit to us shall be subject to these Terms. 15. Your Contributions - what you can't post or send us or BBC Public Service There are certain rules of conduct regarding User Content that you post in comments on the Services or submit to us or to BBC Public Service. Don’t send, post, share, or otherwise make available on our Services anything that: a. Was made by someone else, or that copies someone else's creation b. Is illegal or defamatory (damaging to someone else’s reputation) c. Is inappropriate (offensive, off-topic, disruptive, advocates violence, or spreads false information) d. Contains personal details e. Contains spam f. Puts children or others at risk g. Infringes anyone’s rights (that includes privacy rights and intellectual property rights) h. You’ve made as part of your job or for your business i. Promotes a business j. Identifies someone (unless you have their consent or, if they’re under 18, the consent of their parent or guardian) k. Disrespects the rules or orders of a court (in contempt of court) l. Contains links to content that can't be seen easily, may be unsafe (viruses, worms, spyware and Trojans) or automatically launches lots of windows m. Doesn’t comply with these Terms. You acknowledge and agree that we and our Affiliated Entities reserve the right (but have no obligation) to do one or all of the following, at our sole discretion: (i) evaluate User Content before allowing it to be uploaded on the Services; (ii) monitor User Content; (iii) alter, remove, reject, or refuse to post or allow to be posted, without notice to you, any User Content, for any reason or for no reason whatsoever; provided, however, that we shall have no obligation or liability to you for failure to do so or for doing so in any particular manner; and/or (iv) disclose any User Content, and the circumstances surrounding their transmission, to any third party in order to operate the Services, to protect ourselves, the Affiliated Entities, and our or their respective employees, officers, directors, shareholders, agents, and representatives, and the Services’ users and visitors, to comply with legal obligations or governmental requests, to enforce these Terms, or for any other reason or purpose. These Terms do not apply to waive your right to make statements regarding BBC.com or its employees or agents, or concerning any of BBC.com’s Content and Services. 16. Your BBC Account a. Registering for an account You need an account to use some of our Services, like saving and bookmarking Content, newsletters, and subscriptions. b. Get your BBC account Get your BBC account here . To keep your account safe, don’t: Tell anyone your username or password Give us false information Try to log in as someone else Try to bypass our security measures Create more than one account Create an account for someone else And be sure to keep your details up-to-date. By creating a BBC account, you represent that all information that you provide during registration and in connection with your account is current, complete and accurate and you agree to maintain and promptly update your account information in your BBC account so that it remains current, complete, and accurate. You are responsible for all usage or activity on your BBC account. If you believe someone else has used your BBC account, please contact us. c. Changing settings and deleting your account Find out how to modify or delete your account on your “My Account” homepage. 17. WARRANTIES AND DISCLAIMER OUR SERVICES AND THE CONTENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ON AN "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS WITHOUT ANY REPRESENTATION OR ENDORSEMENT OF ANY KIND. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS AND OTHER TERMS OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN CONNECTION WITH OUR SERVICES AND YOUR USE OF OUR SERVICES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPATIBILITY, SECURITY AND ACCURACY). WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN ANY CONTENT ON OUR SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED OR THAT OUR SERVICES OR THE SERVERS THAT MAKES THEM AVAILABLE ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR BUGS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT APPLICABLE LAW MAY NOT ALLOW FOR LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN IMPLIED WARRANTIES; TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH LAW APPLIES TO YOU, SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE DISCLAIMERS OR EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU, AND YOU MAY HAVE ADDITIONAL RIGHTS. 18. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY A. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, WE ACCEPT NO LIABILITY IN RESPECT OF ANY USER CONTENT. YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF OUR SERVICES OR ANY CONTENT IS ENTIRELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. B. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL WE, THE AFFILIATED ENTITIES AND THIRD PARTIES CONNECTED TO US BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR EXEMPLARY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER SUCH LOSSES WERE FORESEEN, FORESEEABLE, KNOWN OR OTHERWISE) ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF OUR SERVICES OR CONTENT OR INABILITY TO USE OUR SERVICES OR ACCESS OUR CONTENT, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION: (I) INJURY AND/OR DAMAGE TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY AS A RESULT OF ANY STATEMENT, INCLUDING ANY ACTUAL OR ALLEGED DEFAMATORY STATEMENT; (II) LOSSES SUFFERED BY ANY THIRD PARTY, INCLUDING INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR PRIVACY RIGHTS; (III) LOSS OF DATA; (IV) LOSS OF REVENUE OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS; (V) LOSS OF BUSINESS OR CONTRACTS; (VI) LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY; (VII) LOSS OF ANTICIPATED SAVINGS; (VIII) WASTED MANAGEMENT OR OFFICE TIME; OR (IX) LOSS OF GOODWILL OR INJURY TO REPUTATION. C. THIS DOES NOT AFFECT ANY LIABILITY WHICH CANNOT BE EXCLUDED OR LIMITED UNDER APPLICABLE LAWS OR REGULATIONS. D. WE SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY BREACH OF THESE TERMS CAUSED BY CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND OUR CONTROL. 19. Mobile Apps You may download certain BBC apps, including “BBC: World News & Stories”, either from the Services or from third party app stores or shops (each, an “App”). The following additional terms and conditions are applicable with respect to your use of a third party platform to access and download an App, such as Apple, Inc., Google, Inc., or any other similar third party “app store” or platform (each a “Provider”): a. You acknowledge and agree that (i) these Terms are binding between you and BBC.com only, and the Providers are not a party to these Terms, and (ii) as between BBC.com and such Provider, it is BBC.com that is responsible for the App and the content thereof. Your use of the App must comply with the terms of use applicable to the Provider source from which you obtain it. You acknowledge that the Provider has no obligation to furnish you with any maintenance and support services with respect to the App. The App is licensed to you only on a limited, revocable, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicense basis solely to be used for your private, personal, non-commercial use on a device that you own or control. b. You acknowledge that the Provider is not responsible for addressing any claims you have or any claims of any third party relating to the App or your possession and use of the App, including, but not limited to: (i) product warranty or liability claims; (ii) any claim that the App fails to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation; or (iv) claims that the App infringes a third party’s intellectual property rights, such that you will not hold such Provider responsible for the investigation, defence, settlement and discharge of any such intellectual property infringement claims. c. You acknowledge and agree that, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the Provider will have no warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the App. The Providers and their subsidiaries are third-party beneficiaries of these Terms. Upon your acceptance of the Terms, such Providers and their subsidiaries will have the right to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary thereof. There are no other third-party beneficiaries of the Terms. d. You represent and warrant that you are not located in a country subject to a government embargo, or that has been designated by a government as a “terrorist supporting” country, and that you are not listed on any government list of prohibited or restricted parties. e. BBC.com may, at its discretion, automatically upload App updates to your device. You agree to accept these App updates, and to pay for any costs associated with receiving them. You must comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the Services and App updates. These laws include restrictions on destinations, end users, and end use. 20. Chatbot Features You are prohibited from submitting personal information to a chat feature available on the Services. You also agree not to ask a chat feature any questions that include any personal or sensitive information. Records of chat sessions, including the date and time of your chat session, may be collected and shared with our Affiliated Entities and vendors and otherwise used in accordance with our Privacy Policy . 21. Final stuff A quick recap and a few extra legal bits: a. If you use a Service on behalf of a business, that business agrees to these terms. So your business has to stick to these Terms if you use a Service: substantially to do your job – as an employee, contractor or consultant for commercial purposes – to make a profit or for educational, non-profit, charitable or government uses. b. As we said earlier, read these Terms before using our Services. When you use our Services and Content, you’re agreeing to: These Terms Any other terms we’ve let you know about. And those things replace all previous agreements between you and us about using our Services or Content. c. This is a contract between you and us. Except as otherwise expressly set forth herein with respect to Providers, no one else has any rights to enforce its terms. Both you and BBC.com acknowledge and agree that no partnership, joint venture or agency is formed hereunder. If any provision of these Terms shall be unlawful, void or for any reason unenforceable, then that provision shall be deemed severed from these Terms and shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any remaining provisions. d. Order of Precedence. If there is any conflict between these Terms and any specific terms appearing elsewhere on our Services relating to specific access (including any or subscription terms), then the specific terms will prevail. e. . Except with respect to users in the United States, English law governs these Terms, and only English courts can make judgments about them. Except with respect to users in the United States, any disputes arising from or related to our Services shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales. f. Our Services and Content are made available to you by BBC Studios Distribution Limited, company number 01420028, 1 Television Centre, 101 Wood Lane, London, United Kingdom, W12 7FAC and our Affiliated Entities. 22. Additional Terms for Users in the United States The following terms shall only apply to you if you are accessing the Services from the United States. a. Digital Millenium Copyright Act and Copyright Agent We respect the rights of copyright holders, and because of that, we have a policy that facilitates the termination in appropriate circumstances of users and account holders who infringe the rights of US copyright holders. If you are a US copyright owner or an agent of a US copyright owner and believe that any Content infringes upon your copyrights, you may submit a notification pursuant to Title 17, United States Code, Section 512(c)(3), the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) by providing our designated copyright agent with the following information in writing: (i) identification of the copyrighted work or works claimed to have been infringed; (ii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient to permit us to locate the material; (iii) your contact information including your name, an address, telephone number, and, if available, an email address; (iv) a statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorised by the owner of the work, its agent, or the law; (v) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are authorised to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed; and (vi) a physical or electronic signature of a person authorised to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed; BBC’s designated copyright agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement is: Brand Protection Team, BBC Studios 1 Television Centre 101 Wood Lane London W12 7FA UK Email: copyright@bbc.com Phone: +44 0208 433 2000 Only DMCA notices should go to the designated copyright agent. You acknowledge that if you fail to comply with all of the requirements of this Section, your DMCA notice may not be valid. When we receive an infringement notice with all the required information and are able to locate the allegedly infringing material, we will remove or disable access to the subject material. We also will take reasonable steps to promptly notify the person who posted the subject material. We will give them the opportunity to send a counter-notification. We may suspend or terminate your access to the Services for someone determined to be a repeat infringer of these Terms. b. Governing law & jurisdiction (for US users) If you have accessed the Services from the US, these Terms are governed by the laws of the United States of America and the laws of the State of New York. You agree that exclusive jurisdiction for any claim or dispute with BBC.com relating in any way to your use of the Services resides in the courts located in the County of New York, State of New York, and you further agree and expressly consent to the exercise of personal jurisdiction in the courts located in the County of New York, State of New York, in connection with any such dispute and including any claim involving the BBC.com or its Affiliated Entities, telecommunication providers and content providers. BBC Global Terms of Use Page updated: 26 June 2025 Version 1.0 1. Hello These are BBC.com’s terms of use (“Terms”). These Terms tell you: The rules for using our Services (as defined below); What you can do with our Content (as defined below); What we can do with things you post or upload; What disclaimers may apply to our own liability; and The protections you provide to us for your breach of these Terms. Your rights and responsibilities, basically – important stuff. It’s important to read these Terms and check in for updates as the latest version always applies. When we reference “BBC.com”, we mean the digital news properties operated by or on behalf of BBC Global News Limited, BBC Studios Distribution Limited, or their parent companies, subsidiaries, and affiliates (each a part of the BBC Studios, the commercial production and distribution arm of the British Broadcasting Corporation) which may be accessible in several manners, including via the web on BBC.com, mobile phone, and the BBC: World News & Stories mobile app (collectively, “the BBC”, “BBC.com”, “we”, “our”, or “us”). In these Terms, “Affiliated Entities” means any direct or indirect parent, subsidiaries, sponsors, licensees or affiliated companies of BBC.com. Find out more about our group of companies and their locations . In whatever manner you access BBC.com, you agree to be bound by these Terms. If you have accessed BBC.com from the United States of America, you also agree to be bound by the additional terms contained at the end of these Terms. BBC.com may, in its sole discretion, and at any time, discontinue the Services or any part of the Services, with or without notice, or may prevent your use of the Services or access to Content with or without notice to you. You agree that you do not have any rights in the Services and that BBC.com will have no liability to you if the Services are discontinued or your ability to access the Services or any Content you may have posted on the Services is terminated. All restrictions, rights granted by you, and all disclaimers and limitations of liability will survive any termination. Except as otherwise expressly set forth in these Terms, the Services and the Content are provided only for your personal, non-commercial use. Non-commercial use does not include the use of Content, without prior consent from us, in connection with the development, training, fine tuning, or grounding of any software program, model, algorithm, artificial intelligence system, or machine learning or generative artificial intelligence tool. 2. When these Terms apply Read these Terms before using our Services. As stated above, whenever you use our Services you agree to these terms. Without limiting our rights, if you don’t stick to all these Terms then we can suspend or terminate your use of Services and your account. 3. What’s not covered in these Terms? BBC Public Service: Digital properties and services provided directly by the BBC Public Service, which is a publicly funded service in and for the UK and therefore operates differently to BBC Studios which is a commercially funded business. This includes the BBC website in the UK (bbc.co.uk), any UK BBC account (as explained in more detail below), UK public services that are not geo-restricted (such as BBC Bitesize and the BBC programme pages), and the international World Service language sites. These are all covered by the BBC Public Service privacy policy and terms of use, which you can view here and here . Linked Services: Sometimes we link to other companies’ services, like articles published on other sites. Similarly, you might engage with our content and brands via another platform or company. For example, we publish certain Content on other platforms, like YouTube, Facebook and other social media, and news aggregators. These external services will have their own terms of service which will apply to your use of such services, and we are not liable for any of your interactions with such services. Additional terms that may be applicable to certain BBC.com Services, like when you enter a competition or a sweepstakes: If there are extra terms, we’ll let you know. Any promotions or offers set forth on the Services are void where prohibited and are subject to any applicable additional terms. Data Privacy: To find out what personal data we collect and how we use it, please visit our privacy policy at bbcstudios.com/privacy. 4. Changes to these Terms We may modify these Terms, or add or remove terms at any time, and such modifications, additions, or deletions will be effective immediately upon posting. Your use of the Services after such posting shall constitute acceptance by you of such modifications, additions or deletions. 5. What are the "Services" and "Content" addressed in these Terms? a. “Services” Digital services offered by the BBC that links to or references these Terms. Such as: BBC.com BBC: World News & Stories Mobile App BBC Sport Mobile App (International) BBC Global News US LLC’s digital subscription services b. “Content” Anything that’s available through the Services. Including: Text Articles Audio Video Images Games Anything made by people using our Services, which is often referred to as User-generated content, or in these Terms as User Content and Your Contributions. Nothing contained on the Services or in the Content should be construed as granting, by implication, or otherwise, any licence or right to use any trade mark displayed on the Services or in the Content without our written permission or that of such third party that may own the trade mark displayed on the Services or in the Content. Images, photographs, or illustrations displayed on the Services are either the property of, or used with permission by, us. The use of these materials by you, or anyone else authorised by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by these Terms or specific permission provided elsewhere on the Services or by BBC.com. In some instances, Content may represent the opinions and judgments of providers or users, such as User Content (as defined below). BBC.com and the Affiliated Entities do not endorse nor shall they be responsible or liable for the accuracy or reliability of any statement made on the Services by anyone other than authorised BBC.com employees acting in such capacity. Content is not intended to substitute for, nor does it replace, professional legal, financial, tax or medical advice. Seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding personal health or medical conditions. 6. Third party advertising You may see advertising from third parties on our Services. Each advertiser is responsible for its own content, and we are not liable for any errors, omissions, or inaccuracies in their ads, or for your engagement with such advertiser. If you’re interested in advertising on our Services, please contact our sales team at internationalsales@bbc.com . 7. Terms for using our Services and Content A few rules to stop you (and us) from getting in trouble. These apply to our Services and Content. You may not use the Services in violation of applicable laws, including export controls and sanctions, or in violation of our or any third party’s rights. You also agree that you will not make any unauthorized use of the Services and you will not attempt to circumvent, reverse engineer, decrypt, or otherwise alter or interfere with the Services or any Content. a. Don’t mess with our Services What do we mean by that? It is a breach of these Terms to do this sort of thing: Hacking our Services or use robots, spiders, scripts, or any tool or process designed to data mine or scrape the Content or collect the Content, data or information from the Services using automated means Trying to get around our Content security technology (software that stops people copying our Content) Trying to get around geographical restrictions that we put on some Content and products, for example using a VPN service to watch BBC iPlayer (which is only legally available in the UK) when you’re outside the UK. Refusing to remove our Content, games or apps from your device when we ask you to. This might happen when we take down Services, which we can do at any time, without notice. b. Don’t harm or offend other people... ...while using our Services or Content. That means: Don’t damage our reputation by associating us with sexism or racism, for instance Don’t get us sued – by defaming (damaging the reputation of) someone, say, or commenting on an active lawsuit Don’t harass or upset people Don’t post or upload anything offensive or obscene If you disagree with someone, attack the argument, not the person. c. Don’t pretend to be the BBC Pretending to be the BBC may include: Recreating a service or copying the look of a Service Using our brands, trade marks or logos without our permission Using or mentioning our Content in press releases and other marketing materials Making money from our Content or Services. You can’t charge people to watch our shows, for example Sharing our Content except as allowed in these Terms. 8. Using Content You agree not to download, display, or use any Content for use in any publication, in public performances, on websites other than the Services, in connection with products or services that are not those of BBC.com, or in any other manner that is likely to cause confusion among consumers, that dilutes the strength of BBC.com’s or its licensors’ intellectual property, or that otherwise infringes BBC.com’s or its licensors’ intellectual property or other rights. a. When you need permission To use any of the following Content, you need to get permission from us or BBC Public Service first: Whole shows Clips Photos Content from BBC.com or other Services Our logo and other branding Metadata Anything taken from our Services to develop or train artificial intelligence or to do computer analysis Anything else that’s protected by copyright. b. How to get permission from BBC Public Service: For logos and branding, read this. For metadata and RSS feeds, read this. For business use, read this. Bear in mind: you normally need to ask permission and there may be a fee to pay. For everything else, read this . There are exceptions to some of these sharing restrictions for Content that’s made to be shared, which we will refer to in these Terms as “Shareable Content” or “Shareables”– which has some different rules. Read more about Shareable Content below. In addition, we don’t always own the copyright. Click here for information about open-source code. 9. Shareable Content - what it is Content that’s shareable will have one or more of these buttons next to it: Share Social media buttons for posting to Facebook, X (Twitter), or other social media platforms. When you share to a social media platform, their terms of use and privacy policy will apply. 10. Shareable Content - what you can do a. Use sharing buttons to share a link to our Content on your website or social media. b. Post comments and views about certain Content that has commenting available, subject to the rules contained in these Terms 11. Shareable Content - what you can't do a. Don’t use it to harm or offend. And don't put Shareable Content with harmful or offensive stuff. Here’s a non-exhaustive list of what may harm or offend: Insulting, misleading, discriminating or defaming (damaging people’s reputations) Promoting pornography, tobacco or weapons Putting children at risk Anything illegal, which could include using hate speech, inciting terrorism or breaking privacy law b. Don’t share it in a setting that makes the Shareable Content more prominent than non-BBC content c. Don’t exaggerate your relationship with the BBC You can’t say we endorse, promote, supply or approve of you. And you can’t say you have exclusive access to our Content. d. Don’t associate Shareable Content with advertising or sponsorship That means you can’t: Put any other content between the link to the Shareable Content and the Shareable Content itself (meaning no ads or short videos people have to sit through) Put ads next to or over the Shareable Content Put any ads in a web page or app that contain mostly Shareable Content Put ads related to their subject alongside Shareable Content (meaning no trainer ads with a piece of Shareable Content about shoes) Add extra content that means you’d earn money from them e. Don’t be misleading about where the Shareable Content came from You can’t remove or alter the copyright notice or imply that someone else made them. 12. Metadata and RSS feeds You’re not allowed to export metadata from our Content or RSS feeds without a licence from BBC Public Service. If you are an individual, you can add the BBC News RSS feed to your website or social media account, provided: You don't change the RSS feed or remove any of our branding or logos You credit us by saying it's from BBC News or BBC.com putting the text and hyperlink in a prominent place nearby You don't add our branding, logos and so on, except for any branding that's already embedded in the RSS feed. Read about how to set up a BBC News RSS feed here . If you are a business, you’ll need a licence from BBC Public Service to use metadata (such as images, text, media and the links to them) or our RSS feeds. Apply for a metadata licence . For business use of our RSS feeds , there may be a fee to pay. 13. Your Contributions - what they are When you create your own content by: Uploading or posting something of yours to one of our Services – like uploading or posting to comment boards and forums Uploading your clip or photo of a breaking story to contribute to our (or BBC Public Service) editorial Using a service to make something and then uploading it to the Services We call these “Your Contributions” or “User Content”. Please note that by sharing Your Contributions through the Services, Your Contributions may become publicly accessible and will not be subject to any confidentiality restrictions. By displaying, publishing, or otherwise posting any User Content on or through the Services, you hereby grant to BBC.com and its Affiliated Entities a non-exclusive, sub-licensable, worldwide, fully-paid, perpetual, irrevocable, and royalty free licence to use, modify, publicly perform, publicly display, create derivative works of, adapt, remove, delete, reproduce, and distribute such User Content in any and all media now known or hereafter developed without the requirement to make payment to you or to any third party or the need to seek any third party permission. This licence includes, without limitation, the right to host, index, cache, distribute, and tag any User Content, as well as the right to sublicense User Content to third parties, including other users, for use on other media or platforms known or hereafter developed. You continue to retain your ownership rights in your User Content, and you continue to have any right to use your User Content in any way you choose, subject to these Terms and the licence described herein. The foregoing licences shall survive any termination of your use of the Services. For all User Content you share through the Services, you represent and warrant that you have all rights necessary for you to grant these licences, and that such User Content, and your provision or creation thereof through the Services, complies with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations and does not infringe or otherwise violate the copyright, trade mark, trade secret, privacy or other intellectual property or other rights of any third party, and is furthermore free from cookies, pixels, and viruses and other malware. 14. Your Contributions - the terms All of Your Contributions you send through the Services are submitted directly to the BBC Public Service, and as such, you can find the terms related to such User Content submissions here (see references to “Creations”) . Please note that we do not solicit or encourage submissions of User Content containing suggestions relating to the Services, our business or our Affiliated Entities’ businesses. If you send us any ideas or suggestions, regardless of the topic, we and our Affiliated Entities may use them for any purpose whatsoever and will not have any obligations with respect to such User Content (including, but not limited to, confidentiality). You understand and acknowledge that we have both internal resources and other external resources which may have developed, or may in the future develop, ideas identical or similar to any ideas or suggestions or comments to suggestions you may submit. Any idea or suggestion you submit to us shall be subject to these Terms. 15. Your Contributions - what you can't post or send us or BBC Public Service There are certain rules of conduct regarding User Content that you post in comments on the Services or submit to us or to BBC Public Service. Don’t send, post, share, or otherwise make available on our Services anything that: a. Was made by someone else, or that copies someone else's creation b. Is illegal or defamatory (damaging to someone else’s reputation) c. Is inappropriate (offensive, off-topic, disruptive, advocates violence, or spreads false information) d. Contains personal details e. Contains spam f. Puts children or others at risk g. Infringes anyone’s rights (that includes privacy rights and intellectual property rights) h. You’ve made as part of your job or for your business i. Promotes a business j. Identifies someone (unless you have their consent or, if they’re under 18, the consent of their parent or guardian) k. Disrespects the rules or orders of a court (in contempt of court) l. Contains links to content that can't be seen easily, may be unsafe (viruses, worms, spyware and Trojans) or automatically launches lots of windows m. Doesn’t comply with these Terms. You acknowledge and agree that we and our Affiliated Entities reserve the right (but have no obligation) to do one or all of the following, at our sole discretion: (i) evaluate User Content before allowing it to be uploaded on the Services; (ii) monitor User Content; (iii) alter, remove, reject, or refuse to post or allow to be posted, without notice to you, any User Content, for any reason or for no reason whatsoever; provided, however, that we shall have no obligation or liability to you for failure to do so or for doing so in any particular manner; and/or (iv) disclose any User Content, and the circumstances surrounding their transmission, to any third party in order to operate the Services, to protect ourselves, the Affiliated Entities, and our or their respective employees, officers, directors, shareholders, agents, and representatives, and the Services’ users and visitors, to comply with legal obligations or governmental requests, to enforce these Terms, or for any other reason or purpose. These Terms do not apply to waive your right to make statements regarding BBC.com or its employees or agents, or concerning any of BBC.com’s Content and Services. 16. Your BBC Account a. Registering for an account You need an account to use some of our Services, like saving and bookmarking Content, newsletters, and subscriptions. b. Get your BBC account Get your BBC account here . To keep your account safe, don’t: Tell anyone your username or password Give us false information Try to log in as someone else Try to bypass our security measures Create more than one account Create an account for someone else And be sure to keep your details up-to-date. By creating a BBC account, you represent that all information that you provide during registration and in connection with your account is current, complete and accurate and you agree to maintain and promptly update your account information in your BBC account so that it remains current, complete, and accurate. You are responsible for all usage or activity on your BBC account. If you believe someone else has used your BBC account, please contact us. c. Changing settings and deleting your account Find out how to modify or delete your account on your “My Account” homepage. 17. WARRANTIES AND DISCLAIMER OUR SERVICES AND THE CONTENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ON AN "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS WITHOUT ANY REPRESENTATION OR ENDORSEMENT OF ANY KIND. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS AND OTHER TERMS OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN CONNECTION WITH OUR SERVICES AND YOUR USE OF OUR SERVICES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPATIBILITY, SECURITY AND ACCURACY). WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN ANY CONTENT ON OUR SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED OR THAT OUR SERVICES OR THE SERVERS THAT MAKES THEM AVAILABLE ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR BUGS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT APPLICABLE LAW MAY NOT ALLOW FOR LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN IMPLIED WARRANTIES; TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH LAW APPLIES TO YOU, SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE DISCLAIMERS OR EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU, AND YOU MAY HAVE ADDITIONAL RIGHTS. 18. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY A. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, WE ACCEPT NO LIABILITY IN RESPECT OF ANY USER CONTENT. YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF OUR SERVICES OR ANY CONTENT IS ENTIRELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. B. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL WE, THE AFFILIATED ENTITIES AND THIRD PARTIES CONNECTED TO US BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR EXEMPLARY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER SUCH LOSSES WERE FORESEEN, FORESEEABLE, KNOWN OR OTHERWISE) ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF OUR SERVICES OR CONTENT OR INABILITY TO USE OUR SERVICES OR ACCESS OUR CONTENT, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION: (I) INJURY AND/OR DAMAGE TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY AS A RESULT OF ANY STATEMENT, INCLUDING ANY ACTUAL OR ALLEGED DEFAMATORY STATEMENT; (II) LOSSES SUFFERED BY ANY THIRD PARTY, INCLUDING INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR PRIVACY RIGHTS; (III) LOSS OF DATA; (IV) LOSS OF REVENUE OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS; (V) LOSS OF BUSINESS OR CONTRACTS; (VI) LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY; (VII) LOSS OF ANTICIPATED SAVINGS; (VIII) WASTED MANAGEMENT OR OFFICE TIME; OR (IX) LOSS OF GOODWILL OR INJURY TO REPUTATION. C. THIS DOES NOT AFFECT ANY LIABILITY WHICH CANNOT BE EXCLUDED OR LIMITED UNDER APPLICABLE LAWS OR REGULATIONS. D. WE SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY BREACH OF THESE TERMS CAUSED BY CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND OUR CONTROL. 19. Mobile Apps You may download certain BBC apps, including “BBC: World News & Stories”, either from the Services or from third party app stores or shops (each, an “App”). The following additional terms and conditions are applicable with respect to your use of a third party platform to access and download an App, such as Apple, Inc., Google, Inc., or any other similar third party “app store” or platform (each a “Provider”): a. You acknowledge and agree that (i) these Terms are binding between you and BBC.com only, and the Providers are not a party to these Terms, and (ii) as between BBC.com and such Provider, it is BBC.com that is responsible for the App and the content thereof. Your use of the App must comply with the terms of use applicable to the Provider source from which you obtain it. You acknowledge that the Provider has no obligation to furnish you with any maintenance and support services with respect to the App. The App is licensed to you only on a limited, revocable, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicense basis solely to be used for your private, personal, non-commercial use on a device that you own or control. b. You acknowledge that the Provider is not responsible for addressing any claims you have or any claims of any third party relating to the App or your possession and use of the App, including, but not limited to: (i) product warranty or liability claims; (ii) any claim that the App fails to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement; (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation; or (iv) claims that the App infringes a third party’s intellectual property rights, such that you will not hold such Provider responsible for the investigation, defence, settlement and discharge of any such intellectual property infringement claims. c. You acknowledge and agree that, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the Provider will have no warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the App. The Providers and their subsidiaries are third-party beneficiaries of these Terms. Upon your acceptance of the Terms, such Providers and their subsidiaries will have the right to enforce the Terms against you as a third-party beneficiary thereof. There are no other third-party beneficiaries of the Terms. d. You represent and warrant that you are not located in a country subject to a government embargo, or that has been designated by a government as a “terrorist supporting” country, and that you are not listed on any government list of prohibited or restricted parties. e. BBC.com may, at its discretion, automatically upload App updates to your device. You agree to accept these App updates, and to pay for any costs associated with receiving them. You must comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the Services and App updates. These laws include restrictions on destinations, end users, and end use. 20. Chatbot Features You are prohibited from submitting personal information to a chat feature available on the Services. You also agree not to ask a chat feature any questions that include any personal or sensitive information. Records of chat sessions, including the date and time of your chat session, may be collected and shared with our Affiliated Entities and vendors and otherwise used in accordance with our Privacy Policy . 21. Final stuff A quick recap and a few extra legal bits: a. If you use a Service on behalf of a business, that business agrees to these terms. So your business has to stick to these Terms if you use a Service: substantially to do your job – as an employee, contractor or consultant for commercial purposes – to make a profit or for educational, non-profit, charitable or government uses. b. As we said earlier, read these Terms before using our Services. When you use our Services and Content, you’re agreeing to: These Terms Any other terms we’ve let you know about. And those things replace all previous agreements between you and us about using our Services or Content. c. This is a contract between you and us. Except as otherwise expressly set forth herein with respect to Providers, no one else has any rights to enforce its terms. Both you and BBC.com acknowledge and agree that no partnership, joint venture or agency is formed hereunder. If any provision of these Terms shall be unlawful, void or for any reason unenforceable, then that provision shall be deemed severed from these Terms and shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any remaining provisions. d. Order of Precedence. If there is any conflict between these Terms and any specific terms appearing elsewhere on our Services relating to specific access (including any or subscription terms), then the specific terms will prevail. e. . Except with respect to users in the United States, English law governs these Terms, and only English courts can make judgments about them. Except with respect to users in the United States, any disputes arising from or related to our Services shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales. f. Our Services and Content are made available to you by BBC Studios Distribution Limited, company number 01420028, 1 Television Centre, 101 Wood Lane, London, United Kingdom, W12 7FAC and our Affiliated Entities. 22. Additional Terms for Users in the United States The following terms shall only apply to you if you are accessing the Services from the United States. a. Digital Millenium Copyright Act and Copyright Agent We respect the rights of copyright holders, and because of that, we have a policy that facilitates the termination in appropriate circumstances of users and account holders who infringe the rights of US copyright holders. If you are a US copyright owner or an agent of a US copyright owner and believe that any Content infringes upon your copyrights, you may submit a notification pursuant to Title 17, United States Code, Section 512(c)(3), the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) by providing our designated copyright agent with the following information in writing: (i) identification of the copyrighted work or works claimed to have been infringed; (ii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient to permit us to locate the material; (iii) your contact information including your name, an address, telephone number, and, if available, an email address; (iv) a statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorised by the owner of the work, its agent, or the law; (v) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are authorised to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed; and (vi) a physical or electronic signature of a person authorised to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed; BBC’s designated copyright agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement is: Brand Protection Team, BBC Studios 1 Television Centre 101 Wood Lane London W12 7FA UK Email: copyright@bbc.com Phone: +44 0208 433 2000 Only DMCA notices should go to the designated copyright agent. You acknowledge that if you fail to comply with all of the requirements of this Section, your DMCA notice may not be valid. When we receive an infringement notice with all the required information and are able to locate the allegedly infringing material, we will remove or disable access to the subject material. We also will take reasonable steps to promptly notify the person who posted the subject material. We will give them the opportunity to send a counter-notification. We may suspend or terminate your access to the Services for someone determined to be a repeat infringer of these Terms. b. Governing law & jurisdiction (for US users) If you have accessed the Services from the US, these Terms are governed by the laws of the United States of America and the laws of the State of New York. You agree that exclusive jurisdiction for any claim or dispute with BBC.com relating in any way to your use of the Services resides in the courts located in the County of New York, State of New York, and you further agree and expressly consent to the exercise of personal jurisdiction in the courts located in the County of New York, State of New York, in connection with any such dispute and including any claim involving the BBC.com or its Affiliated Entities, telecommunication providers and content providers. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 3 Head of government of Mexico City Toggle Head of government of Mexico City subsection 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 4 Senator of the Republic 5 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 5.1 Awards 5.1 Awards 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Miguel Ángel Mancera Español فارسی Français مصرى Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Miguel Ángel Mancera Mancera in 2022 Senator of the Republic ( proportional representation ) In office 1 September 2018 ( 2018-09-01 ) – 31 August 2024 ( 2024-08-31 ) 6th head of government of Mexico City In office 5 December 2012 ( 2012-12-05 ) – 29 March 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) Preceded by Marcelo Ebrard Succeeded by José Ramón Amieva (acting) National Conference of Governors In office 3 May 2017 ( 2017-05-03 ) – 13 December 2017 ( 2017-12-13 ) Preceded by Graco Ramírez Succeeded by Arturo Núñez Jiménez Attorney General of Justice of Mexico City In office 8 July 2008 ( 2008-07-08 ) – 6 January 2012 ( 2012-01-06 ) Governor Marcelo Ebrard Preceded by Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas Succeeded by Jesús Rodríguez Almeida Personal details Born Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( 1966-01-16 ) 16 January 1966 (age 60) Miguel Hidalgo , Mexico City , Mexico Party Independent [ a ] Children 3 Residence(s) Mexico City, Mexico Alma mater National Autonomous University of Mexico Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish: [miˌɣeˈlaŋxel manˈseɾa] ; born 16 January 1966) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who has represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). [ a ] He served as the head of government of Mexico City from 2012 to 2018. Mancera earned his law degree from the Faculty of Law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1989 and received the Gabino Barreda Medal in 1991 for academic excellence. He holds a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , as well as a Juris Doctor from UNAM. Mancera has taught at several universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico and the University of the Valley of Mexico . In 2002, he began working in public service when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. In 2006, Mancera was appointed Assistant Attorney General, and from 2008 to 2012, he served as the city's Attorney General. In early 2012, Mancera was selected as the candidate for Head of Government of the Federal District by the Progressive Movement coalition, which included the PRD, the Labor Party , and the Citizens' Movement . In the election held on 1 July 2012, he won with over 66 percent of the vote. He took office on 5 December 2012. During his mandate, Mancera faced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, the first closure of Metro Line 12 due to construction issues, the introduction of the city's constitution, the implementation of new driving regulations, and the 2017 Puebla earthquake . He resigned on 29 March 2018, to run for the Senate , leaving office with the lowest approval rating for a head of government. His administration was scrutinized by his successor, Claudia Sheinbaum , who prosecuted multiple crimes allegedly committed during his tenure. Ultimately, Mancera was sanctioned with a one-year disqualification from holding any public office in the city after promoting a presidential candidate while serving as head of government. He served as proportional-representation senator from 2018 to 2024. Early life and education Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa was born on 16 January 1966, in the colonia (neighborhood) of Anáhuac, [ 3 ] in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of the Federal District (later known as Mexico City ). His father founded the restaurant chain Bisquets Obregón . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Mancera has four half-siblings. [ 5 ] When he was four, he lived in the colonia of Tacuba , [ 6 ] where he attended kindergarten. [ 5 ] He later studied at Miguel Alemán Primary School and Secondary School No. 45, both located in the Benito Juárez borough. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For high school, he enrolled at Preparatoria 6 , part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As a teenager, Mancera was involved in a car accident in whicht in which the vehicle he was riding in was hit by another. The public prosecutor's office asked him to sign a document absolving the driver of liability . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Mancera refused and took the case to Victoria Adato Green, then-Attorney General of the Federal District. With the help of legal advisor Diego Ramudia, he succeeded in having the driver fined. [ 6 ] The experience led him to change his career path from a science-related field to law. He studied at the Faculty of Law [ es ] of the UNAM from 1985 to 1989. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] His thesis, " La libertad por desvanecimiento de datos en el Proceso Penal y la Absolución de la Instancia " ("The progressive release of public data on criminal prosecutions and acquittals") earned him the Diario de México Medal " Los Mejores Estudiantes de México " in November 1990. [ 7 ] A year later, in November 1991, he received the Gabino Barreda Medal from the UNAM Faculty of Law for graduating at the top of his 1989 class. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Mancera went on to earn a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco campus , [ 6 ] [ 8 ] and later obtained a Juris Doctor from UNAM, with honors. [ 9 ] His doctoral thesis was titled " El injusto en la tentativa y la graduación de su pena en el derecho penal mexicano " ("Injustice and disparity in Mexican criminal sentencing"). [ 6 ] He also pursued specialized studies in criminal law at the University of Salamanca and the University of Castile-La Mancha , Spain, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] under the auspices of the Panamerican University , Mexico. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Early political career Mancera has worked as a candidate attorney, lawyer, and adviser at several law firms, including García Cordero y Asociados and Grupo de Abogados Consultores. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] He has also been a professor at various Mexican universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico , the University of the Valley of Mexico , the Panamerican University , the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes , and the Autonomous University of Baja California . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] In 2002, Mancera served as a member of the review committee for the Criminal Procedure Code for the Federal District. [ 9 ] Around the same time, he began working in government when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] When Ebrard was later appointed Secretary of Social Development by the head of government Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Mancera was named Legal Director of the Social Development Secretariat. [ 10 ] In 2006, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City. [ 10 ] Mancera was appointed Attorney General of Mexico City [ es ] on 8 July 2008, following the dismissal of Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas due to the New's Divine nightclub tragedy , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] in which nine teenagers and three police officers died during a failed police operation. [ 3 ] [ 15 ] According to official reports, [ 16 ] crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 percent from 2010 to 2011, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 16 ] while the national crime rate rose by 10.4 percent. [ 3 ] During this period, 179 street gangs comprising 706 members were dismantled, [ 17 ] and kidnappings dropped by 61 percent. [ 18 ] Head of government of Mexico City 2012 elections On 6 January 2012, Mancera resigned as Attorney General to run for Head of Government in the 1 July 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida succeeded him in the role. [ 19 ] Two days later, on 8 January, Mancera registered as a Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) precandidate for head of government of Mexico City. [ 20 ] On 19 January, he was named the official candidate, representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition, which also included the Labor Party , and the Citizen's Movement . He ran against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres , and Joel Ortega Cuevas. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Mancera's opponents were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party – Ecologist Green Party of Mexico coalition Commitment to Mexico ; Isabel Miranda de Wallace , for the National Action Party (PAN); and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party . [ 23 ] Late-January polls showed Mancera leading Paredes by 18 to 30 points, though his support dropped nine points the following month. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] According to El Universal , his favorability rose from 36 percent in March to 41 percent in April, and to 57.5 percent in May. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That same month, Adolfo Hellmund, Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino allegedly borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador at the home of Luis Creel. Both politicians denied involvement, and Mancera filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Mexico City for unauthorized use of his name. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] As candidate, the proposals of Mancera included continuing Ebrard's policies, [ 30 ] increasing the number of security cameras from 13,000 to 20,000, [ 31 ] reducing car travel times, expanding Mexico City Metro Line 12 , addressing solid waste management, removing minibuses from circulation, building 18 water purification plants, implementing a Green Plan , and replacing garbage trucks to enable the separation of organic and inorganic waste, among other initiatives. [ 32 ] On 1 July 2012, exit polls indicated Mancera as the likely winner of the election, with an estimated vote share of 59.5–64.5 percent, [ 33 ] placing him roughly 40 percentage points ahead of the second-place candidate, Paredes. [ 1 ] On 7 July, the Federal District Electoral Institute (IEDF) declared Mancera the Head of Government-elect and issued him a certificate of majority after he secured 3,031,156 votes (66.56 percent of the total) in a landslide victory , [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] which he received on 8 October 2012. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] First year Mancera assumed office on 5 December 2012, [ 38 ] as the sixth head of government of the Federal District. [ 39 ] On 24 December of the same year, he launched a voluntary disarmament campaign in the borough of Iztapalapa . In exchange for turning in firearms and grenades, participants received money, tablet computers , or home appliances. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The program was later implemented across all Mexico City boroughs in the following years. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] City Mayors Foundation named Mancera the mayor of June 2013. [ 45 ] In November 2013, Mancera opened Line 5 of the Mexico City Metrobús running along northeastern Mexico City from Río de los Remedios to San Lázaro metro station . [ 46 ] In the same month, Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, raising the price from three to five pesos per ride. According to the Metro operator, Sistema Transporte Colectivo, the additional revenue would be used to improve infrastructure and maintain the system's twelve lines and its stations . [ 47 ] The fare increase drew criticism from parts of the city's population, who viewed it as a strain on household finances, especially given that the minimum wage in Mexico City was 64.76 pesos as of January 2013. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In response, Mancera stated that three polling companies would conduct surveys with 7,200 Metro riders between 29 November and 2 December to gather public opinion—the sample represented less than one percent of the system's 5.5 million daily users. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] According to polling company results, over 50 percent of respondents supported the fare increase. The new fare was approved to take effect on 13 December. [ 52 ] Due to this, through the short-lived Movimiento Pos Me Salto , users called to civil disobedience protests by jumping over the turnstiles . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] However, Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Second year On 11 March 2014, Mancera's administration closed twelve metro stations on Line 12 of the Metro due to construction-related issues. Metro authorities stated the shutdown would last at least six months, or until "the necessary studies, corrections, and maintenance are carried out to ensure user safety". The line had been inaugurated just a few months earlier, on 30 October 2012, by Ebrard. [ 57 ] Twelve curves suffered significant damage in their tracks, and there was wear on the rails due to incompatibility with the FE-10 model trains. ICA , Grupo Carso and Alstom , the consortium that built the line, denied any wrongdoing. Bernardo Quintana, president of ICA, described the closure as "arbitrary" and stated that proper maintenance and measures to address the incompatibilities were necessary for the line to function correctly. [ 58 ] In addition, the Superior Auditor of the Federation detected a diversion of 7.5 billion pesos from the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation during the construction of the line. [ 59 ] Thirty-three officials and former officials, including Enrique Horcasitas, the director of the Line 12 project, were sanctioned with disqualifications from public service, fines, or both, due to project failures and cost overruns. The relationship between Mancera and Ebrard became strained amid efforts to investigate Ebrard for possible corruption, which he described as a smear campaign . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The administration introduced a basic driving test for all new driver's license applicants. Previously, individuals only needed to present identification, proof of residence, and pay a fee, without having to demonstrate any driving knowledge or skill. [ 62 ] The environmental program Hoy No Circula , which restricts certain vehicles from circulating in the city one day a week based on their license plate number, [ 62 ] was expanded to two days per week over the course of the year. [ 63 ] Third year Mexico City's taxis had their traditional green color replaced with a white-and- Mexican-pink color scheme. [ 64 ] In May 2015, Mancera signed a law granting universal access to individuals accompanied by assistance dogs . [ 65 ] In July, Mancera reshuffled his cabinet, reassigning several secretaries to different positions. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In the same month, Mancera's administration announced a major urban development project: the Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec-Zona Rosa (Creative Cultural Corridor, or CCC), aimed at revitalizing Chapultepec Avenue [ es ] , a thoroughfare connecting Chapultepec Park to the Zona Rosa neighborhood. [ 68 ] Mexican architect Fernando Romero was appointed to lead the design team, alongside architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The plan included preserving the avenue's trees and the Chapultepec aqueduct , while prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist access. [ 71 ] The project later received the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category. [ 70 ] On 19 September, Mancera commemorated the 30th anniversary of the 1985 earthquake with a tribute that included a concert by Plácido Domingo , who had lost four relatives in a building collapse in Tlatelolco . [ 72 ] On 29 November, the government reopened all the Line 12 stations that had been closed in 2014. [ 73 ] In December, following a public consultation with residents of Cuauhtémoc , the borough where Chapultepec is located, 63 percent voted against the CCC project, leading to its official cancellation. [ 74 ] Fourth year Mancera inaugurated Line 6 of the Mexico City Metrobús on 21 January 2016, serving northern Mexico City from El Rosario metro station to Villa de Aragón metro station . [ 75 ] That same month, on 29 January, following a political reform, Mexico City, then officially known as the Federal District, was renamed Ciudad de México (City of Mexico), and commonly abbreviated as CDMX. [ 76 ] According to a March poll by El Universal , Mancera's approval rating had dropped to 24 percent and 57 percent of disapproval. Survey respondents identified insecurity, corruption, unemployment, and poverty as the most pressing issues. [ 77 ] Mancera announced that for the first time since 2004, a Major League Baseball game would be held in Mexico City, as the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres played two exhibition games at Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium on 26 and 27 March. [ 78 ] In April, construction began on the westbound expansion of Line 12. The project included plans to build two additional stations and to extend the line's terminal at Observatorio metro station . [ 79 ] In July, the city distributed plastic whistles as a means of defense against sexual harassment targeting women, a measure that was criticized as ineffective. [ 80 ] In August, the city's public markets were designated intangible cultural heritage as a way to ensure their preservation. [ 81 ] Fifth year The city's constitution was enacted on 5 February 2017, and was set to take effect on 17 September 2018. [ 82 ] Mancera served as president of the National Conference of Governors from 3 May to 13 December 2017. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On 19 September 2017, a 7.1 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A0-QINU`"' M w earthquake hit Mexico City at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC ). He led the annual national drill commemorating the 1985 earthquake, held two hours earlier. [ 85 ] In the city, over 220 people died, at least 44 buildings collapsed, and over 3,000 others were evicted. There were nearly 6,000 complaints regarding construction violations since 2012. In 2016, Mancera had halted the law that allowed city departments to penalize Directors Responsible for Construction, the officials in charge of overseeing earthquake resilience. Critics like Josefina MacGregor from the association Suma Urbana, saw it as a way to prioritize urban development over safety. Mancera stated that new regulations were not a factor in the collapse, as many buildings had been constructed before 1985 and were not required to meet the updated standards. However, pre-1985 buildings with newer additions were required to comply with these regulations. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Sixth year Line 7 of the Metrobús system opened on 5 March 2018, running along Paseo de la Reforma . [ 88 ] On 29 March of that year, Mancera left the post of city head after requesting leave to run as a proportional-representation Senate candidate for the PAN in the July elections . José Ramón Amieva succeeded him as interim head of government. [ 89 ] Mancera left office with the lowest approval rating in 20 years, facing criticism over rising insecurity and affected by internal conflicts within the PRD. [ 90 ] Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration When Claudia Sheinbaum took office as Mancera's successor as head of government of Mexico City, the city's Attorney General's Office launched several investigations. These focused on prosecuting various crimes and administrative offenses allegedly committed during Mancera's administration, including actions involving some of his close collaborators. [ 91 ] In 2020, 1,680 public servants were sanctioned by Mexico City Comptroller Office. [ 92 ] On 5 October 2020, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary sanctioned Mancera with a one-year disqualification to any public role in Mexico City after determining that he promoted a presidential candidate, Ricardo Anaya , in 2018, while being head of government, and sanctioned by Mexican electoral laws. [ 93 ] Senator of the Republic Mancera was elected as a senator and led the PRD's legislative caucus, despite having been elected through the PAN party. [ 94 ] On 6 March 2024, he was elected president of the Tourism Commission of the Senate. [ 95 ] Personal life Mancera has been married twice. His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s, with whom he lived in civil union for one year. [ 5 ] They divorced two years later. Six years later, Mancera married Magnolia, with whom he had two children. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] After about a decade, he divorced Magnolia. [ 5 ] Mancera also has a daughter out of wedlock, but he has said the child's mother does not want him to have contact with her. [ 5 ] From 2008 to 2009, Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , [ 5 ] [ 10 ] who was then president of the PRD party, [ 96 ] and who sought to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012. [ 22 ] In September 2007, two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob Mancera while he was driving his BMW on Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers, killing him. [ 10 ] In his spare time, he practices various sports, including Krav Maga , indoor cycling , strength training , hunting and aviation. [ 97 ] On 31 October 2014, he underwent cardiac surgery after a cardiac arrhythmia was detected three months earlier. [ 98 ] During the surgery, he experienced a cardiac perforation. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] He recovered two weeks later. [ 100 ] Awards In 2008, Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award from the UNAM Faculty of Law, recognizing him as the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program. [ 101 ] In September 2011, he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean. [ 102 ] In February 2012, UNAM's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his "academic and professional trajectory". [ 103 ] Bibliography La Tentativa en el Código Penal para el Distrito Federal, una Nueva Propuesta (2003) [ 104 ] La Comisión por Omisión en el Nuevo Código Penal para el Distrito Federal (2003) [ 105 ] López Obrador Caso el Encino. Implicaciones Constitucionales, Penales y de Procedimiento Penal (2005) [ 101 ] Caso el Encino ¿Delito? (2005) [ 101 ] Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado, Tomo III (2006) [ 106 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II (2007) [ 107 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje al Dr. Ricardo Franco Guzmán (2008) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal, Especialidad y Orgullo Universitario Papel del Abogado (2011) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal del enemigo (2011) [ 101 ] El Tipo de la Tentativa: Teoría y Práctica (2012) [ 108 ] See also Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City) Notes ^ a b Although Mancera has worked in PRD-led administrations, he has never been a member of the party. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ventaja histórica de Mancera en el DF" [Historic lead for Mancera in the Federal District]. 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"Asuntos Internos: Miguel Ángel Mancera" [Internal Affairs: Miguel Ángel Mancera]. Rolling Stone (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . ^ a b González Avelar, Víctor (7 January 2012). "Mancera o Beatriz" [Mancera or Beatriz]. El Diario de Coahuila (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . ^ Camp, Roderic Ai (2011). Mexican Political Biographies, 1935 – 2009 (4th ed.). Austin, Texas : University of Texas Press . p. 584. ISBN 9780292729926 . OCLC 753978359 . ^ a b c d e "Profesores de Asignatura: Mancera Espinosa, Miguel Ángel" [Course Professors: Mancera Espinosa, Miguel Ángel] (in Spanish). Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ a b c d e f g Páramo, Arturo (9 June 2012). "Perfil: Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa" [Profile: Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2015 . 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Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ "5 episodios relevantes de Ebrard en la capital" [5 key episodes of Ebrard in the capital]. Expansión (in Spanish). 22 September 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ a b "Destacan en EU elección de Mancera sin impugnaciones" [The United States noted that Mancera's election proceeded without any legal challenges or disputes]. MVS Noticias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Yañez, Israel (10 January 2012). "Desarticulan 179 bandas delicitivas durante el 2011" [179 criminal gangs dismantled during 2011]. La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. ^ Martínez, Paris (23 January 2012). "Los delitos durante la gestión de Mancera" [Crime rates during Mancera's administration]. Animal Político (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Bolaños, Claudia (7 January 2012). "Sucesor de Mancera dará continuidad a programas" [Mancera's successor to continue existing programs]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . ^ Robles, Johana (8 January 2012). "Mancera Espinosa registra en el PRD precandidatura" [Mancera Espinosa registers as a PRD pre-candidate]. El Universal (in Spanish) . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . ^ Robles, Johana (19 January 2012). "Izquierdas arropan a Mancera para el GDF" [Left-wing parties rally behind Mancera for the Head of Government of the Federal District]. El Universal (in Spanish) . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . ^ a b Robles, Johana; Villanueva, Jonatha (19 January 2012). "Mancera, virtual candidato al GDF por la izquierda" [Mancera, assumed left-wing candidate for Head of Government of the Federal District]. El Universal (in Spanish) . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . ^ "Tras un mes de campaña, aspirantes al GDF se enfrentan a la realidad de la ciudad" [After a month of campaigning, candidates for Head of Government of Mexico City face the realities of the city]. La Jornada (in Spanish). 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021 . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Mancera supera en 23 puntos porcentuales a Paredes: Mitofsky" [Mitofsky: Mancera leads Paredes by 23 percentage points]. ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 2 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ "Encuesta de El Universal reporta que Mancera pierde 9 puntos" [El Universal poll reports Mancera drops 9 points]. ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ Robles, Johana (24 April 2012). "Mancera encabeza preferencias; aumenta 5 por ciento" [Mancera leads in the polls; support increases by 5 percent]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ Robles, Johana (21 May 2012). "Crece ventaja de Mancera en el DF" [Mancera's lead grows in the Federal District]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ "Pasan 'Charola' a empresarios, piden 6mdd para AMLO" [Business leaders asked to 'pass the hat around' seeking $6 million for AMLO]. La Prensa (in Spanish). 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ "Mancera presenta denuncia por 'charolazo' " [Mancera files complaint over fundraising scandal]. La Razón (in Spanish). 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ "Miguel Ángel Mancera ofrece continuar las políticas de Marcelo Ebrard" [Miguel Ángel Mancera offers to continue Marcelo Ebrard's policies]. Expansión (in Spanish). 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ "Las noticias de hoy. Resumen Eduardo Ruiz Healy" [Today's News. Summary by Eduardo Ruiz Healy]. Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). 1 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ "Propone Mancera a citadinos disminuir trayectos a 30 minutos, de casa a trabajo" [Mancera proposes reducing commutes to 30 minutes, from home to work, for city residents]. Excélsior (in Spanish). 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 – via Archived by Instituto Nacional del Fromación Política PRD. ^ "Aventaja Miguel Ángel Mancera elección por GDF" [Miguel Ángel Mancera leads the race for Head of Government of Mexico City]. W Radio (in Spanish). 1 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ "Recibe Miguel Ángel Mancera la constancia de mayoría" [Miguel Ángel Mancera receives the certificate of majority]. La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). 8 July 2012. 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"Mancera ya es Jefe de Gobierno, promete obedecer" [Mancera is now Head of Government, promises to comply]. El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Sánchez, Enrique; Castillejos, Jessica; Ramírez, Kenya; Pazos, Francisco (6 December 2012). "GDF y Los Pinos abren nueva etapa; Mancera rinde protesta" [Federal District Government and Los Pinos open a new chapter; Mancera takes oath of office]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Mancera invita a unirse a programa de desarme" [Mancera invites the public to join the disarmament program]. El Universal (in Spanish). 22 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . ^ "Desarme en Iztapalapa acumula 866 armas en 10 días" [Disarmament in Iztapalapa collects 866 weapons in 10 days]. Excélsior (in Spanish). 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . 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Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ "Inicia encuesta sobre incremento a tarifa del Metro" [Survey begins on Metro fare increase]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 31 July 2025 . ^ Hernández, Enrique (30 November 2013). "Consideran una burla que 7,200 decidan por más de 5.5 millones" [Considered an insult that 7,200 people should decide for more than 5.5 million]. La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ "El viaje en el Metro del DF costará 5 pesos a partir del 13 de diciembre" [The Mexico City Metro fare will cost 5 pesos starting 13 December]. Expansión (in Spanish). 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ Adrián, Jazmín (7 December 2013). "Civil disobedience over Metro price hike in Mexico City" . Demotix . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . 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"Conoce el Proyecto del Parque Elevado en Avenida Chapultepec" [Explore the elevated park project on Avenida Chapultepec]. Chilango (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. ^ Quesada, Juan Diego (27 August 2015). "Romero: 'El Corredor de Chapultepec es una oportunidad única' " [Romero: 'The Chapultepec Corridor is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity']. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Altamirano, Claudia (19 September 2015). " 'Todo está tan vivo': Plácido Domingo vuelve a Tlatelolco" ['Everything is so alive': Plácido Domingo returns to Tlatelolco]. Nexos (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Martínez Brooks, Darío (29 November 2015). "Línea 12 del Metro reabre todas sus estaciones tras 20 meses" [Line 12 reopens all its stations after 20 months]. Expansión (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Cruz, Daniela (10 December 2015). "Cancelan oficialmente proyecto propuesto para el Corredor Cultural Chapultepec en México" [Proposed project Chapultepec Cultural Corridor in Mexico officially canceled]. ArchDaily (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Rodea, Felipe (21 January 2025). "Mancera inaugura Línea 6 del Metrobús" [Mancera inaugurates Mexico City Metrobús Line 6]. El Financiero . Archived from the original on 25 January 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "¡Adiós DF, bienvenida CdMx!: Mancera" [Mancera: Farewell Federal District, welcome Mexico City!]. Milenio (in Spanish). 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Baja popularidad de Miguel Ángel Mancera" [Public support for Mancera falls]. López-Dóriga Digital (in Spanish). 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Major League Baseball to return to Mexico City in March" . Fox News . 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Sarabia, Dalila (7 July 2021). " 'Dañaron casas y familias': Desde hace 5 años, ampliación de Línea 12 trastorna Álvaro Obregón" ['Homes and families are affected': For 5 years, Line 12 expansion has disrupted Álvaro Obregón]. Animal Político (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Estrella, Alferdo (8 July 2016). "Mexico City's weapon against sexual assault: whistles" . The Peninsula . Agence France-Presse . Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Los Mercados son declarados Patrimonio Cultural Intangible" [Markets are designated Intangible Cultural Heritage]. El Universal (in Spanish). Notimex. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . 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Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Pskowski, Martha; Adler, David (12 October 2017). "6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead" . The Guardian . Mexico City, London. Archived from the original on 14 March 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Linthicum, Kate (12 September 2018). "Corruption caused the collapse of buildings in 2017 Mexico City earthquake, a new report finds" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2024 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "La accidentada primera semana de la L7 del Metrobús" [A bumpy start for Metrobús Line 7]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Álvarez Acevedo, Carlos (29 March 2018). "Miguel Ángel Mancera pide licencia como jefe de Gobierno de la Ciudad de México; será candidato a senador" [Miguel Ángel Mancera requests leave as head of government of Mexico City; will run for senate]. Zeta (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Los claroscuros de Miguel Ángel Mancera en la CDMX" [The highs and lows of Miguel Ángel Mancera in Mexico City]. Expansión (in Spanish). 8 April 2018. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Pantoja, Sara. "Sheinbaum pide dar seguimiento a investigación por corrupción en gobierno de Mancera" [Sheinbaum asks to follow up on corruption investigation in Mancera government]. Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Cruz Flores, Alejandro (12 August 2020). "Sancionó Contraloría local a mil 680 servidores de esta gestión y anterior" [The local Comptroller sanctioned 1,680 public servants from this and the previous administration]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 March 2025 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Robles, Johana (22 October 2020). "Inhabilitan a Mancera por un año en la CDMX" [Mancera is disqualified for a year in Mexico City]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Teposteco, Miguel (15 August 2018). "Ya es oficial: 'el independiente' Mancera lidera PRD en Senado" [It's official: 'the independent' Mancera leads the PRD in the Senate]. La Hoguera (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 July 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Asume el senador Miguel Ángel Mancera, presidencia de la Comisión de Turismo" [Senator Miguel Ángel Mancera assumes presidency of the Tourism Commission] (in Spanish). LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress . 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Confirman que Alejandra Barrales dejará la dirigencia del PRD en el DF" [Confirmed that Alejandra Barrales to step down as head of the PRD in Mexico City]. esmas.com (in Spanish). 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ "10 facetas desconocidas de Miguel Ángel Mancera" [10 lesser-known facets of Miguel Ángel Mancera]. ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ a b Navarro, Israel; Domínguez, Pedro (1 November 2015). "Perforación cardiaca ocasionó cirugía de Mancera" [Cardiac perforation led to Mancera’s surgery]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Ramírez, Kenya; Pazos, Francisco (1 November 2015). "Se complica operación de Mancera" [Mancera's surgery complicates]. Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Montes, Rafael (18 November 2014). "Mancera reaparece en evento público tras operación de corazón" [Mancera reappears at public event after heart surgery]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 December 2024 . 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No. 129. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2003). Análisis del Nuevo Código Penal Para el Distrito Federal: Terceras Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal "Fernando Castellanos Tena" . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico . ISBN 970-32-0568-2 . OCLC 53836151 . No. 144. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2006). Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado. Libro Segundo (Artículos 250 al 365 y Transitorios) Tomo III . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. XIX (I ed.). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Editorial Porrúa . ISBN 9700766799 . OCLC 254345014 . No. 348. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; et al. (2007). Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. ISBN 978-970-32-439-14 . OCLC 166310075 . No. 129. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ "Presentan libro de Mancera" [Mancera's book unveiled]. La Razón (in Spanish). 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . External links Mayor of the Month for June 2013 by the City Mayors Foundation Profile of Miguel Ángel Mancera by the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Heads of government of Mexico City v t e 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara César López de Lara 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada v t e National Autonomous University of Mexico v t e Faculties Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine FES Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Schools Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Centres Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Institutes Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Buildings Central Library National Library of Mexico Central Library National Library of Mexico Facilities Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) History 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico Alumni Alumni Astronomical Society Alumni Astronomical Society Professors and researchers Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Sports Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM v t e Senators of the LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress v t e PRI Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum PAN Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales PRD Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera PVEM Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * PT de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso MC Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández MORENA Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché PES Ávila Vázquez de León Villard Mora 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Mancera
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology and definition 2 History and organization of the Early Church Toggle History and organization of the Early Church subsection 2.1 Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals in Europe 2.1.1 Buildings 2.1.2 Basilicas 2.1.3 Baptisteries 2.1.4 Episcopium 2.2 Finances 2.2.1 Bishop's share 2.2.2 Clergy share 2.2.3 Fabric share 2.2.4 Charitable share 2.3 Personnel 2.3.1 Bishops 2.3.2 Priests and archpriests 2.3.3 Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons 2.3.4 Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius 2.3.5 Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses 2.4 Functions 2.1 Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals in Europe 2.1.1 Buildings 2.1.2 Basilicas 2.1.3 Baptisteries 2.1.4 Episcopium 2.1.1 Buildings 2.1.2 Basilicas 2.1.3 Baptisteries 2.1.4 Episcopium 2.2 Finances 2.2.1 Bishop's share 2.2.2 Clergy share 2.2.3 Fabric share 2.2.4 Charitable share 2.2.1 Bishop's share 2.2.2 Clergy share 2.2.3 Fabric share 2.2.4 Charitable share 2.3 Personnel 2.3.1 Bishops 2.3.2 Priests and archpriests 2.3.3 Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons 2.3.4 Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius 2.3.5 Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses 2.3.1 Bishops 2.3.2 Priests and archpriests 2.3.3 Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons 2.3.4 Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius 2.3.5 Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses 2.4 Functions 3 Cathedral churches since 800 AD Toggle Cathedral churches since 800 AD subsection 3.1 Rule of the clergy 3.1.1 Early Middle Ages: religious communities 3.1.2 Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals 3.2 Reformation 3.3 Roles 3.3.1 Provosts 3.4 Secular chapter 3.4.1 Deans 3.4.2 Precentors 3.4.3 Chancellors 3.4.4 Treasurers 3.4.5 Other clergy 3.4.6 Relationship of chapter and bishop 3.1 Rule of the clergy 3.1.1 Early Middle Ages: religious communities 3.1.2 Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals 3.1.1 Early Middle Ages: religious communities 3.1.2 Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals 3.2 Reformation 3.3 Roles 3.3.1 Provosts 3.3.1 Provosts 3.4 Secular chapter 3.4.1 Deans 3.4.2 Precentors 3.4.3 Chancellors 3.4.4 Treasurers 3.4.5 Other clergy 3.4.6 Relationship of chapter and bishop 3.4.1 Deans 3.4.2 Precentors 3.4.3 Chancellors 3.4.4 Treasurers 3.4.5 Other clergy 3.4.6 Relationship of chapter and bishop 4 Functions of a cathedral Toggle Functions of a cathedral subsection 4.1 Symbolic functions of the building 4.2 Religious functions 4.3 Civic and social functions 4.1 Symbolic functions of the building 4.2 Religious functions 4.3 Civic and social functions 5 Buildings Toggle Buildings subsection 5.1 Artworks, treasures and tourism 5.1 Artworks, treasures and tourism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Cathedral Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Jaku Iban Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A cathedral is a church that contains the cathedra ( Greek for 'seat') of a bishop , [ 3 ] thus serving as the central church of a diocese , conference , or episcopate . [ 4 ] Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican , and some Lutheran churches. [ 4 ] Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appeared in Italy , Gaul , Spain , and North Africa in the 4th century, but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western Catholic Church until the 12th century, by which time they had developed architectural forms , institutional structures, and legal identities distinct from parish churches , monastic churches, and episcopal residences. The cathedral is more important in the hierarchy than the church because it is from the cathedral that the bishop governs the area under their administrative authority. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Following the Protestant Reformation , the Christian church in several parts of Western Europe, such as Scotland , the Netherlands , certain Swiss Cantons and parts of Germany , adopted a presbyterian polity that did away with bishops altogether. Where ancient cathedral buildings in these lands are still in use for congregational worship, they generally retain the title and dignity of "cathedral", maintaining and developing distinct cathedral functions, but void of hierarchical supremacy. From the 16th century onwards, but especially since the 19th century, churches originating in Western Europe have undertaken vigorous programmes of missionary activity , leading to the founding of large numbers of new dioceses with associated cathedral establishments of varying forms in Asia, Africa, Australasia, Oceania and the Americas. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts and migrant co-religionists. Consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. Etymology and definition The word cathedral is derived from the French cathédrale , which came from the Latin ecclesia cathedralis and from the cathedra ('seat'), and ultimately from the Ancient Greek καθέδρα ( kathédra ), 'seat, bench', from κατά ( kata ) 'down' and ἕδρα ( hedra ) 'seat, base, chair'. The word refers to the presence and prominence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne, raised above both clergy and laity, and originally located facing the congregation from behind the high altar . In the ancient world, the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishop's role as teacher. A raised throne within a basilican hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate ; and so the cathedra also symbolises the bishop's role in governing his diocese. The word cathedral , as the seat of a bishop, is found in most languages; however in Europe a cathedral church can be referred to as a duomo (in Italian ) or Dom (e.g. German , Dutch , etc.), from the Latin term domus ecclesiae (house of the church) or domus episcopalis (episcopal house). While the terms are not synonymous (a duomo is a collegiate church , similar to the English " minster ") many cathedral churches are also collegiate churches, so that duomo , and Dom , have become the common names for a cathedral in those countries. It is also common in parts of the Iberian Peninsula to use Sé (in Portuguese ), and Seu (in Catalan , with its Spanish form Seo ), all of them from the Latin term episcopalis sedes , meaning "episcopal seat". In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Latin word cathedral commonly translates as katholikon ( sobor in Slavic languages), meaning 'assembly', but this title is also applied to monastic and other major churches without episcopal responsibilities. When the church at which an archbishop or " metropolitan " presides is specifically intended, the term kathedrikós naós ( lit. ' cathedral temple ' ) is used. The episcopal throne embodies the principle that only a bishop makes a cathedral, and this still applies even in those churches that no longer have bishops, but retain cathedral dignity and functions in ancient churches over which bishops formerly presided. But the throne can also embody the principle that a cathedral makes a bishop; both specifically, in that the bishop is elected within the cathedral and is inaugurated by being enthroned within the cathedral by acclamation of clergy and laity; and also generally, in that the bishops' essential qualifications of regular prayer, higher learning and musical worship were for many centuries, primarily accessible through cathedral functions. In this there is a distinction between those church traditions, predominantly those of Eastern Orthodox Christianity but formerly also including Celtic churches in Ireland , Scotland and Wales , whose bishops came to be made in monasteries ; and those church traditions whose bishops have tended predominantly to arise through the ranks of cathedral clergy. [ 8 ] In the Catholic or Roman Catholic tradition, the term cathedral correctly applies only to a church that houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbey serves the same function (that is, houses the seat of the abbot), but does not acquire the title. In any other jurisdiction canonically equivalent to a diocese but not canonically erected as such (prelature, vicariate, ordinariate, prefecture, apostolic administration), the church that serves this function is correctly called the "principal church" of the respective entity—though some have coopted the term cathedral anyway. The Catholic Church also uses the following terms. A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation, or repair. This designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues. A co-cathedral is a second cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. This situation can arise in various ways such as a merger of two former dioceses, preparation to split a diocese, or perceived need to perform cathedral functions in a second location due to the expanse of the diocesan territory. A proto-cathedral ( lit. ' first cathedral ' ) is the former cathedral of a transferred see. The cathedral church of a metropolitan bishop is called a metropolitan cathedral . The term cathedral actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, although many cathedrals are impressive edifices simply because diocesan celebrations typically require the capacity of one of the larger churches in the diocese. Thus, the term cathedral is often applied colloquially to large and impressive churches that do not function as cathedrals (e.g. the Arctic Cathedral in Tromsø , Norway). Simon Jenkins ' guidebook on European cathedrals intentionally includes several churches that have never been cathedrals ( Ulm Minster and the Sagrada Família , a minor basilica in Barcelona) or that were formerly designated so ( Westminster Abbey and Basel Minster ). [ 10 ] History and organization of the Early Church Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals in Europe The history of cathedrals commenced in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity and initiated the Peace of the Church . Indeed, in strict terminology, there could not have been "cathedrals" before that date, as before the 4th century there were no Christian "cathedrae"; bishops were never seated when leading congregational worship, but instead presided standing on a raised platform or pulpitum . In the third century, the phrase "ascending the platform", ad pulpitum venire , becomes the standard term for Christian ordination . During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or domus ecclesiae was entombed in a defensive bank, surviving when excavated, in places to wall-top height. The Dura church had been converted out of a large urban courtyard house of standard form, in which two rooms had been knocked together to make an assembly hall, capable of holding 60-75 standing; while a tank had been inserted in a room on the opposite side of the courtyard as a baptistery, with rich wall paintings above it. The large room was indeed found to have a raised pulpitum at one end, big enough for one person in turn to read, preach and preside from; but too low to have been surmounted by a throne, and too small to have contained an altar. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all. In 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata , in the form of an open letter. Amongst the accusations was that Paul, who had received the civil rank of ducenarius due to contacts in the imperial court, had improperly erected an enclosure, or secretum , for himself in the church of Antioch; that within this enclosure he had erected a throne from which he presided in worship; and that he had trained a female choir to sing hymns of his own devising. These practices were all condemned as innovations, improperly importing the symbols of his secular Roman magistracy into church ritual; while presumptuously and blasphemously asserting that the person of the bishop in eucharistic worship is seated in the place of Christ himself. Still in a hundred years, all bishops in the Mediterranean world had cathedrals, all sat on thrones within an enclosed sanctuary space, and all had established trained choirs to enhance eucharistic worship. The driving principle underlying this change was the acceptance by bishops, more or less willingly, of an imperial invitation to adopt and maintain the duties, dignity and insignia proper to a public magistrate . [ 11 ] Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a raised throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a basilica ; and now bishops would do the same. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which substantial remains are still visible (and maybe amongst the very earliest to be built) is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. Dated from a mosaic inscription between 313 and 319, the complex consisted of two parallel east–west aisled halls of similar size; with a third smaller north–south cross-hall connecting them, which has been interpreted as the presence hall of the episcopium or bishop's residence. The three halls create an open courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery. Surviving from both large basilican halls are rich mosaic pavements showing (amongst other scenes) Jonah and the Whale , and a series of, mainly female, donor portraits. It appears that similar cathedrals of double-basilica and baptistry were soon afterwards erected in Milan , Trier and Pavia ; but that subsequently single-basilican churches became the more common cathedral model. Constantine's declaration of imperial favour towards Christianity transformed all aspects of Christian life in the Roman Empire. From being a minority religion, largely confined to urban areas and restricted social groupings, and subject to official hostility and occasional persecution; Christianity acquired greatly expanded numbers of potential adherents of all classes, initially still within city areas, but eventually extending out to the pagus , the city's rural hinterland. The consequence was a radical expansion in the buildings, funding and personnel of associated Church establishments throughout the 4th century. The first cathedrals represent this expansion in material form. Buildings The location and layout of the first cathedrals varied substantially from city to city, although most, as at Aquileia, tended to be sited within the city walls but away from the urban centre; certain elements are almost always found. Basilicas Basilican halls had previously been characteristic of major civic complexes and military headquarters buildings; but now became the standard structure for accommodating large Christian congregations. From now on, the term basilica denotes any substantial church building. These new basilicas were wholly different in scale from earlier Christian assembly halls, as they were also different in form from any Roman non-Christian temple or religious structure. The halls were longitudinal, aisled, and flooded with light from large clerestory windows. Floors and walls were richly decorated with mosaic and inlay – usually in abstract or floral patterns. The two original double basilicas at Aquileia had both been about 37m by 17m in size, but within 30 years one hall was quadrupled to 73m by 31m. This expanded basilica now demonstrated three additional features that became characteristic of early cathedrals: an enclosure at the eastern end of the church surrounding the altar; a synthronos east of the altar facing west, and consisting of a raised dais with a centrally place bishop's throne and benches either side for the clergy of his familia ; and a partitioned-off narthex at the western end into which catechumens would withdraw during the central act of the Eucharistic liturgy. Baptisteries The baptistery in the Dura church was about 1m square and 1m deep; baptismal candidates could stand in it, but could not be immersed. In the new cathedrals, as had been the case before, only bishops baptised; and ceremonies were held not more than twice a year to allow for suitable periods of instruction. So baptisteries needed to be greatly increased in size, with associated accommodation to ensure privacy in undressing, anointing and redressing; and the baptismal tank, commonly octagonal, was now fully deep enough for total immersion, and wide enough to accommodate both the candidate and an assisting male or female deacon. Baptisteries commonly adopted centralised plan forms derived from funerary chapels; and are invariably separate from the congregational basilica. Episcopium No one lived in the house church at Dura; such residential facilities as the latrine and kitchen were removed in the conversion. But cathedral complexes always included an episcopal residence. Prominent amongst the charges that had been directed against Paul of Samosata had been his alleged over-familiarity with pious women. As was common, Paul had been married when elected bishop; and again, as was universally expected for a bishop, he had then ceased sexual contact with his wife and no longer cohabited with her. But his accusers charged that, by continuing to associate with other women (even without any indication of actual impropriety) he was creating an unacceptable potential for scandal. To avoid similar such occasions arising, it was necessary for the new cathedrals to create male-only living quarters for the bishop and his entire establishment; and since, in churches in the West, all presbyters and deacons were also expected to live apart from their wives after ordination, these living quarters, the episcopium , were necessarily substantial in extent. In addition to eating and sleeping quarters for ordained boys and men, the episcopium also commonly provided private dining halls for the hospitality expected of the bishop's enhanced social status, a private oratory or chapel for the bishop, and often a bath house. Finances Just as the episcopal residence was integral within the complex of cathedral buildings, so too there was no distinction between episcopal, diocesan and cathedral property and endowments. In principle, all diocesan income was paid into a common fund, and divided into four fixed shares for each main area of expenditure; the Bishop himself; the cathedral clergy; the fabric and lighting of cathedral and city churches; and charitable donations. Many diocese already held substantial endowments, but income increased enormously with the Peace of the Church; partly due to imperial subsidies in kind, but mainly from private bequests and regular private benefactions (often called 'first fruits'); although at this date, tithe was never paid to the church. In addition, many individual landowners supported private chapels and oratories on their own property; and endowed independent charitable institutions, and eventually monasteries and nunneries too. Bishop's share Augustine of Hippo estimated his personal income as being 20 times that of his father, a minor civil servant; and Augustine was by no means the wealthiest bishop in North Africa. But in accepting from Constantine the status of civil magistrates, bishops were now also committed to substantial expenditure to maintain their new style and status; and also to fulfil the associated duties, for instance in employing qualified legal assessors to support them when sitting as civil judges. Clergy share All ordained clerics attached to the cathedral were paid through stipends from the general fund. This applied both to the clergy working directly within the cathedral itself, and also to the clergy, called canonici attached to churches founded by the bishop within the city. From the end of the 4th century, as the mission of the church extended more into rural areas, 'baptistery churches' were founded in more distant villages, so that rural populations could receive the bishop's baptism locally; and the clergy in these churches also counted as canonici and drew a regular stipend. Fabric share Plentiful donor inscriptions show that most new church building programmes; mosaics, roofs, furnishings, were financed by private donations. The costs of maintenance and lighting, however, fell on the general fund. This also applied to the churches, known as tituli , served directly by the bishop's clergy, generally also including any surviving house churches from the period before the Peace of the Church and the rural baptistery churches; but not to the chapels, called parochiae , established by rural landowners for the convenience of their tenants. The bishop, in respect of his civil status, was expected to contribute to public works of general benefit; aqueducts, bridges, watercourses. Charitable share In all cities, bishops dedicated substantial sums to the support of widows, orphans and the poor. Such donations had been a strong feature of the church in earlier centuries, but tended then to be specifically directed to the Christian needy. Now the charitable compass became general. Bishops were especially expected to take responsibility for raising ransom funds, where local persons had fallen captive. In addition, it was expected that each diocese would support a xenodochium , a hostel for the homeless and strangers. Personnel Just as the status of the bishop was transformed at the Peace of the Church; so too was that of the male clergy. With the bishop now resident in the episcopium the other male clergy came to be recognised as his formal familia , in mark of which male clergy now received the tonsure by shaving of their heads; this being originally a Roman badge of adoption. The early church had recognised the orders of bishop, presbyter (priest) and deacon, but a range of minor orders had since grown up in addition; and all were tonsured. These orders now tended to be understood as clerical 'ranks', equivalent to those in the military, such that the male clergy are now often referred to as a "clerical militia". And as in the Roman military or civil service, promotion was expected to follow the principle of cursus honorum , rising through the ranks, with the expectation that ideally, a minimum period would be served in each. The female orders of virgin, widow and (female) deacon remained explicitly outside the bishop's familia; and so they did not receive the tonsure and nor did they progress through the cursus honorum . But all orders of cathedral clergy, male and female, increased dramatically in numbers. Around 540 Justinian ordered that the clerical payroll of Hagia Sophia be strictly limited to 60 presbyters, 100 male deacons, 90 subdeacons, 110 lectors, 25 singers, 100 doorkeepers and 40 female deacons; 525 in all. Bishops Bishops were at the head of the local church; but not explicitly within the cursus honorum , as appointment was by election from the local clergy and people. The clergy tended to favour appointment of bishops from within the ranks of cathedral presbyters; but local lay choice often tended rather to outsiders, either a spectacular holy man, hermit or ascetic; or otherwise a senior civil servant or diplomat, who might have favourable contacts to exploit at court. But most bishops came from the curial class, that is those holding the hereditary rank of decurion with the obligation to serve on the city council, as only persons of this class and above would be likely to have a full rhetorical education in Greek and Latin grammar; without which it was not possible for a boy raised with a knowledge only of Late Antique vernacular speech to express himself in approved classical linguistic forms. Priests and archpriests It was expected that the normal president at both the Eucharist and Baptism would be the bishop, who would celebrate in the cathedral and in titular churches in turn. However, in practice, the bishop needed deputies for the Eucharist and also for the Divine Office of daily prayer, and this duty fell to the priests. The bishop selected a senior priest as archpriest who acted as his official deputy in all ritual matters and as head of the familia. The archpriest was also responsible for the cathedral school. After the 5th century, there were no longer state-supported secular teachers of rhetoric and grammar in the West (other than in parts of Italy) and so the church would have to educate its own. Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons Just as the presbyters deputised for the bishop in ritual matters, so the deacons deputised in administrative and financial matters, especially in the raising and delivering of charity. At the head of the diaconate was the archdeacon; the bishop's main deputy in managerial affairs. Originally inferior in rank to the archpriest, the archdeacon by the sixth century had established clear pre-eminence. Subdeacons assisted the deacons, but unlike them were allowed to marry after ordination; consequently many clerics stopped the cursus honorum at this point, and it was not unusual for a subdeacon to be elected bishop; and even Pope. Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius In practice, the first three of these orders tended to be given together, and were typically applied to boys as young as seven. These boy lectors were too young for the grammar school, but were valued as choristers, and so were included in the Schola Cantorum or choir school. Originally under the responsibility of the deacons, the organisation of choirs was reformed by Pope Gregory the Great , who introduced the office of primicerius or head cantor for this purpose. This proved a vital reform; as without any comprehensive system of musical notation, the only way that sacred music could be maintained and passed on was through professional choirs of sound musical training undertaking cathedral worship – and such skills are not guaranteed to be present in high-ranking ecclesiastics. Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses These orders had been of considerable importance in earlier centuries; but tended to be sidelined in cathedrals from the 4th century onwards. So long as adult baptism continued as a regular occurrence, female deacons would continue to be needed for that service; but otherwise the main factor maintaining these orders was a knock-on effect from the rule of continence applied to bishops, presbyters and deacons. When a man became ordained, and moved into the episcopium with the rest of the bishop's familia ; then there would usually also be a requirement for support to their mothers, wives and daughters; and the orders of widows and virgins respectively continued largely for this purpose. Functions Notwithstanding wide differences over time in institutional structures and wider historical contexts; the key functions established for the first cathedrals have tended to remain as distinctive cathedral functions down the centuries; a regular cycle of choral prayer; providing a forum for civic leadership; a commitment to higher learning; and the promotion and dissemination of music. Cathedral churches since 800 AD Rule of the clergy Early Middle Ages: religious communities The history of the body of clergy attached to the cathedral church is obscure, and in each case local considerations affected its development, however the main features were more or less common to all. Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery , was nevertheless often called a monasterium , the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral , which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married. In the 8th century Chrodegang , Bishop of Metz (743–766), compiled a code of rules for the clergy of the cathedral churches, which, though widely accepted in Germany and other parts of the continent, gained little acceptance in England. According to Chrodegang's rule, the cathedral clergy were to live under a common roof, occupy a common dormitory and submit to the authority of a special officer. The rule of Chrodegang was, in fact, a modification of the Benedictine rule. Gisa , a native of Lorraine , who was bishop of Wells from 1061 to 1088, introduced it into England, and imposed its observance on the clergy of his cathedral church, but it was not followed for long there, or elsewhere in England. Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals During the 10th and 11th centuries, the cathedral clergy became more definitely organised and were divided into two classes. One was that of a monastic establishment of some recognised order of monks, often the Benedictines, while the other class was that of a college of clergy, bound by no vows except those of their ordination, but governed by a code of statutes or canons: hence the name of " canon ". In this way arose the distinction between the monastic and secular cathedral churches. Outside Great Britain, monastic cathedrals are known only at Monreale in Sicily and Downpatrick in Ireland . [ 12 ] In the case of monastic cathedral churches, the internal government was that of the religious order to which the chapter belonged and all the members kept perpetual residence. The alternative of this was the cathedral ruled by a secular chapter; the dignities of provost, dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, etc., came into being for the regulation and good order of the church and its services, while the non-residence of the canons, rather than their perpetual residence, became the rule, and led to their duties being performed by a body of "vicars", who officiated for them at the services of the church. Reformation Prior to the Reformation all cathedrals of Western Europe were of the Roman Catholic Church . In England, much of the structure of the monastic and cathedral system was reconstituted during the English Reformation . Although the cathedrals were retained by the now independent and established Church of England , the monastic cathedral chapters were dissolved by King Henry VIII and, with the exceptions of Bath and Coventry, [ 13 ] were refounded by him as chapters of canons with a dean as the head and other clergy as minor canons. In Germany and other parts of Europe, with the spread of the Lutheran Church , some ancient churches, like Nidaros Cathedral , Norway, and Lübeck Cathedral , Germany, became the seats of Protestant bishops, as in England. Many new churches were built which serve the regional administrative function of a cathedral. However, not all churches that function as the seat of a bishop are known as "cathedral", the custom varying from place to place, according to local tradition. Some are simply designated "church", as occurs at Budolfi Church , the Lutheran cathedral of Aalborg in Denmark . Roles Provosts In most of Europe , the earliest head of a secular church seems to have been the provost ( praepositus , probst , etc.), who was charged not only with the internal regulation of the church and oversight of the members of the chapter and control of the services, but was also the steward or seneschal of the lands and possessions of the church. The latter often mainly engaged his attention, to the neglect of his domestic and ecclesiastical duties, and complaints were soon raised that the provost was too much mixed in worldly affairs, and was too frequently absent from his spiritual duties. This led, in many cases, to the institution of a new officer called the "dean", who had charge of that portion of the provost's duties that related to the internal discipline of the chapter and the services of the church. In some cases, the office of provost was abolished, but in others it was continued: the provost, who was occasionally an archdeacon as well, remaining head of the chapter. This arrangement was most commonly followed in Germany. In England the provost was almost unknown. Bishop Gisa introduced a provost as head of the chapter of Wells Cathedral , but the office was afterwards subordinated to the other dignities and the provost became simply the steward of certain of the prebendal lands. The provost of the collegiate church of Beverley Minster was the most notable instance of such an officer in England, but at Beverley he was an external officer with authority in the government of the church, no stall in the choir and no vote in chapter. In Germany and Scandinavia , and in a few of the cathedral churches in the south of France , the provost was the ordinary head of the cathedral chapter, but the office was not common elsewhere. As regards France, of 136 cathedral churches existing at the Revolution , 38 only, and those either on the borders of Germany or in the extreme south, had a provost as the head of the chapter. In others the provost existed as a subordinate officer. There were two provosts at Autun , and Lyon and Chartres had four each, all as subordinate officers. Secular chapter The normal constitution of the chapter of a secular cathedral church comprised four dignitaries (there might be more), in addition to the canons. These are the dean, the precentor, the chancellor and the treasurer. These four dignitaries, occupying the four corner stalls in the choir, are called in many of the statutes the quatuor majores personae of the church. Deans The role of dean (from decanus ) seems to have derived its designation from the Benedictine "dean" who had ten monks under his charge. The role of dean came into existence to supply the place of the provost in the internal management of the church and chapter. In England every secular cathedral church was headed by a dean who was originally elected by the chapter and confirmed in office by the bishop. The dean is president of the chapter, and within the cathedral has charge of the performance of the services, taking specified portions of them by statute on the principal festivals. The dean sits in the chief stall in the choir, which is usually at the west end of the south side. Precentors Next to the dean (as a rule) is the precentor ( primicerius , cantor , etc.), whose special duty is that of regulating the musical portion of the services. The precentor presides in the dean's absence, and occupies the corresponding stall on the north side, although there are exceptions to this rule, where, as at St Paul 's, the archdeacon of the cathedral city ranks second and occupies what is usually the precentor's stall. Chancellors The third dignitary is the chancellor ( scholasticus , écoldtre , capiscol , magistral , etc.), who must not be confounded with the chancellor of the diocese. The chancellor of the cathedral church is charged with the oversight of its schools, ought to read divinity lectures, and superintend the lections in the choir and correct slovenly readers. The chancellor is often the secretary and librarian of the chapter. In the absence of the dean and precentor, the chancellor is president of the chapter, and within the cathedral is usually assigned the easternmost stall, on the dean's side of the choir. Treasurers The fourth dignitary is the treasurer ( custo , sacrisla , cheficier ) who is guardian of the fabric, and of all the furniture and ornaments of the church, and whose duty was to provide bread and wine for the Eucharist , and candles and incense . The treasurer also regulated such matters as the ringing of the bells. The treasurer's stall is opposite to that of the chancellor. Other clergy In many cathedral churches are additional dignitaries, as the praelector, subdean, vice-chancellor, succentor-canonicorum, and others, whose roles came into existence to supply the places of the other absent dignitaries, for non-residence was the fatal blot of the secular churches, and in this they contrasted very badly with the monastic churches, where all the members were in continuous residence. Besides the dignitaries there were the ordinary canons, each of whom, as a rule, held a separate prebend or endowment, besides receiving his share of the common funds of the church. For the most part the canons also speedily became non-resident, and this led to the distinction of residentiary and non-residentiary canons, until in most churches the number of resident canons became definitely limited in number, and the non-residentiary canons, who no longer shared in the common funds, became generally known as prebendaries only, although by their non-residence they did not forfeit their position as canons, and retained their votes in chapter like the others. This system of non-residence led also to the institution of vicars choral, each canon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence, and when the canon was present, in the stall immediately below, on the second form. The vicars had no place or vote in chapter, and, though irremovable except for offences, were the servants of their absent canons whose stalls they occupied, and whose duties they performed. Outside Britain they were often called demi-prebendaries. As time went on the vicars were themselves often incorporated as a kind of lesser chapter, or college, under the supervision of the dean and chapter. Relationship of chapter and bishop There was no distinction between the monastic cathedral chapters and those of the secular canons, in their relation to the bishop or diocese. In both cases the chapter was the bishop's consilium that he was bound to consult on all important matters and without doing so he could not act. Thus, a judicial decision of a bishop needed the confirmation of the chapter before it could be enforced. He could not change the service books, or "use" of the church or diocese, without capitular consent, and there are episcopal acts, such as the appointment of a diocesan chancellor, or vicar general, which still need confirmation by the chapter, but the older theory of the chapter as the bishop's council in ruling the diocese has become a thing of the past, in Europe. In its corporate capacity the chapter takes charge sede vacante of a diocese. In England, however (except as regards Salisbury and Durham ), [ 14 ] this custom has never obtained, the two archbishops having, from time immemorial, taken charge of the vacant dioceses in their respective provinces. When, however, either of the sees of Canterbury or York is vacant the chapters of those churches take charge, not only of the diocese, but of the province as well, and incidentally, therefore, of any of the dioceses of the province that may be vacant at the same time. Functions of a cathedral The role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve God in the community, through its hierarchical and organisational position in the church structure. The building itself, by its physical presence, symbolises both the glory of God and of the church. A cathedral, its bishop and dignitaries have traditional functions that are mostly religious in nature, but may also be closely associated with the civil and communal life of the city and region. Symbolic functions of the building The cathedral is frequently the most imposing building, and one of the most ancient buildings in its town. The great size and splendor of the cathedral may be out of all proportion to the town itself. The money and talents expended on the building are seen as honoring God, and may also demonstrate both the devotion and the status of the patrons. Cathedrals are very often oriented east/west, so that the worshipers look towards the rising sun, symbolizing the Risen Christ. The architectural form of the building most frequently has the ground plan of a cross. This form is both functional and symbolic, its symbolism referring to the cross on which Jesus was crucified. The form is liturgically functional as it allows the building to be divided into sections where different activities take place, or that are occupied by different people, such as the clergy, the choir and the laity. The main body of the building, making the longer arm of the cross, is called the nave , and is where worshipers congregate; the term is from the Latin word for ship. The cathedral is symbolically a ship bearing the people of God through the storms of life. [ 15 ] The nave is also used for major processions, which gather or enter at the furthest door (liturgically generally called the West Door). The aisles on each side of the nave facilitate the movement of people within the building, without disrupting worshipers in the central space. The arms of the cross are called the transepts and often contain a number of chapels. Farthest from the main entry is the sanctuary where the Blessed Sacrament is laid on the altar or communion table for the consecration. "Sanctuary" means "Holy Place". The word has passed into modern English with an altered meaning because traditionally a criminal who could gain access to this area without capture was thereby given the sanctuary of the church. Cathedral buildings of the Western European tradition symbolize the progression of the Christian soul towards Salvation . Many cathedrals of Eastern European tradition are centrally planned. These churches are almost always domed. The symbolism in these cathedral structures is of the hierarchy of Earth and Heaven , and often reveals its meaning through the internal decoration of the building with frescoes or mosaics. Religious functions Apart from its organisational function as the seat of the bishop, and the meeting place for the chapter of the diocese, the cathedral has a liturgical function in offering daily church services. Most cathedrals have at least three services of worship every day, often taking the form of matins, Holy Communion and an evening service which is often sung by the precentor and choir. There are often additional services on Sunday. Cathedrals generally have an area dedicated to the performance of choral services and with seating specifically for the choir and dignitaries of the church and town. This part of the building is called the Choir or Quire, and is generally located between the sanctuary and the nave. Because music often plays an important part in the performance of the liturgy, cathedrals generally have a pipe organ to accompany the choir. Cathedrals always have a font or water basin at which the rite of baptism is performed, in which a person is formally accepted into the Christian church. The font is often placed towards the door because the Baptism signifies entry into the community of the church. In some cathedrals, most particularly in Italy, the rite of baptism is performed in a separate building. One of the functions of the cathedral is the reading and expounding upon the Holy Scripture . The cathedral generally has a lectern from which the scripture is read. This often takes the form of an eagle of brass or carved wood which supports the book on its outstretched wings and is the symbol of John the Evangelist . However, some cathedrals retain elaborate medieval structures on either side of the church, one for the reading of the Gospel and the other for the reading of the Epistle. The function of expounding on the scriptures is traditionally performed from the pulpit , which is generally constructed in such a way that the voice of the preacher is projected out to the congregation. The pulpit is often decorated with the winged figures of a man, a lion, a bull and an eagle, representing the Gospel writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. [ 16 ] The services that are held within the cathedral follow an annual cycle. The designated scriptural readings for each day of the church's year establish a pattern that alternates periods of introspection and penitence with periods of celebration, and is punctuated by the two great celebrations of Christmas and Easter. Many cathedrals are places of pilgrimage to which people travel in order to worship or venerate a holy object or the reliquary of a saint. Many cathedrals are regarded as places that have provided rewarding religious experiences, where prayers have been answered or miracles have taken place. Pilgrimage was particularly popular in the late medieval period. Some cathedrals such as Santiago de Compostela continue to attract pilgrims. Civic and social functions The formal cathedral services are linked to the cycle of the year and respond to the seasons of the Northern Hemisphere, Christmas falling in the winter and Easter in the spring. Cathedrals often hold a service of thanksgiving called Harvest Festival in the autumn. Births, marriages and deaths are often celebrated by services at cathedrals and the cathedral often acts as a repository of local history by recording these events. The cathedral marks times of national and local civic celebration and sadness with special services. The funerals of those famous within the community are invariably held at cathedrals. People who have served the community or the church are often buried within the cathedral with which they are associated. Alternatively, they may be commemorated by a memorial. Some cathedrals, such as Aachen and Reims are the traditional coronation places of monarchs. Another civic function of the cathedral is the imparting of significant civil information. Announcements may be to the populace from the steps of the cathedral, or within the cathedral itself. Most cathedrals have a bell or bells. These are used to announce that a service is soon to take place. They are also used to convey information and celebration. The ringing of peals signifies a time of rejoicing, such as a wedding. An extended ringing of peals or "changes" conveys a time of great civic celebration. The slow tolling of the deepest bell signifies a death or disaster. Many cathedrals have a clock with associated chimes that announce the time. The bells of a cathedral are traditionally used to signal the outbreak and the ending of war. Cathedrals are often associated with significant secular organisations such as the office of the local mayor and council, the local court, the local regiment, schools, sporting organisations and service clubs. The cathedral often has its own school, primarily for the education of choristers, but often including other children as well. The cathedral, often being a large building, serves as a meeting place for many people. The cathedral often forms a centre of different activities related to community service, youth activities, study, music and decorative arts. Buildings Cathedral buildings, especially those dating from the Medieval period, are frequently the grandest of churches in the diocese (and country). The ancient cathedrals of England, of Northern France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Sicily, the Baroque cathedrals of South America, and many individual cathedrals from Italy and other parts of Europe, are among the largest and finest religious buildings. Many are renowned for their architecture or their decorative features such as sculpture , stained glass and frescos . While cathedral buildings, in general, tend to be large, size and grandeur have rarely been essential requirements. Early Celtic and Saxon cathedrals tended to be of diminutive size, as is the Byzantine so-called Little Metropole Cathedral of Athens . In Italy, with a few notable exceptions such as Florence Cathedral and Milan Cathedral , cathedrals are numerous and are often similar in form and size to monastic or large parish churches. In modern times, where functionality is the foremost consideration and where church attendance is low in many countries, a cathedral church may be a modest structure. Cathedrals of monastic foundation, and some of secular clergy, have cloisters , which traditionally provided an open area where secular activities took place protected from wind and rain. Some cathedrals also have a chapter house where the chapter could meet. In England, where these buildings have survived, they are often octagonal. A cathedral may front onto the main square of a town, as in Florence , or it may be set in a walled close as at Canterbury . There may be a number of associated monastic or clergy buildings, a bishop's palace and often a school to educate the choristers. Artworks, treasures and tourism Many cathedral buildings are very famous for their architecture and have local and national significance, both artistically and historically. Many are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Many cathedrals, because of their large size and the fact that they often have towers, spires or domes, have until the 20th century, been the major landmarks in cities or in views across the countryside. With highrise building, civil action has been taken in some cases, such as Cologne Cathedral to prevent the vista of the cathedral from being spoiled. [ 17 ] Because many cathedrals took centuries to build and decorate, they constitute a major artistic investment for the city in which they stand. Not only may the building itself be architecturally significant, but the church often houses treasures such as stained glass, stone and wood statues, historic tombs, richly carved furniture and objects of both artistic and religious significance such as reliquaries. Moreover, the cathedral often plays a major role in telling the story of the town, through its plaques, inscriptions, tombs, stained glass and paintings. For these reasons, tourists have travelled to cathedrals for hundreds of years. Many cathedrals cater for tourists by charging a fee to any visitors outside service times or requesting a donation or making a charge to take photos. Cathedrals that are particularly popular tourist venues sometimes provide guides, leaflets, souvenirs and cafes. See also Christianity portal Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England Basilica Cathedral architects in England Cathedral floorplan Duomo Gothic cathedrals and churches French Gothic architecture English Gothic architecture List of Catholic basilicas Lists of cathedrals by country List of highest church naves List of largest church buildings List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture List of tallest church buildings References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Duomo of Florence | Tripleman" . www.tripleman.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-06 . Retrieved 2010-03-25 . ^ "brunelleschi's dome - Brunelleschi's Dome" . Brunelleschisdome.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010-03-25 . ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, ISBN 0-19-860575-7 . ^ a b New Standard Encyclopedia , 1998 by Standard Educational Corporation, Chicago, Illinois; page B-262c. ^ "What's the Difference Between a Church, Chapel, Cathedral, and Basilica?" . What's the Difference? . 2019-04-23 . Retrieved 2022-04-18 . ^ "What is the difference between a church, a cathedral and a basilica?" . Bit of trivia . 2022-04-10. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11 . Retrieved 2022-04-18 . ^ "What is the difference between a church and a cathedral?" . The Times of India . May 13, 2006 . Retrieved 2022-04-18 . ^ Sterk, Andrea; "Renouncing the World yet leading the Church"; Harvard University Press; 2004; p8 ^ Noreen (November 19, 2012). "St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Is Not The Official Church Of The Pope" . Today I Found Out . Retrieved February 14, 2019 . ^ Jenkins, Simon . Europe's 100 Best Cathedrals . ^ Eusebius. Life of Constantine . p. 4:27,2. ^ Edwards, Kathleen (1967). The English Secular Cathedrals of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 10. ^ David Knowles; The Religious Orders in England Vol III; p 389 ^ Till, Barry (1993). York Against Durham: The Guardianship of the Spiritualities in the Diocese of Durham Sede Vacante . York: Borthwick Institute Publications. p. 31. ISBN 0903857421 . ^ W. H. Auden , "Cathedrals, Luxury liners laden with souls, Holding to the East their hulls of stone" ^ T. Francis Bumpus, The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium . ^ "Our History" . St Louis Cathedral . Retrieved 2018-09-19 . Further reading Carl F. Barnes Jr. "Cathedral". In: Joseph Strayer, ed. Dictionary of the Middle Ages . New York: Scribner's, 1938. Vol. III. pp. 191–92. Johnson, Paul . British Cathedrals . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980. ISBN 0-297-77828-5 . Richard Utz. "The Medieval Cathedral: From Spiritual Site to National Super-Signifier". The Year's Work in Medievalism 15 (2001), 127–31. Richard Utz. "The Cathedral as Time Machine: Art, Architecture, and Religion." In: The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Meanings of the Medieval Edifice in the Modern Period , ed. Stephanie Glaser (Turnhout: Brepols, 2018). pp. 239–59. André Vauchez. "La cathédrale". In: Pierre Nora, ed. Les Lieux de Mémoire. Paris: Gallimard, 1997. Vol. III. pp. 3122–34. Authority control databases National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Cathedrals Christian terminology Ecclesiology Types of church buildings Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2025 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text Articles containing Italian-language text Articles containing German-language text Articles containing Church Slavonic-language text Articles with text in Slavic languages Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 1 January 2026, at 17:15 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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Naịjirịa etiwaala Tanzanịa ka akị oyibo Nsugbe Semi Ajayi na Ademola Lookman gosiri nke ha ji biri. 23 Disemba 2025 Naịjirịa etiwaala Tanzanịa ka akị oyibo Nsugbe Semi Ajayi na Ademola Lookman gosiri nke ha ji biri. AFCON 2025 tebụlụ: Etu mba na mba ga-esi ezute onwe ha n'asọmpi a Lee etu asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025 si kwụrụ ugbua na tebụlụ. 22 Disemba 2025 AFCON 2025 tebụlụ: Etu mba na mba ga-esi ezute onwe ha n'asọmpi a Lee etu asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025 si kwụrụ ugbua na tebụlụ. Afcon 2025: Ndị a tụrụ anya ga-agbara Super Eagles Ndị ọgbaa bọọlụ foto ha dị ebe a ka e kwuru ga-anọchite anya otu egwu bọọlụ Super Eagles dịka ha na-agba mbọ ịmabute iko Afcon nke afọ 2025. 20 Disemba 2025 Afcon 2025: Ndị a tụrụ anya ga-agbara Super Eagles Ndị ọgbaa bọọlụ foto ha dị ebe a ka e kwuru ga-anọchite anya otu egwu bọọlụ Super Eagles dịka ha na-agba mbọ ịmabute iko Afcon nke afọ 2025. Ndị ọgba bọọlụ isii a na-ele anya ga-amụke ka ọkụ n'Afcon 2025 Ụlọọrụ BBC Sport Afrịka nnyochara ndị ọgbaa bọọlụ isii a na-elejere anya n'asọmpi Afcon 2025 ga-ebido na Moroko na 21 Disemba ruo 18 Jenụwarị 16 Disemba 2025 Ndị ọgba bọọlụ isii a na-ele anya ga-amụke ka ọkụ n'Afcon 2025 Ụlọọrụ BBC Sport Afrịka nnyochara ndị ọgbaa bọọlụ isii a na-elejere anya n'asọmpi Afcon 2025 ga-ebido na Moroko na 21 Disemba ruo 18 Jenụwarị Afcon 2025: Osimhen, Iwobi, Ndidi na ndị 'Super Eagles' ọzọ ga-agbara Naịjirịa bọọlụ Asọmpi Afcon 2025 ga-amalite n'ụbọchị Sọnde 21 Disemba, 2025 na mba Moroko. 12 Disemba 2025 Afcon 2025: Osimhen, Iwobi, Ndidi na ndị 'Super Eagles' ọzọ ga-agbara Naịjirịa bọọlụ Asọmpi Afcon 2025 ga-amalite n'ụbọchị Sọnde 21 Disemba, 2025 na mba Moroko. Vidio <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-1qa60j4">Ngwaọrụ gị akwadoghi ọkpụkpọ mgbasa ozi</p></div> 02:56 Vidio , Emekpara m ahụ oge m bi n’ụlọakwụkwọ - Emeka Nwagbaraocha , Duration 2,56 02:22 Vidio , Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ , Duration 2,22 01:13 Vidio , Ihe Lumumba ji bụrụ onye a na-ekiri ekiri n’Afcon 2025 , Duration 1,13 01:47 Vidio , Ndụ nwa m ka m na-azọ mgbe m gbara mmọnwụ ọkụ , Duration 1,47 01:35 Vidio , Ndí ngagharịiwe na mba Ịran , Duration 1,35 01:47 Vidio , Kedụ usoro iwu nyere iji wepụ Gọvanọ n'ọkwa? , Duration 1,47 01:45 Vidio , Emume Okorosha ndị Ụmụnweke Amaụlụ Mbieri dị n'Imo Steeti , Duration 1,45 01:19 Vidio , Ihe anyị ma gbasara ụgbọala gbara ọkụ n'Enugwu steeti , Duration 1,19 01:49 Vidio , Ihe onye ezinaụlọ Anthony Joshua kwuru banyere ihe mberede o nwere , Duration 1,49 01:19 Vidio , Ihe ndị mmadụ na-atụ anya n'afọ 2026 , Duration 1,19 01:17 Vidio , Iwu anọ gọọmenti tinyere iji beleta mmejọ ule WAEC na NECO , Duration 1,17 01:51 Vidio , Kirie ihe ndị Super eagles kwuru ka ha merichara Mozambique n'asọmpi Afcon 2025 , Duration 1,51 Vidio 02:56 Vidio , Emekpara m ahụ oge m bi n’ụlọakwụkwọ - Emeka Nwagbaraocha , Duration 2,56 02:22 Vidio , Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ , Duration 2,22 01:13 Vidio , Ihe Lumumba ji bụrụ onye a na-ekiri ekiri n’Afcon 2025 , Duration 1,13 01:47 Vidio , Ndụ nwa m ka m na-azọ mgbe m gbara mmọnwụ ọkụ , Duration 1,47 01:35 Vidio , Ndí ngagharịiwe na mba Ịran , Duration 1,35 01:47 Vidio , Kedụ usoro iwu nyere iji wepụ Gọvanọ n'ọkwa? , Duration 1,47 01:45 Vidio , Emume Okorosha ndị Ụmụnweke Amaụlụ Mbieri dị n'Imo Steeti , Duration 1,45 01:19 Vidio , Ihe anyị ma gbasara ụgbọala gbara ọkụ n'Enugwu steeti , Duration 1,19 01:49 Vidio , Ihe onye ezinaụlọ Anthony Joshua kwuru banyere ihe mberede o nwere , Duration 1,49 01:19 Vidio , Ihe ndị mmadụ na-atụ anya n'afọ 2026 , Duration 1,19 01:17 Vidio , Iwu anọ gọọmenti tinyere iji beleta mmejọ ule WAEC na NECO , Duration 1,17 01:51 Vidio , Kirie ihe ndị Super eagles kwuru ka ha merichara Mozambique n'asọmpi Afcon 2025 , Duration 1,51 Kọwaara m isi akụkọ 1:15 Vidio, Akụkọ dị mkpa - Jenụwarị 15, 2026 , Duration 1,15 Nchikọta akụkọ ndị kachasị mkpa n'ụwa taa bụ Tọsde Jenụwarị 15, 2026 15 Jenụwarị 2026 Etu 'Knight' ụka Katọlik si jụ ụka Kraistị n'iwe n'ihi Ifeanyị Ubah na mmemme mgbape ụlọụka 'Cathedral' na Nnewi 14 Jenụwarị 2026 Ndị omeiwu nwaanyị abụọ akpọọla oku ka a kwụsị atụmatụ ịchụpụ Fubara Ndị omeiwu ahụ bụ Barile Nwakoh na-anọchite anya mpaghara Khana I na Emilia Amadi na-anọchite anya mpaghara Obio/Akpor II. 15 Jenụwarị 2026 Kedu ọrụ mmanwụ na-arụ n'omenala Igbo? Lee nkọwa ọrụ mmanwụ na-arụ n'omenala Igbo. 14 Jenụwarị 2026 Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ Akụkọ maka ụkọ mmiri dị n'Enugwu steeti ugbua na etu o si emetụta ọtụtụ ezinụlọ 13 Jenụwarị 2026 Ọkwa maka ozi nzuzo ọbaozi Whatsapp BBC Chanelụ na Community 26 Febụwarị 2025 Kọwaara m isi akụkọ 1:15 Vidio, Akụkọ dị mkpa - Jenụwarị 15, 2026 , Duration 1,15 Nchikọta akụkọ ndị kachasị mkpa n'ụwa taa bụ Tọsde Jenụwarị 15, 2026 15 Jenụwarị 2026 Vidio, Akụkọ dị mkpa - Jenụwarị 15, 2026 , Duration 1,15 Nchikọta akụkọ ndị kachasị mkpa n'ụwa taa bụ Tọsde Jenụwarị 15, 2026 Etu 'Knight' ụka Katọlik si jụ ụka Kraistị n'iwe n'ihi Ifeanyị Ubah na mmemme mgbape ụlọụka 'Cathedral' na Nnewi 14 Jenụwarị 2026 Etu 'Knight' ụka Katọlik si jụ ụka Kraistị n'iwe n'ihi Ifeanyị Ubah na mmemme mgbape ụlọụka 'Cathedral' na Nnewi Ndị omeiwu nwaanyị abụọ akpọọla oku ka a kwụsị atụmatụ ịchụpụ Fubara Ndị omeiwu ahụ bụ Barile Nwakoh na-anọchite anya mpaghara Khana I na Emilia Amadi na-anọchite anya mpaghara Obio/Akpor II. 15 Jenụwarị 2026 Ndị omeiwu nwaanyị abụọ akpọọla oku ka a kwụsị atụmatụ ịchụpụ Fubara Ndị omeiwu ahụ bụ Barile Nwakoh na-anọchite anya mpaghara Khana I na Emilia Amadi na-anọchite anya mpaghara Obio/Akpor II. Kedu ọrụ mmanwụ na-arụ n'omenala Igbo? Lee nkọwa ọrụ mmanwụ na-arụ n'omenala Igbo. 14 Jenụwarị 2026 Kedu ọrụ mmanwụ na-arụ n'omenala Igbo? Lee nkọwa ọrụ mmanwụ na-arụ n'omenala Igbo. Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ Akụkọ maka ụkọ mmiri dị n'Enugwu steeti ugbua na etu o si emetụta ọtụtụ ezinụlọ 13 Jenụwarị 2026 Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ Akụkọ maka ụkọ mmiri dị n'Enugwu steeti ugbua na etu o si emetụta ọtụtụ ezinụlọ Ọkwa maka ozi nzuzo ọbaozi Whatsapp BBC Chanelụ na Community 26 Febụwarị 2025 Ọkwa maka ozi nzuzo ọbaozi Whatsapp BBC Chanelụ na Community BBC News Igbo nọ na WhatsApp gị Nweta akụkọ na mgbasaozi niile ndị ọrụ anyị haziri n'Igbo, ma bụrụkwa onye mbụ ga-anụ akụkọ niile dị mkpa na-akpọtụ na Naịjirịa nakwa n'ụwa niile. Pịa aka ebe a ka i soro anyị BBC News Igbo nọ na WhatsApp gị Nweta akụkọ na mgbasaozi niile ndị ọrụ anyị haziri n'Igbo, ma bụrụkwa onye mbụ ga-anụ akụkọ niile dị mkpa na-akpọtụ na Naịjirịa nakwa n'ụwa niile. Kuziere m Steeti ise a kachasị gbuo mmadụ na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2025 13 Jenụwarị 2026 EFCC: Gịnị mere ụfọdụ ikpe nrụrụaka ji egbu oge? 12 Jenụwarị 2026 1:12 Vidio, E ji Grok mepụta foto Onyeisiala Tinubu na Onyeisiala Kagame? , Duration 1,12 6 Jenụwarị 2026 Buhari,Odira Nwobu, Pa Adebanjo, Nkechi Nwejeh na ndị ọzọ a ma ama nwụrụ n'afọ 2025 27 Disemba 2025 2:17 Vidio, Kedụ etu i kwesịrị ileta uweime gị ka ọ ghara ibutere gị nje? , Duration 2,17 26 Disemba 2025 Christmas: Lee ụfọdụ ndị ụka Kraịstị anaghị eme emume Ekeresimesi na nkwenye ha 25 Disemba 2025 Mary, Lourdes, Fatima: Gịnị mere nne Jesus Kraịst jiri nwee aha karịrị otu puku? 24 Disemba 2025 Kedụ ihe mere Trump ji nye Naijiria na mba 23 ndị ọzọ mmachi visa? 17 Disemba 2025 Kuziere m Steeti ise a kachasị gbuo mmadụ na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2025 13 Jenụwarị 2026 Steeti ise a kachasị gbuo mmadụ na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2025 EFCC: Gịnị mere ụfọdụ ikpe nrụrụaka ji egbu oge? 12 Jenụwarị 2026 EFCC: Gịnị mere ụfọdụ ikpe nrụrụaka ji egbu oge? 1:12 Vidio, E ji Grok mepụta foto Onyeisiala Tinubu na Onyeisiala Kagame? , Duration 1,12 6 Jenụwarị 2026 Vidio, E ji Grok mepụta foto Onyeisiala Tinubu na Onyeisiala Kagame? , Duration 1,12 Buhari,Odira Nwobu, Pa Adebanjo, Nkechi Nwejeh na ndị ọzọ a ma ama nwụrụ n'afọ 2025 27 Disemba 2025 Buhari,Odira Nwobu, Pa Adebanjo, Nkechi Nwejeh na ndị ọzọ a ma ama nwụrụ n'afọ 2025 2:17 Vidio, Kedụ etu i kwesịrị ileta uweime gị ka ọ ghara ibutere gị nje? , Duration 2,17 26 Disemba 2025 Vidio, Kedụ etu i kwesịrị ileta uweime gị ka ọ ghara ibutere gị nje? , Duration 2,17 Christmas: Lee ụfọdụ ndị ụka Kraịstị anaghị eme emume Ekeresimesi na nkwenye ha 25 Disemba 2025 Christmas: Lee ụfọdụ ndị ụka Kraịstị anaghị eme emume Ekeresimesi na nkwenye ha Mary, Lourdes, Fatima: Gịnị mere nne Jesus Kraịst jiri nwee aha karịrị otu puku? 24 Disemba 2025 Mary, Lourdes, Fatima: Gịnị mere nne Jesus Kraịst jiri nwee aha karịrị otu puku? Kedụ ihe mere Trump ji nye Naijiria na mba 23 ndị ọzọ mmachi visa? 17 Disemba 2025 Kedụ ihe mere Trump ji nye Naijiria na mba 23 ndị ọzọ mmachi visa? Kpalite mmụọ m 5:09 Vidio, Ihe ndị m na-ese eruola mba ofesi ebe m seerela ndị dịka Rick Ross, Rihanna na ndị ọzọ ihe - Chiamaka Glamour Artz , Duration 5,09 30 Nọvemba 2025 6:01 Vidio, Nna m gbahapụrụ anyị oge m na-etolite etolite - Charles Born , Duration 6,01 31 Ọktọba 2025 4:25 Vidio, 'Amalitere m Open Sharaton site n'isi moi moi n'akụkụ okporoụzọ New Haven Enugwu' , Duration 4,25 26 Ọktọba 2025 5:15 Vidio, Ama m ihe ndị m gabigara tupu m ruo n'ogogo m nọ taa - Ashmusy , Duration 5,15 24 Ọktọba 2025 Kpalite mmụọ m 5:09 Vidio, Ihe ndị m na-ese eruola mba ofesi ebe m seerela ndị dịka Rick Ross, Rihanna na ndị ọzọ ihe - Chiamaka Glamour Artz , Duration 5,09 30 Nọvemba 2025 Vidio, Ihe ndị m na-ese eruola mba ofesi ebe m seerela ndị dịka Rick Ross, Rihanna na ndị ọzọ ihe - Chiamaka Glamour Artz , Duration 5,09 6:01 Vidio, Nna m gbahapụrụ anyị oge m na-etolite etolite - Charles Born , Duration 6,01 31 Ọktọba 2025 Vidio, Nna m gbahapụrụ anyị oge m na-etolite etolite - Charles Born , Duration 6,01 4:25 Vidio, 'Amalitere m Open Sharaton site n'isi moi moi n'akụkụ okporoụzọ New Haven Enugwu' , Duration 4,25 26 Ọktọba 2025 Vidio, 'Amalitere m Open Sharaton site n'isi moi moi n'akụkụ okporoụzọ New Haven Enugwu' , Duration 4,25 5:15 Vidio, Ama m ihe ndị m gabigara tupu m ruo n'ogogo m nọ taa - Ashmusy , Duration 5,15 24 Ọktọba 2025 Vidio, Ama m ihe ndị m gabigara tupu m ruo n'ogogo m nọ taa - Ashmusy , Duration 5,15 Ọgba Mbọ 8:00 Vidio, Ihe mere m ji eke ọtụtụ ji m na-akọpụta n'ọba - Elieza Chinedu (Ọkọ ji n'Ani Nri) , Duration 8,00 19 Nọvemba 2025 6:13 Vidio, Esitere m n'usekwu m wube ụlọahịa a ma ama ugbua – Nelly Agbogu hibere Naija Brand Chick , Duration 6,13 10 Mee 2025 4:55 Vidio, "Na mbido ndị mmadụ achọghị ka m rụọrọ ha ekwentị maka na m bụ nwaanyị mana ha na-achọzi m achọ" - Doris Chiadikobi , Duration 4,55 26 Maachị 2025 3:08 Vidio, A banyere m n'ọrụ ịgbakọta igwe ọkụ iji chekwaa ihe nketa nna m - Ada De Welder , Duration 3,08 27 Febụwarị 2025 Ọgba Mbọ 8:00 Vidio, Ihe mere m ji eke ọtụtụ ji m na-akọpụta n'ọba - Elieza Chinedu (Ọkọ ji n'Ani Nri) , Duration 8,00 19 Nọvemba 2025 Vidio, Ihe mere m ji eke ọtụtụ ji m na-akọpụta n'ọba - Elieza Chinedu (Ọkọ ji n'Ani Nri) , Duration 8,00 6:13 Vidio, Esitere m n'usekwu m wube ụlọahịa a ma ama ugbua – Nelly Agbogu hibere Naija Brand Chick , Duration 6,13 10 Mee 2025 Vidio, Esitere m n'usekwu m wube ụlọahịa a ma ama ugbua – Nelly Agbogu hibere Naija Brand Chick , Duration 6,13 4:55 Vidio, "Na mbido ndị mmadụ achọghị ka m rụọrọ ha ekwentị maka na m bụ nwaanyị mana ha na-achọzi m achọ" - Doris Chiadikobi , Duration 4,55 26 Maachị 2025 Vidio, "Na mbido ndị mmadụ achọghị ka m rụọrọ ha ekwentị maka na m bụ nwaanyị mana ha na-achọzi m achọ" - Doris Chiadikobi , Duration 4,55 3:08 Vidio, A banyere m n'ọrụ ịgbakọta igwe ọkụ iji chekwaa ihe nketa nna m - Ada De Welder , Duration 3,08 27 Febụwarị 2025 Vidio, A banyere m n'ọrụ ịgbakọta igwe ọkụ iji chekwaa ihe nketa nna m - Ada De Welder , Duration 3,08 Egwuruegwu Anthony Joshua ezutela ezinaụlọ Latif Ayodele na Sina Ghami 4 Jenụwarị 2026 1:10 Vidio, Etu obi dị ndị Naịjirịa na mmeri ha meriri ndị mba Yuganda , Duration 1,10 31 Disemba 2025 1:02 Vidio, Lee etu ndị Super Eagles si akwado maka asọmpi ha na Yuganda , Duration 1,02 30 Disemba 2025 2:10 Vidio, Kirie ihe ọhụrụ ndị otu Super eagles na ndị nkwado ha kwuru maka asọmpi Afcon 2025 , Duration 2,10 29 Disemba 2025 Egwuruegwu Anthony Joshua ezutela ezinaụlọ Latif Ayodele na Sina Ghami 4 Jenụwarị 2026 Anthony Joshua ezutela ezinaụlọ Latif Ayodele na Sina Ghami 1:10 Vidio, Etu obi dị ndị Naịjirịa na mmeri ha meriri ndị mba Yuganda , Duration 1,10 31 Disemba 2025 Vidio, Etu obi dị ndị Naịjirịa na mmeri ha meriri ndị mba Yuganda , Duration 1,10 1:02 Vidio, Lee etu ndị Super Eagles si akwado maka asọmpi ha na Yuganda , Duration 1,02 30 Disemba 2025 Vidio, Lee etu ndị Super Eagles si akwado maka asọmpi ha na Yuganda , Duration 1,02 2:10 Vidio, Kirie ihe ọhụrụ ndị otu Super eagles na ndị nkwado ha kwuru maka asọmpi Afcon 2025 , Duration 2,10 29 Disemba 2025 Vidio, Kirie ihe ọhụrụ ndị otu Super eagles na ndị nkwado ha kwuru maka asọmpi Afcon 2025 , Duration 2,10 Soro anyị na WhatsApp Instagram Facebook Soro anyị na WhatsApp Instagram Facebook Akụkọ akachasị gụọ 1 Ndịagha Amerịka ebunyela ndị otu ha ngwaagha n'Abuja 2 Steeti ise a kachasị gbuo mmadụ na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2025 3 Chimamanda Adichie enyela ụlọọgwụ Euracare ụbọchị asaa iji wepụta ozi niile gbasara nwa ya nwoke 4 Etu 'Knight' ụka Katọlik si jụ ụka Kraistị n'iwe n'ihi Ifeanyị Ubah na mmemme mgbape ụlọụka 'Cathedral' na Nnewi 5 Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ Akụkọ akachasị gụọ 1 Ndịagha Amerịka ebunyela ndị otu ha ngwaagha n'Abuja 2 Steeti ise a kachasị gbuo mmadụ na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2025 3 Chimamanda Adichie enyela ụlọọgwụ Euracare ụbọchị asaa iji wepụta ozi niile gbasara nwa ya nwoke 4 Etu 'Knight' ụka Katọlik si jụ ụka Kraistị n'iwe n'ihi Ifeanyị Ubah na mmemme mgbape ụlọụka 'Cathedral' na Nnewi 5 Ndị Enugwu etipụla mkpu akwa maka enweghị ezi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na steeti ahụ Ihe mere ị ga-eji nwee ntụkwasiobi na BBC News Usoro Ojiji Gbasara BBC Iwu Nzuzo Kuki Kpọtụrụ BBC Akụkọ BBC n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ Do not share or sell my info © 2026 BBC. BBC anaghị ahụta maka ọdịnaya nke saịtị ndị dị na mpụga. Usoro anyị maka njikọ dị na mpụga.
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اوسنۍ پاڼه, کور پاڼه ژوندۍ: ټلویزیوني خپرونې افغانستان پښتونخوا نړۍ ښځې لوبې ساینس او ټکنالوژي هنر او ادب راډیویي خپرونې اوسنۍ پاڼه, کور پاڼه ژوندۍ: ټلویزیوني خپرونې افغانستان پښتونخوا نړۍ ښځې لوبې ساینس او ټکنالوژي هنر او ادب راډیویي خپرونې BBC News , پښتو - کور پاڼه مهم خبرونه تیرا کې له پوځي عملیاتو مخکې څه روان دي؟ د پاکستان پوځ د خیبر پښتونخوا په تیرا کې ځايي خلکو ته خبرداری ورکړی چې د جنورۍ تر ۲۵ دې له هغو سیمو ووځي چې پوځي عملیات په کې کېدونکي دي. دې سره ګڼې کورنۍ له خپلو مېنو بې کوره شوي او لا هم خلک د سر سیوري لټون پسې دي. په سیمه کې یوه خپلواک خبریال اسلام ګل اپریدی چې له تیرا د وتوونکو کورنیو حال یې لیدلی وايي، ډېرې کورنۍ د ژمي سړې څپې او راتلونکي ته فکر وړي دي. ۱ ساعت وړاندې د ۱۹ کلنو نړیوال جام؛ افغانستان جنوبي افریقا ته ۲۶۷ منډې هدف وټاکه د ۲۰۲۶ کال د ۱۹ کلنو لوبغاړو د یو ورځنیو لوبو په نړیوال جام سیالیو کې افغانستان په خپله لومړۍ لوبه کې جنوبي افریقا ته ۲۶۷ منډې هدف ټاکلی دی. د نن جمعې (مرغومی ۲۶/جنورۍ ۱۶) لوبې پچه جنوبي افریقا وګټله خو افغانستان ته یې د توپوهنې بلنه ورکړه. د افغانستان تر ۱۹ کلنۍ د کمعمره ځوانانو له لوبډلې خالد احمدزی او عثمان سعادت د سر توپوهونکو په توګه لوبغالي ته ور کوز شول. ۵ دقیقې وړاندې ژوندۍ پاڼه , پوتین د اسراییل او ایران ترمنځ د منځګړیتوب وړاندیز کړی د ترکيې د بهرنيو چارو وزير وايي، هېواد يې د ايران پر ضد د پوځي عملياتو مخالف دی او هيله يې څرګنده کړې چې تهران او واشنګټن خپلې ستونزې د خبرو له لارې حل کړي. په داسې حال کې چې له يوې اونۍ راهيسې ايران کې انټرنېټ او مخابراتي اړيکې پرې شوې دي او ټاکل شوې د ملګرو ملتونو د امنيت شورا به په راتلونکو ساعتونو کې د ايران د وضعيت د ارزونې لپاره بېړنۍ غونډه وکړي. په ورته وخت کې ډونلډ ټرمپ ويلي: "نه پوهېږم ايا د ايران خلک به د رضا پهلوي مشرتابه ومني که نه." د طالبانو حکومت مشرتابه کې اختلاف؛ بي بي سي د انټرنېټ پرې کېدو تر شا د نظرونو له ټکره پرده پورته کوي بي بي سي د طالبانو د حکومت د مشر هبت الله اخوندزاده یو غږیز کلیپ ترلاسه کړ، چې په ډاګه یې کړه، د ده تر ټولو لویه اندېښنه څه ده، دا کوم بهرنی ګواښ نه دی، بلکې د افغانستان له دننه یو خطر دی. دی د "خپلمنځي تقابل" په تړاو خبرداری ورکوي چې د "اسلامي امارت" په اډانه کې به'ځینې' کسان یو د بل پر وړاندې ودروي. ۲۵ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ ګرینلنډ ته د اروپایي ځواکونو د استولو پرېکړې ته د امریکا غبرګون چارواکي وايي، د فرانسوي ځواکونو یوه کوچنۍ ډلګۍ د ګرینلنډ پلازمېنې نوک ته رسېدلې ده. دا ګام د اروپايي هېوادونو د یوه محدود پوځي ماموریت په اډانه کې اخیستل شوی، چې ویل کېږي جرمني، سویډن، ناروې، فنلنډ، نیدرلنډ او بریتاینا هم پکې برخه اخلي. دې ته د 'ارزوني ماموریت' نوم ورکړل شوی دی. ۳ ساعتونه وړاندې مهم خبرونه تیرا کې له پوځي عملیاتو مخکې څه روان دي؟ د پاکستان پوځ د خیبر پښتونخوا په تیرا کې ځايي خلکو ته خبرداری ورکړی چې د جنورۍ تر ۲۵ دې له هغو سیمو ووځي چې پوځي عملیات په کې کېدونکي دي. دې سره ګڼې کورنۍ له خپلو مېنو بې کوره شوي او لا هم خلک د سر سیوري لټون پسې دي. په سیمه کې یوه خپلواک خبریال اسلام ګل اپریدی چې له تیرا د وتوونکو کورنیو حال یې لیدلی وايي، ډېرې کورنۍ د ژمي سړې څپې او راتلونکي ته فکر وړي دي. ۱ ساعت وړاندې تیرا کې له پوځي عملیاتو مخکې څه روان دي؟ د پاکستان پوځ د خیبر پښتونخوا په تیرا کې ځايي خلکو ته خبرداری ورکړی چې د جنورۍ تر ۲۵ دې له هغو سیمو ووځي چې پوځي عملیات په کې کېدونکي دي. دې سره ګڼې کورنۍ له خپلو مېنو بې کوره شوي او لا هم خلک د سر سیوري لټون پسې دي. په سیمه کې یوه خپلواک خبریال اسلام ګل اپریدی چې له تیرا د وتوونکو کورنیو حال یې لیدلی وايي، ډېرې کورنۍ د ژمي سړې څپې او راتلونکي ته فکر وړي دي. د ۱۹ کلنو نړیوال جام؛ افغانستان جنوبي افریقا ته ۲۶۷ منډې هدف وټاکه د ۲۰۲۶ کال د ۱۹ کلنو لوبغاړو د یو ورځنیو لوبو په نړیوال جام سیالیو کې افغانستان په خپله لومړۍ لوبه کې جنوبي افریقا ته ۲۶۷ منډې هدف ټاکلی دی. د نن جمعې (مرغومی ۲۶/جنورۍ ۱۶) لوبې پچه جنوبي افریقا وګټله خو افغانستان ته یې د توپوهنې بلنه ورکړه. د افغانستان تر ۱۹ کلنۍ د کمعمره ځوانانو له لوبډلې خالد احمدزی او عثمان سعادت د سر توپوهونکو په توګه لوبغالي ته ور کوز شول. ۵ دقیقې وړاندې د ۱۹ کلنو نړیوال جام؛ افغانستان جنوبي افریقا ته ۲۶۷ منډې هدف وټاکه د ۲۰۲۶ کال د ۱۹ کلنو لوبغاړو د یو ورځنیو لوبو په نړیوال جام سیالیو کې افغانستان په خپله لومړۍ لوبه کې جنوبي افریقا ته ۲۶۷ منډې هدف ټاکلی دی. د نن جمعې (مرغومی ۲۶/جنورۍ ۱۶) لوبې پچه جنوبي افریقا وګټله خو افغانستان ته یې د توپوهنې بلنه ورکړه. د افغانستان تر ۱۹ کلنۍ د کمعمره ځوانانو له لوبډلې خالد احمدزی او عثمان سعادت د سر توپوهونکو په توګه لوبغالي ته ور کوز شول. ژوندۍ پاڼه , پوتین د اسراییل او ایران ترمنځ د منځګړیتوب وړاندیز کړی د ترکيې د بهرنيو چارو وزير وايي، هېواد يې د ايران پر ضد د پوځي عملياتو مخالف دی او هيله يې څرګنده کړې چې تهران او واشنګټن خپلې ستونزې د خبرو له لارې حل کړي. په داسې حال کې چې له يوې اونۍ راهيسې ايران کې انټرنېټ او مخابراتي اړيکې پرې شوې دي او ټاکل شوې د ملګرو ملتونو د امنيت شورا به په راتلونکو ساعتونو کې د ايران د وضعيت د ارزونې لپاره بېړنۍ غونډه وکړي. په ورته وخت کې ډونلډ ټرمپ ويلي: "نه پوهېږم ايا د ايران خلک به د رضا پهلوي مشرتابه ومني که نه." ژوندۍ پاڼه , پوتین د اسراییل او ایران ترمنځ د منځګړیتوب وړاندیز کړی د ترکيې د بهرنيو چارو وزير وايي، هېواد يې د ايران پر ضد د پوځي عملياتو مخالف دی او هيله يې څرګنده کړې چې تهران او واشنګټن خپلې ستونزې د خبرو له لارې حل کړي. په داسې حال کې چې له يوې اونۍ راهيسې ايران کې انټرنېټ او مخابراتي اړيکې پرې شوې دي او ټاکل شوې د ملګرو ملتونو د امنيت شورا به په راتلونکو ساعتونو کې د ايران د وضعيت د ارزونې لپاره بېړنۍ غونډه وکړي. په ورته وخت کې ډونلډ ټرمپ ويلي: "نه پوهېږم ايا د ايران خلک به د رضا پهلوي مشرتابه ومني که نه." د طالبانو حکومت مشرتابه کې اختلاف؛ بي بي سي د انټرنېټ پرې کېدو تر شا د نظرونو له ټکره پرده پورته کوي بي بي سي د طالبانو د حکومت د مشر هبت الله اخوندزاده یو غږیز کلیپ ترلاسه کړ، چې په ډاګه یې کړه، د ده تر ټولو لویه اندېښنه څه ده، دا کوم بهرنی ګواښ نه دی، بلکې د افغانستان له دننه یو خطر دی. دی د "خپلمنځي تقابل" په تړاو خبرداری ورکوي چې د "اسلامي امارت" په اډانه کې به'ځینې' کسان یو د بل پر وړاندې ودروي. ۲۵ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د طالبانو حکومت مشرتابه کې اختلاف؛ بي بي سي د انټرنېټ پرې کېدو تر شا د نظرونو له ټکره پرده پورته کوي بي بي سي د طالبانو د حکومت د مشر هبت الله اخوندزاده یو غږیز کلیپ ترلاسه کړ، چې په ډاګه یې کړه، د ده تر ټولو لویه اندېښنه څه ده، دا کوم بهرنی ګواښ نه دی، بلکې د افغانستان له دننه یو خطر دی. دی د "خپلمنځي تقابل" په تړاو خبرداری ورکوي چې د "اسلامي امارت" په اډانه کې به'ځینې' کسان یو د بل پر وړاندې ودروي. ګرینلنډ ته د اروپایي ځواکونو د استولو پرېکړې ته د امریکا غبرګون چارواکي وايي، د فرانسوي ځواکونو یوه کوچنۍ ډلګۍ د ګرینلنډ پلازمېنې نوک ته رسېدلې ده. دا ګام د اروپايي هېوادونو د یوه محدود پوځي ماموریت په اډانه کې اخیستل شوی، چې ویل کېږي جرمني، سویډن، ناروې، فنلنډ، نیدرلنډ او بریتاینا هم پکې برخه اخلي. دې ته د 'ارزوني ماموریت' نوم ورکړل شوی دی. ۳ ساعتونه وړاندې ګرینلنډ ته د اروپایي ځواکونو د استولو پرېکړې ته د امریکا غبرګون چارواکي وايي، د فرانسوي ځواکونو یوه کوچنۍ ډلګۍ د ګرینلنډ پلازمېنې نوک ته رسېدلې ده. دا ګام د اروپايي هېوادونو د یوه محدود پوځي ماموریت په اډانه کې اخیستل شوی، چې ویل کېږي جرمني، سویډن، ناروې، فنلنډ، نیدرلنډ او بریتاینا هم پکې برخه اخلي. دې ته د 'ارزوني ماموریت' نوم ورکړل شوی دی. لنډې ویډیوګانې <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-1nuepbm">په دې وسیله کې د غږ اوريدل او ویډیو لیدنه شونې نه ده.</p></div> 01:35 ویډیو , د لرغونې مصرۍ ملکې سینګارتوکی چې اوس د ښکلا نښه ده , موده 1,35 01:41 ویډیو , د ایران جلاوطن شهزاده رضا پهلوي څوک دی چې د ټرمپ د مداخلې غوښتنه کوي؟ , موده 1,41 01:40 ویډیو , د ایران روحاني مشر ایتالله علي خامنهای څوک دی؟ , موده 1,40 01:44 ویډیو , داسې روباټونه چې د کور کارونه به مو کوي , موده 1,44 01:39 ویډیو , د ۷۰مې لسیزې سندرې، د افغان جامو او لوېدیځ کولتور د نوستالجیا نوې څپه , موده 1,39 01:29 ویډیو , یو زړور ځوان د کابل سېند له څپلو ۶ کسان وژغول , موده 1,29 02:12 ویډیو , یو خوب چې په حقیقت بدل شو؛ په کراته کې د ایمن د بریا کیسه , موده 2,12 02:56 ویډیو , "له ماینونو څنګه ځان وژغورو، د کارپوه مهم پیغام" , موده 2,56 00:24 ویډیو , د ایران لاریونونه: له جسدونو ډکې کڅوړې کتارونو کې ښکاري , موده 0,24 00:31 ویډیو , واورینه فضا کې مرموزه ګلابي رڼا , موده 0,31 01:36 ویډیو , مصنوعي ځیرکتیا: "په پټه د ځیرکو عینکو په مټ ثبت او وروسته له انلاین ځورونې سره مخ شوم" , موده 1,36 لنډې ویډیوګانې 01:35 ویډیو , د لرغونې مصرۍ ملکې سینګارتوکی چې اوس د ښکلا نښه ده , موده 1,35 01:41 ویډیو , د ایران جلاوطن شهزاده رضا پهلوي څوک دی چې د ټرمپ د مداخلې غوښتنه کوي؟ , موده 1,41 01:40 ویډیو , د ایران روحاني مشر ایتالله علي خامنهای څوک دی؟ , موده 1,40 01:44 ویډیو , داسې روباټونه چې د کور کارونه به مو کوي , موده 1,44 01:39 ویډیو , د ۷۰مې لسیزې سندرې، د افغان جامو او لوېدیځ کولتور د نوستالجیا نوې څپه , موده 1,39 01:29 ویډیو , یو زړور ځوان د کابل سېند له څپلو ۶ کسان وژغول , موده 1,29 02:12 ویډیو , یو خوب چې په حقیقت بدل شو؛ په کراته کې د ایمن د بریا کیسه , موده 2,12 02:56 ویډیو , "له ماینونو څنګه ځان وژغورو، د کارپوه مهم پیغام" , موده 2,56 00:24 ویډیو , د ایران لاریونونه: له جسدونو ډکې کڅوړې کتارونو کې ښکاري , موده 0,24 00:31 ویډیو , واورینه فضا کې مرموزه ګلابي رڼا , موده 0,31 01:36 ویډیو , مصنوعي ځیرکتیا: "په پټه د ځیرکو عینکو په مټ ثبت او وروسته له انلاین ځورونې سره مخ شوم" , موده 1,36 ځانګړي مطالب د بلوچستان په خاران کې د وسله والو برید، د پولیسو له توقیفه یې بندیان هم له ځان سره بیولي ۲۶ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ سپينه ماڼۍ وايي، ایران د ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې د امریکا متحدو ایالتونو ولسمشرۍ دفتر ادعا کوي، چې ایران د نژدې ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې ده. دا څرګندونې د سپینې ماڼۍ رسنیزې څانګې سکرترې کارولین لیوېت کړې دي. نوموړې وايي: ''ولسمشر (ټرمپ) او ټیم یې ایراني رژیم ته یو پیغام ورکړی، چې که وژنې دوام وکړي، جدي پایلې به ولري.'' ۵ ساعتونه وړاندې څنګه پوه شو چې یوه ویدیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې؟ خواله رسنۍ خو کاروئ او پام شوی به مو وي چې هلته د اې ای (AI) یا مصنوعي ځیرکتیا په مټ جوړې شوې ټیټ کیفیته ویډیوګانې ډېرې دي. که غواړئ پوه شئ چې یوه ویډیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې یا نه نو دلته ځینې ساده لارې شته. لومړی د ویډیو کیفیت ته پام وکړئ. په اې ای باندې جوړې شوې ویډیوګانې ډېرې بې کیفیته دي، داسې ښکاري لکه ویډیو چې پر پخوانۍ کمرې اخیستل شوی وي. ۲۴ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د عثماني دولت د وروستي سلطان د ژوند کړاوونه، لاسته راوړنې او ناخوالې د ۱۸۶۱ کال د جنورۍ پر ۱۴مه، محمد شپږم وزېږېد. هغه د عثماني دولت وروستی سلطان و؛ هغه ستره امپراتوري چې پېړۍ پېړۍ یې دوام وکړ او د اسلامي او نړيوال تاريخ له سترو سياسي جوړښتونو ګڼل کېږي. نوموړی د ۱۹۲۶ کال د مې پر ۱۶مه د ايټاليا د سان ريمو په ښار کې وفات شو. ۲۴ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ درس ځانګړي مطالب د بلوچستان په خاران کې د وسله والو برید، د پولیسو له توقیفه یې بندیان هم له ځان سره بیولي ۲۶ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د بلوچستان په خاران کې د وسله والو برید، د پولیسو له توقیفه یې بندیان هم له ځان سره بیولي سپينه ماڼۍ وايي، ایران د ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې د امریکا متحدو ایالتونو ولسمشرۍ دفتر ادعا کوي، چې ایران د نژدې ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې ده. دا څرګندونې د سپینې ماڼۍ رسنیزې څانګې سکرترې کارولین لیوېت کړې دي. نوموړې وايي: ''ولسمشر (ټرمپ) او ټیم یې ایراني رژیم ته یو پیغام ورکړی، چې که وژنې دوام وکړي، جدي پایلې به ولري.'' ۵ ساعتونه وړاندې سپينه ماڼۍ وايي، ایران د ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې د امریکا متحدو ایالتونو ولسمشرۍ دفتر ادعا کوي، چې ایران د نژدې ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې ده. دا څرګندونې د سپینې ماڼۍ رسنیزې څانګې سکرترې کارولین لیوېت کړې دي. نوموړې وايي: ''ولسمشر (ټرمپ) او ټیم یې ایراني رژیم ته یو پیغام ورکړی، چې که وژنې دوام وکړي، جدي پایلې به ولري.'' څنګه پوه شو چې یوه ویدیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې؟ خواله رسنۍ خو کاروئ او پام شوی به مو وي چې هلته د اې ای (AI) یا مصنوعي ځیرکتیا په مټ جوړې شوې ټیټ کیفیته ویډیوګانې ډېرې دي. که غواړئ پوه شئ چې یوه ویډیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې یا نه نو دلته ځینې ساده لارې شته. لومړی د ویډیو کیفیت ته پام وکړئ. په اې ای باندې جوړې شوې ویډیوګانې ډېرې بې کیفیته دي، داسې ښکاري لکه ویډیو چې پر پخوانۍ کمرې اخیستل شوی وي. ۲۴ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ څنګه پوه شو چې یوه ویدیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې؟ خواله رسنۍ خو کاروئ او پام شوی به مو وي چې هلته د اې ای (AI) یا مصنوعي ځیرکتیا په مټ جوړې شوې ټیټ کیفیته ویډیوګانې ډېرې دي. که غواړئ پوه شئ چې یوه ویډیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې یا نه نو دلته ځینې ساده لارې شته. لومړی د ویډیو کیفیت ته پام وکړئ. په اې ای باندې جوړې شوې ویډیوګانې ډېرې بې کیفیته دي، داسې ښکاري لکه ویډیو چې پر پخوانۍ کمرې اخیستل شوی وي. د عثماني دولت د وروستي سلطان د ژوند کړاوونه، لاسته راوړنې او ناخوالې د ۱۸۶۱ کال د جنورۍ پر ۱۴مه، محمد شپږم وزېږېد. هغه د عثماني دولت وروستی سلطان و؛ هغه ستره امپراتوري چې پېړۍ پېړۍ یې دوام وکړ او د اسلامي او نړيوال تاريخ له سترو سياسي جوړښتونو ګڼل کېږي. نوموړی د ۱۹۲۶ کال د مې پر ۱۶مه د ايټاليا د سان ريمو په ښار کې وفات شو. ۲۴ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۴ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د عثماني دولت د وروستي سلطان د ژوند کړاوونه، لاسته راوړنې او ناخوالې د ۱۸۶۱ کال د جنورۍ پر ۱۴مه، محمد شپږم وزېږېد. هغه د عثماني دولت وروستی سلطان و؛ هغه ستره امپراتوري چې پېړۍ پېړۍ یې دوام وکړ او د اسلامي او نړيوال تاريخ له سترو سياسي جوړښتونو ګڼل کېږي. نوموړی د ۱۹۲۶ کال د مې پر ۱۶مه د ايټاليا د سان ريمو په ښار کې وفات شو. درس درس افغانستان لپاره د بيبيسي ټلوېزیوني خپرونې بيبيسي نیوز افغانستان چې د سپوږمکۍ (سټلایټ) له لارې خپرېږي، د افغانستان، سیمې او نړۍ پر سیاست، اقتصاد، کلتور، لوبو او ټولنیزو چارو پام ساتي. دا خپرونې پر پښتو او دري ژبو خپرېږي . د ټلویزیوني خپرونو لیدلو لپاره دا تڼۍ کېکاږئ افغانستان لپاره د بيبيسي ټلوېزیوني خپرونې بيبيسي نیوز افغانستان چې د سپوږمکۍ (سټلایټ) له لارې خپرېږي، د افغانستان، سیمې او نړۍ پر سیاست، اقتصاد، کلتور، لوبو او ټولنیزو چارو پام ساتي. دا خپرونې پر پښتو او دري ژبو خپرېږي . روغتیا د افغانې مېرمن د لبسرین ګټه "انلاین ښونځیو" ته ورکول کېږي ۲۳ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۳ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ سړه خونه ستاسو پر بدن څه ډول اغېز کوي؟ ۲۲ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ نېسلې شرکت: د ماشومانو لپاره یو ډول تولید کړې شیدې له بازاره ټولوي ۱۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ په یوه زېږنتون کې په لور د زوی د بدلولو قضیه څنګه افشا شوه؟ ۱۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ روغتیا د افغانې مېرمن د لبسرین ګټه "انلاین ښونځیو" ته ورکول کېږي ۲۳ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۳ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د افغانې مېرمن د لبسرین ګټه "انلاین ښونځیو" ته ورکول کېږي سړه خونه ستاسو پر بدن څه ډول اغېز کوي؟ ۲۲ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ سړه خونه ستاسو پر بدن څه ډول اغېز کوي؟ نېسلې شرکت: د ماشومانو لپاره یو ډول تولید کړې شیدې له بازاره ټولوي ۱۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ نېسلې شرکت: د ماشومانو لپاره یو ډول تولید کړې شیدې له بازاره ټولوي په یوه زېږنتون کې په لور د زوی د بدلولو قضیه څنګه افشا شوه؟ ۱۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ په یوه زېږنتون کې په لور د زوی د بدلولو قضیه څنګه افشا شوه؟ د ټرمپ د ولسمشرۍ دویمه دوره د وېنزویلا د نوبل سولې جایزې ګټونکې خپل مډال ټرمپ ته وړاندې کړی ۶ ساعتونه وړاندې امریکا او برېتانیا په قطر کې له پوځي اډې یو شمېر پوځیان باسي ۲۵ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د امریکا د کډوالۍ او ګمرکاتو د قوانینو د پلي کولو اداره ایس(ICE) د ځواک په کارولو کې څومره واک لري؟ ۲۰ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۰ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ کولمبیا ته د امریکا د پوځي اقدام ګواښ ۱۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د ټرمپ د ولسمشرۍ دویمه دوره د وېنزویلا د نوبل سولې جایزې ګټونکې خپل مډال ټرمپ ته وړاندې کړی ۶ ساعتونه وړاندې د وېنزویلا د نوبل سولې جایزې ګټونکې خپل مډال ټرمپ ته وړاندې کړی امریکا او برېتانیا په قطر کې له پوځي اډې یو شمېر پوځیان باسي ۲۵ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ امریکا او برېتانیا په قطر کې له پوځي اډې یو شمېر پوځیان باسي د امریکا د کډوالۍ او ګمرکاتو د قوانینو د پلي کولو اداره ایس(ICE) د ځواک په کارولو کې څومره واک لري؟ ۲۰ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۰ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د امریکا د کډوالۍ او ګمرکاتو د قوانینو د پلي کولو اداره ایس(ICE) د ځواک په کارولو کې څومره واک لري؟ کولمبیا ته د امریکا د پوځي اقدام ګواښ ۱۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۹ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ کولمبیا ته د امریکا د پوځي اقدام ګواښ غواړئ چې انټرنېټ مو ډېر مصرف نشي؟ د وېبسایټ هغه بڼه ولولئ چې یوازې متن لري او لږ انټرنېټ کاروي. د وېبسایټ هغې بڼې ته لاړ شئ چې یوازې متن لري. غواړئ چې انټرنېټ مو ډېر مصرف نشي؟ د وېبسایټ هغه بڼه ولولئ چې یوازې متن لري او لږ انټرنېټ کاروي. د منځني ختیځ کړکېچ د ایران واکمنان د ۱۹۷۹ کال له انقلاب راهیسې له تر ټولو سترې ننګونې سره مخ دي ۲۳ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۳ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ دوه کاله وروسته، غزه کې یو ځل بیا د ماشومانو د زدکړو غږ اورېدل کېږي ۱۸ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۸ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ اسرائیل په غزه کې د ۳۷ مرستندویه ادارو فعالیتونه ممنوع کړل: برېتانیا او اروپايي ټولنې یې دا پرېکړه غندلې ۱۱ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ هغه ماشومتوب چې بمونو غلا کړ: د جګړې په تیارو کې د ماشومانو مات زړونه ۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۳۰ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵ د منځني ختیځ کړکېچ د ایران واکمنان د ۱۹۷۹ کال له انقلاب راهیسې له تر ټولو سترې ننګونې سره مخ دي ۲۳ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱۳ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د ایران واکمنان د ۱۹۷۹ کال له انقلاب راهیسې له تر ټولو سترې ننګونې سره مخ دي دوه کاله وروسته، غزه کې یو ځل بیا د ماشومانو د زدکړو غږ اورېدل کېږي ۱۸ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۸ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ دوه کاله وروسته، غزه کې یو ځل بیا د ماشومانو د زدکړو غږ اورېدل کېږي اسرائیل په غزه کې د ۳۷ مرستندویه ادارو فعالیتونه ممنوع کړل: برېتانیا او اروپايي ټولنې یې دا پرېکړه غندلې ۱۱ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۱ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ اسرائیل په غزه کې د ۳۷ مرستندویه ادارو فعالیتونه ممنوع کړل: برېتانیا او اروپايي ټولنې یې دا پرېکړه غندلې هغه ماشومتوب چې بمونو غلا کړ: د جګړې په تیارو کې د ماشومانو مات زړونه ۹ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۳۰ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵ هغه ماشومتوب چې بمونو غلا کړ: د جګړې په تیارو کې د ماشومانو مات زړونه د اقلیم بدلون ژمی او د کابل ککړه هوا - کیسه یې په تصویرونه کې لیدلی شئ ۱۲ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ افغانستان کې مرګوني سېلابونه؛ د مړو شویو کسانو شمېر ۱۶ ته لوړ شو ۱۲ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ د افغانستان وژونکې ککړه هوا: د طالبانو حکومت یې د کنټرول لپاره څه کوي؟ ۷ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۲۸ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵ د ایران پر پوله له یخنۍ ځینې افغانان مړه شوي ۳۰ لیندۍ ۱۴۰۴ - ۲۱ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵ د اقلیم بدلون ژمی او د کابل ککړه هوا - کیسه یې په تصویرونه کې لیدلی شئ ۱۲ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ ژمی او د کابل ککړه هوا - کیسه یې په تصویرونه کې لیدلی شئ افغانستان کې مرګوني سېلابونه؛ د مړو شویو کسانو شمېر ۱۶ ته لوړ شو ۱۲ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ افغانستان کې مرګوني سېلابونه؛ د مړو شویو کسانو شمېر ۱۶ ته لوړ شو د افغانستان وژونکې ککړه هوا: د طالبانو حکومت یې د کنټرول لپاره څه کوي؟ ۷ مرغومی ۱۴۰۴ - ۲۸ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵ د افغانستان وژونکې ککړه هوا: د طالبانو حکومت یې د کنټرول لپاره څه کوي؟ د ایران پر پوله له یخنۍ ځینې افغانان مړه شوي ۳۰ لیندۍ ۱۴۰۴ - ۲۱ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵ د ایران پر پوله له یخنۍ ځینې افغانان مړه شوي تازه خبرونه واورئ ۱۳:۰۰ راتلونکې برخه واورئ , بل خبرهای نیمه روز , ۱۳:۰۰, ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۱۴،۳۰ موده تازه ترین اخبار از افغانستان، منطقه و جهان ۱۴:۳۰ ۰۹:۳۰ واورئ, غرمني خبرونه , ۰۹:۳۰, ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۱۴،۳۰ موده د افغانستان، سيمې او نړۍ وروستي خبرونه ۱۴:۳۰ ۱۵:۳۰ واورئ, خبر او نظر , ۱۵:۳۰, ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۲۹،۳۰ موده دا خپرونه له بي بي سي پښتو اورئ ۲۹:۳۰ ۱۵:۰۰ واورئ, دویمه سترګه , ۱۵:۰۰, ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۳۰،۰۰ موده ماښامنۍ خبري راډيويي خپرونه ۳۰:۰۰ راديويي څپې تازه خبرونه واورئ ۱۳:۰۰ راتلونکې برخه واورئ , بل خبرهای نیمه روز , ۱۳:۰۰, ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۱۴،۳۰ موده تازه ترین اخبار از افغانستان، منطقه و جهان ۱۴:۳۰ راتلونکې برخه واورئ , بل خبرهای نیمه روز , ۱۳:۰۰, ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۱۴،۳۰ موده تازه ترین اخبار از افغانستان، منطقه و جهان ۰۹:۳۰ واورئ, غرمني خبرونه , ۰۹:۳۰, ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۱۴،۳۰ موده د افغانستان، سيمې او نړۍ وروستي خبرونه ۱۴:۳۰ واورئ, غرمني خبرونه , ۰۹:۳۰, ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۱۴،۳۰ موده د افغانستان، سيمې او نړۍ وروستي خبرونه ۱۵:۳۰ واورئ, خبر او نظر , ۱۵:۳۰, ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۲۹،۳۰ موده دا خپرونه له بي بي سي پښتو اورئ ۲۹:۳۰ واورئ, خبر او نظر , ۱۵:۳۰, ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۲۹،۳۰ موده دا خپرونه له بي بي سي پښتو اورئ ۱۵:۰۰ واورئ, دویمه سترګه , ۱۵:۰۰, ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۳۰،۰۰ موده ماښامنۍ خبري راډيويي خپرونه ۳۰:۰۰ واورئ, دویمه سترګه , ۱۵:۰۰, ۱۵ جنوري ۲۰۲۶ , ۳۰،۰۰ موده ماښامنۍ خبري راډيويي خپرونه نړۍ دا وخت د بي بي سي پښتو ټلویزیوني خپرونه چې هره ورځ د افغانستان په شپږ بجو په ژوندۍ بڼه خپرېږي. تلویزیوني خپرونه نړۍ دا وخت د بي بي سي پښتو ټلویزیوني خپرونه چې هره ورځ د افغانستان په شپږ بجو په ژوندۍ بڼه خپرېږي. بيبيسي پښتو پر خواله رسنیو: فېسبوک اېکس یوټیوب اېنسټګرام بيبيسي پښتو پر خواله رسنیو: فېسبوک اېکس یوټیوب اېنسټګرام تر ټولو ډېر لوستل شوي ۱ ګرینلنډ ته د اروپایي ځواکونو د استولو پرېکړې ته د امریکا غبرګون ۲ د طالبانو حکومت مشرتابه کې اختلاف؛ بي بي سي د انټرنېټ پرې کېدو تر شا د نظرونو له ټکره پرده پورته کوي ۳ تیرا کې له پوځي عملیاتو مخکې څه روان دي؟ ۴ د وېنزویلا د نوبل سولې جایزې ګټونکې خپل مډال ټرمپ ته وړاندې کړی ۵ د بلوچستان په خاران کې د وسله والو برید، د پولیسو له توقیفه یې بندیان هم له ځان سره بیولي ۶ سپينه ماڼۍ وايي، ایران د ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې ۷ د رانجو حیرانوونکی تاریخ: یو دود چې زرګونه کلونه ساتل شوی ۸ د کافي یا چای څښاک زموږ د بدن پر تغذیه څه اغېز لري؟ د خپرېدو نیټه ۳ سپتمبر ۲۰۲۵ ۹ څنګه پوه شو چې یوه ویدیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې؟ ۱۰ په یوه زېږنتون کې په لور د زوی د بدلولو قضیه څنګه افشا شوه؟ تر ټولو ډېر لوستل شوي ۱ ګرینلنډ ته د اروپایي ځواکونو د استولو پرېکړې ته د امریکا غبرګون ۲ د طالبانو حکومت مشرتابه کې اختلاف؛ بي بي سي د انټرنېټ پرې کېدو تر شا د نظرونو له ټکره پرده پورته کوي ۳ تیرا کې له پوځي عملیاتو مخکې څه روان دي؟ ۴ د وېنزویلا د نوبل سولې جایزې ګټونکې خپل مډال ټرمپ ته وړاندې کړی ۵ د بلوچستان په خاران کې د وسله والو برید، د پولیسو له توقیفه یې بندیان هم له ځان سره بیولي ۶ سپينه ماڼۍ وايي، ایران د ۸۰۰ کسانو اعدام سزا درولې ۷ د رانجو حیرانوونکی تاریخ: یو دود چې زرګونه کلونه ساتل شوی ۸ د کافي یا چای څښاک زموږ د بدن پر تغذیه څه اغېز لري؟ د خپرېدو نیټه ۳ سپتمبر ۲۰۲۵ ۹ څنګه پوه شو چې یوه ویدیو په مصنوعي ځیرکتیا یا اې ای جوړه شوې؟ ۱۰ په یوه زېږنتون کې په لور د زوی د بدلولو قضیه څنګه افشا شوه؟ ولې تاسې پر بي بي سي خبرونو باور کولی شئ د کارولو شرايط د بي بي سي په اړه د محرميت تگلاره Cookies زموږ سره اړیکي نورې ژبې Do not share or sell my info © 2026 بي بي سي. بي بي سي د نورو ویبپاڼو د محتوا مسوله نه ده. د نورو ویبپاڼو لینکولو په اړه زموږ تګلاره.
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Seating 3 Image gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Choir (architecture) Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West-Vlams 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A choir , also sometimes called quire , [ 1 ] is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and church choir . It is in the western part of the chancel , between the nave and the sanctuary , which houses the altar and Church tabernacle . In larger medieval churches it contained choir-stalls , seating aligned with the side of the church, so at right-angles to the seating for the congregation in the nave. Smaller medieval churches may not have a choir in the architectural sense at all, and they are often lacking in churches built by all denominations after the Protestant Reformation , though the Gothic Revival revived them as a distinct feature. As an architectural term "choir" remains distinct from the actual location of any singing choir – these may be located in various places, and often sing from a choir-loft, often over the door at the liturgical western end. [ 2 ] In modern churches, the choir may be located centrally behind the altar, or the pulpit. [ 3 ] The place where the singers are based is sometimes called the ritual choir , as opposed to the architectural choir or constructional choir . [ 4 ] The back-choir or retroquire is a space behind the high altar in the choir of a church, in which there may be a small altar standing back to back with the other. [ 5 ] History In the Early Church , the sanctuary was connected directly to the nave. The choir was simply the east part of the nave, and was fenced off by a screen or low railing, called cancelli , which is where the English word chancel comes from. The development of the architectural feature known as the choir is the result of the liturgical development brought about by the end of persecutions under Constantine the Great and the rise of monasticism . The word "choir" is first used by members of the Latin Church . Isidore of Seville and Honorius of Autun write that the term is derived from the "corona", the circle of clergy or singers who surrounded the altar. When first introduced, the choir was attached to the bema , the elevated platform in the centre of the nave on which were placed seats for the clergy and a lectern for scripture readings. This arrangement can still be observed at the San Clemente al Laterano in Rome. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Over time, the bema (or presbytery ) and choir moved eastward to their current position. In some churches, such as Westminster Cathedral , the choir is arranged in the apse behind the altar . The architectural details of the choir developed in response to its function as the place where the Divine Office was chanted by the monastic brotherhood or the chapter of canons . The chancel was regarded as the clergy's part of the church, and any choirboys from a choir school counted as part of the clergy for this purpose. After the Reformation, when the number of clergy present even in large churches and cathedrals tended to reduce, and lay singing choirs became more frequent, there were often objections to placing them in the traditional choir stalls in the chancel. The pulpit and lectern are also usually found at the front of the choir, though both Catholic and Protestant churches have sometimes moved the pulpit to the nave for better audibility. The organ may be located here, or in a loft elsewhere in the church. Some cathedrals have a retro-choir behind the high altar, opening eastward towards the chapels ( chantries ) in the eastern extremity. After the Reformation Protestant churches generally moved the altar (now often called the communion table ) forward, typically to the front of the chancel, and often used lay choirs who were placed in a gallery at the west end. The choir and rear of deep chancels became little used in churches surviving from the Middle Ages, and new churches very often omitted one. With the emphasis on sermons, and their audibility, some churches simply converted their chancels to seat part of the congregation. In 19th-century England one of the battles of the Cambridge Camden Society , the architectural wing of the Anglo-Catholics in the Church of England , was to restore the chancel, including the choir, as a necessary part of a church. By pushing the altar back to its medieval position and having the choir used by a lay choir, they were largely successful in this, although the harder end of the High Church objected to allowing a large group of laity into the chancel. [ 8 ] Different approaches to worship in the 20th century again tended to push altars in larger churches forward, to be closer to the congregation, and the chancel again risks being a less used area of the church. Seating The choir area is occupied by sometimes finely carved and decorated wooden seats known as choir stalls , where clergy or other churchgoers sit, stand and kneel during services. The choir may be furnished either with long benches ( pews ) or individual choir stalls. There may be several rows of seating, typically running parallel to the longest walls of the church. The use of choir stalls (as opposed to benches) is more traditional in monasteries and collegiate churches . Monastic choir stalls are often fitted with seats that fold up when the monastics stand and fold down when they sit. Often the hinged seat will have a misericord (small wooden seat) on the underside on which a person can lean while standing during the long services. The upper part of the monk's stall is so shaped as to provide a headrest while sitting, and arm rests when standing. Monasteries, like most churches, will often have strict rules as to when monks should sit and when they must stand during services. Choir benches are more common in parish churches . Each bench may have padded kneelers attached to the back of it so that the person behind may kneel at the appropriate times during services. The front row will often have a long prie-dieu running in front of it for those seated there to place their books on; these may also be fitted with kneelers. In a cathedral, the bishop's throne or cathedra is usually located in this space. [ 9 ] Image gallery Choir stalls at Boston Stump , Lincolnshire . A seat has been lifted to reveal the misericord . Elaborately carved choir stalls at Buxheim Charterhouse in Bavaria , by Ignaz Waibl Eastern Orthodox choir stalls ( kathisma ) on the kliros (area for the choir) with analogia (lecterns) for liturgical books Statuette of a wet nurse forming part of a parclose screen in the Basilica of Saint Maternus , Walcourt , Belgium Choir bench made of limestone with still-visible traces of medieval paint, Burs Church , Gotland , Sweden Choir bench of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari , Venice Choir stalls at the Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) 17th-century choir stalls of the Pontigny Abbey , France Choir stalls in Auch Cathedral - Seen from the high altar towards the choir organ See also Architecture portal Christianity portal Cathedral architecture Cathedral floorplan Kathisma Kliros Matroneum References ^ OED , "Choir" ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Schloeder, Steven J. (1998). Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council Through Liturgy and Architecture . Ignatius Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780898706314 . In monasteries, when the choir of schola cantorum was composed of religious, it was usually within the cancelli in front of the sanctuary. The liturgical movement of the Baroque age removed it to a choir loft at the back of the church, thus enabling the sanctuary to be more integrated with the nave. ^ White, James F. (1 December 2007). Christian Worship in North America: A Retrospective, 1955–1995 . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 243. ISBN 9781556356513 . One of the two dominant types is the concert-stage arrangement with tiers of choir stalls behind a pulpit platform at the foot of which appears the altar-table. The other type is the so-called divided chancel with the choir stalls and altar-table within the chancel and the pulpit at one side of its entrance. In both cases the liturgical space allotted to the congregation tends to be similar: a long, rectangular nave. ^ "Ritual Choir from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia" . McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online . ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Back-Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. ^ " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. ^ White, James F., The Cambridge Movement: The Ecclesiologists and the Gothic Revival , 93–97, 1962 (2004 reprint), Wipf and Stock Publishers, ISBN 1592449379 , 9781592449378, google books ^ Gietmann, Gerhard (1912). "Stallsr" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Texts on Wikisource: " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. Choir and Retro-Choir at Southwark Cathedral Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Church architecture Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 20 December 2025, at 05:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 16 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 16 in recent years 2026 (Friday) 2025 (Thursday) 2024 (Tuesday) 2023 (Monday) 2022 (Sunday) 2021 (Saturday) 2020 (Thursday) 2019 (Wednesday) 2018 (Tuesday) 2017 (Monday) January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 349 days remain until the end of the year (350 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings . [ 1 ] 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate , marking the beginning of the Roman Empire . [ 2 ] 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal , enlarging the domain of King Spearthrower Owl of Teotihuacán . [ 3 ] 550 – Gothic War : The Ostrogoths , under King Totila , conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison. [ 4 ] 929 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba . [ 5 ] 1120 – Crusades : The Council of Nablus is held, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . [ 6 ] 1275 – Edward I permits his mother Eleanor of Provence to expel the Jews from the towns Worcester , Marlborough , Cambridge and Gloucester . [ 7 ] 1349 – Basel Massacre : Dozens to hundreds of Jews were burned to death by Christians after being accused of causing the Black Death . [ 8 ] 1362 – Saint Marcellus's flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea . [ 9 ] 1537 – Bigod's Rebellion , an armed insurrection attempting to resist the English Reformation , begins. [ 10 ] 1547 – Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia , replacing the 264-year-old Grand Duchy of Moscow with the Tsardom of Russia . [ 11 ] 1556 – Philip II becomes King of Spain. [ 12 ] 1572 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried and found guilty of treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. [ 13 ] 1601–1900 1605 – The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote ) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain . 1641 – Reapers' War : The Junta de Braços (parliamentary assembly) of the Principality of Catalonia accepts the proposal of establishment of the Catalan Republic , under French protection. [ 14 ] 1707 – The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union , paving the way for the creation of Great Britain . [ 15 ] 1716 – King Philip V of Spain promulgates the Nueva Planta decree of the Principality of Catalonia , abolishing the Catalan institutions and its legal system , being replaced by those of the Castile , thus putting an end to Catalonia as separate state and becoming a province of the new French-style Kingdom of Spain . [ 16 ] 1757 – Forces of the Maratha Empire are defeated by the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Narela . [ 17 ] 1780 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Cape St. Vincent . [ 18 ] 1786 – Virginia enacts the Statute for Religious Freedom authored by Thomas Jefferson . [ 19 ] 1809 – Peninsular War : The British defeat the French at the Battle of La Coruña . 1847 – Westward expansion of the United States : John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory. 1862 – Hartley Colliery disaster : Two hundred and four men and boys killed in a mining disaster, prompting a change in UK law which henceforth required all collieries to have at least two independent means of escape. [ 20 ] 1878 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) : Battle of Philippopolis : Captain Aleksandr Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule . 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States Civil Service , is enacted by Congress. [ 21 ] 1900 – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899 in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the Samoan islands . 1901–present 1909 – Ernest Shackleton 's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole . [ 22 ] 1913 – Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan writes his first letter to G. H. Hardy at Cambridge , stating without proof various formulae involving integrals , infinite series , and continued fractions , beginning a long correspondence between the two as well as widespread recognition of Ramanujan's results. [ 23 ] 1919 – Nebraska becomes the 36th state to approve the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . With the necessary three-quarters of the states approving the amendment, Prohibition is constitutionally mandated in the United States one year later. [ 24 ] 1920 – The League of Nations holds its first council meeting in Paris, France . 1921 – The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa . 1942 – The Holocaust : Nazi Germany begins deporting Jews from the Łódź Ghetto to Chełmno extermination camp . [ 25 ] 1942 – Crash of TWA Flight 3 , killing all 22 aboard, including film star Carole Lombard . [ 26 ] 1945 – World War II : Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker . 1959 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 205 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Astor Piazzolla International Airport in Mar del Plata , Argentina, killing 51. [ 27 ] 1969 – Czech student Jan Palach commits suicide by self-immolation in Prague, Czechoslovakia , in protest against the Soviets ' crushing of the Prague Spring the year before. [ 28 ] 1969 – Space Race : Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 perform the first-ever docking of crewed spacecraft in orbit , the first-ever transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another, and the only time such a transfer was accomplished with a space walk . 1979 – Iranian Revolution : The last Iranian Shah flees Iran with his family for good and relocates to Egypt . [ 29 ] 1983 – Turkish Airlines Flight 158 crashes at Ankara Esenboğa Airport in Ankara , Turkey, killing 47 and injuring 20. [ 30 ] 1991 – Coalition Forces go to war with Iraq , beginning the Gulf War . 1992 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City, Mexico ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives. 1995 – An avalanche hits the Icelandic village Súðavík , destroying 25 homes and burying 26 people, 14 of whom died. [ 31 ] 2001 – Second Congo War : Congolese President Laurent-Désiré Kabila is assassinated by one of his own bodyguards in Kinshasa. [ 32 ] 2001 – US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish–American War . 2002 – War in Afghanistan : The UN Security Council unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of Osama bin Laden , al-Qaeda , and the remaining members of the Taliban . 2003 – The Space Shuttle Columbia takes off for mission STS-107 which would be its final one. Columbia disintegrated 16 days later on re-entry . 2006 – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is sworn in as Liberia 's new president . She becomes Africa's first female elected head of state. [ 33 ] 2011 – Syrian civil war : The Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) is established with the stated goal of re-organizing Syria along the lines of democratic confederalism . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] 2012 – The Mali War begins when Tuareg militias start fighting the Malian government for independence. [ 36 ] 2016 – Thirty-three out of 126 freed hostages are injured and 23 killed in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso on a hotel and a nearby restaurant. 2017 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 crashes into a residential area near Manas International Airport in Kyrgyzstan, killing 39 people. [ 37 ] 2018 – Myanmar police open fire on a group of ethnic Rakhine protesters, killing seven and wounding twelve. [ 38 ] 2020 – The first impeachment of Donald Trump formally moves into its trial phase in the United States Senate . [ 39 ] 2020 – The United States Senate ratifies the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement as a replacement for NAFTA . [ 40 ] Births Pre-1600 972 – Sheng Zong , emperor of the Liao Dynasty (died 1031) 1093 – Isaac Komnenos , son of Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (died 1152) 1245 – Edmund Crouchback , English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (died 1296) [ 41 ] 1362 – Robert de Vere , duke of Ireland (died 1392) 1409 – René of Anjou , king of Naples (died 1480) 1477 – Johannes Schöner , German astronomer and cartographer (died 1547) 1501 – Anthony Denny , confidant of Henry VIII of England (died 1559) 1516 – Bayinnaung , king of Burma (died 1581) 1558 – Jakobea of Baden , Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (died 1597) 1601–1900 1616 – François de Vendôme , duke of Beaufort (died 1669) 1626 – Lucas Achtschellinck , Belgian painter and educator (died 1699) 1630 – Guru Har Rai , Sikh Guru (died 1661) 1634 – Dorothe Engelbretsdatter , Norwegian author and poet (died 1716) [ 42 ] 1653 – Johann Conrad Brunner , Swiss anatomist (died 1727) [ 43 ] 1675 – Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon , French soldier and diplomat (died 1755) 1691 – Peter Scheemakers , Belgian sculptor and educator (died 1781) 1728 – Niccolò Piccinni , Italian composer and educator (died 1800) 1749 – Vittorio Alfieri , Italian poet and playwright (died 1803) 1757 – Richard Goodwin Keats , English admiral and politician, third Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland (died 1834) 1807 – Charles Henry Davis , American admiral (died 1877) 1815 – Henry Halleck , American lawyer, general, and scholar (died 1872) 1821 – John C. Breckinridge , American general and politician, 14th Vice President of the United States (died 1875) 1834 – Robert R. Hitt , American lawyer and politician, 13th United States Assistant Secretary of State (died 1906) 1836 – Francis II of the Two Sicilies (died 1894) [ 44 ] 1838 – Franz Brentano , German philosopher and psychologist (died 1917) 1844 – Ismail Kemal , Albanian politician and statesman, first prime minister of Albania (died 1919) [ 45 ] 1851 – William Hall-Jones , English-New Zealand politician, 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1936) 1853 – Johnston Forbes-Robertson , English actor and manager (died 1937) 1853 – Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton , Greek-English general (died 1947) 1853 – André Michelin , French businessman, co-founded the Michelin Tyre Company (died 1931) 1870 – Jüri Jaakson , Estonian businessman and politician, State Elder of Estonia (died 1942) 1872 – Henri Büsser , French organist, composer, and conductor (died 1973) 1874 – Robert W. Service , English-Canadian poet and author (died 1958) [ 46 ] 1875 – Leonor Michaelis , German biochemist and physician (died 1949) 1876 – Claude Buckenham , English cricketer and footballer (died 1937) 1878 – Harry Carey , American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1947) 1880 – Samuel Jones , American high jumper (died 1954) 1882 – Margaret Wilson , American author (died 1973) 1885 – Zhou Zuoren , Chinese author and translator (died 1967) 1888 – Osip Brik , Russian avant garde writer and literary critic (died 1945) 1892 – Homer Burton Adkins , American chemist (died 1949) 1893 – Daisy Kennedy , Australian-English violinist (died 1981) 1894 – Irving Mills , American publisher (died 1985) 1895 – Evripidis Bakirtzis , Greek soldier and politician (died 1947) 1895 – T. M. Sabaratnam , Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (died 1966) 1895 – Nat Schachner , American lawyer, chemist, and author (died 1955) 1897 – Carlos Pellicer , Mexican poet and academic (died 1977) 1898 – Margaret Booth , American producer and editor (died 2002) 1898 – Irving Rapper , American film director and producer (died 1999) 1900 – Kiku Amino , Japanese author and translator (died 1978) [ 47 ] 1900 – Edith Frank , German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (died 1945) [ 48 ] 1901–present 1901 – Fulgencio Batista , Cuban colonel and politician, ninth President of Cuba (died 1973) [ 49 ] 1901 – Frank Zamboni , American businessman and inventor (died 1988) [ 50 ] 1902 – Eric Liddell , Scottish runner, rugby player, and missionary (died 1945) [ 51 ] 1903 – William Grover-Williams , English-French racing driver (died 1945) [ 52 ] 1905 – Ernesto Halffter , Spanish composer and conductor (died 1989) 1906 – Johannes Brenner , Estonian footballer and pilot (died 1975) 1906 – Diana Wynyard , English actress (died 1964) 1907 – Alexander Knox , Canadian-English actor and screenwriter (died 1995) [ 53 ] 1907 – Paul Nitze , American banker and politician, tenth United States Secretary of the Navy (died 2004) 1908 – Sammy Crooks , English footballer (died 1981) 1908 – Ethel Merman , American actress and singer (died 1984) 1908 – Günther Prien , German captain (died 1941) 1909 – Clement Greenberg , American art critic (died 1994) 1910 – Dizzy Dean , American baseball player and sportscaster (died 1974) 1911 – Ivan Barrow , Jamaican cricketer (died 1979) 1911 – Eduardo Frei Montalva , Chilean lawyer and politician, 28th President of Chile (died 1982) 1911 – Roger Lapébie , French cyclist (died 1996) 1914 – Roger Wagner , French-American conductor and educator (died 1992) 1915 – Leslie H. Martinson , American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2016) 1916 – Philip Lucock , English-Australian minister and politician (died 1996) 1917 – Carl Karcher , American businessman, founded Carl's Jr. (died 2008) 1918 – Nel Benschop , Dutch poet and educator (died 2005) 1918 – Allan Ekelund , Swedish director, producer, and production manager (died 2009) 1918 – Clem Jones , Australian surveyor and politician, eighth Lord Mayor of Brisbane (died 2007) 1918 – Stirling Silliphant , American screenwriter and producer (died 1996) [ 54 ] 1919 – Jerome Horwitz , American chemist and academic (died 2012) 1920 – Elliott Reid , American actor and screenwriter (died 2013) 1921 – Francesco Scavullo , American photographer (died 2004) 1923 – Gene Feist , American director and playwright, co-founded the Roundabout Theatre Company (died 2014) 1923 – Anthony Hecht , American poet (died 2004) 1924 – Katy Jurado , Mexican actress (died 2002) 1924 – Allen Swift , American actor, writer, playwright, and magician (died 2010) [ 55 ] 1925 – Peter Hirsch , German-English metallurgist and academic (died 2025) [ 56 ] 1925 – James Robinson Risner , American general and pilot (died 2013) 1928 – William Kennedy , American novelist and journalist 1928 – Pilar Lorengar , Spanish soprano and actress (died 1996) 1929 – Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah , Sri Lankan anthropologist and academic (died 2014) 1930 – Mary Ann McMorrow , American lawyer and judge (died 2013) 1930 – Norman Podhoretz , American journalist and author (died 2025) 1930 – Paula Tilbrook , English actress (died 2019) [ 57 ] 1931 – John Enderby , English physicist and academic (died 2021) 1931 – Robert L. Park , American physicist and academic (died 2020) 1931 – Johannes Rau , German journalist and politician, eighth Federal President of Germany (died 2006) 1932 – Victor Ciocâltea , Romanian chess player (died 1983) 1932 – Dian Fossey , American zoologist and anthropologist (died 1985) [ 50 ] 1933 – Susan Sontag , American novelist, essayist, and critic (died 2004) [ 50 ] 1934 – Bob Bogle , American rock guitarist and bass player (died 2009) 1934 – Marilyn Horne , American soprano and actress [ 58 ] 1935 – A. J. Foyt , American race car driver [ 50 ] 1935 – Udo Lattek , German footballer, manager, and sportscaster (died 2015) 1936 – Michael White , Scottish actor and producer (died 2016) 1937 – Luiz Bueno , Brazilian racing driver (died 2011) 1937 – Francis George , American cardinal (died 2015) 1938 – Marina Vaizey , American journalist and critic 1939 – Ralph Gibson , American photographer 1941 – Claire Gordon , English actress and comedian (died 2015) [ 59 ] 1941 – Christine Truman , English tennis player and sportscaster 1942 – René Angélil , Canadian singer and manager (died 2016) [ 50 ] 1942 – Barbara Lynn , American singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 58 ] 1943 – Michael Attwell , English actor (died 2006) [ 60 ] 1943 – Gavin Bryars , English bassist and composer 1943 – Brian Ferneyhough , British composer [ 61 ] 1943 – Ronnie Milsap , American singer and pianist [ 58 ] 1944 – Dieter Moebius , Swiss-German keyboard player and producer (died 2015) 1944 – Jim Stafford , American singer-songwriter and actor [ 58 ] 1944 – Jill Tarter , American astronomer and biologist 1944 – Judy Baar Topinka , American journalist and politician (died 2014) 1945 – Wim Suurbier , Dutch footballer and manager (died 2020) 1946 – Kabir Bedi , Indian actor 1946 – Katia Ricciarelli , Italian soprano and actress 1947 – Elaine Murphy, Baroness Murphy , English academic and politician 1947 – Harvey Proctor , English politician 1947 – Laura Schlessinger , American physiologist, talk show host, and author [ 58 ] 1948 – John Carpenter , American director, producer, screenwriter, and composer [ 58 ] 1948 – Ants Laaneots , Estonian general 1948 – Ruth Reichl , American journalist and critic 1948 – Cliff Thorburn , Canadian snooker player 1949 – Anne F. Beiler , American businesswoman, founded Auntie Anne's 1949 – R. F. Foster , Irish historian and academic 1949 – Andrew Refshauge , Australian physician and politician, 13th Deputy Premier of New South Wales 1950 – Debbie Allen , American actress, dancer, and choreographer [ 58 ] 1950 – Robert Schimmel , American comedian, actor, and producer (died 2010) 1952 – Fuad II , King of Egypt [ 62 ] 1952 – Piercarlo Ghinzani , Italian racing driver and manager 1953 – Robert Jay Mathews , American militant, founded The Order (died 1984) 1954 – Robin Davies , Welsh actor (died 2010) [ 63 ] 1954 – Wolfgang Schmidt , German discus thrower 1954 – Vasili Zhupikov , Russian footballer and coach (died 2015) 1955 – Jerry M. Linenger , American captain, physician, and astronaut 1956 – Wayne Daniel , Barbadian cricketer 1956 – Gerald Henderson , American basketball player [ 64 ] 1956 – Martin Jol , Dutch footballer and manager [ 65 ] 1956 – Greedy Smith , Australian singer-songwriter and keyboardist (died 2019) 1957 – Jurijs Andrejevs , Latvian footballer and manager 1957 – Ricardo Darín , Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter 1958 – Anatoli Boukreev , Russian mountaineer and explorer (died 1997) 1958 – Lena Ek , Swedish lawyer and politician, ninth Swedish Minister for the Environment 1958 – Andris Šķēle , Latvian businessman and politician, fourth Prime Minister of Latvia 1959 – Lisa Milroy , Canadian painter and educator 1959 – Sade , Nigerian-English singer-songwriter and producer [ 58 ] 1961 – Kenneth Sivertsen , Norwegian guitarist and composer (died 2006) 1962 – Joel Fitzgibbon , Australian electrician and politician, 51st Australian Minister of Defence 1962 – Maxine Jones , American R&B singer–songwriter and actress 1963 – James May , English journalist and television presenter [ 66 ] 1964 – Gail Graham , Canadian golfer 1966 – Jack McDowell , American baseball player 1968 – David Chokachi , American actor [ 58 ] 1968 – Rebecca Stead , American author 1969 – Marinus Bester , German footballer 1969 – Stevie Jackson , Scottish guitarist and songwriter 1969 – Roy Jones Jr. , American boxer 1970 – Don MacLean , American basketball player and sportscaster [ 67 ] 1971 – Sergi Bruguera , Spanish tennis player and coach 1971 – Josh Evans , American film producer, screenwriter and actor 1971 – Jonathan Mangum , American actor [ 58 ] 1972 – Ruben Bagger , Danish footballer 1972 – Ang Christou , Australian footballer 1972 – Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov , Russian footballer and manager 1972 – Ezra Hendrickson , Vincentian footballer and manager 1972 – Joe Horn , American football player and coach 1972 – Richard T. Jones , American actor [ 58 ] 1973 – Josie Davis , American actress [ 58 ] 1974 – Kate Moss , English model and fashion designer [ 58 ] 1975 – Marc Jackson , American basketball player and sportscaster [ 68 ] 1976 – Viktor Maslov , Russian racing driver 1976 – Martina Moravcová , Slovak swimmer 1977 – Jeff Foster , American basketball player 1978 – Alfredo Amézaga , Mexican baseball player 1979 – Aaliyah , American singer and actress (died 2001) [ 50 ] 1979 – Brenden Morrow , Canadian ice hockey player 1979 – Jason Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 – Lin-Manuel Miranda , American actor, playwright, and composer [ 58 ] 1980 – Albert Pujols , Dominican-American baseball player [ 50 ] 1980 – Seydou Keita , Malian footballer [ 69 ] 1981 – Jamie Lundmark , Canadian ice hockey player 1981 – Paul Rofe , Australian cricketer 1981 – Nick Valensi , American musician and songwriter [ 58 ] 1981 – Bobby Zamora , English footballer [ 70 ] 1982 – Preston , English singer-songwriter 1982 – Birgitte Hjort Sørensen , Danish actress [ 50 ] 1982 – Tuncay , Turkish footballer 1983 – Emanuel Pogatetz , Austrian footballer 1983 – Andriy Rusol , Ukrainian footballer 1984 – Stephan Lichtsteiner , Swiss footballer 1984 – Miroslav Radović , Serbian footballer 1985 – Joe Flacco , American football player [ 71 ] 1985 – Jayde Herrick , Australian cricketer 1985 – Gintaras Januševičius , Russian-Lithuanian pianist 1985 – Sidharth Malhotra , Indian actor 1985 – Jonathan Richter , Danish-Gambian footballer [ 72 ] 1985 – Simon Richter , Danish-Gambian footballer [ 73 ] 1985 – Renée Felice Smith , American actress [ 58 ] 1986 – Johannes Rahn , German footballer 1986 – Mark Trumbo , American baseball player 1986 – Reto Ziegler , Swiss footballer [ 74 ] 1987 – Jake Epstein , Canadian actor 1987 – Charlotte Henshaw , English swimmer 1987 – Greivis Vásquez , Venezuelan basketball player [ 75 ] 1988 – Nicklas Bendtner , Danish footballer 1988 – Jorge Torres Nilo , Mexican footballer 1988 – FKA Twigs , English singer-songwriter and actress [ 50 ] 1990 – Dennis Kelly , American football player [ 76 ] 1991 – Matt Duchene , Canadian ice hockey player 1992 – Jason Zucker , American ice hockey player [ 77 ] 1993 – Hannes Anier , Estonian footballer 1993 – Amandine Hesse , French tennis player 1993 – Sungjin , South Korean musician [ 78 ] 1994 – Mikko Lehtonen , Finnish ice hockey player [ 79 ] 1995 – Jonathan Allen , American football player [ 80 ] 1995 – Mikaela Turik , Australian-Canadian cricketer 1995 – Tre'Davious White , American football player [ 81 ] 1996 – Jennie , South Korean singer [ 50 ] 1996 – Zhou Qi , Chinese basketball player [ 82 ] 1998 – Boo Seung-kwan , South Korean singer [ 83 ] 2000 – Andrew Nembhard , Canadian basketball player [ 84 ] Deaths Pre-1600 654 – Gao Jifu , Chinese politician and chancellor (born 596) 957 – Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i , Tulunid vizier (born 871) 970 – Polyeuctus of Constantinople , Byzantine patriarch (born 956) 1263 – Shinran Shonin , Japanese founder of the Jodo Shinshu branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1173) 1289 – Buqa , Mongol minister 1327 – Nikephoros Choumnos , Byzantine monk, scholar, and politician (born 1250) 1354 – Joanna of Châtillon , duchess of Athens (born c.1285) 1373 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (born 1342) 1391 – Muhammed V of Granada , Nasrid emir (born 1338) 1400 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter , English politician, Lord Great Chamberlain (born 1352) 1443 – Erasmo of Narni , Italian mercenary (born 1370) 1545 – George Spalatin , German priest and reformer (born 1484) 1547 – Johannes Schöner , German astronomer and cartographer (born 1477) 1554 – Christiern Pedersen , Danish publisher and scholar (born 1480) 1585 – Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln , English admiral and politician (born 1512) 1595 – Murad III , Ottoman sultan (born 1546) 1601–1900 1635 – Mariana de Jesús Torres , Spanish nun and mystic (born 1563) [ 85 ] 1659 – Charles Annibal Fabrot , French lawyer (born 1580) 1710 – Higashiyama , Japanese emperor (born 1675) 1711 – Joseph Vaz , Indian-Sri Lankan priest and saint (born 1651) 1747 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes , German poet and playwright (born 1680) 1748 – Arnold Drakenborch , Dutch lawyer and scholar (born 1684) 1750 – Ivan Trubetskoy , Russian field marshal and politician (born 1667) 1752 – Francis Blomefield , English historian and author (born 1705) 1794 – Edward Gibbon , English historian and politician (born 1737) 1809 – John Moore , Scottish general and politician (born 1761) 1817 – Alexander J. Dallas , Jamaican-American lawyer and politician, sixth United States Secretary of the Treasury (born 1759) 1834 – Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette , French mathematician and academic (born 1769) 1856 – Thaddeus William Harris , American entomologist and botanist (born 1795) 1864 – Anton Schindler , Austrian secretary and author (born 1795) 1865 – Edmond François Valentin About , French journalist and author (born 1828) 1879 – Octave Crémazie , Canadian-French poet and bookseller (born 1827) 1886 – Amilcare Ponchielli , Italian composer and academic (born 1834) 1891 – Léo Delibes , French pianist and composer (born 1836) 1898 – Charles Pelham Villiers , English lawyer and politician (born 1802) 1901–present 1901 – Jules Barbier , French poet and playwright (born 1825) 1901 – Arnold Böcklin , Swiss painter and academic (born 1827) 1901 – Hiram Rhodes Revels , American soldier, minister, and politician (born 1822) 1901 – Mahadev Govind Ranade , Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author (born 1842) [ 86 ] 1906 – Marshall Field , American businessman and philanthropist, founded Marshall Field's (born 1834) 1917 – George Dewey , American admiral (born 1837) 1919 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves , Brazilian lawyer and politician, fifth President of Brazil (born 1848) 1933 – Bekir Sami Kunduh , Turkish politician (born 1867) 1936 – Albert Fish , American serial killer, rapist and cannibal (born 1870) 1938 – Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Indian author and playwright (born 1876) 1942 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (born 1850) 1942 – Villem Grünthal-Ridala , Estonian poet and linguist (born 1885) 1942 – Carole Lombard , American actress and comedian (born 1908) 1942 – Ernst Scheller , German lawyer and politician, Mayor of Marburg (born 1899) 1957 – Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone , English general and politician, 16th Governor General of Canada (born 1874) 1957 – Arturo Toscanini , Italian cellist and conductor (born 1867) 1959 – Phan Khôi , Vietnamese journalist and author (born 1887) 1961 – Max Schöne , German swimmer (born 1880) 1962 – Frank Hurley , Australian photographer, director, producer, and cinematographer (born 1885) 1962 – Ivan Meštrović , Croatian sculptor and architect, designed the Monument to the Unknown Hero (born 1883) 1967 – Robert J. Van de Graaff , American physicist and academic (born 1901) 1968 – Bob Jones Sr. , American evangelist, founded Bob Jones University (born 1883) 1968 – Panagiotis Poulitsas , Greek archaeologist and judge (born 1881) 1969 – Vernon Duke , Russian-American composer and songwriter (born 1903) 1971 – Philippe Thys , Belgian cyclist (born 1890) 1972 – Teller Ammons , American soldier and politician, 28th Governor of Colorado (born 1895) 1972 – Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. , American singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor, created Alvin and the Chipmunks (born 1919) 1973 – Edgar Sampson , American musician and composer (born 1907) 1975 – Israel Abramofsky , Russian-American painter (born 1888) 1978 – A. V. Kulasingham , Sri Lankan journalist, lawyer, and politician (born 1890) 1981 – Bernard Lee , English actor (born 1908) [ 87 ] 1983 – Virginia Mauret , American musician and dancer 1986 – Herbert W. Armstrong , American evangelist, author, and publisher (born 1892) 1987 – Bertram Wainer , Australian physician and activist (born 1928) 1988 – Andrija Artuković , Croatian politician, war criminal, and Porajmos perpetrator , first Minister of Interior of the Independent State of Croatia (born 1899) 1990 – Lady Eve Balfour , British farmer, educator, and founding figure in the organic movement (born 1898) [ 88 ] 1995 – Eric Mottram , English poet and critic (born 1924) 1996 – Marcia Davenport , American author and critic (born 1903) 1996 – Kaye Webb , English journalist and publisher (born 1914) 1999 – Jim McClelland , Australian lawyer, jurist, and politician, 12th Minister for Industry and Science (born 1915) 2000 – Robert R. Wilson , American physicist and academic (born 1914) 2001 – Auberon Waugh , English author and journalist (born 1939) 2002 – Robert Hanbury Brown , English astronomer and physicist (born 1916) 2003 – Richard Wainwright , English politician (born 1918) 2004 – Kalevi Sorsa , Finnish politician 34th Prime Minister of Finland (born 1930) 2005 – Marjorie Williams , American journalist and author (born 1958) 2006 – Stanley Biber , American soldier and physician (born 1923) 2009 – Joe Erskine , American boxer and runner (born 1930) 2009 – John Mortimer , English lawyer and author (born 1923) [ 89 ] 2009 – Andrew Wyeth , American painter (born 1917) [ 90 ] 2010 – Glen Bell , American businessman, founded Taco Bell (born 1923) 2010 – Takumi Shibano , Japanese author and translator (born 1926) 2012 – Joe Bygraves , Jamaican-English boxer (born 1931) 2012 – Jimmy Castor , American singer-songwriter and saxophonist (born 1940) 2012 – Sigursteinn Gíslason , Icelandic footballer and manager (born 1968) 2012 – Lorna Kesterson , American journalist and politician (born 1925) 2012 – Gustav Leonhardt , Dutch pianist, conductor, and musicologist (born 1928) 2013 – Wayne D. Anderson , American baseball player and coach (born 1930) 2013 – André Cassagnes , French technician and toy maker, created the Etch A Sketch (born 1926) 2013 – Gussie Moran , American tennis player and sportscaster (born 1923) 2013 – Pauline Phillips , American journalist and radio host, created Dear Abby (born 1918) 2013 – Glen P. Robinson , American businessman, founded Scientific Atlanta (born 1923) 2014 – Gary Arlington , American author and illustrator (born 1938) 2014 – Ruth Duccini , American actress (born 1918) 2014 – Dave Madden , Canadian-American actor (born 1931) 2014 – Hiroo Onoda , Japanese lieutenant (born 1922) 2015 – Miriam Akavia , Polish-Israeli author and translator (born 1927) 2015 – Yao Beina , Chinese singer (born 1981) 2016 – Joannis Avramidis , Greek sculptor (born 1922) 2016 – Ted Marchibroda , American football player and coach (born 1931) 2017 – Eugene Cernan , American captain, pilot, and astronaut (born 1934) 2018 – Ed Doolan , British radio presenter (born 1941) [ 91 ] 2018 – Oliver Ivanović , Kosovo Serb politician (born 1953) [ 92 ] 2019 – John C. Bogle , American businessman, investor, and philanthropist (born 1929) [ 93 ] 2019 – Lorna Doom , American musician (born 1958) [ 94 ] 2019 – Chris Wilson , Australian musician (born 1956) [ 95 ] 2020 – Christopher Tolkien , British academic and editor (born 1924) [ 96 ] 2021 – Pedro Trebbau , German-born Venezuelan zoologist (born 1929) [ 97 ] 2021 – Chris Cramer , British journalist (born 1948) [ 98 ] 2021 – Phil Spector , American record producer, songwriter (born 1939) [ 99 ] 2022 – Ibrahim Boubacar Keita , Former Malian President (born 1945) [ 100 ] 2025 – Dame Joan Plowright , English actress (born 1929) [ 101 ] 2025 – Bob Uecker , American professional baseball catcher and sportscaster (born 1934) [ 102 ] Holidays and observances Christian feast day : Pope Benjamin ( Coptic ) Berard of Carbio Blaise ( Armenian Apostolic ) Fursey Joseph Vaz Honoratus of Arles Pope Marcellus I Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ( Coptic Church ) Titian of Oderzo Eve of Saint Anthony observed with ritual bonfires in San Bartolomé de Pinares January 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Pope Benjamin ( Coptic ) Berard of Carbio Blaise ( Armenian Apostolic ) Fursey Joseph Vaz Honoratus of Arles Pope Marcellus I Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ( Coptic Church ) Titian of Oderzo Eve of Saint Anthony observed with ritual bonfires in San Bartolomé de Pinares January 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) National Religious Freedom Day (United States) Teachers' Day in Thailand and Myanmar References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Jone Johnson Lewis (2006). 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Japanese women novelists in the 20th century : 104 biographies, 1900-1993 . Edelstein, Marlene R. [Copenhagen]: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 73– 76. ISBN 9788772892689 . OCLC 32348453 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Edith Frank" . annefrank.org . Archived from the original on 8 July 2019 . Retrieved January 16, 2024 . ^ Anne Commire (1994). Historic World Leaders: North & South America (A-L) . Gale Research Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8103-8412-5 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Famous birthdays for Jan. 16: FKA Twigs, Debbie Allen" . UPI . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ Catherine M. Swift (1986). Eric Liddell: God's athlete . Marshall Pickering. ISBN 978-0-551-01354-4 . ^ Robert Dick (4 May 2013). Auto Racing Comes of Age: A Transatlantic View of the Cars, Drivers and Speedways, 1900-1925 . McFarland. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7864-8811-7 . ^ Henryk Hoffmann (2000). "A" Western Filmmakers: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers, Directors, Cinematographers, Composers, Actors and Actresses . McFarland. p. 515. ISBN 978-0-7864-0696-8 . ^ Edmond Grant (1997). The Motion Picture Guide, 1997 Annual: The Films of 1996 . CineBooks. ISBN 978-0-933997-39-4 . ^ Grimes, William (April 27, 2010). "Allen Swift, Voice Actor for Radio and TV, Dies at 86" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16, 2024 . ^ "Hall remembers Sir Peter Hirsch FRS" . St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford . 15 September 2025 . Retrieved 15 September 2025 . ^ "Obituary: Paula Tilbrook" . The Stage . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved 15 July 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rose, Mike (16 January 2023). "Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss" . The Plain Dealer . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Claire Gordon, actress - obituary" . The Telegraph . 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Hayward, Anthony (25 March 2006). "Michael Attwell, Actor and political cartoonist" . The Independent . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Brian Ferneyhough" . The Living Composers Project . Retrieved 15 January 2023 . ^ Political Handbook and Atlas of the World . Harvard University Press and Yale University Press. 1953. p. 61. ^ Hayward, Anthony (10 May 2010). "Robin Davies: Actor who found fame alongside Wendy Craig and Catweazle" . The Independent . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Gerald Henderson" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Jol: Maarten Cornelis Jol: Manager" . BDFutbol . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . ^ "My Secret Life: James May, TV presenter, age 45" . The Independent . 27 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ "Don MacLean" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Marc Jackson" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Seydou Keita" . 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National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ 승관 :: 네이버 인물검색 [Seungkwan :: Naver People Search]. Naver People Search . Archived from the original on June 7, 2021 . Retrieved June 7, 2021 . ^ "Andrew Nembhard" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ Cadena y Almeida, Luis (1990). "I am Mary of Good Success". A Spanish mystic in Quito : Sor Mariana de Jesús Torres (1st ed.). New York: Foundation for a Christian Civilization, Inc. p. 67. ISBN 9781877905186 . ^ Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Ranade, Mahadeo Govind" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 884. ^ Lloyd, Ann; Fuller, Graham; Desser, Arnold (1983). The Illustrated who's who of the cinema . London: Orbis Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85613-521-7 . ^ Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1 . ^ Smith, Benedict (16 January 2009). "Sir John Mortimer (Obituary)" . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. ^ Michael McNay (19 January 2009). "Andrew Wyeth" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . ^ "BBC WM presenter Ed Doolan dies aged 76 after dementia battle" . BBC News . 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ "Serb politician Oliver Ivanovic gunned down in Kosovo" . dw.com . Deutsche Wellle. 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Wyatt, Edward (January 16, 2019). "John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2022-01-03 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 . ^ Legaspi, Althea (January 17, 2019). "Germs Bassist Lorna Doom Dead at 60" . Rolling Stone . ^ Carmody, Broede (January 17, 2019). " 'Magnificent Australian': Chris Wilson dies after cancer diagnosis" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ Garth, John (20 January 2020). "Christopher Tolkien obituary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 January 2020 . ^ "Falleció Pedro Trebbau, reconocido zoólogo venezolano de origen alemán" . El Nacional (in Spanish). 16 January 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2021 . ^ Michael Holmes (17 January 2021). "Chris Cramer, veteran journalist and former CNN executive, dies aged 73" . CNN . Retrieved 2021-01-21 . ^ "Notable deaths in 2021" . www.reuters.com . Retrieved 2021-02-27 . ^ Stephanie Busari and Eleanor Pickston (16 January 2022). "Former Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita dies at 76" . CNN . Retrieved 2022-01-18 . ^ Youngs, Ian (17 January 2025). "Acting legend Dame Joan Plowright dies at 95" . BBC News . BBC. ^ Sandomir, Richard (2025-01-16). "Bob Uecker, Clubhouse Wit-Turned-Popular Sportscaster, Dies at 90" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2025-05-03 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 16 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:04 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 National Allied Publications 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.2 National Periodical Publications 1.3 Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.4 DC Comics 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.5 Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) 1.6 DC Entertainment 1.7 WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) 1.1 National Allied Publications 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.2 National Periodical Publications 1.3 Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.4 DC Comics 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.5 Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) 1.6 DC Entertainment 1.7 WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) 2 Logo Toggle Logo subsection 2.1 Gallery 2.1 Gallery 3 Imprints Toggle Imprints subsection 3.1 Active 3.2 Defunct 3.1 Active 3.2 Defunct 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Sources 8 External links DC Comics Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikivoyage Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Logo used since 2024 [ a ] Parent company .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Independent (1935–1967) Kinney Services (1967–1972) Warner Communications (1972–1990) WarnerMedia (1990–2022) Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) Independent (1935–1967) Kinney Services (1967–1972) Warner Communications (1972–1990) WarnerMedia (1990–2022) Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) Status Active Founded 1935 ; 91 years ago ( 1935 ) (as National Allied Publications ) 1937 ; 89 years ago ( 1937 ) (as Detective Comics ) 1939 ; 87 years ago ( 1939 ) (as All-American Publications ) 1946 ; 80 years ago ( 1946 ) (as National Comics Publications ) 1961 ; 65 years ago ( 1961 ) (as National Periodical Publications ) 1977 ; 49 years ago ( 1977 ) (as DC Comics) 1935 ; 91 years ago ( 1935 ) (as National Allied Publications ) 1937 ; 89 years ago ( 1937 ) (as Detective Comics ) 1939 ; 87 years ago ( 1939 ) (as All-American Publications ) 1946 ; 80 years ago ( 1946 ) (as National Comics Publications ) 1961 ; 65 years ago ( 1961 ) (as National Periodical Publications ) 1977 ; 49 years ago ( 1977 ) (as DC Comics) Founder Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Harry Donenfeld Jack Liebowitz Max Gaines Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Harry Donenfeld Jack Liebowitz Max Gaines Country of origin United States Headquarters location 4000 Warner Boulevard , Burbank, California Distribution Lunar Distribution ( direct market ) [ 1 ] Penguin Random House Publisher Services (bookstores) Lunar Distribution ( direct market ) [ 1 ] Penguin Random House Publisher Services (bookstores) Key people Jim Lee (President, Publisher, CCO ) Anne DePies (SVP, General Manager) Marie Javins ( EIC ) Jim Lee (President, Publisher, CCO ) Anne DePies (SVP, General Manager) Marie Javins ( EIC ) Publication types List of publications Fiction genres Superhero Fantasy Science fiction Action Adventure Superhero Fantasy Science fiction Action Adventure Imprints List of imprints No. of employees approx. 230 [ 2 ] Official website dc .com DC Comics (originally DC Comics, Inc. , [ 3 ] and also known simply as DC ) is an American comic book publisher owned by Warner Bros. Discovery . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] DC is an initialism for Detective Comics , a comic book series first published in 1937. [ 6 ] DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies, the first comic under the DC banner being published in 1937. [ 7 ] The majority of its published stories are set in the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , such as Superman , [ 8 ] Batman , [ 9 ] Wonder Woman , [ 10 ] and the Flash [ 11 ] ; as well as famous fictional teams, including the Justice League , [ 12 ] the Teen Titans , [ 13 ] the Suicide Squad , [ 14 ] and the Legion of Super-Heroes . [ 15 ] The universe contains an assortment of well-known supervillains , such as Lex Luthor , [ 16 ] the Joker , [ 17 ] Darkseid , [ 18 ] and the antiheroic Catwoman . [ 19 ] The company has published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables , and many other titles, under the alternative imprint Vertigo and DC Black Label . Originally at 432 Fourth Avenue in Manhattan , New York City, the company offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue , 909 Third Avenue , 75 Rockefeller Plaza , 666 Fifth Avenue , and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC Comics was located at 1700 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan until April 2015, when DC Entertainment transferred its headquarters to Burbank, California . [ 20 ] In 2017, approximately 70% of the American comic book market was shared by DC Comics and its long-time major competitor Marvel Comics , [ 21 ] though this figure may be distorted by the fact that sales of graphic novels are excluded. When all book sales are included, DC is the second largest publisher of comic books, after Viz Media , and Marvel is third. [ 22 ] History National Allied Publications Golden Age In 1935, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications , intended as an American comic book publishing company. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Its debut publication was the tabloid -sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (the first of a comic series later called More Fun Comics ) with a February 1935 cover date . An anthology title, essentially for original stories not reprinted from newspaper strips , it was unlike many comic book series before it. [ 23 ] [ 27 ] While DC Comics is now primarily associated with superhero comics , the genres in the first anthology titles consisted of funnies , Western comics , and adventure-related stories. The character Doctor Occult —created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in December 1935 and included in issue No. 6 of New Fun Comics —is considered to be the earliest recurring superhero created by DC that is still being used. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] The company created a second recurring title called New Comics , first released in December 1935, which was the start of the long-running Adventure Comics series that also featured many anthology titles. [ 30 ] By 1936, the group had become Nicholson Publishing. [ 31 ] Wheeler-Nicholson's next and final title, Detective Comics , was advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936 but eventually premiered three months late with a March 1937 cover date. The themed anthology that revolved originally around fictional detective stories became in modern times the longest-running ongoing comic series. A notable debut in the first issue was Slam Bradley , created in a collaboration between Wheeler-Nicholson, Siegel and Shuster. [ 29 ] In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld —who also published pulp magazines and operated as a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News —Wheeler-Nicholson had to enter into partnership with Donenfeld to publish Detective Comics No. 1, and Detective Comics, Inc. (which helped inspire the abbreviation DC) was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Donenfeld's accountant Jack S. Liebowitz listed as owners. As the company continued to experience cash-flow problems, Wheeler-Nicholson was forced out after the first year. Shortly afterwards, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied (also known as Nicholson Publishing) at a bankruptcy auction and absorbed it. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Meanwhile, Max Gaines formed the sister company All-American Publications in 1939. [ 34 ] Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a new anthology title called Action Comics ; the first issue , cover dated June 1938, featured new characters such as Superman by Siegel and Shuster, Zatara by Fred Guardineer , and Tex Thompson by Ken Finch and Bernard Baily . Considered as the first comic book to feature the character archetype later known as the "superhero", Action Comics was a sales hit that brought to life a new age of comic books, now affectionately termed the "Golden Age" . Action Comics #1 is credited as featuring the first appearance of Superman, both on the cover illustration and inside the issue, and is now one of the most valuable and sought-after comic book issues of all time. [ 35 ] The first Superman tale included a superhero origin story with the reveal of an unnamed planet, later known as Krypton , where he is said to have originated . The issue also contained the first essential supporting character and one of the earliest female characters in any comic, with Lois Lane as Superman's first depicted romantic interest . [ 36 ] The Green Hornet -inspired character known as the Crimson Avenger by Jim Chamber was featured in Detective Comics No. 20 (October 1938). This character is known to be the first masked vigilante published by DC. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] An unnamed "office boy", retconned as Jimmy Olsen 's first appearance, was revealed in a Superman story by Siegel and Shuster in Action Comics No. 6 (November 1938). [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Starting in 1939, Siegel and Shuster's Superman was the first comic-derived character to appear in other formats, later featuring in his own newspaper comic strip , which first introduced his biological parents Jor-El and Lara . [ 41 ] All-American Publications' debut comic series, All-American Comics , was first published in April 1939. [ 36 ] The series Detective Comics made history as being the first to feature Batman —a Bob Kane and Bill Finger creation—in issue No.27 (March 1939) with the request of more superhero titles. Batman was depicted as a masked vigilante who wore a caped suit known as the Batsuit and drove a car that was later referred to as the Batmobile . The Batman story also included a supporting character called James Gordon , the police commissioner of what would later become Gotham City Police Department . [ 42 ] Despite being a parody, All-American Publications introduced the earliest female character who became the female superhero Red Tornado (though disguised as a male) in Ma Hunkel who first appeared in the "Scribbly" stories in All-American Comics No. 3 (June 1939). [ 43 ] Another important Batman debut was the introduction of the fictional mansion known as Wayne Manor first seen in Detective Comics No. 28 (June 1939). [ 42 ] The series Adventure Comics followed in the footsteps of Action Comics and Detective Comics by featuring a new recurring superhero called Sandman who first appeared in Adventure Comics No. 40 (July 1939). [ 44 ] Action Comics No. 13 (June 1939) introduced the first recurring Superman enemy referred to as the Ultra-Humanite ; created by Siegel and Shuster, this is commonly cited as one of the earliest supervillains in comic books. [ 45 ] The Superman character had another breakthrough when he was given his own comic book series , which was previously unheard of. [ 46 ] The first issue, published in June 1939, helped directly introduce Superman's adoptive parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent , also created by Siegel and Shuster. [ 39 ] Detective Comics No. 29 (July 1939) included the first mention of Batman's utility belt by Gardner Fox . [ 47 ] [ 42 ] Outside of DC's publishing, a character later integrated as DC was introduced by Fox Feature Syndicate named the Blue Beetle released in August 1939. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Fictional cities were a common theme of DC; the first revealed city was Superman's home city of Metropolis , originally named in Action Comics No. 16 (September 1939). [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Detective Comics No. 31 (September 1939) by Gardner Fox, Bob Kane and Sheldon Moldoff introduced a romantic interest for Batman named Julie Madison , as well as the Batarang weapon that Batman commonly uses, and the fictional aircraft called the Batplane . [ 42 ] The story of Batman's origin was first shown in Detective Comics No. 33 (November 1939), which depicted the death of Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne by a mugger . The origin story remained crucial for the fictional character after its inception. [ 23 ] [ 52 ] The Daily Planet (a common setting of Superman) was first named in a Superman newspaper strip around November 1939. [ 53 ] Doll Man was the first superhero to be produced by Quality Comics , which DC now owns. [ 54 ] [ clarification needed ] Fawcett Comics was formed around 1939 and became DC's original competitor company over the next decade. [ 55 ] At the end of 1944, All-American titles began using its own logo to distinguish it from the National comics. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] All-American Publications , an affiliate concern co-owned by Gaines and Liebowitz, merged with Detective Comics, Inc. on September 30, 1946, forming National Comics Publications . [ b ] The previous year, in June 1945, Gaines had allowed Liebowitz to buy him out and had retained only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, EC Comics . [ 59 ] At that point, "Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics... Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, [the self-distributorship] Independent News, and their affiliated firms into a single corporate entity, National Periodical Publications ". [ 60 ] National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite the official names "National Comics" and "National Periodical Publications", the company began branding itself as "Superman-DC" as early as 1940 and became known colloquially as DC Comics for years before the official adoption of that name in 1977. [ 63 ] DC Comics began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics ' Wonder Man , which (according to court testimony) Fox started as a copy of Superman. This extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel , who was at the time the top-selling comic character (see National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. ). Faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost the lawsuit, Fawcett capitulated in 1953 and ceased publishing comics. Years later, Fawcett sold the rights for Captain Marvel to DC Comics, and in 1972 the character was revived in DC's new title Shazam! , [ 64 ] which featured artwork by Captain Marvel's creator C. C. Beck . In the meantime, the abandoned 'Marvel' trademark had been seized by Marvel Comics in 1967, with the creation of their Captain Marvel , preventing DC from using the name in the title of their own comic series. While DC's Captain Marvel failed to recapture his earlier popularity, he later appeared in a Saturday morning live action TV adaptation and gained a prominent position in the mainstream continuity of the DC Universe . As the popularity of superheroes faded in the late 1940s, DC Comics focused on such genres as science fiction, Westerns , humor , and romance . The company also published crime and horror titles, although relatively tame contributions that avoided the mid-1950s backlash against such comic genres. A handful of the most popular superhero titles continued publication, including Action Comics and Detective Comics , the medium's two longest-running titles. Pioneers of DC Comics who started in the 1930s [ 65 ] Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Bob Kane Bill Finger Sheldon Mayer Gardner Fox Founder of DC Comics Creators of Superman and Lois Lane Creators of Batman and the Joker Early founder Created various characters Silver Age In the mid-1950s, editorial director Irwin Donenfeld and publisher Liebowitz directed editor Julius Schwartz (whose roots lay in the science-fiction book market) to produce a one-shot Flash story in the try-out title Showcase . Instead of reviving the old character, Schwartz had writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome , penciler Carmine Infantino , and inker Joe Kubert create Barry Allen , an entirely new super- speedster with a science-fiction bent. The Flash's reimagining in Showcase #4 (October 1956) proved sufficiently popular that it soon led to a similar revamping of the Green Lantern character, the introduction of the modern all-star team Justice League of America (JLA), and many more superheroes, heralding what historians and fans call the Silver Age of Comic Books . National radically overhauled its continuing characters—primarily Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman—rather than just reimagining them. The Superman family of titles, under editor Mort Weisinger , introduced such enduring characters as Supergirl , Bizarro , and Brainiac . The Batman titles, under editor Jack Schiff , introduced the successful Batwoman , Bat-Girl , Ace the Bat-Hound , and Bat-Mite in an attempt to modernize the strip with non-science-fiction elements. Schwartz and Infantino revitalized Batman in what the company promoted as the "New Look", with relatively down-to-earth stories re-emphasizing Batman as a detective. Meanwhile, editor Kanigher successfully introduced a whole family of Wonder Woman characters having fantastic adventures in a mythical realm. Since the 1940s, when Superman, Batman, and many of the company's other heroes began appearing in stories together, DC's characters have inhabited a shared continuity that was later dubbed the " DC Universe " by fans. With the story " Flash of Two Worlds ", in Flash #123 (September 1961), editor Schwartz (with writer Gardner Fox and artists Infantino and Joe Giella ) presented a conceptual mechanism for slotting the 1930s and 1940s Golden Age heroes into this continuity using the explanation that they inhabited an other-dimensional "Earth 2", whilst the modern heroes exist on "Earth 1", consequently laying the foundations of what was later called the DC Multiverse . [ 66 ] National Periodical Publications DC's introduction of the reimagined superheroes did not go unnoticed by their competitors. In 1961, with DC's JLA as the specific inducement, [ c ] Marvel Comics' writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby ushered in the sub-Silver Age "Marvel Age" of comics with the debut issue of The Fantastic Four . [ 68 ] Reportedly, DC dismissed the initial success of Marvel's editorial change until its consistently strengthening sales—albeit also benefiting DC's parent company Independent News, as Marvel's distributor—made it impossible to ignore. This commercial situation was highlighted by Marvel's superior sell-through percentage numbers which were typically 70% to DC's roughly 50%, meaning that DC's publications were barely making a profit after returns from the distributors were factored in, while Marvel was making a healthy profit by comparison. [ 69 ] Also in 1961, both DC and Marvel increased their cover price from ten cents to twelve cents, while the rival publisher Dell Comics was charging fifteen cents. [ 70 ] At this time, the senior DC staff were reportedly unable to explain how this small publishing house was achieving its increasingly threatening commercial strength. For instance, when Marvel's product was examined in a meeting, the emphasis on more sophisticated character-based narrative and artist-driven visual storytelling was apparently overlooked. Instead, superficial reasons were put forward to account for the brand's popularity, like the presence of the color red or word balloons on the cover, or that the perceived crudeness of the interior art was somehow more appealing to readers. When Lee learned about DC's subsequent experimental attempts to imitate these perceived details, he amused himself by arranging direct defiance of those assumptions in Marvel's publications as sales strengthened further to frustrate the competition. [ 71 ] However, this ignorance of Marvel's true appeal did not extend to some of the writing talent during this period, and attempts were made to emulate Marvel's narrative approach. For instance, there was the Doom Patrol series by Arnold Drake (who had previously warned DC's management about Marvel's strength), [ 72 ] a superhero team of outsiders who resented their freakish powers, [ 73 ] which Drake later speculated was plagiarized by Stan Lee to create The X-Men . [ 74 ] There was also the young Jim Shooter who purposely emulated Marvel's writing when he wrote for DC after studying both companies' styles, such as for the Legion of Super-Heroes feature. [ 75 ] In 1966, National Periodical Publications established its own television arm, led by Allen Ducovny, to develop and produce TV projects, with Superman TV Corporation handling the distribution of NPP's shows. [ 76 ] A 1966 Batman TV show on the ABC network sparked a temporary spike in comic book sales and a brief fad for superheroes in Saturday morning animation ( Filmation produced most of DC's initial cartoons) and other media. DC significantly lightened the tone of many of its comics—particularly Batman and Detective Comics —to better complement the "camp" tone of the TV series. This change in tone coincided with the prominent "Go-Go Checks" cover-dress that featured a black-and-white checkered strip at the top of each DC comic (all cover dates between February 1966 and August 1967), a misguided attempt by then-managing editor Irwin Donenfeld to make DC's output "stand out on the newsracks". [ 77 ] In particular, DC artist Carmine Infantino complained that the distinctive cover made it easier for readers to spot DC's titles and avoid them in favor of Marvel's titles. [ 78 ] In 1967, Infantino (who had designed popular Silver Age characters Batgirl and the Phantom Stranger ) rose from art director to become DC's editorial director. With the growing popularity of upstart rival Marvel Comics threatening to topple DC from its longtime number-one position in the comics industry, he tried to direct DC's focus towards marketing new and existing titles and characters with more adult sensibilities, aimed at an emerging older age group of superhero comic book fans; this was in response to Marvel's efforts to market their superhero line to college-aged adults. Infantino also recruited major talents such as ex-Marvel artist and Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko , and promising newcomers Neal Adams and Denny O'Neil , and he replaced some existing DC editors with artist-editors, including Joe Kubert and Dick Giordano , to give DC's output a more artistic critical eye. [ citation needed ] Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) In 1967, National Periodical Publications was purchased by Kinney National Company , [ 79 ] which purchased Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1969. Kinney National spun off its non-entertainment assets in 1972 (as National Kinney Corporation ) and changed its name to Warner Communications Inc. In 1970, Jack Kirby moved from Marvel Comics to DC, at the end of the Silver Age of Comics , in which Kirby's contributions to Marvel played a large, integral role. As artist Gil Kane described: "Jack was the single most influential figure in the turnaround in Marvel's fortunes from the time he rejoined the company ... It wasn't merely that Jack conceived most of the characters that are being done, but ... Jack's point of view and philosophy of drawing became the governing philosophy of the entire publishing company and, beyond the publishing company, of the entire field ... [Marvel took] Jack and use[d] him as a primer. They would get artists ... and they taught them the ABCs, which amounted to learning Jack Kirby ... Jack was like the Holy Scripture and they simply had to follow him without deviation. That's what was told to me ... It was how they taught everyone to reconcile all those opposing attitudes to one single master point of view." [ 80 ] Given carte blanche to write and illustrate his own stories, he created a handful of thematically-linked series he called collectively " The Fourth World ". In the existing series Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen and in his own, newly-launched series New Gods , Mister Miracle , and The Forever People , Kirby introduced such enduring characters and concepts as arch-villain Darkseid and the other-dimensional realm Apokolips . Furthermore, Kirby intended their stories to be reprinted in collected editions, in a publishing format that was later called the trade paperback , which became a standard industry practice decades later. While sales were respectable, they did not meet DC management's initially high expectations, and also suffered from a lack of comprehension and internal support from Infantino. By 1973 the "Fourth World" was all cancelled, although Kirby's conceptions soon became integral to the broadening of the DC Universe, especially after the major toy-company, Kenner Products , judged them ideal for their action-figure adaptation of the DC Universe , the Super Powers Collection . [ 81 ] Obligated by his contract, Kirby created other unrelated series for DC, including Kamandi , The Demon , and OMAC , before ultimately returning to Marvel Comics in 1976. Bronze Age Following the science-fiction innovations of the Silver Age , the comics of the 1970s and 1980s became known as the Bronze Age, as fantasy gave way to more naturalistic and sometimes darker themes. Illegal drug use, banned by the Comics Code Authority , explicitly appeared in comics for the first time in Marvel Comics' story " Green Goblin Reborn! " in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971), and after the Code's updating in response, DC offered a drug-fueled storyline in writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams ' Green Lantern , beginning with the story " Snowbirds Don't Fly " in the retitled Green Lantern/Green Arrow #85 (September 1971), which depicted Speedy , the teen sidekick of superhero archer Green Arrow , as having become a heroin addict. Jenette Kahn , a former children's magazine publisher, replaced Infantino as editorial director in January 1976. As it happened, her first task even before being formally hired, was to convince Bill Sarnoff, the head of Warner Publishing, to keep DC as a publishing concern, as opposed to simply managing their licensing of their properties. [ 82 ] With that established, DC had attempted to compete with the now-surging Marvel by dramatically increasing its output and attempting to win the market by flooding it. This included launching series featuring such new characters as Firestorm and Shade, the Changing Man , as well as an increasing array of non-superhero titles, in an attempt to recapture the pre- Wertham days of post-War comicdom. DC Comics In 1977, the company officially changed its name to DC Comics . [ 83 ] It had used the brand "Superman-DC" since the 1950s, and was colloquially known as DC Comics for years. [ 84 ] In June 1978, five months before the release of the first Superman film , Kahn expanded the line further, increasing the number of titles and story pages, and raising the price from 35 cents to 50 cents. Most series received eight-page back-up features while some had full-length twenty-five-page stories. This was a move the company called the "DC Explosion". [ 85 ] The move was not successful, however, and corporate parent Warner dramatically cut back on these largely unsuccessful titles, firing many staffers in what industry watchers dubbed "the DC Implosion ". [ 86 ] In September 1978, the line was dramatically reduced and standard-size books returned to 17-page stories but for a still increased 40 cents. [ 87 ] By 1980, the books returned to 50 cents with a 25-page story count but the story pages replaced house ads in the books. Seeking new ways to boost market share , the new team of publisher Kahn, vice president Paul Levitz , and managing editor Giordano addressed the issue of talent instability. To that end—and following the example of Atlas/Seaboard Comics [ 88 ] and such independent companies as Eclipse Comics —DC began to offer royalties in place of the industry-standard work-for-hire agreement in which creators worked for a flat fee and signed away all rights, giving talent a financial incentive tied to the success of their work. As it happened, the implementation of these incentives proved opportune considering Marvel Comics' Editor-in-Chief, Jim Shooter , was alienating much of his company's creative staff with his authoritarian manner and major talents there went to DC like Roy Thomas , Gene Colan , Marv Wolfman , and George Pérez . [ 89 ] In addition, emulating the era's new television form, the miniseries while addressing the matter of an excessive number of ongoing titles fizzling out within a few issues of their start, DC created the industry concept of the comic book limited series . This publishing format allowed for the deliberate creation of finite storylines within a more flexible publishing format that could showcase creations without forcing the talent into unsustainable open-ended commitments. The first such title was World of Krypton in 1979, and its positive results led to subsequent similar titles and later more ambitious productions like Camelot 3000 for the direct market in 1982. [ 90 ] These changes in policy shaped the future of the medium as a whole, and in the short term allowed DC to entice creators away from rival Marvel, and encourage stability on individual titles. In November 1980 DC launched the ongoing series The New Teen Titans , by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez , two popular talents with a history of success. Their superhero-team comic, superficially similar to Marvel's ensemble series X-Men , but rooted in DC history, earned significant sales [ 91 ] in part due to the stability of the creative team, who both continued with the title for six full years. In addition, Wolfman and Pérez took advantage of the limited-series option to create a spin-off title, Tales of the New Teen Titans , to present origin stories of their original characters without having to break the narrative flow of the main series or oblige them to double their work load with another ongoing title. Modern Age This successful revitalization of the Silver Age Teen Titans led DC's editors [ 92 ] to seek the same for the wider DC Universe . The result, the Wolfman/Pérez 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths , gave the company an opportunity to realign and jettison some of the characters' complicated backstory and continuity discrepancies. A companion publication, two volumes entitled The History of the DC Universe , set out the revised history of the major DC characters. Crisis featured many key deaths that shaped the DC Universe for the following decades, and it separated the timeline of DC publications into pre- and post-"Crisis". Meanwhile, a parallel update had started in the non-superhero and horror titles. Since early 1984, the work of British writer Alan Moore had revitalized the horror series The Saga of the Swamp Thing , and soon numerous British writers, including Neil Gaiman and Grant Morrison , began freelancing for the company. The resulting influx of sophisticated horror-fantasy material led to DC in 1993 establishing the Vertigo mature-readers imprint, which did not subscribe to the Comics Code Authority . [ 93 ] Two DC limited series, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller and Watchmen by Moore and artist Dave Gibbons , drew attention in the mainstream press for their dark psychological complexity and promotion of the antihero. [ 94 ] These titles helped pave the way for comics to be more widely accepted in literary-criticism circles and to make inroads into the book industry, with collected editions of these series as commercially successful trade paperbacks . [ 95 ] The mid-1980s also saw the end of many long-running DC war comics , including series that had been in print since the 1960s. These titles, all with over 100 issues, included Sgt. Rock , G.I. Combat , The Unknown Soldier , and Weird War Tales . Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In March 1989, Warner Communications merged with Time Inc. , making DC Comics a subsidiary of Time Warner. In June, the first Tim Burton-directed Batman film was released, and DC began publishing its hardcover series of DC Archive Editions ; these were collections of many of their early, key comics series, featuring rare and expensive stories previously unseen by the majority of modern fans. Much of the restoration work was handled by Rick Keene, with colour restoration performed by DC's long-time resident colourist Bob LeRose . The Archive Editions attempted to retroactively credit many of the writers and artists who had worked for DC without receiving much recognition during the early age of comic books when individual credits were rare. The comics industry experienced a brief boom in the early 1990s, thanks to a combination of speculative purchasing—mass purchase of the books as collectible items, with the intention to resell at a higher value (as the rising value of older issues was thought to imply that all comics would rise dramatically in price)—and several storylines gaining attention from the mainstream media. DC's extended storylines in which Superman was killed , Batman was crippled , and Green Lantern turned into the supervillain Parallax , resulted in dramatically increased sales. However, the increases were temporary, and sales dropped off as the industry went into a major slump, while manufactured " collectables " numbering in the millions replaced quality with quantity until fans and speculators alike deserted the medium in droves. [ 96 ] DC's Piranha Press and other imprints (including the mature readers' line Vertigo , and Helix , a short-lived science fiction imprint) were introduced to facilitate compartmentalized diversification and allow for specialized marketing of individual product lines. They increased the use of non-traditional contractual arrangements, including the dramatic rise of creator-owned projects, leading to a significant increase in critically lauded work (much of it for Vertigo) and the licensing of material from other companies. DC also increased publication of book-store friendly formats, including trade paperback collections of individual serial comics, as well as original graphic novels . One of the other imprints was Impact Comics from 1991 to 1992 in which the Archie Comics superheroes were licensed and revamped. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The stories in the line were part of its own shared universe. [ 99 ] DC entered into a publishing agreement with Milestone Media that gave DC a line of comics featuring a culturally and racially diverse range of superhero characters. Although the Milestone line ceased publication after a few years, it yielded the popular animated series Static Shock . DC established Paradox Press to publish material such as the large-format Big Book of... series of multi-artist interpretations on individual themes, and such crime fiction as the graphic novel Road to Perdition . In 1998, DC purchased WildStorm Comics, Jim Lee 's imprint under the Image Comics banner, continuing it for many years as a wholly separate imprint (and fictional universe) with its own unique style and audience. As part of this purchase, DC also began to publish titles under the fledgling WildStorm sub-imprint America's Best Comics (ABC), a series of titles created by Alan Moore which included The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Tom Strong , and Promethea . Moore strongly opposed this move, and DC eventually stopped publishing ABC. In March 2003, DC acquired publishing and merchandising rights to the long-running fantasy series Elfquest , previously self-published by creators Wendy and Richard Pini under their WaRP Graphics publication banner. This series then followed another non-DC title, Tower Comics ' series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents , in collection into DC Archive Editions. In 2004, DC temporarily acquired the North American publishing rights to graphic novels from European publishers 2000 AD and Humanoids . It also rebranded its younger-audience titles with the mascot Johnny DC and established the CMX imprint to reprint translated manga . In 2006, CMX took over from Dark Horse Comics ' publication of the webcomic Megatokyo in print form. DC also took advantage of the demise of Kitchen Sink Press and acquired the rights to much of the work of Will Eisner , such as his The Spirit series and his graphic novels. In 2004, DC began laying the groundwork for a full continuity-reshuffling sequel to Crisis on Infinite Earths , promising substantial changes to the DC Universe (and side-stepping the 1994 Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! event, which similarly tried to retcon the history of the DCU). In 2005, the critically lauded Batman Begins film was released; also, the company published several limited series establishing increasingly escalating conflicts among DC's heroes, with events climaxing in the Infinite Crisis limited series. Immediately after this event, DC's ongoing series jumped forward a full year in their in-story continuity, as DC launched a weekly series, 52 , to gradually fill in the missing time. Concurrently, DC lost the copyright to "Superboy" (while retaining the trademark) when the heirs of Jerry Siegel used a provision of the 1976 revision to the copyright law to regain ownership. In 2005, DC launched its " All-Star " line (evoking the title of the 1940s publication ), designed to feature some of the company's best-known characters in stories that eschewed the long and convoluted continuity of the DC Universe. The line began with All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder and All-Star Superman , while All-Star Wonder Woman and All-Star Batgirl were announced in 2006, but neither of these stories had been released or scheduled as of 2025. [ 100 ] By 2007, DC was licensing characters from the Archie Comics imprint Red Circle Comics . [ 101 ] They appeared in the Red Circle line, based in the DC Universe, with a series of one-shots followed by a miniseries that led into two ongoing titles that each lasted for ten issues. [ 99 ] [ 102 ] DC Entertainment In 2011, DC rebooted all of its running titles following the Flashpoint storyline. The reboot called The New 52 gave new origin stories and costume designs to many of DC's characters. DC licensed pulp characters including Doc Savage and the Spirit which it then used, along with some DC heroes, as part of the First Wave comics line launched in 2010 and lasting through fall 2011. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] In May 2011, DC announced it would begin releasing digital versions of their comics on the same day as paper versions. [ 106 ] On June 1, 2011, DC announced that it would end all ongoing series set in the DC Universe in August and relaunch its comic line with 52 issue #1s, starting with Justice League on August 31 (written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee), with the rest to follow later on in September. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] On June 4, 2013, DC started DC 2 and DC 2 Multiverse . DC 2 was for Batman '66 while DC 2 Multiverse was for Batman: Arkham Origins . [ 109 ] In 2014, DC announced an eight-issue miniseries titled Convergence which began in April 2015. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] In 2016, DC announced a line-wide relaunch titled DC Rebirth . [ 114 ] The new line would launch with an 80-page one-shot titled DC Universe: Rebirth, written by Geoff Johns , with art from Gary Frank, Ethan Van Sciver, and more. After that, many new series would launch with a twice-monthly release schedule and new creative teams for nearly every title. The relaunch was meant to bring back the legacy and heart many felt had been missing from DC characters since the launch of the New 52. Rebirth brought huge success, both financially and critically. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] In January 2018, DC held an event in the now-defunct Newseum in Washington D.C .. The event featured a pop-up shop with autograph opportunities, panel discussions with stars and producers from Arrow , DC's Legends of Tomorrow , The Flash , Gotham , Supergirl , and Freedom Fighters: The Ray , comic book authors and artists, and premiere screenings of Black Lightning and Batman: Gotham By Gaslight . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) On February 21, 2020, the Co-Publisher of DC Comics, Dan DiDio stepped down after 10 years at that position. The company did not give a reason for the move, nor did it indicate whether it was his decision or the company's. The leadership change was the latest event in the company restructuring which began the previous month, as several top executives were laid off from the company. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] However, Bleeding Cool reported that he was fired. [ 122 ] In June 2020, Warner Bros. announced a separate DC-themed online-only convention. Known as DC FanDome , the free "immersive virtual fan experience" was a 24-hour-long event held on August 22, 2020. [ 123 ] The main presentation, entitled "DC FanDome: Hall of Heroes", was held as scheduled on August 22. [ 124 ] The remaining programming was provided through a one-day video on demand experience, "DC FanDome: Explore the Multiverse", on September 12. As Warner Bros. and DC's response to San Diego Comic-Con's cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the convention featured information about DC-based content including the DC Extended Universe film franchise, the Arrowverse television franchise, comic books, and video games. The convention also returned for the virtual premiere of Wonder Woman 1984 [ 125 ] and returned once again on October 16, 2021. [ 126 ] In August 2020, roughly one-third of DC's editorial ranks were laid off, including the editor-in-chief, senior story editor, executive editor, and several senior VPs. [ 127 ] In March 2021, DC relaunched their entire line once again under the banner of Infinite Frontier . After the events of the Dark Nights: Death Metal storyline, the DC Multiverse was expanded into a larger "Omniverse" where everything is canon, effectively reversing the changes The New 52 introduced a decade prior. [ 128 ] Furthermore, AT&T spun off WarnerMedia to Discovery, forming Warner Bros. Discovery . This merger was completed on April 8, 2022. In January 2023, DC relaunched their line under the banner of Dawn of DC following the conclusion of Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths and Lazarus Planet . [ 129 ] Later that year, Jim Lee was promoted to President of DC in May. [ 130 ] Logo The November 1941 DC titles introduced an updated logo. This was almost twice the size of the previous version and the first with a white background. The name "Superman" was added to "A DC Publication", effectively acknowledging both Superman and Batman. This logo was the first to occupy the top-left corner of the cover, which is where the logo has generally resided ever since. The company began to refer to itself in its advertising as "Superman-DC". [ 131 ] When Jenette Kahn became DC's publisher in late 1976, she commissioned graphic designer Milton Glaser to design a new company logo. Popularly referred to as the "DC bullet", this logo premiered on the February 1977 titles. Although it varied in size and colour, was at times cropped by the edges of the cover, and was briefly rotated by 4 degrees, the logo remained essentially unchanged for almost three decades. Despite the various logo changes since 2005, the old "DC bullet" continues to be used only on the DC Archive Editions series. [ 132 ] On May 8, 2005, a new logo (dubbed the "DC spin") was unveiled, debuting on DC titles in June 2005 with DC Special: The Return of Donna Troy No. 1 and the rest of the titles the following week. As well as being used for comics, the new logo was designed for DC properties in other media, including films since Batman Begins (with Superman Returns showing the logo's normal variant), the TV series Smallville , the animated series Justice League Unlimited and others, as well as for collectibles and other merchandise. The "DC Spin" logo was designed by Josh Beatman of Brainchild Studios [ 133 ] and DC executive Richard Bruning . [ 134 ] In March 2012, DC unveiled a new logo designed by Landor Associates , which consists of a letter "D" peeling back to reveal the letter "C". The logo was intended to signify the concept of superheroes having "dual" identities and was adaptable across different mediums. [ 135 ] In May 2016, in conjunction with the DC Rebirth , DC replaced the "peel" logo with a circular logo reminiscent of the 1972 logo. [ 136 ] In July 2024, an updated version of Glaser's 1977 "Bullet" logo was unveiled during San Diego Comic-Con, as well as an accompanying intro sequence featuring Superman for DC Studios . [ 137 ] Gallery 1977–2005, aka the "DC Bullet" (first era logo) 2005–2012, aka the "DC Spin" 2012–2016, aka the "DC Peel" 2016–2024, logo introduced with the DC Rebirth relaunch 2024–present, aka the "DC Bullet" in blue shade (second era / return logo) Imprints Active DC (1937–present) Elseworlds (1989–2010, 2024–present) Vertigo Comics (1993–2020, 2024–present) [ 138 ] Sandman Universe (2018–present) WildStorm (1999–2010, 2017–present) Earth-M (1993–1997, 2018–present) DC Black Label (2018–present) [ 139 ] Hill House Comics (2019–present) DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults (2020–present) DC Graphic Novels for Kids (2020–present) DC Horror (2021–present) [ 140 ] DC Compact Comics (2024–present) [ 141 ] DC All In (2024–present) Elseworlds (1989–2010, 2024–present) Vertigo Comics (1993–2020, 2024–present) [ 138 ] Sandman Universe (2018–present) Sandman Universe (2018–present) WildStorm (1999–2010, 2017–present) Earth-M (1993–1997, 2018–present) DC Black Label (2018–present) [ 139 ] Hill House Comics (2019–present) Hill House Comics (2019–present) DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults (2020–present) DC Graphic Novels for Kids (2020–present) DC Horror (2021–present) [ 140 ] DC Compact Comics (2024–present) [ 141 ] DC All In (2024–present) Mad (1953–present) Defunct DC Archive Editions (1989–2014; replaced by DC Omnibus ) Piranha Press (1989–1993; renamed Paradox Press ) Impact Comics (1991–1993; licensed from Archie Comics ) Amalgam Comics (1996–1997; jointly with Marvel Comics ) Helix (1996–1998; merged with Vertigo ) Tangent Comics (1997–1998) Paradox Press (1998–2003) WildStorm Productions (1999–2010) America's Best Comics (1999–2005) Homage Comics (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) Cliffhanger (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) WildStorm Signature (2004–2006; merged with main WildStorm line) CMX Manga (2004–2010) America's Best Comics (1999–2005) Homage Comics (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) Cliffhanger (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) WildStorm Signature (2004–2006; merged with main WildStorm line) CMX Manga (2004–2010) DC Focus (2004–2005; merged with main DC line) Johnny DC (2004–2012) All Star (2005–2008) Minx (2007–2008) Zuda Comics (2007–2010) First Wave (2010–2011; licensed from Condé Nast Publications and Will Eisner Library) Young Animal (2016–2021) DC Ink (2019; replaced by DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults) DC Zoom (2019; replaced by DC Graphic Novels for Kids) Wonder Comics (2019–2021) See also Batman Day DC Collectibles DC Cosmic Cards DC Extended Universe DC Studios List of comics characters which originated in other media List of current DC Comics publications Lists of DC Comics characters List of films based on DC Comics publications List of television series based on DC Comics publications List of unproduced DC Comics projects List of video games based on DC Comics Publication history of DC Comics crossover events Notes ^ This logo was previously used from 1977 to 2005. ^ In a 1947–1948 lawsuit filed by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster against National, the presiding judge noted in a "Findings of Facts": "DETECTIVE COMICS, INC. was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, and was one of the constituent corporations consolidated on September 30, 1946 into defendant NATIONAL COMICS PUBLICATIONS, INC." [ 58 ] ^ Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of DC Comics (then known as National Periodical Publications) bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in The Brave and the Bold No. 28 (February 1960) before going on to its own title) to publisher Martin Goodman (whose holdings included the nascent Marvel Comics , which was being distributed by DC's Independent News at this time) during a game of golf. However, film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan partly debunked the story in a letter published in Alter Ego No. 43 (December 2004), pp. 43–44 .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower who was aware of DC's strong JLA sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee , to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [ sic ] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes? ' " [ 67 ] Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower who was aware of DC's strong JLA sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee , to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [ sic ] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes? ' " [ 67 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McMillan, Graeme (June 5, 2020). 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Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03656-1 . Tucker, Reed (2017). Slugfest: Inside the Epic, 50-year Battle Between Marvel and DC . Perseus Books Group. ISBN 978-0-3068-2546-0 . 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Combat The Losers (Vertigo) Men of War Our Army at War Our Fighting Forces Star Spangled War Stories The War that Time Forgot Weird War Tales Adventures in the Rifle Brigade All-Out War Blackhawks Blitzkrieg G.I. Combat The Losers (Vertigo) Men of War Our Army at War Our Fighting Forces Star Spangled War Stories The War that Time Forgot Weird War Tales Characters Blackhawk Boy Commandos Creature Commandos Easy Company Enemy Ace G.I. Robot Haunted Tank Hop Harrigan The Losers Mademoiselle Marie Sgt. Rock Unknown Soldier Blackhawk Boy Commandos Creature Commandos Easy Company Enemy Ace G.I. Robot Haunted Tank Hop Harrigan The Losers Mademoiselle Marie Sgt. Rock Unknown Soldier Editors Murray Boltinoff Archie Goodwin Robert Kanigher Joe Kubert Joe Orlando Murray Boltinoff Archie Goodwin Robert Kanigher Joe Kubert Joe Orlando Related Blackhawk (serial) Creature Commandos (TV series) DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock Front Line (video game) Hop Harrigan (serial) The Losers (2010 film) " Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me) " Blackhawk (serial) Creature Commandos (TV series) DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock Front Line (video game) Hop Harrigan (serial) The Losers (2010 film) " Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me) " v t e DC Comics crossover event publication history v t e 1980s " Crisis on Infinite Earths " (April 1985) " Legends " (November 1986) " Millennium " (January 1988) " Invasion! " (January 1989) " The Janus Directive " (May 1989) " Crisis on Infinite Earths " (April 1985) " Legends " (November 1986) " Millennium " (January 1988) " Invasion! " (January 1989) " The Janus Directive " (May 1989) 1990s " Armageddon 2001 " (May 1991) " War of the Gods " (September 1991) " Eclipso: The Darkness Within " (July 1992) " The Death of Superman " (October 1992) " Bloodlines " (1993) " The Children's Crusade " (December 1993) " Worlds Collide " (July 1994) " End of an Era " (August 1994) " Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! " (September 1994) " Underworld Unleashed " (November 1995) " DC vs. Marvel " (April 1996) " The Final Night " (November 1996) " Genesis " (October 1997) " DC One Million " (November 1998) " Day of Judgment " (November 1999) " JLApe: Gorilla Warfare! " (1999) " Armageddon 2001 " (May 1991) " War of the Gods " (September 1991) " Eclipso: The Darkness Within " (July 1992) " The Death of Superman " (October 1992) " Bloodlines " (1993) " The Children's Crusade " (December 1993) " Worlds Collide " (July 1994) " End of an Era " (August 1994) " Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! " (September 1994) " Underworld Unleashed " (November 1995) " DC vs. Marvel " (April 1996) " The Final Night " (November 1996) " Genesis " (October 1997) " DC One Million " (November 1998) " Day of Judgment " (November 1999) " JLApe: Gorilla Warfare! " (1999) 2000s " Our Worlds at War " (August 2001) " Joker: Last Laugh " (December 2001) " JLA/Avengers " (September 2003) " Identity Crisis " (June 2004) " Infinite Crisis " (December 2005) " Amazons Attack! " (March 2007) " Sinestro Corps War " (August 2007) " Final Crisis " (July 2008) " Blackest Night " (June 2009) " Our Worlds at War " (August 2001) " Joker: Last Laugh " (December 2001) " JLA/Avengers " (September 2003) " Identity Crisis " (June 2004) " Infinite Crisis " (December 2005) " Amazons Attack! " (March 2007) " Sinestro Corps War " (August 2007) " Final Crisis " (July 2008) " Blackest Night " (June 2009) 2010s " Brightest Day " (May 2010) " Reign of Doomsday " (January 2011) " Flashpoint " (May 2011) " The Culling " (November 2011) " Batman: Night of the Owls " (April 2012) " Death of the Family " (October 2012) " H'El on Earth " (October 2012) " Throne of Atlantis " (November 2012) " Wrath of the First Lantern " (February 2013) " Batman: Zero Year " (June 2013) " Trinity War " (July 2013) " Forever Evil " (September 2013) " Forever Evil: Blight " (October 2013) " The New 52: Futures End " (September 2014) " Convergence " (April 2015) " Darkseid War " (June 2015) " The Button " (April 2017) " Dark Nights: Metal " (June 2017) " The Lazarus Contract " (July 2017) " Doomsday Clock " (November 2017) " Milk Wars " (March 2018) " Heroes in Crisis " (September 2018) " The Terminus Agenda " (March 2019) " Year of the Villain " (May 2019) " Brightest Day " (May 2010) " Reign of Doomsday " (January 2011) " Flashpoint " (May 2011) " The Culling " (November 2011) " Batman: Night of the Owls " (April 2012) " Death of the Family " (October 2012) " H'El on Earth " (October 2012) " Throne of Atlantis " (November 2012) " Wrath of the First Lantern " (February 2013) " Batman: Zero Year " (June 2013) " Trinity War " (July 2013) " Forever Evil " (September 2013) " Forever Evil: Blight " (October 2013) " The New 52: Futures End " (September 2014) " Convergence " (April 2015) " Darkseid War " (June 2015) " The Button " (April 2017) " Dark Nights: Metal " (June 2017) " The Lazarus Contract " (July 2017) " Doomsday Clock " (November 2017) " Milk Wars " (March 2018) " Heroes in Crisis " (September 2018) " The Terminus Agenda " (March 2019) " Year of the Villain " (May 2019) 2020s " Dark Nights: Death Metal " (June 2020) " Joker War " (September 2020) " Generations " (September 2020) " Endless Winter " (December 2020) " Future State " (January 2021) " Infinite Frontier " (June 2021) " Fear State " (August 2021) " War for Earth-3 " (March 2022) " Shadow War " (April 2022) " Dark Crisis " (May 2022) " The New Golden Age " (November 2022) " Lazarus Planet " (January 2023) " Knight Terrors " (July 2023) " Gotham War " (August 2023) " Titans: Beast World " (November 2023) " House of Brainiac " (April 2024) " Absolute Power " (July 2024) " We are Yesterday " (June 2025) " DC K.O. " (October 2025) " Dark Nights: Death Metal " (June 2020) " Joker War " (September 2020) " Generations " (September 2020) " Endless Winter " (December 2020) " Future State " (January 2021) " Infinite Frontier " (June 2021) " Fear State " (August 2021) " War for Earth-3 " (March 2022) " Shadow War " (April 2022) " Dark Crisis " (May 2022) " The New Golden Age " (November 2022) " Lazarus Planet " (January 2023) " Knight Terrors " (July 2023) " Gotham War " (August 2023) " Titans: Beast World " (November 2023) " House of Brainiac " (April 2024) " Absolute Power " (July 2024) " We are Yesterday " (June 2025) " DC K.O. " (October 2025) Launch lines DC Universe DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) Other continuities Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) DC Universe DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) Other continuities Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) See also Intercompany crossovers in comics Intercompany crossovers in comics v t e Golden Age of Comic Books v t e Ace Comics Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan All-American Publications The Atom Al Pratt Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Wonder Woman The Atom Al Pratt Al Pratt Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick Jay Garrick Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Ted Grant Wonder Woman Centaur Comics Airman Amazing-Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye Fantom of the Fair Magician from Mars The Masked Marvel Minimidget Airman Amazing-Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye Fantom of the Fair Magician from Mars The Masked Marvel Minimidget Charlton Comics Atomic Mouse Captain Atom Nightshade Mr. Muscles Nature Boy Space Adventures Yellowjacket Atomic Mouse Captain Atom Nightshade Mr. Muscles Nature Boy Space Adventures Yellowjacket Dell Comics Doctor Hormone Flash Gordon The Owl Phantasmo Supermind's Son Zorro Doctor Hormone Flash Gordon The Owl Phantasmo Supermind's Son Zorro Fawcett Comics Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Captain Midnight Dan Dare Golden Arrow Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Ibis the Invincible Lieutenant Marvels Marvel Family Mary Marvel Master Man Minute-Man Mr. Scarlet Nyoka the Jungle Girl Phantom Eagle Pinky the Whiz Kid Scoop Smith Spy Smasher Squadron of Justice Uncle Marvel Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Captain Midnight Dan Dare Golden Arrow Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Ibis the Invincible Lieutenant Marvels Marvel Family Mary Marvel Master Man Minute-Man Mr. Scarlet Nyoka the Jungle Girl Phantom Eagle Pinky the Whiz Kid Scoop Smith Spy Smasher Squadron of Justice Uncle Marvel Fox Comics Blue Beetle Dan Garret The Bouncer Bronze Man Dynamo The Flame Green Mask The Moth Samson Stardust the Super Wizard U.S. Jones Wonder Man Blue Beetle Dan Garret Dan Garret The Bouncer Bronze Man Dynamo The Flame Green Mask The Moth Samson Stardust the Super Wizard U.S. Jones Wonder Man Harvey Comics Black Cat Captain 3-D Captain Freedom Green Hornet Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Kato Shock Gibson Spirit of '76 Black Cat Captain 3-D Captain Freedom Green Hornet Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Kato Shock Gibson Spirit of '76 Lev Gleason Publications Captain Battle Claw Crimebuster Daredevil Little Wise Guys Silver Streak Captain Battle Claw Crimebuster Daredevil Little Wise Guys Silver Streak MLJ Comics The Black Hood Bob Phantom Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Hangman Rang-a-Tang the Wonder Dog The Shield Super Duck The Web The Wizard The Black Hood Bob Phantom Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Hangman Rang-a-Tang the Wonder Dog The Shield Super Duck The Web The Wizard National Allied Publications Ace the Bat-Hound Air Wave Aquaman Batman Batwoman Black Pirate Boy Commandos Captain Comet Chris KL-99 Congo Bill Crimson Avenger Lee Travis Dan the Dyna-Mite Dark Ranger Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Doctor Occult Genius Jones Gimmick Girl Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Rex Tyler Johnny Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Ace the Bat-Hound Air Wave Aquaman Batman Batwoman Black Pirate Boy Commandos Captain Comet Chris KL-99 Congo Bill Crimson Avenger Lee Travis Lee Travis Dan the Dyna-Mite Dark Ranger Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Kent Nelson Doctor Occult Genius Jones Gimmick Girl Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Rex Tyler Rex Tyler Johnny Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Nedor Comics American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red Novelty Press Blue Bolt Dick Cole The Target The Targeteers The Twister Blue Bolt Dick Cole The Target The Targeteers The Twister Prize Publications Atomic-Man Black Owl Fighting American Green Lama Yank & Doodle Atomic-Man Black Owl Fighting American Green Lama Yank & Doodle Quality Comics Archie O'Toole #711 Black Condor Blackhawk Blue Tracer Bozo the Iron Man Captain Triumph Doll Girl Doll Man Firebrand Human Bomb Invisible Hood The Jester Kid Eternity Lady Luck Madame Fatal Magno Manhunter Merlin the Magician Midnight Miss America Miss Fear Mouthpiece Neon the Unknown Phantom Lady Plastic Man Quicksilver The Ray Red Bee Red Torpedo The Spider Spider Widow Uncle Sam Wildfire Wonder Boy Woozy Winks Archie O'Toole #711 Black Condor 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Martyrdom 2 Veneration 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Justus and Pastor العربية Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Kiswahili Latina Русский Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Saints Justus and Pastor Sculptures of Saints Justus and Pastor. Belltower of the church of Sant Just, Barcelona. Child Martyrs Died c. 304 outside Alcalá de Henares Venerated in Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Major shrine Alcalá de Henares Feast 6 August Patronage Alcalá de Henares ; Madrid Justus and Pastor ( Latin : Iustus et Pastor ; died c. 304 ), venerated as Christian martyrs , were two schoolboy brothers (Justus was 13 years old, Pastor less than 9) who were killed for their faith during the Diocletian Persecution . The boys are today considered the patron saints of Alcalá. [ 1 ] They are mentioned by the Christian poet Prudentius . Martyrdom After the imperial proclamation was made public in Complutum , Justus and Pastor, were at school. Stimulated by their desire to give their lives for Jesus Christ , they chucked the tablets they used for writing and ran to Dacianus’ residence to bear witness of their faith to the point of martyrdom, despite their young age. They confessed to Dacianus that they were Christians and were reluctant to sacrifice to idols. He tried to win them over with gifts, but he was unable to persuade them. They were viciously flogged for denouncing the Roman religion and later beheaded outside the Spanish city of Alcalá de Henares (known in Roman times as Complutum ). [ 2 ] Veneration Relics believed to be those of Justus and Pastor were discovered in the 8th century and taken to Huesca . In 1568, they were brought back to Alcalá de Henares and interred beneath the high altar of the city's Cathedral-Magistral of Saints Justus and Pastor (known familiarly as the Catedral de los Santos Niños). Constructed between 1497 and 1514, the ancient cathedral is still in daily use, and the saints' tomb is accessible to the public. The Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor in Barcelona was erected in the 16th century in the Gothic style . [ 3 ] Narbonne Cathedral located in the town of Narbonne in southern France is also dedicated to Justus and Pastor. In popular culture The story of Justus and Pastor is mentioned in the 2001 film The Others , where it is read by Nicholas ( James Bentley ), with his sister Anne (Alakina Mann) sitting nearby, under the supervision of their mother Grace Stewart ( Nicole Kidman ). The children find the story amusing, where Anne criticises Justus and Pastor as being "really stupid" for facing a gruesome martyrdom, when they could have lied to spare their lives. She tells her mother (Kidman), "Inside I would have believed in Him, but I wouldn’t have told the Romans that." [ 4 ] See also Woman with seven sons References ^ Butler, Alban. "SS. Justus and Pastor, Martyrs", The Lives of the Saints . vol. VIII 1866 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ Saints Justus and Pastor by H.M. Magazine ^ Source: basilicasantjust.cat ^ The Others (2001) Review by decentfilms.com External links Saints of August 6 3rd-century births 304 deaths Christian child saints Saints from Hispania Saints duos 4th-century Christian martyrs 4th-century Romans Spanish children Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era Executed children Source attribution Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing Latin-language text Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:32 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Bibliographic details for "Main Page" 2 Citation styles for "Main Page" Toggle Citation styles for "Main Page" subsection 2.1 APA style 2.2 MLA Style Manual 2.3 MHRA style 2.4 Chicago style 2.5 CBE/CSE style 2.6 Bluebook style 2.7 AMA style 2.8 BibTeX entry 2.9 Wikipedia talk pages 2.1 APA style 2.2 MLA Style Manual 2.3 MHRA style 2.4 Chicago style 2.5 CBE/CSE style 2.6 Bluebook style 2.7 AMA style 2.8 BibTeX entry 2.9 Wikipedia talk pages Cite This Page Upload file Printable version Get shortened URL Download QR code APA MLA MHRA Chicago CSE Bluebook AMA BibTeX wiki IMPORTANT NOTE: Most educators and professionals do not consider it appropriate to use tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as a sole source for any information—citing an encyclopedia as an important reference in footnotes or bibliographies may result in censure or a failing grade. Wikipedia articles should be used for background information, as a reference for correct terminology and search terms, and as a starting point for further research. As with any community-built reference, there is a possibility for error in Wikipedia's content—please check your facts against multiple sources and read our disclaimers for more information. Bibliographic details for "Main Page" Page name: Main Page Author: Wikipedia contributors Publisher: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Date of last revision: 13 January 2026 22:22 UTC Date retrieved: 16 January 2026 12:04 UTC Permanent link: Primary contributors: revision history statistics Page Version ID: 1332793203 Please remember to check your manual of style, standards guide or instructor's guidelines for the exact syntax to suit your needs. For more detailed advice, see Citing Wikipedia . Citation styles for "Main Page" APA style Wikipedia contributors. (2026, January 13). Main Page. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12:04, January 16, 2026, from MLA Style Manual Wikipedia contributors. "Main Page." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 13 Jan. 2026. Web. 16 Jan. 2026. MHRA style Wikipedia contributors, 'Main Page', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 13 January 2026, 22:22 UTC, < > [accessed 16 January 2026] Chicago style Wikipedia contributors, "Main Page," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, (accessed January 16, 2026). CBE/CSE style Wikipedia contributors. Main Page [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2026 Jan 13, 22:22 UTC [cited 2026 Jan 16]. Available from: . Bluebook style Main Page, (last visited Jan. 16, 2026). AMA style Wikipedia contributors. Main Page. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. January 13, 2026, 22:22 UTC. Available at: . Accessed January 16, 2026. BibTeX entry When using the LaTeX package url ( \usepackage{url} somewhere in the preamble), which tends to give much more nicely formatted web addresses, the following may be preferred: Wikipedia talk pages Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Haadside Wikipedy-mienskip Koartlyn feroare Samar in side Help Bysûndere siden Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Haadside Haadside Oerlis Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Hjirmei keppele Keppelings folgje Fêste keppeling Sidegegevens Dizze side sitearje Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Boek meitsje Ynlade as PDF Ofdrukferzje Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikiboeken Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiwurdboek Wikidata-item Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Kategoryen Listen Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Catholic Europe Toggle Catholic Europe subsection 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 2 Catholic Asia Toggle Catholic Asia subsection 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 3 Catholic Africa Toggle Catholic Africa subsection 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 4 Catholic Central America and Antilles Toggle Catholic Central America and Antilles subsection 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Catholic South America Toggle Catholic South America subsection 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 6 Catholic Oceania Toggle Catholic Oceania subsection 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 7 United Kingdom Toggle United Kingdom subsection 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 8 North America Toggle North America subsection 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 9 See also 10 References Co-cathedral Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Tagalog Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Co-cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop 's seat, or cathedra , with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area or the civil capital). Instances of this occurred in England before the Protestant Reformation in the dioceses of ' Bath and Wells ', and of ' Coventry and Lichfield '. These two dioceses were each named for both cities that served as bishop's seats. As of March 2020, the Catholic Church had 322 co-cathedrals, mainly in Europe (140 in Italy alone). [ 1 ] Many are former cathedrals, but even if still in use, those often are not granted co-cathedral status. Often the diocese with one or more co-cathedrals also has a multiple ("hyphenated") name reflecting these, but some have a co-cathedral not mentioned in the title while other former see titles may also be preserved without having a co-cathedral. Sometimes the first-named city does not have the main cathedral (actual see) but boasts another distinction such as being a national capital or having an august ecclesiastical past. Catholic Europe This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Albania In Albania, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirana-Durrës has a co-cathedral in Durrës , Saint Lucia co-cathedral. Belgium In Belgium, the cathedral of the primatial Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels is the Metropolitan St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen (Malines), the archiepiscopal seat. Its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels , the national capital. A third, larger church in Koekelberg (also in Brussels) has the status of minor basilica , without co-cathedral rank, yet it has received papal visits including a papal beatification. Bulgaria The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv has, besides the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv , a new co-cathedral of St. Joseph in Sofia . Croatia The Metropolitan archbishop of Split-Makarska has, in Split (Dalmatia), the co-cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle Konkatedrala sv. Petra Apostola, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Sv. Dujma The Metropolitan archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek has, in Osijek (Slavonia), the co-cathedral of St Peter and St Paul Crkva svetog Petra i Pavla , besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Bazilika Svetog Petra Czech Republic The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava has a co-cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption Co-Cathedral in Ostravian-Opavian diocese in Opava besides the Ostrava Savior cathedral. France The double-titled bishopric of Aire and Dax has a Co-cathedral of Notre Dame in Dax and a Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Aire The Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise has its cathedral in Chambéry and co–cathedrals in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and in Tarentaise The bishop of Couserans (a see suppressed in the French Revolution ) had two co-cathedral churches at Saint-Lizier The bishop of Sisteron (a see also suppressed) had a second throne in the church of Forcalquier , which is still called La Con-cathédrale . Germany The Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg has a co-cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Dillingen and a cathedral of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Augsburg The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen has a co-cathedral of Saint Peter in Bautzen and a cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in Dresden The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has a co-cathedral of Saints Mary and Korbinian in Freising and a cathedral of Our Dear Lady in Munich The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart has a co-cathedral of Saint Eberhard in Stuttgart and a cathedral of Saint Martin in Rottenburg am Neckar . Hungary The primatial Metropolitan see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest has its primary cathedral in the old archiepiscopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of Esztergom , and a co-cathedral basilica in the national state capital Budapest . Italy The Diocese of Adria-Rovigo has a Concattedrale di S. Stefano Papa e Martire Concattedrale dedicated to Martyr Pope Stephen I in Rovigo , which never was a diocese, besides Adria 's own Cattedrale di SS. Pietro e Paolo dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alghero-Bosa (on Sardinia) has a Marian Co-Cathedral Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata, in Bosa besides its cathedral episcopal see, the Marian Cattedrale di Beata Maria Vergine Immaculata Concezione, in Alghero The Diocese of Amalfi–Cava de' Tirreni has a Marian Co-Cathedral of the Visitation of Mary in Cava de' Tirreni , besides the cathedral of Apostle Andrew in Amalfi . The Diocese of Avezzano has its cathedral in that city and a co-cathedral in its former see Pescina The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano has a cathedral in Campobasso [ it ] and a co-cathedral in Bojano [ it ] . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucera-Troia has its cathedral in Lucera, present see; Troia 's former cathedral serves as co-cathedral The Diocese of Melfi–Rapolla–Venosa has a cathedral, a Marian Minor Basilica: Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta, at Melfi , and two Co-cathedrals: Concattedrale di S. Andrea in Venosa , and Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo, in Rapolla The Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi has a cathedral in Molfetta and three co-cathedral: in Ruvo , Giovinazzo and Terlizzi The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello has a cathedral of Peter&Paul in Pitigliano and a co-cathedral of the Assumptio in Orbetello The Archdiocese of Rossano–Cariati has a Marian Cathedral di Maria SS. Achiropita at Rossano and a Co-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Cariati The Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia has its cathedral in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi and three co-cathedrals in absorbed former bishoprics : Conza di Campania , Nusco and Bisaccia The Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro has a Co-cathedral of the Assumption in Policastro Bussentino and a Marian cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano The Diocese of Termoli-Larino has its cathedral in Termoli and a co-cathedral in Larino The Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen has its cathedral in Brixen and a co-cathedral in Bolzano Malta The metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta is St. Paul's Cathedral in the former capital Mdina . Since the 1820s, the former Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta has been known as St. John's Co-Cathedral . Netherlands Since 8 March 2025, the Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam , is co-cathedral with the Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem . [ 2 ] Poland the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów has a cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość and a co-cathedral of St. Stanislaus in Lubaczów The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień has a cathedral of James the Elder in Szczecin and a co-cathedral of John the Baptist in Kamień; the same goes for both its suffragans : the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg Slovakia Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas, Prešov Slovenia The Diocese of Koper has a Co-cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Nova Gorica besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koper Spain The Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Logroño besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Calahorra and Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary of Santo Domingo de la Calzada . The Diocese of Coria-Cáceres has a C o-Cathedral of St Mary in Cáceres besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Coria . The Diocese of Guadix-Baza has a Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Incarnation ( es ) in Baza besides its Cathedral of the Incarnation in Guadix . The Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz has a Co-Cathedral of Saint Mary Major in Mérida besides its Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Badajoz . The Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol has a Co-Cathedral of St Martin in Ferrol beside its Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mondoñedo . The Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante has a Co-Catedral of St Nicholas of Bary in Alicante besides its Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Orihuela . The Diocese of Osma-Soria has a Co-Cathedral of St Peter in Soria besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma . The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón has a Co-Cathedral os St Mary in Castellón de la Plana besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Segorbe . The Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara has a Co-Cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor in Guadalajara besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Sigüenza . The Diocese of Tui-Vigo has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Vigo besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Tui . Ukraine Latin Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr has a Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv , besides the Cathedral of St. Sophia, in Zhytomyr . Latin diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia has a Co-Cathedral of the Merciful Father, Zaporizhzhia , besides the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kharkiv The Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol plans a co-cathedral in Simferopol, on Crimea, besides its Odesa cathedral, but suspended building plans after the Russian annexation Catholic Asia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Indonesia The Diocese of Sibolga has a co-Cathedral named The Lady of All Nations in Gunungsitoli , Nias , besides the Cathedral of Therese of Lisieux in Sibolga . India The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh has a co-Cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral, at Chandigarh , which never was a diocese, besides the cathedral episcopal see of St. Michael and St. Joseph in Shimla , the capital of Himachal Pradesh state. After the merger of the ecclesiastical provinces of Madras and Mylapore in 1952 to form the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore . The cathedral of the former Mylapore province was given Co-cathedral standard and is now known as St Mary's Co-Cathedral . Israel The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem , whose main cathedral is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , also has a co-cathedral, namely the co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus . Japan The co-Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan , in Nagasaki also known as Ōura Cathedral, a World Heritage Site , and the oldest church in Japan. Nearby is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral , also known as Urakami Cathedral. Korea The Archdiocese of Daegu has, besides the Kyesan Cathedral , a new co-cathedral, Beomeo Cathedral. The Diocese of Suwon has a cathedral of Korean Martyrs in Jeongjadong and a co-cathedral of Queen of Peace in Jowon-dong Philippines The Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan has a cathedral in Dagupan, Pangasinan and the original cathedral, now co-cathedral, the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church in Lingayen . Syria The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs has in Yabrud (one of the two former eparchs which were title united with the diocese) the co-cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen, besides its Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Homs . Asian Turkey The Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia has a Co-Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua, in Mersin , besides the Marian episcopal see Cathedral of the Annunciation, in İskenderun (Alexandretta). Catholic Africa This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Egypt The Latin Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria had a St. Catherine cathedral in Alexandria and two co-cathedrals: the former cathedrals of the merged-in apostolic vicariates of Heliopolis of Egypt ( Our Lady , in that Cairo suburb) and of Port Said (Our Lady and St. Michael in that Sinai Canal port). Ghana The Diocese of Keta–Akatsi has its co-cathedral at first-named Keta , the cathedral is in second-named Akatsi . Catholic Central America and Antilles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Belize Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the diocesan co-cathedral of Belize City-Belmopan since the national capital was shifted to Belmopan , which was added to the bishopric's title, but the see and Holy Redeemer Cathedral remained in former capital Belize City . Guatemala The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Altos Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán has a Cocatedral, San Miguel Arcángel, in Totonicapán , besides the episcopal see Catedral del Espíritu Santo, in Quetzaltenango . The diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas has cathedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa and a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas , which is officially still the cathedral of the (absorbed) Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas . Martinique The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre has a co-cathedral Co-cathédrale Notre Dame de l'Assomption, in Saint-Pierre, besides the cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Louis, in Fort-de-France. St. Kitts and Nevis The Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre has a cathedral, Holy Family Cathedral, in St John's, Antigua , and a co-cathedral, Basseterre Co-Cathedral of Immaculate Conception , in Basseterre , St. Kitts. Catholic South America This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Brazil The bishop of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga has a Co-Cathedral São Francisco Xavier, in Paranatinga , besides its episcopal see Catedral São Cristóvão, in Primavera do Leste . Chile The Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén has an Our Lady of Sorrows Co-cathedral in Coyhaique besides its Saint Therese of Lisieux Cathedral in Puerto Aysén . Peru The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua has a St. Dominic Co-cathedral in Moquegua besides its Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in Tacna . Uruguay The Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico has a Cathedral Catedral Armênia São Gregório Iluminador, in São Paulo, Brazil and a Co-Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Bzommar, in Montevideo, Uruguay, Catholic Oceania This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Australia The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney has Our Lady of Lebanon Co-Cathedral in Harris Park, New South Wales , [ 3 ] besides St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney . [ 4 ] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong has St John Vianney Co-Cathedral in Fairy Meadow, New South Wales . Papua New Guinea The Archdiocese of Rabaul has besides its episcopal see -a cathedral in Vunapope- St Francis Xavier's Co-Cathedral, in the national capital Rabaul. Polynesia The Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Co-Cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary at Siusega, together with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart in the capital, Apia in Upolu. The Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago has a Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Fagatogo besides the Cathedral of the Holy Family in Tafuna , on Tutuila Island United Kingdom Catholic Church The Archdiocese of Liverpool includes a co-cathedral on the Isle of Man , the St. Mary of the Isle Church . Church of England Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells' and 'Coventry and Lichfield' were the only co-cathedrals in England. Only one diocese of the Church of England has co-cathedrals; in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds there are three co-cathedrals, Ripon , Bradford and Wakefield . The Diocese of Leeds was formed in 2014 by the merger of the former Anglican dioceses of Bradford , Ripon , and Wakefield , with all three former diocesan cathedrals given co-equal status in the new diocese. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley , Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each, he had no diocesan cathedra in them. The chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church. [ citation needed ] Scottish Episcopal Church The Diocese of Argyll and The Isles of the Scottish Episcopal Church has two co-cathedrals: St John's Cathedral , Oban and Cathedral of The Isles , Millport, Cumbrae . It is the only diocese to have more than one cathedral. [ 7 ] North America Catholic Church In the United States , there are several instances in which a Roman Catholic diocese maintains two episcopal see cities, each with its own cathedral or co-cathedral. Examples include: the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minnesota). the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston (Texas). [ 8 ] the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau (Alaska). the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown (Pennsylvania). the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Indiana). the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings (Montana). the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux (Louisiana). the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph (Missouri). the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee (Florida). the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau (Missouri). the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston (West Virginia). the Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Minnesota). In some cases the co-cathedrals are in different municipalities, but the diocese's name does not reflect the dual cathedral status. For example: the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) the cathedral, St. Mary of the Assumption in Trenton , and the co-cathedral, St. Robert Bellarmine in Freehold , the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton with its co-cathedrals, the Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral in Boston, Massachusetts on the East Coast and the St. Anne Melkite Catholic Cathedral (North Hollywood, California) on the West Coast. There are also three instances in the United States in which a cathedral and its co-cathedral are in the same city. [ 9 ] This usually occurs when a historically important cathedral becomes too small to serve a growing population, and a larger co-cathedral is constructed to accommodate larger services. Examples include: The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus in the Diocese of Honolulu , Hawaii. The Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (originally the cathedral and now the co-cathedral) in the Archdiocese of Baltimore , Maryland. The Cathedral Basilica of St. James and the Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph in the Diocese of Brooklyn , New York. Examples in Canada are: The Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth , Nova Scotia, has the absorbed diocese's former see, St. Ambrose Co-Cathedral in Yarmouth, besides the Metropolitan's own cathedral minor basilica , St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Halifax. The Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste and the Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue in the Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil , Quebec. Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral in the former Gravelbourg Diocese, and the Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina, Saskatchewan) both now in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina , in the province of Saskatchewan. The Holy Family Cathedral and St. Paul's Cathedral in the Diocese of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan. Episcopal Church (United States) In the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Diocese of Iowa and the Diocese of Minnesota each have two cathedrals, both located in different cities; however, they are not styled "co-cathedrals." The Diocese of Lexington maintains a second cathedral of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at their Cathedral Domain conference center and camp in Irvine, Kentucky , but they do not use the term "co-cathedral" to describe it. [ 10 ] See also Pro-cathedral List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Cathedrals in the World" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Celebration of taking possession of the Co-Cathedral" . Jan W. M. Hendriks . 8 March 2025. ^ "Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Parish" . Retrieved 7 April 2021 . ^ "St Maroun's Cathedral" . GCatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "West Yorkshire Reorganisation Scheme" . churchofengland.org . Archbishops' Council of the Church of England. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Cathedrals" . anglican.org . Diocese of Leeds . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Diocese of Argyll and the Isles" . anglica.org . Diocese of Argyll and the Isles. 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . With Cathedrals in Oban and on the Isle of Cumbrae... ^ "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston: History of the Cathedral & Co-Cathedral" . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedrals in USA" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedral Domain celebrates 100 years of welcoming visitors | Lexington Herald Leader" . Archived from the original on 2019-10-07 . Retrieved 2019-10-07 . History of cathedrals Types of church buildings Cathedrals Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2023 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 21:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Página actual, Noticias América Latina Internacional EE.UU. Economía Ciencia Salud Cultura Tecnología Hay Festival Centroamérica cuenta Podcasts Página actual, Noticias América Latina Internacional EE.UU. Economía Ciencia Salud Cultura Tecnología Hay Festival Centroamérica cuenta Podcasts BBC News , Mundo - Página de inicio Principales La "atípica" visita de María Corina Machado a la Casa Blanca en la que le entregó su premio Nobel de la Paz a Donald Trump La líder opositora venezolana se reunió a puerta cerrada con el presidente de EE.UU. en la Casa Blanca. 9 horas ¿Tienes preguntas sobre lo que pasa en Venezuela? Nuestros periodistas te las contestarán en vivo este viernes Mándanos tus preguntas y las compartiremos con nuestro panel de expertos y con nuestros periodistas en Venezuela durante la transmisión en vivo que haremos este viernes a través de YouTube, Instagram, TikTok y Facebook. Por qué Francia y otros países europeos se oponen al acuerdo entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea, que creará la zona de libre comercio más grande del mundo La presión del sector agrícola en algunas naciones del Viejo Continente se ha vuelto un problema para varios gobiernos de Europa. 7 horas La joven que presuntamente llevaba unas bengalas en el bar suizo en el que murieron 40 personas no era consciente del peligro, según su familia Avanzan las investigaciones sobre el incendio durante una fiesta de Año Nuevo en un bar de un centro de esquí en Suiza en el que murieron 40 personas y 116 resultaron heridas. 15 enero 2026 Un pixel rojo en la nieve: cómo la IA ayudó a encontrar a un montañista desaparecido El rastreo de caminantes y montañistas perdidos puede tomar semanas, incluso meses, pero la IA puede en algunos casos hacerlo en cuestión de horas y potencialmente salvar vidas. 1 hora Principales La "atípica" visita de María Corina Machado a la Casa Blanca en la que le entregó su premio Nobel de la Paz a Donald Trump La líder opositora venezolana se reunió a puerta cerrada con el presidente de EE.UU. en la Casa Blanca. 9 horas La "atípica" visita de María Corina Machado a la Casa Blanca en la que le entregó su premio Nobel de la Paz a Donald Trump La líder opositora venezolana se reunió a puerta cerrada con el presidente de EE.UU. en la Casa Blanca. ¿Tienes preguntas sobre lo que pasa en Venezuela? Nuestros periodistas te las contestarán en vivo este viernes Mándanos tus preguntas y las compartiremos con nuestro panel de expertos y con nuestros periodistas en Venezuela durante la transmisión en vivo que haremos este viernes a través de YouTube, Instagram, TikTok y Facebook. ¿Tienes preguntas sobre lo que pasa en Venezuela? Nuestros periodistas te las contestarán en vivo este viernes Mándanos tus preguntas y las compartiremos con nuestro panel de expertos y con nuestros periodistas en Venezuela durante la transmisión en vivo que haremos este viernes a través de YouTube, Instagram, TikTok y Facebook. Por qué Francia y otros países europeos se oponen al acuerdo entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea, que creará la zona de libre comercio más grande del mundo La presión del sector agrícola en algunas naciones del Viejo Continente se ha vuelto un problema para varios gobiernos de Europa. 7 horas Por qué Francia y otros países europeos se oponen al acuerdo entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea, que creará la zona de libre comercio más grande del mundo La presión del sector agrícola en algunas naciones del Viejo Continente se ha vuelto un problema para varios gobiernos de Europa. La joven que presuntamente llevaba unas bengalas en el bar suizo en el que murieron 40 personas no era consciente del peligro, según su familia Avanzan las investigaciones sobre el incendio durante una fiesta de Año Nuevo en un bar de un centro de esquí en Suiza en el que murieron 40 personas y 116 resultaron heridas. 15 enero 2026 La joven que presuntamente llevaba unas bengalas en el bar suizo en el que murieron 40 personas no era consciente del peligro, según su familia Avanzan las investigaciones sobre el incendio durante una fiesta de Año Nuevo en un bar de un centro de esquí en Suiza en el que murieron 40 personas y 116 resultaron heridas. Un pixel rojo en la nieve: cómo la IA ayudó a encontrar a un montañista desaparecido El rastreo de caminantes y montañistas perdidos puede tomar semanas, incluso meses, pero la IA puede en algunos casos hacerlo en cuestión de horas y potencialmente salvar vidas. 1 hora Un pixel rojo en la nieve: cómo la IA ayudó a encontrar a un montañista desaparecido El rastreo de caminantes y montañistas perdidos puede tomar semanas, incluso meses, pero la IA puede en algunos casos hacerlo en cuestión de horas y potencialmente salvar vidas. Más noticias Pasé meses tratando de averiguar si mejorar mi salud intestinal podría ayudarme a envejecer mejor 33 minutos El cantante Julio Iglesias rechaza las denuncias de abuso sexual de dos mujeres en su contra que investiga la Justicia en España 1 hora Fuerzas militares de varios países europeos llegan a Groenlandia para una misión de reconocimiento mientras Trump insiste en que EE.UU. "necesita" la isla 15 enero 2026 "México es el más fuerte y el más débil ante Trump": la encrucijada de Claudia Sheinbaum tras la intervención de EE.UU. en Venezuela 15 enero 2026 Más noticias Pasé meses tratando de averiguar si mejorar mi salud intestinal podría ayudarme a envejecer mejor 33 minutos Pasé meses tratando de averiguar si mejorar mi salud intestinal podría ayudarme a envejecer mejor El cantante Julio Iglesias rechaza las denuncias de abuso sexual de dos mujeres en su contra que investiga la Justicia en España 1 hora El cantante Julio Iglesias rechaza las denuncias de abuso sexual de dos mujeres en su contra que investiga la Justicia en España Fuerzas militares de varios países europeos llegan a Groenlandia para una misión de reconocimiento mientras Trump insiste en que EE.UU. "necesita" la isla 15 enero 2026 Fuerzas militares de varios países europeos llegan a Groenlandia para una misión de reconocimiento mientras Trump insiste en que EE.UU. 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Expertos consultados por BBC Mundo aseguran que la superioridad tecnológica de Washington, junto con errores del liderazgo militar venezolano, explican lo ocurrido el pasado 3 de enero. 14 enero 2026 Las imágenes del búnker antinuclear que está a punto de caer al mar por la erosión costera Se cree que el edificio en la costa del condado de East Yorkshire se construyó hace unos 70 años. 14 enero 2026 Destacamos La mujer rusa que recluta "con engaños" a hombres extranjeros para luchar en el frente en Ucrania Varios reclutas le dijeron a la BBC que una exprofesora rusa que opera en Telegram los engañó y convocó para la guerra, diciéndoles que podían evitar el combate. 15 enero 2026 La mujer rusa que recluta "con engaños" a hombres extranjeros para luchar en el frente en Ucrania Varios reclutas le dijeron a la BBC que una exprofesora rusa que opera en Telegram los engañó y convocó para la guerra, diciéndoles que podían evitar el combate. Qué es la Ley de Insurrección y por qué Trump amenaza con invocarla en Minnesota Trump amenazó con invocar la ley con el fin de detener las manifestaciones en Mineápolis contra la presencia de ICE. 15 enero 2026 Qué es la Ley de Insurrección y por qué Trump amenaza con invocarla en Minnesota Trump amenazó con invocar la ley con el fin de detener las manifestaciones en Mineápolis contra la presencia de ICE. La fastuosa vida de los millonarios en la capital del "agrolujo" de Brasil Apartamentos millonarios, autos Porsche y Ferrari en las calles, jets privados en el cielo y marcas internacionales son ahora comunes en Goiânia, un ejemplo de prosperidad económica impulsada por el éxito del agronegocio. 1 hora La fastuosa vida de los millonarios en la capital del "agrolujo" de Brasil Apartamentos millonarios, autos Porsche y Ferrari en las calles, jets privados en el cielo y marcas internacionales son ahora comunes en Goiânia, un ejemplo de prosperidad económica impulsada por el éxito del agronegocio. 4 astronautas amerizan en la Tierra tras ser evacuados de la Estación Espacial Internacional debido a un "grave" problema médico Es la primera vez que astronautas son evacuados debido a un problema de salud desde que la estación fue puesta en órbita terrestre en 1998. 15 enero 2026 4 astronautas amerizan en la Tierra tras ser evacuados de la Estación Espacial Internacional debido a un "grave" problema médico Es la primera vez que astronautas son evacuados debido a un problema de salud desde que la estación fue puesta en órbita terrestre en 1998. Por qué las defensas aéreas que Venezuela compró a Rusia y China no pudieron repeler el ataque de EE.UU. Expertos consultados por BBC Mundo aseguran que la superioridad tecnológica de Washington, junto con errores del liderazgo militar venezolano, explican lo ocurrido el pasado 3 de enero. 14 enero 2026 Por qué las defensas aéreas que Venezuela compró a Rusia y China no pudieron repeler el ataque de EE.UU. Expertos consultados por BBC Mundo aseguran que la superioridad tecnológica de Washington, junto con errores del liderazgo militar venezolano, explican lo ocurrido el pasado 3 de enero. Las imágenes del búnker antinuclear que está a punto de caer al mar por la erosión costera Se cree que el edificio en la costa del condado de East Yorkshire se construyó hace unos 70 años. 14 enero 2026 Las imágenes del búnker antinuclear que está a punto de caer al mar por la erosión costera Se cree que el edificio en la costa del condado de East Yorkshire se construyó hace unos 70 años. Video y audio ¿Cuáles son tus preguntas sobre Venezuela? ESPECIAL EN VIVO BBC MUNDO 3 escenarios en Venezuela tras la intervención de EE.UU. y captura de Nicolás Maduro Qué es la "doctrina Donroe" y cómo ayuda a explicar el ataque de EE.UU. a Venezuela En qué lugar quedan María Corina Machado y la oposición de Venezuela tras la captura de Maduro Cuánto petróleo tiene Venezuela y qué le debe a Estados Unidos Video y audio ¿Cuáles son tus preguntas sobre Venezuela? ESPECIAL EN VIVO BBC MUNDO ¿Cuáles son tus preguntas sobre Venezuela? ESPECIAL EN VIVO BBC MUNDO 3 escenarios en Venezuela tras la intervención de EE.UU. y captura de Nicolás Maduro 3 escenarios en Venezuela tras la intervención de EE.UU. y captura de Nicolás Maduro Qué es la "doctrina Donroe" y cómo ayuda a explicar el ataque de EE.UU. a Venezuela Qué es la "doctrina Donroe" y cómo ayuda a explicar el ataque de EE.UU. a Venezuela En qué lugar quedan María Corina Machado y la oposición de Venezuela tras la captura de Maduro En qué lugar quedan María Corina Machado y la oposición de Venezuela tras la captura de Maduro Cuánto petróleo tiene Venezuela y qué le debe a Estados Unidos Cuánto petróleo tiene Venezuela y qué le debe a Estados Unidos BBC Mundo presenta su nuevo podcast: “Improbable” Escúchalo aquí BBC Mundo presenta su nuevo podcast: “Improbable” No te lo pierdas "El objetivo del gobierno de Trump es imponer un mundo dividido en 3 partes: una para EE.UU., otra para China y otra para Rusia" Ricardo Zúñiga, quien ocupó altos cargos en los gobiernos de Biden y Obama, sostiene que la operación que culminó con la captura de Maduro evidencia que Washington está reconfigurando el orden internacional. 14 enero 2026 "A mis 14 años, mi madre firmó mi matrimonio y entregó mi vida a un hombre. Esto todavía sucede en EE.UU." En 34 estados de Estados Unidos las personas menores de 18 años pueden contraer matrimonio mediante excepciones legales. 13 enero 2026 "Me siento más pobre hoy que en diciembre": el aumento de precios que registra Venezuela desde la crisis política por la captura de Maduro Mientras la atención internacional se centra en los cambios políticos que atraviesa Venezuela, para los venezolanos el aumento de precios es la preocupación más inmediata. 14 enero 2026 Por qué las protestas en Irán que ya han dejado "miles de muertos" no tienen precedentes Irán ya ha vivido protestas antes, las más recientes en 2022, pero ¿por qué las manifestaciones actuales se consideran diferentes en alcance y objetivos? 14 enero 2026 Cómo Marco Rubio se convirtió en el "arquitecto" de la operación de EE.UU. para capturar a Maduro y ahora es clave para definir el futuro de Venezuela Uno de los mayores logros de Rubio fue hacer converger en torno a Venezuela los intereses de actores tan dispares como clave en el gobierno estadounidense, dijo a BBC Mundo un experto venezolano. 13 enero 2026 Cómo queda Cuba tras la caída de Maduro en Venezuela y por qué el petróleo de México pasa a ser clave ¿Cuál es la situación de la economía de Cuba? ¿Cómo le impactarán los cambios en Venezuela? ¿Puede realmente colapsar como dice Trump? Lo analizamos. 12 enero 2026 No te lo pierdas "El objetivo del gobierno de Trump es imponer un mundo dividido en 3 partes: una para EE.UU., otra para China y otra para Rusia" Ricardo Zúñiga, quien ocupó altos cargos en los gobiernos de Biden y Obama, sostiene que la operación que culminó con la captura de Maduro evidencia que Washington está reconfigurando el orden internacional. 14 enero 2026 "El objetivo del gobierno de Trump es imponer un mundo dividido en 3 partes: una para EE.UU., otra para China y otra para Rusia" Ricardo Zúñiga, quien ocupó altos cargos en los gobiernos de Biden y Obama, sostiene que la operación que culminó con la captura de Maduro evidencia que Washington está reconfigurando el orden internacional. "A mis 14 años, mi madre firmó mi matrimonio y entregó mi vida a un hombre. Esto todavía sucede en EE.UU." En 34 estados de Estados Unidos las personas menores de 18 años pueden contraer matrimonio mediante excepciones legales. 13 enero 2026 "A mis 14 años, mi madre firmó mi matrimonio y entregó mi vida a un hombre. Esto todavía sucede en EE.UU." En 34 estados de Estados Unidos las personas menores de 18 años pueden contraer matrimonio mediante excepciones legales. "Me siento más pobre hoy que en diciembre": el aumento de precios que registra Venezuela desde la crisis política por la captura de Maduro Mientras la atención internacional se centra en los cambios políticos que atraviesa Venezuela, para los venezolanos el aumento de precios es la preocupación más inmediata. 14 enero 2026 "Me siento más pobre hoy que en diciembre": el aumento de precios que registra Venezuela desde la crisis política por la captura de Maduro Mientras la atención internacional se centra en los cambios políticos que atraviesa Venezuela, para los venezolanos el aumento de precios es la preocupación más inmediata. Por qué las protestas en Irán que ya han dejado "miles de muertos" no tienen precedentes Irán ya ha vivido protestas antes, las más recientes en 2022, pero ¿por qué las manifestaciones actuales se consideran diferentes en alcance y objetivos? 14 enero 2026 Por qué las protestas en Irán que ya han dejado "miles de muertos" no tienen precedentes Irán ya ha vivido protestas antes, las más recientes en 2022, pero ¿por qué las manifestaciones actuales se consideran diferentes en alcance y objetivos? Cómo Marco Rubio se convirtió en el "arquitecto" de la operación de EE.UU. para capturar a Maduro y ahora es clave para definir el futuro de Venezuela Uno de los mayores logros de Rubio fue hacer converger en torno a Venezuela los intereses de actores tan dispares como clave en el gobierno estadounidense, dijo a BBC Mundo un experto venezolano. 13 enero 2026 Cómo Marco Rubio se convirtió en el "arquitecto" de la operación de EE.UU. para capturar a Maduro y ahora es clave para definir el futuro de Venezuela Uno de los mayores logros de Rubio fue hacer converger en torno a Venezuela los intereses de actores tan dispares como clave en el gobierno estadounidense, dijo a BBC Mundo un experto venezolano. Cómo queda Cuba tras la caída de Maduro en Venezuela y por qué el petróleo de México pasa a ser clave ¿Cuál es la situación de la economía de Cuba? ¿Cómo le impactarán los cambios en Venezuela? ¿Puede realmente colapsar como dice Trump? Lo analizamos. 12 enero 2026 Cómo queda Cuba tras la caída de Maduro en Venezuela y por qué el petróleo de México pasa a ser clave ¿Cuál es la situación de la economía de Cuba? ¿Cómo le impactarán los cambios en Venezuela? ¿Puede realmente colapsar como dice Trump? Lo analizamos. América Latina Qué países de América Latina están en la lista de 75 a los que EE.UU. congela la tramitación de visas de inmigrantes Un portavoz del Departamento de Estado dijo que la suspensión comenzará el 21 de enero y que la medida busca que se nieguen visas a personas que puedan depender de recursos públicos en algún punto. 14 enero 2026 "¡Se llevaron a Maduro y a Cilia!": BBC Mundo reconstruye la noche en la que EE.UU. bombardeó Caracas Desde Fuerte Tiuna y sus alrededores, hospitales y comunidades civiles adyacentes a instalaciones militares, BBC Mundo cuenta cómo varios habitantes de Caracas vivieron el operativo para capturar a Nicolás Maduro y Cilia Flores, ordenado por Donald Trump. 11 enero 2026 "Nunca pensé que me iban a atacar a mí": los sobrevivientes del ataque con misil al Bloque 12, el edificio donde murió una mujer por los bombardeos de EE.UU. en Venezuela Sobrevivientes al ataque de EE.UU. en Venezuela que condujo a la captura de Nicolás Maduro cuentan sus testimonios. 9 enero 2026 Qué pasó en Panamá tras la invasión de EE.UU. y la captura de Noriega La intervención para capturar a Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela recordó la invasión de Panamá en 1989 para derrocar a Manuel Noriega, a quien Estados Unidos también acusaba de narcotráfico. 12 enero 2026 Por qué Costa Rica construye una nueva cárcel de máxima seguridad inspirada en la megaprisión de Bukele en El Salvador El presidente salvadoreño Nayib Bukele acudió a Costa Rica para poner la primera piedra de la nueva prisión, que contará con muchas de las características del famoso y polémico Cecot. 14 enero 2026 América Latina Qué países de América Latina están en la lista de 75 a los que EE.UU. congela la tramitación de visas de inmigrantes Un portavoz del Departamento de Estado dijo que la suspensión comenzará el 21 de enero y que la medida busca que se nieguen visas a personas que puedan depender de recursos públicos en algún punto. 14 enero 2026 Qué países de América Latina están en la lista de 75 a los que EE.UU. congela la tramitación de visas de inmigrantes Un portavoz del Departamento de Estado dijo que la suspensión comenzará el 21 de enero y que la medida busca que se nieguen visas a personas que puedan depender de recursos públicos en algún punto. "¡Se llevaron a Maduro y a Cilia!": BBC Mundo reconstruye la noche en la que EE.UU. bombardeó Caracas Desde Fuerte Tiuna y sus alrededores, hospitales y comunidades civiles adyacentes a instalaciones militares, BBC Mundo cuenta cómo varios habitantes de Caracas vivieron el operativo para capturar a Nicolás Maduro y Cilia Flores, ordenado por Donald Trump. 11 enero 2026 "¡Se llevaron a Maduro y a Cilia!": BBC Mundo reconstruye la noche en la que EE.UU. bombardeó Caracas Desde Fuerte Tiuna y sus alrededores, hospitales y comunidades civiles adyacentes a instalaciones militares, BBC Mundo cuenta cómo varios habitantes de Caracas vivieron el operativo para capturar a Nicolás Maduro y Cilia Flores, ordenado por Donald Trump. "Nunca pensé que me iban a atacar a mí": los sobrevivientes del ataque con misil al Bloque 12, el edificio donde murió una mujer por los bombardeos de EE.UU. en Venezuela Sobrevivientes al ataque de EE.UU. en Venezuela que condujo a la captura de Nicolás Maduro cuentan sus testimonios. 9 enero 2026 "Nunca pensé que me iban a atacar a mí": los sobrevivientes del ataque con misil al Bloque 12, el edificio donde murió una mujer por los bombardeos de EE.UU. en Venezuela Sobrevivientes al ataque de EE.UU. en Venezuela que condujo a la captura de Nicolás Maduro cuentan sus testimonios. Qué pasó en Panamá tras la invasión de EE.UU. y la captura de Noriega La intervención para capturar a Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela recordó la invasión de Panamá en 1989 para derrocar a Manuel Noriega, a quien Estados Unidos también acusaba de narcotráfico. 12 enero 2026 Qué pasó en Panamá tras la invasión de EE.UU. y la captura de Noriega La intervención para capturar a Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela recordó la invasión de Panamá en 1989 para derrocar a Manuel Noriega, a quien Estados Unidos también acusaba de narcotráfico. Por qué Costa Rica construye una nueva cárcel de máxima seguridad inspirada en la megaprisión de Bukele en El Salvador El presidente salvadoreño Nayib Bukele acudió a Costa Rica para poner la primera piedra de la nueva prisión, que contará con muchas de las características del famoso y polémico Cecot. 14 enero 2026 Por qué Costa Rica construye una nueva cárcel de máxima seguridad inspirada en la megaprisión de Bukele en El Salvador El presidente salvadoreño Nayib Bukele acudió a Costa Rica para poner la primera piedra de la nueva prisión, que contará con muchas de las características del famoso y polémico Cecot. Internacional Trump elogia a la presidenta de Venezuela, Delcy Rodríguez, tras mantener una charla antes de reunirse con la líder opositora María Corina Machado El presidente estadounidense afirmó que sostuvo una conversación "larga" y "genial" con la presidenta encargada de Venezuela y que es "una persona estupenda" 14 enero 2026 "En cada callejón había dos o tres muertos": los testimonios de los iraníes en medio de la violenta represión a las protestas Testimonios recogidos por el Servicio Persa de la BBC dan cuenta de la violenta represión en diferentes ciudades iraníes de las protestas contra el gobierno de la República Islámica. 14 enero 2026 "Elegimos a Dinamarca por encima de EE.UU.", dice el primer ministro de Groenlandia ante la presión de Trump para apropiarse de la isla Se trata de la declaración más contundente de un líder del territorio autónomo danés desde que el presidente estadounidense Donald Trump reactivara los planes para anexionarlo. 13 enero 2026 Quién es y cuánto poder tiene el ayatolá Alí Jamenei, el líder supremo de Irán a quien las multitudinarias protestas buscan destituir Analizamos la vida del máximo líder de Irán, el poder que ejerce y el papel que desempeñan sus hijos en la política del país que atraviesa su crisis más seria en décadas. 13 enero 2026 "Los gobernantes de Irán se enfrentan al mayor desafío desde la revolución de 1979" Las autoridades están respondiendo a las protestas con una represión feroz y un bloqueo casi total de internet. 12 enero 2026 Internacional Trump elogia a la presidenta de Venezuela, Delcy Rodríguez, tras mantener una charla antes de reunirse con la líder opositora María Corina Machado El presidente estadounidense afirmó que sostuvo una conversación "larga" y "genial" con la presidenta encargada de Venezuela y que es "una persona estupenda" 14 enero 2026 Trump elogia a la presidenta de Venezuela, Delcy Rodríguez, tras mantener una charla antes de reunirse con la líder opositora María Corina Machado El presidente estadounidense afirmó que sostuvo una conversación "larga" y "genial" con la presidenta encargada de Venezuela y que es "una persona estupenda" "En cada callejón había dos o tres muertos": los testimonios de los iraníes en medio de la violenta represión a las protestas Testimonios recogidos por el Servicio Persa de la BBC dan cuenta de la violenta represión en diferentes ciudades iraníes de las protestas contra el gobierno de la República Islámica. 14 enero 2026 "En cada callejón había dos o tres muertos": los testimonios de los iraníes en medio de la violenta represión a las protestas Testimonios recogidos por el Servicio Persa de la BBC dan cuenta de la violenta represión en diferentes ciudades iraníes de las protestas contra el gobierno de la República Islámica. "Elegimos a Dinamarca por encima de EE.UU.", dice el primer ministro de Groenlandia ante la presión de Trump para apropiarse de la isla Se trata de la declaración más contundente de un líder del territorio autónomo danés desde que el presidente estadounidense Donald Trump reactivara los planes para anexionarlo. 13 enero 2026 "Elegimos a Dinamarca por encima de EE.UU.", dice el primer ministro de Groenlandia ante la presión de Trump para apropiarse de la isla Se trata de la declaración más contundente de un líder del territorio autónomo danés desde que el presidente estadounidense Donald Trump reactivara los planes para anexionarlo. Quién es y cuánto poder tiene el ayatolá Alí Jamenei, el líder supremo de Irán a quien las multitudinarias protestas buscan destituir Analizamos la vida del máximo líder de Irán, el poder que ejerce y el papel que desempeñan sus hijos en la política del país que atraviesa su crisis más seria en décadas. 13 enero 2026 Quién es y cuánto poder tiene el ayatolá Alí Jamenei, el líder supremo de Irán a quien las multitudinarias protestas buscan destituir Analizamos la vida del máximo líder de Irán, el poder que ejerce y el papel que desempeñan sus hijos en la política del país que atraviesa su crisis más seria en décadas. "Los gobernantes de Irán se enfrentan al mayor desafío desde la revolución de 1979" Las autoridades están respondiendo a las protestas con una represión feroz y un bloqueo casi total de internet. 12 enero 2026 "Los gobernantes de Irán se enfrentan al mayor desafío desde la revolución de 1979" Las autoridades están respondiendo a las protestas con una represión feroz y un bloqueo casi total de internet. Ahora BBC Mundo está en WhatsApp Únete a nuestro canal de WhatsApp Ahora BBC Mundo está en WhatsApp Ciencia y Tecnología Qué es la Gran Implosión, la teoría sobre la misteriosa materia oscura que predice el fin del universo y divide a los astrónomos La energía oscura podría estar cambiando, poniendo en tela de juicio nuestra comprensión actual de la naturaleza del tiempo y el espacio. 15 enero 2026 Willow: el laboratorio que resguarda la computadora más poderosa del mundo en el lugar más frío del universo El editor de economía de la BBC obtuvo un raro acceso a Willow, la computadora cuántica de Google. 13 enero 2026 Hasta qué profundidad se ha adentrado el ser humano en la Tierra (y por qué importa conocer el centro del planeta) Los seres humanos hemos intentado de muchas formas acercarnos al centro de la Tierra, pero ¿ hasta dónde hemos llegado y qué hay realmente allí abajo? 14 enero 2026 Qué tiene de especial la geografía de Venezuela que hace que tenga las reservas de petróleo probadas más grandes del mundo Las características geológicas del país y su situación geográfica tienen mucho que ver con sus enormes reservas de crudo. 10 enero 2026 "Bliss": la historia de amor detrás del fondo de pantalla de Microsoft, una de las fotos más vistas del mundo La fotografía "Bliss", tomada por Charles O'Rear y fondo de pantalla por defecto de Microsoft (Windows XP) de 2001 hasta 2014, se llamó originalmente "Bucolic Green Hills". 10 enero 2026 Ciencia y Tecnología Qué es la Gran Implosión, la teoría sobre la misteriosa materia oscura que predice el fin del universo y divide a los astrónomos La energía oscura podría estar cambiando, poniendo en tela de juicio nuestra comprensión actual de la naturaleza del tiempo y el espacio. 15 enero 2026 Qué es la Gran Implosión, la teoría sobre la misteriosa materia oscura que predice el fin del universo y divide a los astrónomos La energía oscura podría estar cambiando, poniendo en tela de juicio nuestra comprensión actual de la naturaleza del tiempo y el espacio. Willow: el laboratorio que resguarda la computadora más poderosa del mundo en el lugar más frío del universo El editor de economía de la BBC obtuvo un raro acceso a Willow, la computadora cuántica de Google. 13 enero 2026 Willow: el laboratorio que resguarda la computadora más poderosa del mundo en el lugar más frío del universo El editor de economía de la BBC obtuvo un raro acceso a Willow, la computadora cuántica de Google. Hasta qué profundidad se ha adentrado el ser humano en la Tierra (y por qué importa conocer el centro del planeta) Los seres humanos hemos intentado de muchas formas acercarnos al centro de la Tierra, pero ¿ hasta dónde hemos llegado y qué hay realmente allí abajo? 14 enero 2026 Hasta qué profundidad se ha adentrado el ser humano en la Tierra (y por qué importa conocer el centro del planeta) Los seres humanos hemos intentado de muchas formas acercarnos al centro de la Tierra, pero ¿ hasta dónde hemos llegado y qué hay realmente allí abajo? Qué tiene de especial la geografía de Venezuela que hace que tenga las reservas de petróleo probadas más grandes del mundo Las características geológicas del país y su situación geográfica tienen mucho que ver con sus enormes reservas de crudo. 10 enero 2026 Qué tiene de especial la geografía de Venezuela que hace que tenga las reservas de petróleo probadas más grandes del mundo Las características geológicas del país y su situación geográfica tienen mucho que ver con sus enormes reservas de crudo. "Bliss": la historia de amor detrás del fondo de pantalla de Microsoft, una de las fotos más vistas del mundo La fotografía "Bliss", tomada por Charles O'Rear y fondo de pantalla por defecto de Microsoft (Windows XP) de 2001 hasta 2014, se llamó originalmente "Bucolic Green Hills". 10 enero 2026 "Bliss": la historia de amor detrás del fondo de pantalla de Microsoft, una de las fotos más vistas del mundo La fotografía "Bliss", tomada por Charles O'Rear y fondo de pantalla por defecto de Microsoft (Windows XP) de 2001 hasta 2014, se llamó originalmente "Bucolic Green Hills". Salud y Bienestar Por qué las personas que dejan de usar inyecciones para adelgazar ganan peso 4 veces más rápido que quienes abandonan la dieta Las personas con sobrepeso adelgazan mucho y muy rápido con las inyecciones, pero una vez que las dejan, recuperan 0,8 kg al mes en promedio, según un estudio. 14 enero 2026 "El sol de Australia no es broma": la foto de una tenista mexicana que muestra el riesgo en el país con las tasas de cáncer de piel más altas del mundo La tenista Renata Zarazúa sufrió unas fuertes quemaduras por el sol luego de jugar un partido en Hobart, Australia. 14 enero 2026 El mito de la fuerza de voluntad para perder peso y por qué a algunos les cuesta más adelgazar que a otros Miles de genes influyen en el peso, dicen los expertos, lo que significa que no se trata solo de una cuestión de voluntad. 9 enero 2026 Qué tan buenos son para la salud los saunas y los baños en agua fría, según la ciencia Los saunas y los baños en agua fría están en auge, pero ¿qué dice realmente la ciencia sobre sus beneficios? 7 enero 2026 5 razones para mirar el futuro con optimismo A las puertas de 2026 y después de un año de noticias devastadoras, en BBC Mundo destacamos 5 áreas en las que hemos logrado avances trascendentales que han impactado las vidas de millones de personas. 1 enero 2026 Salud y Bienestar Por qué las personas que dejan de usar inyecciones para adelgazar ganan peso 4 veces más rápido que quienes abandonan la dieta Las personas con sobrepeso adelgazan mucho y muy rápido con las inyecciones, pero una vez que las dejan, recuperan 0,8 kg al mes en promedio, según un estudio. 14 enero 2026 Por qué las personas que dejan de usar inyecciones para adelgazar ganan peso 4 veces más rápido que quienes abandonan la dieta Las personas con sobrepeso adelgazan mucho y muy rápido con las inyecciones, pero una vez que las dejan, recuperan 0,8 kg al mes en promedio, según un estudio. "El sol de Australia no es broma": la foto de una tenista mexicana que muestra el riesgo en el país con las tasas de cáncer de piel más altas del mundo La tenista Renata Zarazúa sufrió unas fuertes quemaduras por el sol luego de jugar un partido en Hobart, Australia. 14 enero 2026 "El sol de Australia no es broma": la foto de una tenista mexicana que muestra el riesgo en el país con las tasas de cáncer de piel más altas del mundo La tenista Renata Zarazúa sufrió unas fuertes quemaduras por el sol luego de jugar un partido en Hobart, Australia. El mito de la fuerza de voluntad para perder peso y por qué a algunos les cuesta más adelgazar que a otros Miles de genes influyen en el peso, dicen los expertos, lo que significa que no se trata solo de una cuestión de voluntad. 9 enero 2026 El mito de la fuerza de voluntad para perder peso y por qué a algunos les cuesta más adelgazar que a otros Miles de genes influyen en el peso, dicen los expertos, lo que significa que no se trata solo de una cuestión de voluntad. Qué tan buenos son para la salud los saunas y los baños en agua fría, según la ciencia Los saunas y los baños en agua fría están en auge, pero ¿qué dice realmente la ciencia sobre sus beneficios? 7 enero 2026 Qué tan buenos son para la salud los saunas y los baños en agua fría, según la ciencia Los saunas y los baños en agua fría están en auge, pero ¿qué dice realmente la ciencia sobre sus beneficios? 5 razones para mirar el futuro con optimismo A las puertas de 2026 y después de un año de noticias devastadoras, en BBC Mundo destacamos 5 áreas en las que hemos logrado avances trascendentales que han impactado las vidas de millones de personas. 1 enero 2026 5 razones para mirar el futuro con optimismo A las puertas de 2026 y después de un año de noticias devastadoras, en BBC Mundo destacamos 5 áreas en las que hemos logrado avances trascendentales que han impactado las vidas de millones de personas. Recibe las principales historias de la semana cada viernes en tu correo Suscríbete al newsletter de BBC Mundo Recibe las principales historias de la semana cada viernes en tu correo Sociedad y Cultura "Por qué hoy abrazo al hombre que mató a mi hijo hace 5 años" Joan Scourfield se ha unido a la persona que le arrebató la vida a su hijo James, para abogar por la justicia restaurativa 15 enero 2026 El millonario regreso de la banda de K-Pop BTS tras su servicio militar y cómo será su gira mundial que incluye a América Latina Es la primera gira de la banda de K-pop desde que completaron el servicio militar obligatorio en Corea del Sur. 14 enero 2026 "¿Estás muerto?": la aplicación viral diseñada para que los jóvenes chinos solitarios confirmen que siguen vivos Una nueva aplicación con un nombre inquietante ha sido descargada masivamente por jóvenes chinos que viven solos y temen morir solos. 13 enero 2026 La verdadera historia de la familia Von Trapp que inspiró la película "La novicia rebelde", contada por el último hijo que sigue con vida Johannes von Trapp, el último de los hijos de Georg y María von Trapp que sigue con vida, cuenta la historia real de la familia que inspiró la película. 11 enero 2026 Los mejores lugares para viajar en 2026 según la BBC (y cuáles están en América Latina) De una isla de la Polinesia rodeada de lagunas azules hasta la tierra gaucha de Chile, estos son algunos de los destinos favoritos de los periodistas de la BBC. 12 enero 2026 Sociedad y Cultura "Por qué hoy abrazo al hombre que mató a mi hijo hace 5 años" Joan Scourfield se ha unido a la persona que le arrebató la vida a su hijo James, para abogar por la justicia restaurativa 15 enero 2026 "Por qué hoy abrazo al hombre que mató a mi hijo hace 5 años" Joan Scourfield se ha unido a la persona que le arrebató la vida a su hijo James, para abogar por la justicia restaurativa El millonario regreso de la banda de K-Pop BTS tras su servicio militar y cómo será su gira mundial que incluye a América Latina Es la primera gira de la banda de K-pop desde que completaron el servicio militar obligatorio en Corea del Sur. 14 enero 2026 El millonario regreso de la banda de K-Pop BTS tras su servicio militar y cómo será su gira mundial que incluye a América Latina Es la primera gira de la banda de K-pop desde que completaron el servicio militar obligatorio en Corea del Sur. "¿Estás muerto?": la aplicación viral diseñada para que los jóvenes chinos solitarios confirmen que siguen vivos Una nueva aplicación con un nombre inquietante ha sido descargada masivamente por jóvenes chinos que viven solos y temen morir solos. 13 enero 2026 "¿Estás muerto?": la aplicación viral diseñada para que los jóvenes chinos solitarios confirmen que siguen vivos Una nueva aplicación con un nombre inquietante ha sido descargada masivamente por jóvenes chinos que viven solos y temen morir solos. La verdadera historia de la familia Von Trapp que inspiró la película "La novicia rebelde", contada por el último hijo que sigue con vida Johannes von Trapp, el último de los hijos de Georg y María von Trapp que sigue con vida, cuenta la historia real de la familia que inspiró la película. 11 enero 2026 La verdadera historia de la familia Von Trapp que inspiró la película "La novicia rebelde", contada por el último hijo que sigue con vida Johannes von Trapp, el último de los hijos de Georg y María von Trapp que sigue con vida, cuenta la historia real de la familia que inspiró la película. 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El proceso judicial para determinar qué autoridad puede decidir el destino de las 31 toneladas del metal precioso está paralizado desde hace más de dos años. 9 enero 2026 ¿Qué pasará ahora con el oro de Venezuela que se encuentra en las bóvedas del Banco de Inglaterra? El proceso judicial para determinar qué autoridad puede decidir el destino de las 31 toneladas del metal precioso está paralizado desde hace más de dos años. Por qué el mundo se está quedando sin olíbano, la preciosa resina aromática que se ha usado durante milenios para hacer incienso La preciosa y aromática resina es el aroma de muchas celebraciones, pero su fuente natural está siendo diezmada. 6 enero 2026 Por qué el mundo se está quedando sin olíbano, la preciosa resina aromática que se ha usado durante milenios para hacer incienso La preciosa y aromática resina es el aroma de muchas celebraciones, pero su fuente natural está siendo diezmada. 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En redes sociales WhatsApp YouTube Instagram TikTok Facebook X En redes sociales WhatsApp YouTube Instagram TikTok Facebook X Lecturas más populares 1 Por qué las defensas aéreas que Venezuela compró a Rusia y China no pudieron repeler el ataque de EE.UU. 2 La "atípica" visita de María Corina Machado a la Casa Blanca en la que le entregó su premio Nobel de la Paz a Donald Trump 3 La mujer rusa que recluta "con engaños" a hombres extranjeros para luchar en el frente en Ucrania 4 "Nunca pensé que me iban a atacar a mí": los sobrevivientes del ataque con misil al Bloque 12, el edificio donde murió una mujer por los bombardeos de EE.UU. en Venezuela 5 Por qué Francia y otros países europeos se oponen al acuerdo entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea, que creará la zona de libre comercio más grande del mundo 6 Fuerzas militares de varios países europeos llegan a Groenlandia para una misión de reconocimiento mientras Trump insiste en que EE.UU. "necesita" la isla 7 Un pixel rojo en la nieve: cómo la IA ayudó a encontrar a un montañista desaparecido 8 La joven que presuntamente llevaba unas bengalas en el bar suizo en el que murieron 40 personas no era consciente del peligro, según su familia 9 Las imágenes del búnker antinuclear que está a punto de caer al mar por la erosión costera 10 "A mis 14 años, mi madre firmó mi matrimonio y entregó mi vida a un hombre. Esto todavía sucede en EE.UU." Lecturas más populares 1 Por qué las defensas aéreas que Venezuela compró a Rusia y China no pudieron repeler el ataque de EE.UU. 2 La "atípica" visita de María Corina Machado a la Casa Blanca en la que le entregó su premio Nobel de la Paz a Donald Trump 3 La mujer rusa que recluta "con engaños" a hombres extranjeros para luchar en el frente en Ucrania 4 "Nunca pensé que me iban a atacar a mí": los sobrevivientes del ataque con misil al Bloque 12, el edificio donde murió una mujer por los bombardeos de EE.UU. en Venezuela 5 Por qué Francia y otros países europeos se oponen al acuerdo entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea, que creará la zona de libre comercio más grande del mundo 6 Fuerzas militares de varios países europeos llegan a Groenlandia para una misión de reconocimiento mientras Trump insiste en que EE.UU. "necesita" la isla 7 Un pixel rojo en la nieve: cómo la IA ayudó a encontrar a un montañista desaparecido 8 La joven que presuntamente llevaba unas bengalas en el bar suizo en el que murieron 40 personas no era consciente del peligro, según su familia 9 Las imágenes del búnker antinuclear que está a punto de caer al mar por la erosión costera 10 "A mis 14 años, mi madre firmó mi matrimonio y entregó mi vida a un hombre. Esto todavía sucede en EE.UU." Nuestros socios Socios comerciales de BBC Mundo Nuestros socios Por qué puedes confiar en la BBC Términos de uso Sobre la BBC Política de privacidad Cookies Escribe a BBC Mundo Otros idiomas Do not share or sell my info © 2026 BBC. La BBC no se hace responsable del contenido de sitios externos. Lee sobre nuestra postura acerca de enlaces externos.
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 French Revolution 1.2 Restoration 1.3 Modern times 1.1 French Revolution 1.2 Restoration 1.3 Modern times 2 Bishops and archbishops Toggle Bishops and archbishops subsection 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000–1300 2.3 1300–1500 2.4 after 1500 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000–1300 2.3 1300–1500 2.4 after 1500 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies Ancient Diocese of Narbonne Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Occitan Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution . It was an archdiocese , with its see at Narbonne , from the year 445, [ 1 ] and its influence ran over much of south-western France and into Catalonia . At the beginning of the 18th century, the ecclesiastical province of Narbonne included the dioceses of: Agde, Alais, Béziers, Carcassonne, Alet, Lodève, Montpellier, Nimes, Elne, Saint-Pons, and Uzès. [ 2 ] History Bishop Selva (c. 633–638) subscribed as a metropolitan bishop at the Council of Toledo in 633. In a bull of 20 August 896, which confirmed the rights, privileges, and possessions of Narbonne, Pope Stephen VI granted the church of Narbonne the right to elect a bishop without outside interference, even from the king. [ 3 ] In 908, at the command of Charles the Simple , King of the Western Franks, Archbishop Arnustus of Narbonne consecrated, with the assistance of bishops Nantigius of Urgel and Teudericus of Barcelona, one of the members of the king's court, [ 4 ] Vigo (Guigui) to be bishop of Gerona. On 21 November 908, a meeting of the clergy, nobility, and people was held in the church of S. Felix in Gerona at the call of Count Wifred of Barcelona, Gerona, and Ausona (Osona), to acknowledge, elect, and install their new bishop. The consecrators were present. The proceedings demonstrate the power and influence of lay magnates over church appointments. [ 5 ] Archbishop Arnustus (893–912) was assassinated by his enemies while he was on his way to a council to be held in Barcelona. [ 6 ] In preparing for the election of a successor, the clergy and people of Narbonne invited each of the suffragan bishops of the archdiocese, and, following an old custom, the archbishop of Arles and his suffragans as well. Archbishop Rostagnus of Arles set out, but when he reached Agde, he and the bishops of Uzès and Maguelonne uncanonically elected and consecrated Gérard, who was the nephew of Bishop Amelius of Uzès. The bishops of the province of Narbonne and the clergy and people of the archdiocese immediately elected the abbot Agius, and sent a letter of protest to Pope Anastasius III , asking that the election of Gérard be voided, and that archbishop-elect Agius be dispensed from having to appear at the Roman court due to the danger of travel. Gérard, however, set off for Rome. Pope Anastasius died in October 913, and it was left to his successor Pope John X to deal with the case. Gérard did not wait, however, but forged some papal documents in his favor and returned to Narbonne, hoping to expel Archbishop Agius. The bishops of the province of Narbonne wrote to the pope again with additional particulars, and Pope John voided the election of Gérard. He sent the archbishop of Besançon to Narbonne to bestow the pallium on Archbishop Agius and to drive Gérard out of the diocese. [ 7 ] A provincial synod was held in Narbonne by Archbishop Aymeric on 27 March 1247. The principal business was a petition presented by the clergy and people of Elne for a new bishop. In discussion at the council, the representatives of Elne came to agree on Riculf, a choice which was approved by the council. Several months later, Archbishop Aymeric held a synod in the diocese of Elne, at a place called in Fontis , in which the bishops of Gerona and Urgel were deposed. in accordance with a decree of Pope Innocent IV , though they were restored by the council as an act of mercy. [ 8 ] French Revolution The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments" , to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790. [ 9 ] A new department was created, called "Aude", and its administrative center was fixed at Carcassonne, with Narbonne as one of its districts. [ 10 ] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy , which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department, a policy later adhered to by Napoleon. [ 11 ] Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the diocese of Narbonne was combined with the dioceses of Carcassonne, Alet, Saint-Papoul and Mirepoix into the new Diocese of the Aude, with its seat at Narbonne. [ 12 ] It included 565 parishes. It was a part of the Métropole du Sud, which included ten départements. [ 13 ] Restoration The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate , with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy. [ 14 ] In the concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII , and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Aude and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops. [ 15 ] In restoring the pre-revolutionary ecclesiastical structure, the template provided by the Constitutional Church was followed, in providing for only ten metropolitan archbishoprics. The ecclesiastical province of Narbonne was not restored, nor was the archdiocese of Narbonne. The dioceses of the ecclesiastical province were either transferred to other ecclesiastical provinces, or were not restored. The territory of the former diocese of Narbonne was merged under the Concordat of 1801 into the diocese of Carcassonne , [ 16 ] and the diocese of Carcassone was assigned to the ecclesiastical province of Toulouse. [ 17 ] After the Restoration of the Bourbons following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, new national boundaries were drawn by the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris (1815) . This required, on the part of the Papacy, the negotiation of new concordats with the various Powers, in the light of events of the previous quarter-century. This resulted in a treaty between Louis XVIII and Pope Pius VII , the Concordat of 11 June 1817 . The archdiocese of Narbonne was to be reestablished through the bull "Commissa divinitus", [ 18 ] The proposed concordat was submitted to the French National Assembly, but it was defeated by members who were still of liberal political persuasion and hostile to the reactionary policies of the Bourbon government. On 6 October 1822, a revised version of the bull of 1817, "Commissa divinitus", now called "Paternae charitatis", was signed, and on demand of the king was enacted into French law in 1823. [ 19 ] In paragraph 13 of that bull, the decision is taken not to restore the ecclesiastical province of Narbonne or the diocese. The archdiocese of Toulouse became the archdiocese of Toulouse-Narbonne. [ 20 ] Modern times After more than a century, a new metropolitan see was created for the Languedoc region, with the elevation of the bishopric of Montpellier to the rank of Metropolitan Archbishop on 8 December 2002. [ 21 ] The diocese of Carcassonne was transferred from the metropolitanate of Toulouse to that of Montpellier, and on 14 June 2006 the name of the diocese of Carcassonne was changed to the Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne. Toulouse no longer carries the title Toulouse-Narbonne. Bishops and archbishops To 1000 [ Paul of Narbonne ] [ 22 ] [ Saint Etienne (third century) ] [ 23 ] [ (359) : Gavidius ] [ 24 ] (417–422) : Hilarius [ 25 ] (427–461) : Rusticus (427, 461, c. 441–445) [ 26 ] [ (462) : Hermes ] [ 27 ] Caprarius ( c. 506) [ 28 ] (560) : Aquilinus [ 29 ] Athaloc (c. 589) (c. 589–597) : Migetius (Migecio) [ 30 ] (c. 610) : Sergius [ 31 ] Selva (c. 633–638) [ 32 ] Argebaud (c. 672) [ 33 ] Sunifred (c. 683–688) [ 34 ] [ Aribertus (c. 768) ] [ 35 ] Daniel (c. 769–c. 798) [ 36 ] ( c. 790–c. 825) :Nebridius (Nefridius) (c. 790–822 or c. 799–c. 825) [ 37 ] (c. 827–844) : Bartholomeus [ 38 ] (c. 842–c. 850) : Berarius [ 39 ] (c. 855–872) : Fredoldus [ 40 ] (873–885) : Sigebaud [ 41 ] (885–893) : Theodard [ 42 ] (893–912) : Arnustus [ 43 ] [ (912) : Gerard ] [ 44 ] (912–924) : Agio (926–977) : Aimery (977–1017/1019) : Ermengaud (Ermengol) 1000–1300 (1019–1079) : Guifred de Cerdagne [ 45 ] (1081–1097) : Dalmatius [ 47 ] (1097–1106) : Bertrand de Montredon (1106–1121) : Richard de Millau (Milhau) (1121–1149) : Arnaud de Lévezou [ 48 ] (1150–1156) : Pierre d'Anduze (1156–1162) : Berenger of Narbonne [ 49 ] (1162–1181) : Pons D'Arce (1182–1191) : Bernard Gaucelin [ 50 ] (1191–1212) : Berengar of Barcelona [ 51 ] (1212–1225) : Arnaldus Amalric , O.Cist. [ 52 ] (1226–1245) : Pierre Amiel (Petrus Amelii) [ 53 ] (1245–1257) : Guillaume de Broue [ 54 ] (1257–1259) : Jacques (1259–1261) : Guy de Foulques [ 55 ] (1263–1272) : Maurinus [ 56 ] (1272–1286) : Pierre de Montbrun (1287–1311) : Gilles I Aycelin de Montaigu 1300–1500 (1311–1341) : Bernard de Fargis [ 57 ] (1341–1346) : Gausbert du Val (Cardinal) (1347–1375) : Pierre de La Jugie [ 58 ] (1375–1391) : Jean Roger (1391–1432) : François de Conzié [ 59 ] (1433–1436) : Francesco Condulmer (Cardinal) in commendam [ 60 ] (1436–1451) : Jean D'Harcourt [ 61 ] (1451–1460) : Louis D'Harcourt (1460–1472) : Antoine du Bec-Crespin [ 62 ] (1473–1482) : Renaud de Bourbon [ 63 ] (1482–1484) : Georges d'Amboise (1484–1491) : François Ilallé (1492–1494) : Georges d'Amboise, second time [ 64 ] (1494–1502) : Pierre D'Abzac after 1500 (1502–1507) : François-Guillaume de Castelnau (1507–1514) : Cardinal Guillaume Briçonnet (1515–1523) : Cardinal Giulio de Medici (later Pope Clement VII) (1524–1550) : Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (1550–1551) : Cardinal Ippolito d'Este , Cardinal of Ferrara (1551–1563) : Francesco Pisani (Cardinal) (1563–1572) : Cardinal Ippolito d'Este (1572–1575) : Simon Vigor (1581–1588) : Cardinal François de Joyeuse [ 65 ] (1588–1594) : Raymond Cavalésy, O.P. [ 66 ] (1600–1628) : Louis de Vervins , O.P. [ 67 ] (1628–1659) : Claude de Rebé [ 68 ] (1659–1673) : François Fouquet [ 69 ] (1673–1703) : Pierre de Bonzi [ 70 ] (1711–1715) : Charles Legoux de La Berchère [ 71 ] (1726–1738) : René-François de Beauvau du Rivau [ 72 ] (1739–1751) : Jean-Louis de Berton de Crillon [ 73 ] (1752–1762) : Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aimon [ 74 ] (1763–1790) : Arthur Richard de Dillon (1806) [ 75 ] (1791–4 February 1801) : Guillaume Besaucèle (Constitutional Bishop of Aude) [ 76 ] See also Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Archdiocese of Narbonne" . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . [ self-published source ] ^ Jean, p. 250 . ^ Pierre Imbart de la Tour, Les élections épiscopales dans l'église de France du IXe au XIIe siècle: (étude sur la décadence du principe électif) (814-1150) , (in French) (Paris: Hachette, 1890), p. 201 . Gallia christiana VI, "Instrumenta", pp. 11-12. ^ a regia aula prolatum, et ejus jussione atque suorum episcoporum Gotiae electum... ^ Imbart de la Tour, Les élections épiscopales... , p. 267 . Antolin Merido, España Sagrada. Tomo XLIII. Tratado LXXXI: de la santa iglesia de Gerona (Madrid: Collado 1819), pp. 120-121; 393-395. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 24 . ^ Imbart de la Tour, Les élections épiscopales... , p. 205-206 . ^ J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima (in Latin) , Volume 18 (Venice: A. Zatta 1773), pp. 415-416. ^ Pisani, pp. 10-11 . ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French) , Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 104 : "10. AUDE. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra provisoirement à Carcassonne, et les électeurs délibéreront si elle doit alterner, et entre quelles villes cet alternat aura lieu. Ce département est divisé en six districts, dont les chefs-lieux sont: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, la Grasse, Limoux, Narbonne , Quillan." ^ "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 1, p. 243 : "L'arrondissement de la métropole du sud comprendra les évêchés des départemens de la Haute-Garonne, du Gers, des Basses-Pyrénées, des Hautes-Pyrénées, de l'Ariége, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de l'Aude , de l'Aveyron, du Lot, du Tarn." ^ Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 361, 371. ^ Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153. ^ J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin) , Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), pp. 371-372, col. 2: "L'archevêché de Narbonne et ses suffragans, les évêchés de Beziers, Agde, Nimes, Carcassonne, Montpellier, Lodève, Uzès, Saint-Pons, Alet, Alais et Elne ou Perpignan." ^ David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne . Retrieved: 27 July 2016. [ self-published source ] ^ Duvergier, Volume 13, p. 375 : "L'archevêché de Toulouse, et les nouveaux évêchés de Cahors, Ágen, Carcassonne, Montpellier et Baïonne, que nous lui assignōns pour suffragans." ^ Bullarii Romani continuatio, (in Latin) , Tomus septimus, pars 2 (Prati: Typographia Aldina 1852), pp. 1514 § 16 : "Metropolitana Narbonensis...ejusdem suffraganeae: Nemausensis... Carcassonensis... Montis-Pessulani... Elnensis: provincia Pyrenaeorum Orientalium." See also, p. 2297. ^ Bullarii Romani continuatio (in Latin) , Vol. 7 (Prato: Typographia Aldina 1852), pp. 2295-2304 . ^ "Paternae charitatis", § 13: "Ne vero trium archiepiscopalium sedium nimirum Arelatensis, Narbonensis, et Viennensis in Delphinatu, quarum erectio suo caret effectu, memoria pluribus nominibus commendanda intereat, earumdem titulos aliis archiepiscopalibus sedibus adjiciendos mandamus, atque episcopales ecclesias, quas eisdem suffraganeas dederamus aliis eccclesiasticis provinciis adjungimus." ^ David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Archdiocese of Montpellier (-Lodève-Béziers-Agde-Saint-Pons-de-Thomières) . Retrieved: 27 July 2016 [ self-published source ] ^ Gregory of Tours, I. 53, placed Paul in the mid-third century. In the 9th century, however, he was considered a disciple sent by Saint Paul from Rome in the mid-first century. Gallia christiana VI, p. 5 . Duchesne, pp. 302–303 . There is no authentic evidence of his existence. ^ Étienne is ignored by Duchesne. Gallia christiana VI, p. 6 . Duchesne, p. 303, note 4 . ^ Gavidius is ignored by Duchesne. Duchesne, p. 303, note 4 . ^ Hilarius is mentioned in papal letters dated 417, 419 and 422: P. Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I editio altera (1885) nos. 332, 349, and 362. ^ Rusticus attested 427, 461, c. 441–445. Duchesne, p. 303, no. 3. Rusticus' episcopate began on 9 October 427 and lasted some thirty years. ^ Bishop Rusticus attempted to arrange his own successor, and wrote to Pope Leo I recommending Hermes. On his death Hermes assumed the episcopal seat, but was denounced to the Pope by Frederick, the brother of the Visigothic King Theoderic, and by the people as intrusive. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 10–11 . Duchesne, pp. 303-304, no. 4 . ^ Caprarius did not attend the Council of Agde on 10 September 506 personally, but sent a representative. Gallia christiana VI, p. 11. Duchesne, p. 304, no. 5 . Charles Munier, Concilia Galliae, A. 314 - A. 506, (in Latin) , (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 214: "Auilius presbyter missus a domno meo Caprario episcopo Narbonense subscripsi." ^ Aquilinus is rejected as a Bishop of Narbonne by Duchesne, p. 304 note 2. ^ Bishop Migetius attended the council of Toledo in May 589, and the Council of Narbonne in November 589, and the council of Toledo in 597. Duchesne, p. 304, no. 6 . Charles de Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 - A. 695 , (in Latin) , (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), pp. 253, 257 ("Migetius in Xristi nomine ecclesie catholice Narbonensis episcopus, in as constitutiones, secundum quod nobiscum fratribus nostris Deo inspirante placuit, rel<eg>i et subscripsi." ^ Sergius: Gallia christiana VI, p. 12 . Duchesne, p. 304, no. 7 . ^ Bishop Selva (Sclua) attended the councils of Toledo in 633 and in 638. Gallia christiana VI, p. 12 . J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, (in Latin) , Vol. 10 (Florence: A. Zatta 1764), p. 641 ("Ego Selva (Isclea) Narbonensis metropolitanus episcopus subscripsi."); p. 670 ("Ego Silva..."). Duchesne, p. 304, no. 8 . ^ Argebaudus: Gallia christiana VI, pp. 12-14 . Duchesne, p. 304, no. 9 . ^ Bishop Sunifredus was represented by proxies at the councils of Toledo in 683 and 684, and was present at the council of Toledo in 688. Duchesne, p. 304, no. 10 . ^ Aribert: Duchesne, p. 304, note 6 . ^ Daniel: Duchesne, p. 305, no. 11 . ^ Nebridius (c. 790–822 or c. 799–c. 825): Duchesne, p. 305, no. 12 . ^ (c. 827–840, or c. 822–844) According to Duchesne, 305, no. 13 , he was deposed by the Council of Thionville in 835. Pope Sergius II (844–847) was asked to restore him, but refused, and ordered that he take communion with the laity, not the clergy: L. Duchesne (ed.) Le Liber Pontificalis Tome II (Paris 1892), p. 90. ^ Berarius: Duchesne, p. 305, no. 14 . ^ Fredolus: Duchesne, p. 305, no. 15 . ^ Sigebaudus: Duchesne, p. 305-306, no. 16 . ^ Duchesne warns that his biography is filled with falsehoods. Duchesne, p. 306, no. 17 . ^ Archbishop Arnustus was assassinated in 912. Duchesne, p. 306, no. 18 . Gallia christiana VI, p. 24 . de Vic, Claude; Vaissete, Jean Joseph (1733). Histoire générale du Languedoc, avec des notes et les pièces justificatives... (in French). Vol. Tome second. Paris: Jacques Vincent. p. 47. ^ Gerard was illegally elected by the clergy and people of Narbonne, before the bishops of the province could assemble for a proper canonical election. Gerard was expelled. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 24–25. ^ Guifred (6 October 1019 – 1079). Son of Wilfred II of Cerdanya . His father bought the archbishopric for his son from Vicomte Raimond for the sum of 100,000 gold sols. Guifred was consecrated, although he was only twelve or thirteen years old. Devic and Vaissete, IV, p. 247. ^ Pierre Berengar was anathematized by the Papal Legate at the Council of Toulouse in 1179, and excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII in the Council of Rome in March of 1180. Gallia christiana VI, p. 39. Philipp Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum I (Leipzig 1885), p. 634. ^ Dalmatius (Dalmace) was elected in September 1081. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 39–42. He was prevented from taking possession of his See, until Pope Gregory VII intervened. Cf. Jaffé, no. 5223 (4 December 1081) ^ Arnaud had previously been bishop of Béziers . ^ Berenger was the son of viscount Aimery I of Narbonne ^ Bernard had been bishop of Béziers (1167–1182), and Administrator of Béziers (1182–1184). Gallia christiana VI, pp. 319–322: bajulo Domini Bernardi Narbonensis archiepiscopi, qui tenet curam Biterrensis episcopatus ex indulgentia domini Papae. ^ Berengar was the son of Raimund Berengar IV . Pope Innocent III had ordered him removed on 29 May 1207. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 392, note 2. ^ Arnaldus (or Arnaud Amaury ) became bishop on 12 March 1212, according to Pius Gams, p. 583. ^ Petrus died on 20 May 1245. Eubel I, p. 392. ^ Guillaume was elected on 28 May 1245. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 71-74 . Eubel I, p. 392. ^ Guy had previously been Bishop of Le Puy (1257–1259). He was elected Pope Clement IV on 5 February 1265. J.N.D. Kelly & M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes , second edition (Oxford: OUP 2010), pp. 197-198. ^ Maurinus had been a canon of the cathedral of Narbonne, and a chaplain of Pope Urban IV. He was elected by the cathedral Chapter, and, on 24 April 1293, his election was confirmed by the pope. He was consecrated and given the pallium by the pope personally, who was living in exile in Orvieto. Jean Guiraud, Les registres d'Urbain IV , (in Latin) , Vol. 2, "Registre ordinaire" vol. 1 (Paris: Fontemoing 1901), pp. 96-97, no. 223 . Eubel I, p. 392. ^ Bernard had been archbishop of Rouen; he exchanged dioceses with Bishop Gilles Aycelin on 15 May 1311. He died in July 1341: Eubel I, p. 356. ^ Laurent, Paul (1886). Livre vert de l'archevêché de Narbonne (in French and Latin). Paris: Picard. pp. i– xii. ^ Conzié was also Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church, 1383–1431. He had attended Benedict XIII's Council of Perpignan in 1408, and also the Council of Pisa in 1409. He died on 31 December 1432. Leonce Celier (1906), "Sur quelques opuscules du camerlingue François de Conzié," Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire (in French). Vol. 26. École franca̧ise de Rome. 1906. , 91–108. Eubel I, p. 356; II, p. 199. ^ Condulmer: Eubel II, p. 199. ^ Jean was then Patriarch of Alexandria , 1451–?). Eubel, II, p. 85. There was a successor in the Patriarchate on 24 August 1453. ^ De Vic and Vaissete, IV, p. 255. ^ Reginaldus had been bishop of Laon (1468–1473). He was transferred to the archdiocese of Narbonne on 16 December 1472. He died on 7 June 1482. Eubel II, pp. 173, 199. ^ On 21 April 1494, Georges d'Amboise was transferred to the archdiocese of Rouen. Eubel II, pp. 199, 225. ^ Named Archbishop at the age of 19, and Cardinal at the age of 21 (12 December 1583): Eubel, III, p. 47. He resigned Narbonne upon his appointment as Archbishop of Toulouse, on 4 November 1588. Jean, p. 251, no. 66 . Eubel, III, p. 315. ^ Eubel, III, p. 253 and n. 15. Cf. Goiffin, Étienne Marthe (Abbe) (1877). "Catalogue analytique des évêques de Nîmes". Bulletin du Comité de l'art chrétien (Diocèse de Nîmes) . 1 : 304– 373, at p. 355–356. He continued to function as Bishop of Nîmes. Nomination to a bishopric in France came from the King, by virtue of the Concordat of 1516, but Henri III and Henri of Navarre had been excommunicated, and the War between the League and the two Henris was in progress. Paris fell to the League on 12 May, but the leaders of the League, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal de Lorraine, were assassinated on 23 and 24 December 1588 on the King's orders. A cautious churchman would hesitate to accept any appointment in 1588. K. Cameron (1974) "Henri III – the anti-christian king," Journal of European Studies 4, 152–163. ^ De Vervins was consecrated a bishop on 8 December 1601. He died in Narbonne on 8 February 1628, at the age of 81. Jean, p. 251, no. 67 . ^ He had been Coadjutor of Archbishop Louis de Vervins and titular Archbishop of Heraclea, from 1622. Marguerite Sol (1891). Claude de Rebé: Archevêque de Narbonne, Président des Etats de Languedoc (in French). Paris: Champion. Laurent, Paul (1886). Livre vert de l'archevêché de Narbonne (in French and Latin). Paris: Picard. pp. xii– xiii. . Jean, p. 251, no. 68 . ^ After the death of Cardinal Mazarin (1661), the fall of François Fouquet's brother Nicolas , and the taking of personal power by Louis XIV, the Archbishop of Narbonne was sent into internal exile at Alençon in 1661, never to return. His brother Louis, Bishop of Agde, suffered a similar fate. Joseph Bergin (2004). Crown, Church, and Episcopate Under Louis XIV . New Haven CT USA: Yale University Press. pp. 198– 199. ISBN 978-0-300-10356-4 . . Jean, p. 251, no. 69 . ^ Bonzi became bishop of Béziers in 1660, and was royal ambassador in Poland. He became archbishop of Toulouse in 1670, and was appointed French ambassador in Spain. He was named a cardinal by Pope Clement X in 1672. He died in Narbonne on 11 July 1703, at the age of 73. Jean, p. 251-252, no. 70 . ^ La Berchère: Jean, p. 252, no. 71 . ^ Beauvau: Jean, p. 252, no. 72 . ^ Crillon: Jean, p. 252-253, no. 73 . ^ Roche-Aimon: Jean, p. 253, no. 74 . ^ In August 1801, Dillon refused the demand of Pope Pius VII for the resignation of all French bishops. He died in London on 5 July 1806. Jean, p. 252, no. 73 . ^ Besaucèle had been Dean of the Chapter of Carcassonne before the Revolution. He was consecrated at Toulouse by Archbishop Antoine-Pascal-Hyacinthe Sermet of the Haute-Garonne on 15 May 1791. He was 78 years old. Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 371–374 and 457. Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo . Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 582–584. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin) pp. 356. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin) p. 199. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 253. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica IV (1592–1667) . Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . pp. 252. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730) . Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . pp. 280. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730–1799) . Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . p. 301. Sainte-Marthe, Denis de; Hauréau, Barthélemy (1739). Gallia Christiana: In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa, De provincia Narbonensi (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (VI). Paris: Typographia Regia. pp. 1– 222, Instrumenta , 1– 72. Studies De Vic, Cl.; Vaissete, J. (1876). Histoire generale de Languedoc (in French). Vol. Tome IV. Toulouse: Edouard Privat. pp. 243– 260. [Archbishops of Narbonne]. Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sud-Est (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Fontemoing. pp. 300– 306. Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. pp. 250– 254. Mortet, Victor (1899). Notes historiques et archéologiques sur la cathédrale: le cloitre et le palais archiépiscopal de Narbonne 13e-16e siècles (in French). Toulouse: E. Privat. .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°11′N 3°00′E / 43.18°N 3.00°E / 43.18; 3.00 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–2 of 2 results for author: Shami, F Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10581 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.IR From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Authors: Kimia Abedini , Farzad Shami , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API… ▽ More Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted paper by the 48th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'26) arXiv:2601.10581 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Authors: Kimia Abedini , Farzad Shami , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API… ▽ More Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted paper by the 48th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'26) arXiv:2601.07375 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL GROKE: Vision-Free Navigation Instruction Evaluation via Graph Reasoning on OpenStreetMap Authors: Farzad Shami , Subhrasankha Dey , Nico Van de Weghe , Henrikki Tenkanen Abstract : The evaluation of navigation instructions remains a persistent challenge in Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) research. Traditional reference-based metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE fail to capture the functional utility of spatial directives, specifically whether an instruction successfully guides a navigator to the intended destination. Although existing VLN agents could serve as evaluators, the… ▽ More The evaluation of navigation instructions remains a persistent challenge in Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) research. Traditional reference-based metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE fail to capture the functional utility of spatial directives, specifically whether an instruction successfully guides a navigator to the intended destination. Although existing VLN agents could serve as evaluators, their reliance on high-fidelity visual simulators introduces licensing constraints and computational costs, and perception errors further confound linguistic quality assessment. This paper introduces GROKE(Graph-based Reasoning over OSM Knowledge for instruction Evaluation), a vision-free training-free hierarchical LLM-based framework for evaluating navigation instructions using OpenStreetMap data. Through systematic ablation studies, we demonstrate that structured JSON and textual formats for spatial information substantially outperform grid-based and visual graph representations. Our hierarchical architecture combines sub-instruction planning with topological graph navigation, reducing navigation error by 68.5% compared to heuristic and sampling baselines on the Map2Seq dataset. The agent's execution success, trajectory fidelity, and decision patterns serve as proxy metrics for functional navigability given OSM-visible landmarks and topology, establishing a scalable and interpretable evaluation paradigm without visual dependencies. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under Review for ACL 2026 arXiv:2601.07375 [ pdf , ps , other ] GROKE: Vision-Free Navigation Instruction Evaluation via Graph Reasoning on OpenStreetMap Authors: Farzad Shami , Subhrasankha Dey , Nico Van de Weghe , Henrikki Tenkanen Abstract : The evaluation of navigation instructions remains a persistent challenge in Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) research. Traditional reference-based metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE fail to capture the functional utility of spatial directives, specifically whether an instruction successfully guides a navigator to the intended destination. Although existing VLN agents could serve as evaluators, the… ▽ More The evaluation of navigation instructions remains a persistent challenge in Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) research. Traditional reference-based metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE fail to capture the functional utility of spatial directives, specifically whether an instruction successfully guides a navigator to the intended destination. Although existing VLN agents could serve as evaluators, their reliance on high-fidelity visual simulators introduces licensing constraints and computational costs, and perception errors further confound linguistic quality assessment. This paper introduces GROKE(Graph-based Reasoning over OSM Knowledge for instruction Evaluation), a vision-free training-free hierarchical LLM-based framework for evaluating navigation instructions using OpenStreetMap data. Through systematic ablation studies, we demonstrate that structured JSON and textual formats for spatial information substantially outperform grid-based and visual graph representations. Our hierarchical architecture combines sub-instruction planning with topological graph navigation, reducing navigation error by 68.5% compared to heuristic and sampling baselines on the Map2Seq dataset. The agent's execution success, trajectory fidelity, and decision patterns serve as proxy metrics for functional navigability given OSM-visible landmarks and topology, establishing a scalable and interpretable evaluation paradigm without visual dependencies. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Chinese woman's plea for help killing pigs draws thousands to her village 12 hours ago Share Save Stephen McDonell China correspondent, Beijing Share Save Watch: Thousands visit Chinese village after woman's plea for help When Daidai realised her father was too old to slaughter two pigs for a traditional community feast in the run-up to Chinese New Year, she turned to social media. She didn't want him to feel bad. "Can anyone help me?" she asked on Douyin, China's version of Tiktok, at the end of last week. "My father is old. I am worried that he can't handle these pigs." Daidai, who's in her 20s, promised that those who came to their village, Qingfu, to assist would be treated to a pork banquet. In rural Sichuan and Chongqing, large community meals are an important part of culture, featuring twice-cooked pork, steamed ribs, soup and homemade liquor. "Let me hold my head up high in our village," she said. Her appeal for help attracted more than a million likes and the response on the ground was like a scene from a cheesy feel-good movie, as thousands of cars poured in, carrying many more people than she needed for the task. So many responded that traffic jams have brought roads in this part of rural Chongqing in south-west China to a standstill. Drone images show carloads of people queuing up with rice crops on either side hoping to still enter Qingfu. Walking in from long distances has been a traffic-beating option for some. Daidai posted that drivers coming into the area should be careful on the roads, especially those from the city unaccustomed to conditions in the countryside. "The atmosphere has been great. It reminded me of my childhood when my family still kept pigs. It has been years since I felt anything like that," one man, who drove more than 100 kilometres (65 miles) to get there, told the BBC. He has seen licence plates from all over the country, he said. When the pig slaughter and subsequent mass banquet did happen, it was watched live online by more than 100,000 viewers, registering 20 million likes, and the local government embraced it as a flash-tourism moment. With many more people in town than two pigs could feed, tourism officials donated more pigs to meet the huge demand, and small restaurants have been serving crowds of visitors in outdoor seating areas. Jimu News Daidai said she thought maybe "a dozen" people would come to help Yet what this phenomenon has shown is how quickly a small matter can become something massive in the age of social media. "I thought maybe a dozen people would come," Daidai told Chinese media. "But there have been too many to count." The response has also been driven by what seems to be a yearning from Chinese people to get back in touch with community cultural events, as well as a need for positive experiences when life can, at times, seem very dark. Daidai couldn't believe how quickly it's all happened. Last Friday she posted her request for help. By Saturday the response was so large that she went to the police to warn them that there could be disruption in the village and extra officers were brought in to manage the situation. The banquet celebration, by then huge in size, went on for two days – 1,000 diners on 11 January became 2,000 the next day – with bonfires into the night and much partying, accompanied by a band. Eventually, Daidai posted that her celebration was over, urging any more visitors to enjoy the region but not visit her home. After sleeping for only four hours over two days, she said she was exhausted. However, it had been an incredible moment for her and her village. To all the strangers who answered her call she said, "without your enthusiasm and passion, there would not have been a feast like this". "For everyone who came, the feeling was like that of a big family. It was really warm, really healing and really meaningful." She thanked government officials and the police for allowing a sudden celebration of this size to proceed. It is already being predicted that the now famous Hechuan region, where her village is located, may try to turn this into a regular event, to tap into the enthusiasm for genuine, grass-roots interaction in a world where many feel isolated and removed from their culture. One villager was quoted in the People's Daily as saying: "Here neighbours help each other. Today I might help you slaughter a pig at your place, tomorrow you will come to my place to do the same." As for Daidai's father, she said in an interview: "My dad is very happy. Seeing this many people arrive he had to borrow tables and chairs from other villagers. We've never experienced anything like this." Asia China Chinese woman's plea for help killing pigs draws thousands to her village When Daidai realised her father was too old to slaughter two pigs for a traditional community feast in the run-up to Chinese New Year, she turned to social media. She didn't want him to feel bad. "Can anyone help me?" she asked on Douyin, China's version of Tiktok, at the end of last week. "My father is old. I am worried that he can't handle these pigs." Daidai, who's in her 20s, promised that those who came to their village, Qingfu, to assist would be treated to a pork banquet. In rural Sichuan and Chongqing, large community meals are an important part of culture, featuring twice-cooked pork, steamed ribs, soup and homemade liquor. "Let me hold my head up high in our village," she said. Her appeal for help attracted more than a million likes and the response on the ground was like a scene from a cheesy feel-good movie, as thousands of cars poured in, carrying many more people than she needed for the task. So many responded that traffic jams have brought roads in this part of rural Chongqing in south-west China to a standstill. Drone images show carloads of people queuing up with rice crops on either side hoping to still enter Qingfu. Walking in from long distances has been a traffic-beating option for some. Daidai posted that drivers coming into the area should be careful on the roads, especially those from the city unaccustomed to conditions in the countryside. "The atmosphere has been great. It reminded me of my childhood when my family still kept pigs. It has been years since I felt anything like that," one man, who drove more than 100 kilometres (65 miles) to get there, told the BBC. He has seen licence plates from all over the country, he said. When the pig slaughter and subsequent mass banquet did happen, it was watched live online by more than 100,000 viewers, registering 20 million likes, and the local government embraced it as a flash-tourism moment. With many more people in town than two pigs could feed, tourism officials donated more pigs to meet the huge demand, and small restaurants have been serving crowds of visitors in outdoor seating areas. Yet what this phenomenon has shown is how quickly a small matter can become something massive in the age of social media. "I thought maybe a dozen people would come," Daidai told Chinese media. "But there have been too many to count." The response has also been driven by what seems to be a yearning from Chinese people to get back in touch with community cultural events, as well as a need for positive experiences when life can, at times, seem very dark. Daidai couldn't believe how quickly it's all happened. Last Friday she posted her request for help. By Saturday the response was so large that she went to the police to warn them that there could be disruption in the village and extra officers were brought in to manage the situation. The banquet celebration, by then huge in size, went on for two days – 1,000 diners on 11 January became 2,000 the next day – with bonfires into the night and much partying, accompanied by a band. Eventually, Daidai posted that her celebration was over, urging any more visitors to enjoy the region but not visit her home. After sleeping for only four hours over two days, she said she was exhausted. However, it had been an incredible moment for her and her village. To all the strangers who answered her call she said, "without your enthusiasm and passion, there would not have been a feast like this". "For everyone who came, the feeling was like that of a big family. It was really warm, really healing and really meaningful." She thanked government officials and the police for allowing a sudden celebration of this size to proceed. It is already being predicted that the now famous Hechuan region, where her village is located, may try to turn this into a regular event, to tap into the enthusiasm for genuine, grass-roots interaction in a world where many feel isolated and removed from their culture. One villager was quoted in the People's Daily as saying: "Here neighbours help each other. Today I might help you slaughter a pig at your place, tomorrow you will come to my place to do the same." As for Daidai's father, she said in an interview: "My dad is very happy. Seeing this many people arrive he had to borrow tables and chairs from other villagers. We've never experienced anything like this." China and Canada announce tariffs relief after a high-stakes meeting between Carney and Xi Investigation after Air India jet engine sucks in cargo container at Delhi airport S Korea's ex-president Yoon to be jailed for five years over martial law bid How realistic is India's quest for magnets made of rare earths India has a $800m plan to make rare earth magnets, aiming to reduce dependence on Chinese imports - but can it work? Labubu toy manufacturer exploited workers, labour group claims Investigators allege that a factory making Pop Mart products neglected staff safety and welfare. What tariffs has Trump announced and why? Trump's volatile trade policy has thrown the world economy into chaos, and put some US prices up. China announces record $1tn trade surplus despite Trump tariffs Beijing reported the largest-ever trade surplus at $1.19tn as China diversified its trade. K-pop drum duet between Japan and South Korea's leaders caps off summit talks Leaders of the two East Asian nations played drums to hits from BTS and KPop Demon Hunters. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Israel-Gaza War War in Ukraine US & Canada UK Africa Asia Australia Europe Latin America Middle East In Pictures BBC InDepth BBC Verify News News BBC Verify Israel moves Yellow Line deeper into Gaza, satellite images show Israel placed and later moved control markers in three areas, with some placed deeper inside Gaza than maps suggested. 12 hrs ago Middle East Tehran morgue videos show the brutality of Iran's crackdown on protesters Distressing footage reveals nearly 200 bodies with one victim identified as young as 16. 2 days ago Middle East Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. 7 Jan 2026 US & Canada Mortuary videos show how deadly Iran crackdown has become BBC Verify has been examining disturbing footage from a mortuary in Tehran, showing scores of bodies. 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BBC Verify has examined what we know about how the Budget is likely to financially affect different groups. 27 Nov 2025 24 Nov 2025 How X's new location feature exposed big US politics accounts Dozens of pro-Trump accounts are being accused of misleading followers after the social media site began showing user locations. 24 Nov 2025 20 Nov 2025 Housing tracker: Find out about new homes in your area How many new homes have been added in your area and what is the government's target? 20 Nov 2025 7 Nov 2025 What are the numbers behind prison releases? The accidental release of two prisoners from Wandsworth Prison in the last week has put a spotlight on the Ministry of Justice, following the release of Hadush Kebatu in error last month. 7 Nov 2025 3 Nov 2025 The 20 terrifying minutes endured by train attack passengers BBC Verify uses witness statements and video evidence to piece together a timeline of a devastating stabbing. 3 Nov 2025 30 Oct 2025 England's most deprived areas named - see how your area is affected Jaywick, a seaside town in Essex, has been named the most deprived area for a fourth time in a row. 30 Oct 2025 ... News News BBC Verify Israel moves Yellow Line deeper into Gaza, satellite images show Israel placed and later moved control markers in three areas, with some placed deeper inside Gaza than maps suggested. 12 hrs ago Middle East Tehran morgue videos show the brutality of Iran's crackdown on protesters Distressing footage reveals nearly 200 bodies with one victim identified as young as 16. 2 days ago Middle East Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. 7 Jan 2026 US & Canada Mortuary videos show how deadly Iran crackdown has become BBC Verify has been examining disturbing footage from a mortuary in Tehran, showing scores of bodies. These images could hold clues about what’s happening inside Iran. 4 days ago Middle East Eyewitness video shows how deadly shooting in Minneapolis unfolded, second by second BBC Verify breaks down how the shooting which killed a 37-year-old woman in Minneapolis unfolded. 8 days ago US & Canada Israel moves Yellow Line deeper into Gaza, satellite images show Israel placed and later moved control markers in three areas, with some placed deeper inside Gaza than maps suggested. Tehran morgue videos show the brutality of Iran's crackdown on protesters Distressing footage reveals nearly 200 bodies with one victim identified as young as 16. Tracking the oil tankers seized by the US The US has announced the seizure of two oil tankers: the Marinera formerly known as the Bella 1 in the North Atlantic and the Sophia in international waters near the Caribbean. Mortuary videos show how deadly Iran crackdown has become BBC Verify has been examining disturbing footage from a mortuary in Tehran, showing scores of bodies. These images could hold clues about what’s happening inside Iran. Eyewitness video shows how deadly shooting in Minneapolis unfolded, second by second BBC Verify breaks down how the shooting which killed a 37-year-old woman in Minneapolis unfolded. Investigations Iran anti-government protests spread to majority of provinces, videos show Videos show that unrest has spread to more than 50 towns and cities, including pro-government heartlands. How Tanzania police crushed election protests with lethal force The UN says hundreds of people were killed in the protests. Verified clips show the violent actions of police as they attempted to crush protests. Israel has destroyed more than 1,500 buildings in Gaza since ceasefire Entire neighbourhoods controlled by Israel have been levelled in less than a month, the images show. 'Our job is only killing' - how Sudan's brutal militia carried out a massacre BBC Verify tracks how the RSF killed unarmed people in a massacre that humanitarian officials believe left 2,000 dead. New images show Israeli control line deeper into Gaza than expected Israel has placed boundary markers up to 520m deeper inside Gaza than expected under the ceasefire deal with Hamas. Investigations Iran anti-government protests spread to majority of provinces, videos show Videos show that unrest has spread to more than 50 towns and cities, including pro-government heartlands. How Tanzania police crushed election protests with lethal force The UN says hundreds of people were killed in the protests. Verified clips show the violent actions of police as they attempted to crush protests. Israel has destroyed more than 1,500 buildings in Gaza since ceasefire Entire neighbourhoods controlled by Israel have been levelled in less than a month, the images show. 'Our job is only killing' - how Sudan's brutal militia carried out a massacre BBC Verify tracks how the RSF killed unarmed people in a massacre that humanitarian officials believe left 2,000 dead. New images show Israeli control line deeper into Gaza than expected Israel has placed boundary markers up to 520m deeper inside Gaza than expected under the ceasefire deal with Hamas. BBC Verify Live Thursday 15 November: Footage shows US military seizing sixth oil tanker Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Wednesday 14 January: Fact-checking Trump's claims about inflation and US economy Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Tuesday 13 January: Examining ICE tactics in Minnesota after Renee Good shooting Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Monday 12 January: Mortuary videos show aftermath of Iran crackdown Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Friday 9 January: Misleading ICE footage spreading after night of protests Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. BBC Verify Live Thursday 15 November: Footage shows US military seizing sixth oil tanker Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Wednesday 14 January: Fact-checking Trump's claims about inflation and US economy Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Tuesday 13 January: Examining ICE tactics in Minnesota after Renee Good shooting Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Monday 12 January: Mortuary videos show aftermath of Iran crackdown Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Friday 9 January: Misleading ICE footage spreading after night of protests Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. US politics Does the US have the right to take over Greenland? Donald Trump has said several times that he wants to acquire Greenland. But does the US have the right to take it? Fact-checking White House plaques targeting former US presidents New plaques have appeared under the portraits of former US presidents at the White House. Two US presidents and their long associations with Jeffrey Epstein BBC Verify has looked back through online archives to examine what we know about President Trump and Bill Clinton's decades-long associations with Jeffrey Epstein. 'It was like a movie' - How immigration raid on Chicago apartments unfolded People living in a Chicago apartment block targeted in a big immigration raid have described seeing armed agents and a helicopter landing on the roof. How many wars has President Trump really ended? US President Donald Trump claims to have ended eight wars - is that true? US politics Does the US have the right to take over Greenland? Donald Trump has said several times that he wants to acquire Greenland. But does the US have the right to take it? Fact-checking White House plaques targeting former US presidents New plaques have appeared under the portraits of former US presidents at the White House. Two US presidents and their long associations with Jeffrey Epstein BBC Verify has looked back through online archives to examine what we know about President Trump and Bill Clinton's decades-long associations with Jeffrey Epstein. 'It was like a movie' - How immigration raid on Chicago apartments unfolded People living in a Chicago apartment block targeted in a big immigration raid have described seeing armed agents and a helicopter landing on the roof. How many wars has President Trump really ended? US President Donald Trump claims to have ended eight wars - is that true? Disinformation How to identify AI-generated videos online BBC Verify shares tips and tricks on how to spot AI-generated videos circulating online. British 999 call handler's voice cloned by Russian network using AI A BBC Verify investigation has revealed that the identities of British public sector workers have been cloned using AI by a Russian-linked disinformation campaign. Israel-Iran conflict unleashes wave of AI disinformation Fake AI videos relating to the conflict have gained over 100 million views online, BBC Verify finds. Misleading posts obtaining millions of views on X BBC Verify has debunked videos which purport to show Pakistani attacks on Indian bases and jets crashing. BBC Verify: Earthquake video proven fake gets millions of views BBC Verify: Earthquake video proven fake gets millions of views Disinformation How to identify AI-generated videos online BBC Verify shares tips and tricks on how to spot AI-generated videos circulating online. British 999 call handler's voice cloned by Russian network using AI A BBC Verify investigation has revealed that the identities of British public sector workers have been cloned using AI by a Russian-linked disinformation campaign. Israel-Iran conflict unleashes wave of AI disinformation Fake AI videos relating to the conflict have gained over 100 million views online, BBC Verify finds. Misleading posts obtaining millions of views on X BBC Verify has debunked videos which purport to show Pakistani attacks on Indian bases and jets crashing. BBC Verify: Earthquake video proven fake gets millions of views BBC Verify: Earthquake video proven fake gets millions of views Ros Atkins on... Ros Atkins on... the key questions on Trump's actions on Venezuela Analysis Editor Ros Atkins looks at the key questions following US strikes on Venezuela and seizure of its president. Ros Atkins on… the oil tanker being pursued by the US The BBC’s Analysis Editor Ros Atkins looks at what we know about the "active pursuit" of an oil tanker by the US Coast Guard off the coast of Venezuela. Ros Atkins on… The alleged links between the UAE and Sudan's civil war BBC Analysis Editor Ros Atkins examines allegations of links between the UAE and Sudan’s RSF in the civil war, as international efforts continue to seek an end to the fighting. Ros Atkins on… MPs examining the BBC memo After the resignations of Director General and CEO of News, The Culture, Media and Sport committee invited a number of senior BBC figures to be quizzed on what has happened. Ros Atkins on... Ros Atkins on... the key questions on Trump's actions on Venezuela Analysis Editor Ros Atkins looks at the key questions following US strikes on Venezuela and seizure of its president. Ros Atkins on… the oil tanker being pursued by the US The BBC’s Analysis Editor Ros Atkins looks at what we know about the "active pursuit" of an oil tanker by the US Coast Guard off the coast of Venezuela. Ros Atkins on… The alleged links between the UAE and Sudan's civil war BBC Analysis Editor Ros Atkins examines allegations of links between the UAE and Sudan’s RSF in the civil war, as international efforts continue to seek an end to the fighting. Ros Atkins on… MPs examining the BBC memo After the resignations of Director General and CEO of News, The Culture, Media and Sport committee invited a number of senior BBC figures to be quizzed on what has happened. US news Tracking build-up of US military planes and warships near Venezuela The US has justified its air and naval campaign as necessary to fight drug smuggling into the US. How were Afghan evacuees vetted under Biden? BBC Verify looks into claims that the Afghan national suspected of shooting two National Guard members in Washington DC entered the US unvetted. How has Trump's position changed on releasing the Epstein files? BBC Verify's Jake Horton looks at how Trump's stance has changed over time. From gas to groceries, has Trump kept his promise to tackle rising prices? President Trump promised to bring down inflation. One year on from his victory, BBC Verify revisits some of his claims. Is Trump allowed to demolish part of the White House to build a ballroom? Demolition work has begun on part of the White House to make way for President Trump's new ballroom. US news Tracking build-up of US military planes and warships near Venezuela The US has justified its air and naval campaign as necessary to fight drug smuggling into the US. How were Afghan evacuees vetted under Biden? BBC Verify looks into claims that the Afghan national suspected of shooting two National Guard members in Washington DC entered the US unvetted. How has Trump's position changed on releasing the Epstein files? BBC Verify's Jake Horton looks at how Trump's stance has changed over time. From gas to groceries, has Trump kept his promise to tackle rising prices? President Trump promised to bring down inflation. One year on from his victory, BBC Verify revisits some of his claims. Is Trump allowed to demolish part of the White House to build a ballroom? Demolition work has begun on part of the White House to make way for President Trump's new ballroom. UK politics Who are the winners and losers from the Scottish budget? BBC Verify has examined what we know about how the Scottish budget is likely to affect different groups across the country. RSF commander linked by BBC Verify to Sudan massacre sanctioned in UK The UK accuses Al-Fateh Abdullah Idris, also known as Abu Lulu, of committing acts of violence against civilians. Could the UK's Budget help turn Generation Z into generation debt? There's growing concern that current tax and spending policies help pensioners, but are unfair on younger generations. What are the numbers behind prison releases? The accidental release of two prisoners from Wandsworth Prison in the last week has put a spotlight on the Ministry of Justice, following the release of Hadush Kebatu in error last month. Was Starmer right to link Brexit to a rise in small boat crossings? Keir Starmer has linked the rise in small boat arrivals to Brexit, describing the crossings as "Farage boats". UK politics Who are the winners and losers from the Scottish budget? BBC Verify has examined what we know about how the Scottish budget is likely to affect different groups across the country. RSF commander linked by BBC Verify to Sudan massacre sanctioned in UK The UK accuses Al-Fateh Abdullah Idris, also known as Abu Lulu, of committing acts of violence against civilians. Could the UK's Budget help turn Generation Z into generation debt? There's growing concern that current tax and spending policies help pensioners, but are unfair on younger generations. What are the numbers behind prison releases? The accidental release of two prisoners from Wandsworth Prison in the last week has put a spotlight on the Ministry of Justice, following the release of Hadush Kebatu in error last month. Was Starmer right to link Brexit to a rise in small boat crossings? Keir Starmer has linked the rise in small boat arrivals to Brexit, describing the crossings as "Farage boats". Latest updates Two US presidents and their long associations with Jeffrey Epstein BBC Verify has looked back through online archives to examine what we know about President Trump and Bill Clinton's decades-long associations with Jeffrey Epstein. How did the courts backlog get so bad? There are now 79,600 outsanding criminal cases in England and Wales - a record high. BBC Verify looks at how we got here. Is the government meeting its pledges on illegal immigration and asylum? BBC Verify examines key areas which the government has promised to make improvements Who are the winners and losers from Rachel Reeves's Budget? BBC Verify has examined what we know about how the Budget is likely to financially affect different groups. How X's new location feature exposed big US politics accounts Dozens of pro-Trump accounts are being accused of misleading followers after the social media site began showing user locations. Housing tracker: Find out about new homes in your area How many new homes have been added in your area and what is the government's target? What are the numbers behind prison releases? The accidental release of two prisoners from Wandsworth Prison in the last week has put a spotlight on the Ministry of Justice, following the release of Hadush Kebatu in error last month. The 20 terrifying minutes endured by train attack passengers BBC Verify uses witness statements and video evidence to piece together a timeline of a devastating stabbing. England's most deprived areas named - see how your area is affected Jaywick, a seaside town in Essex, has been named the most deprived area for a fourth time in a row. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Watch Documentaries BBC Maestro Discover the World Video Troops and vessels from European Nato allies arrive in Greenland The limited deployment involves Germany, France, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands and the UK. 14 hours ago Share Explore More The lab recreating melting glaciers to forecast sea levels How to identify AI-generated videos online Public pay their respects to Cubans killed in Venezuela during US raid What happens in space during a medical emergency? Morocco celebrates Afcon win: 'Today is about couscous not jollof' BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Danes and Americans react to US threats against Greenland Astronauts return to Earth after medical evacuation In case you missed it Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules The Norwegian author's raw honesty and fearlessness has made him one of literature's most compelling voices. Arts in Motion Why Atlanta's culinary scene is getting food lovers excited The city's food scene is redefining southern hospitality with bold and unpretentious global flavours. World's Table Dissident Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi speaks to the BBC Acclaimed director Jafar Panahi tells the BBC he sees his films as a historical memory of the realities in Iran. Film & TV The undersea mountains where sharks rule Under the surface of the ocean, 100,000 towering mountains dot the Earth. Their violent currents are key to life. Earth What's it like to meet your own avatar? Musician KT Tunstall meets her avatar as Tech Now explores music’s virtual future. Tech Now A simple stargazing ritual to reset stress Dark-sky retreats are on the rise, offering nights under dazzling skies to boost calm, clarity, and wonder. Science & Health How Tom Hiddleston's dad became his biggest cheerleader Initially sceptical of his career, the actor recalls his father’s reaction to one of his early roles. Film & TV Olsen and Teller talk British phrases they don't understand The two actors talk to Radio 1's Ali Plumb about the complexities of the British vernacular. Film & TV Arts in Motion Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules The Norwegian author's raw honesty and fearlessness has made him one of literature's most compelling voices. See more BBC Maestro Get a good night's sleep with Stephanie Romiszewski Join the world-leading sleep expert to bid goodnight to sleep anxiety and rediscover the joy of restful nights. Launch your business with Steven Bartlett Join the youngest judge in Dragons' Den history and creator of Diary of a CEO as he shares 16 principles to make your business a success. Transform your health with Professor Tim Spector Join health guru Tim Spector as he teaches you about the different aspects of gut health, nutrition and healthy eating habits. Master the craft of cooking with Marco Pierre White Go beyond recipes and uncover the art of cooking with the youngest chef ever to be granted three Michelin stars. Learn the art of influence with Evy Poumpouras Understand how to read people and build lasting confidence with former US Secret Service agent Evy Poumpouras. Sharpen your time management with Oliver Burkeman Learn practical time management skills that will give you more time for what's important with best-selling author Oliver Burkeman. Learn the art of magical storytelling with Isabel Allende Join the bestselling author to learn the craft of extraordinary writing and become inspired by her masterpieces. Master cocktail making with Ago Perrone Shake up the party with cocktail-making techniques from one of the world's best mixologists, Ago Perrone. Sing like the stars with Eric Vetro Level up your singing skills with the vocal coach behind stars like Ariana Grande and Sabrina Carpenter. Elevate your design skills with Paula Scher Join the creative mind behind iconic designs and album covers as she explains the rules of great graphic design. Documentaries The Queen's Coronation: In Colour Unwrapping King Tut: Secrets of the Mummy Matthew Perry and the Ketamine Queen London: 2000 Years of History Eden: Untamed Planet Joanna Lumley's Danube: Europe's Mightiest River A Royal Guide to… The Thirties in Colour Queens That Changed The World Civilizations: Rise and Fall Attenborough and the Sea Dragon Lucan Rise of the Nazis Jane Austen: Behind Closed Doors Antiques Roadshow Opening Bell Expert says probe into Fed chair is 'political theatre' Investment expert Glen Smith says the pressure on Fed chair Jerome Powell is all about 'political theatre.' See more Science How a tiny chip can hold information from your gut A new organ-on-a-chip technology helps doctors design personalised treatments for gut health. Tech Now The observatory that can reveal the deepest secrets of space Tech Now is given rare access to the world's most advanced telescope with the largest digital camera ever built. Tech Now Is this how AI might eliminate humanity? A research paper predicts AI autonomy by 2027 could lead to human extinction within a decade. Tech Now Japan's tomb of buried photos revealing its secrets The Japanese photographer who buried hundreds of photos and the journey to revive his legacy. Time Frame A virtual trip aboard the Titanic Tech Now steps aboard the historic Titanic ship for a virtual trip on its maiden voyage in 1912. Tech Now Behind the scenes of Hollywood's most daring car stunts Tech Now visits a high-tech studio transforming the way film car stunts are made. Tech Now How pop-up ads took over the internet BBC journalist Ammie Sekhon explores the unexpected history of the pop-up ad. Tech Now The coastal city fighting floods with smart sensors Tech Now finds out how smart sensors are helping communities in Boston prepare for flooding in real time. Tech Now Hidden History The woman who checked in and never checked out A mysterious 1892 death at a California hotel sparked ghost stories that still intrigue visitors today. Culture & Experiences How early filmmakers invented the internet’s funniest trend Discover how quirky clips paved the way for viral humour, proving randomness never goes out of style. Technology Rare footage of the WW2 Nazi Hindenburg airship crash Witness what passengers saw from inside the Hindenburg, the moment the massive airship erupted in flames. History The truth behind 70 years of wild Disneyland myths Why are there so many conspiracies around the man and the park? Two of them are actually true. Culture & Experiences How sex with Neanderthals changed us forever We find out what we gained when Homo sapiens mated with Homo neanderthalensis many thousands of years ago. Science A view inside King Tutankhamun's tomb One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb. History Inside the 1950s house that shaped a British rock legend Sir Paul McCartney's childhood home in Liverpool offers a rare glimpse into the early life of a global icon. BBC Select The birthplace of the alphabet in ancient Egypt In 1905, archaeologists in Egypt found mysterious inscriptions carved into the walls of a 4,000-year-old mine. Humans Cultural Conversation George Clooney and Adam Sandler's recommended movies The actors share their personal favourites and talk about why the films hold up today. Film & TV Why nudity is a rule in Japan's traditional onsens Japan's popular hot spring baths come with a unique requirement: full nudity for anyone entering the onsen. Culture & Experiences Leonardo DiCaprio reveals the films he can't stop watching From Goodfellas to Bicycle Thieves, the actor shares the timeless titles he’s watched across decades. Film & TV Jacinda Ardern once auditioned to be a Hobbit The former New Zealand PM says she auditioned for Lord of the Rings but fell short on a specific requirement. Film & TV Rosamund Pike hadn't seen a Bond film before her audition The actress reveals that she turned up to her audition in the wrong attire for a Bond girl. Film & TV Döstädning: The gentle art of Swedish death cleaning Swedish death cleaning helps people in the later years of their life find peace and meaning in letting go. Discover the World The most surprising sex-positive city in Europe Forget Berlin and Paris. This German city quietly champions free love in a way you wouldn't expect. The SpeciaList The truth behind Pennsylvania Dutch Testing his skills, a German speaker explores an Amish tongue that feels familiar yet strangely distant. Culture & Experiences Wild Life Listen to world's first 'chat' between humans and whales Scientists had a conversation with Twain, the humpback whale. It's the first ever recorded chat of its kind. Natural wonders These wildlife photos won funniest of 2025 The Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards crowned the funniest animal photos of the year 2025. Natural wonders How close is too close to a hippo? A bold leopard cub pushes his luck with a huge and threatening hippo in Nsefu in Zambia. Wildlife Watch playful hyena cubs cause mayhem A group of hyena cubs play with the other animals drawn to the fallen fruit of the sausage trees near their den. Wildlife Tiny lion cubs try to avoid getting crushed by elephants Elephants going through the lion pride won't watch their step and could crush tiny lion cubs with a single step. Wildlife Wild dogs rescue trapped newborn pups When their den collapses, it's a race against time for this wild dog mother to rescue the youngest pups. Wildlife A rare glimpse into the world's most trafficked mammal The Travel Show visits a pangolin rehab centre in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique. The Travel Show Lion saves pregnant hyena from wild dog attack Hyena mother-to-be Tandala spots an opportunity to steal food from a wild dog pack, but she's in for a shock. Wildlife Video Troops and vessels from European Nato allies arrive in Greenland The limited deployment involves Germany, France, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands and the UK. 14 hours ago Share Explore More The lab recreating melting glaciers to forecast sea levels How to identify AI-generated videos online Public pay their respects to Cubans killed in Venezuela during US raid What happens in space during a medical emergency? Morocco celebrates Afcon win: 'Today is about couscous not jollof' BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Danes and Americans react to US threats against Greenland Astronauts return to Earth after medical evacuation Troops and vessels from European Nato allies arrive in Greenland The limited deployment involves Germany, France, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands and the UK. Explore More The lab recreating melting glaciers to forecast sea levels How to identify AI-generated videos online Public pay their respects to Cubans killed in Venezuela during US raid What happens in space during a medical emergency? Morocco celebrates Afcon win: 'Today is about couscous not jollof' BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Danes and Americans react to US threats against Greenland Astronauts return to Earth after medical evacuation In case you missed it Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules The Norwegian author's raw honesty and fearlessness has made him one of literature's most compelling voices. Arts in Motion Why Atlanta's culinary scene is getting food lovers excited The city's food scene is redefining southern hospitality with bold and unpretentious global flavours. World's Table Dissident Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi speaks to the BBC Acclaimed director Jafar Panahi tells the BBC he sees his films as a historical memory of the realities in Iran. Film & TV The undersea mountains where sharks rule Under the surface of the ocean, 100,000 towering mountains dot the Earth. Their violent currents are key to life. Earth What's it like to meet your own avatar? Musician KT Tunstall meets her avatar as Tech Now explores music’s virtual future. Tech Now A simple stargazing ritual to reset stress Dark-sky retreats are on the rise, offering nights under dazzling skies to boost calm, clarity, and wonder. Science & Health How Tom Hiddleston's dad became his biggest cheerleader Initially sceptical of his career, the actor recalls his father’s reaction to one of his early roles. Film & TV Olsen and Teller talk British phrases they don't understand The two actors talk to Radio 1's Ali Plumb about the complexities of the British vernacular. Film & TV In case you missed it Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules The Norwegian author's raw honesty and fearlessness has made him one of literature's most compelling voices. Why Atlanta's culinary scene is getting food lovers excited The city's food scene is redefining southern hospitality with bold and unpretentious global flavours. Dissident Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi speaks to the BBC Acclaimed director Jafar Panahi tells the BBC he sees his films as a historical memory of the realities in Iran. The undersea mountains where sharks rule Under the surface of the ocean, 100,000 towering mountains dot the Earth. Their violent currents are key to life. What's it like to meet your own avatar? Musician KT Tunstall meets her avatar as Tech Now explores music’s virtual future. A simple stargazing ritual to reset stress Dark-sky retreats are on the rise, offering nights under dazzling skies to boost calm, clarity, and wonder. How Tom Hiddleston's dad became his biggest cheerleader Initially sceptical of his career, the actor recalls his father’s reaction to one of his early roles. Olsen and Teller talk British phrases they don't understand The two actors talk to Radio 1's Ali Plumb about the complexities of the British vernacular. Arts in Motion Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules BBC Maestro Get a good night's sleep with Stephanie Romiszewski Join the world-leading sleep expert to bid goodnight to sleep anxiety and rediscover the joy of restful nights. Launch your business with Steven Bartlett Join the youngest judge in Dragons' Den history and creator of Diary of a CEO as he shares 16 principles to make your business a success. Transform your health with Professor Tim Spector Join health guru Tim Spector as he teaches you about the different aspects of gut health, nutrition and healthy eating habits. Master the craft of cooking with Marco Pierre White Go beyond recipes and uncover the art of cooking with the youngest chef ever to be granted three Michelin stars. Learn the art of influence with Evy Poumpouras Understand how to read people and build lasting confidence with former US Secret Service agent Evy Poumpouras. Sharpen your time management with Oliver Burkeman Learn practical time management skills that will give you more time for what's important with best-selling author Oliver Burkeman. Learn the art of magical storytelling with Isabel Allende Join the bestselling author to learn the craft of extraordinary writing and become inspired by her masterpieces. Master cocktail making with Ago Perrone Shake up the party with cocktail-making techniques from one of the world's best mixologists, Ago Perrone. Sing like the stars with Eric Vetro Level up your singing skills with the vocal coach behind stars like Ariana Grande and Sabrina Carpenter. Elevate your design skills with Paula Scher Join the creative mind behind iconic designs and album covers as she explains the rules of great graphic design. BBC Maestro Get a good night's sleep with Stephanie Romiszewski Join the world-leading sleep expert to bid goodnight to sleep anxiety and rediscover the joy of restful nights. Launch your business with Steven Bartlett Join the youngest judge in Dragons' Den history and creator of Diary of a CEO as he shares 16 principles to make your business a success. Transform your health with Professor Tim Spector Join health guru Tim Spector as he teaches you about the different aspects of gut health, nutrition and healthy eating habits. Master the craft of cooking with Marco Pierre White Go beyond recipes and uncover the art of cooking with the youngest chef ever to be granted three Michelin stars. Learn the art of influence with Evy Poumpouras Understand how to read people and build lasting confidence with former US Secret Service agent Evy Poumpouras. Sharpen your time management with Oliver Burkeman Learn practical time management skills that will give you more time for what's important with best-selling author Oliver Burkeman. Learn the art of magical storytelling with Isabel Allende Join the bestselling author to learn the craft of extraordinary writing and become inspired by her masterpieces. Master cocktail making with Ago Perrone Shake up the party with cocktail-making techniques from one of the world's best mixologists, Ago Perrone. Sing like the stars with Eric Vetro Level up your singing skills with the vocal coach behind stars like Ariana Grande and Sabrina Carpenter. Elevate your design skills with Paula Scher Join the creative mind behind iconic designs and album covers as she explains the rules of great graphic design. Documentaries The Queen's Coronation: In Colour Unwrapping King Tut: Secrets of the Mummy Matthew Perry and the Ketamine Queen London: 2000 Years of History Eden: Untamed Planet Joanna Lumley's Danube: Europe's Mightiest River A Royal Guide to… The Thirties in Colour Queens That Changed The World Civilizations: Rise and Fall Attenborough and the Sea Dragon Lucan Rise of the Nazis Jane Austen: Behind Closed Doors Antiques Roadshow Opening Bell Expert says probe into Fed chair is 'political theatre' Science How a tiny chip can hold information from your gut A new organ-on-a-chip technology helps doctors design personalised treatments for gut health. Tech Now The observatory that can reveal the deepest secrets of space Tech Now is given rare access to the world's most advanced telescope with the largest digital camera ever built. Tech Now Is this how AI might eliminate humanity? A research paper predicts AI autonomy by 2027 could lead to human extinction within a decade. Tech Now Japan's tomb of buried photos revealing its secrets The Japanese photographer who buried hundreds of photos and the journey to revive his legacy. Time Frame A virtual trip aboard the Titanic Tech Now steps aboard the historic Titanic ship for a virtual trip on its maiden voyage in 1912. Tech Now Behind the scenes of Hollywood's most daring car stunts Tech Now visits a high-tech studio transforming the way film car stunts are made. Tech Now How pop-up ads took over the internet BBC journalist Ammie Sekhon explores the unexpected history of the pop-up ad. Tech Now The coastal city fighting floods with smart sensors Tech Now finds out how smart sensors are helping communities in Boston prepare for flooding in real time. Tech Now Science How a tiny chip can hold information from your gut A new organ-on-a-chip technology helps doctors design personalised treatments for gut health. The observatory that can reveal the deepest secrets of space Tech Now is given rare access to the world's most advanced telescope with the largest digital camera ever built. Is this how AI might eliminate humanity? A research paper predicts AI autonomy by 2027 could lead to human extinction within a decade. Japan's tomb of buried photos revealing its secrets The Japanese photographer who buried hundreds of photos and the journey to revive his legacy. A virtual trip aboard the Titanic Tech Now steps aboard the historic Titanic ship for a virtual trip on its maiden voyage in 1912. Behind the scenes of Hollywood's most daring car stunts Tech Now visits a high-tech studio transforming the way film car stunts are made. How pop-up ads took over the internet BBC journalist Ammie Sekhon explores the unexpected history of the pop-up ad. The coastal city fighting floods with smart sensors Tech Now finds out how smart sensors are helping communities in Boston prepare for flooding in real time. Hidden History The woman who checked in and never checked out A mysterious 1892 death at a California hotel sparked ghost stories that still intrigue visitors today. Culture & Experiences How early filmmakers invented the internet’s funniest trend Discover how quirky clips paved the way for viral humour, proving randomness never goes out of style. Technology Rare footage of the WW2 Nazi Hindenburg airship crash Witness what passengers saw from inside the Hindenburg, the moment the massive airship erupted in flames. History The truth behind 70 years of wild Disneyland myths Why are there so many conspiracies around the man and the park? Two of them are actually true. Culture & Experiences How sex with Neanderthals changed us forever We find out what we gained when Homo sapiens mated with Homo neanderthalensis many thousands of years ago. Science A view inside King Tutankhamun's tomb One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb. History Inside the 1950s house that shaped a British rock legend Sir Paul McCartney's childhood home in Liverpool offers a rare glimpse into the early life of a global icon. BBC Select The birthplace of the alphabet in ancient Egypt In 1905, archaeologists in Egypt found mysterious inscriptions carved into the walls of a 4,000-year-old mine. Humans Hidden History The woman who checked in and never checked out A mysterious 1892 death at a California hotel sparked ghost stories that still intrigue visitors today. How early filmmakers invented the internet’s funniest trend Discover how quirky clips paved the way for viral humour, proving randomness never goes out of style. Rare footage of the WW2 Nazi Hindenburg airship crash Witness what passengers saw from inside the Hindenburg, the moment the massive airship erupted in flames. The truth behind 70 years of wild Disneyland myths Why are there so many conspiracies around the man and the park? Two of them are actually true. How sex with Neanderthals changed us forever We find out what we gained when Homo sapiens mated with Homo neanderthalensis many thousands of years ago. A view inside King Tutankhamun's tomb One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb. Inside the 1950s house that shaped a British rock legend Sir Paul McCartney's childhood home in Liverpool offers a rare glimpse into the early life of a global icon. The birthplace of the alphabet in ancient Egypt In 1905, archaeologists in Egypt found mysterious inscriptions carved into the walls of a 4,000-year-old mine. Cultural Conversation George Clooney and Adam Sandler's recommended movies The actors share their personal favourites and talk about why the films hold up today. Film & TV Why nudity is a rule in Japan's traditional onsens Japan's popular hot spring baths come with a unique requirement: full nudity for anyone entering the onsen. Culture & Experiences Leonardo DiCaprio reveals the films he can't stop watching From Goodfellas to Bicycle Thieves, the actor shares the timeless titles he’s watched across decades. Film & TV Jacinda Ardern once auditioned to be a Hobbit The former New Zealand PM says she auditioned for Lord of the Rings but fell short on a specific requirement. Film & TV Rosamund Pike hadn't seen a Bond film before her audition The actress reveals that she turned up to her audition in the wrong attire for a Bond girl. Film & TV Döstädning: The gentle art of Swedish death cleaning Swedish death cleaning helps people in the later years of their life find peace and meaning in letting go. Discover the World The most surprising sex-positive city in Europe Forget Berlin and Paris. This German city quietly champions free love in a way you wouldn't expect. The SpeciaList The truth behind Pennsylvania Dutch Testing his skills, a German speaker explores an Amish tongue that feels familiar yet strangely distant. Culture & Experiences Cultural Conversation George Clooney and Adam Sandler's recommended movies The actors share their personal favourites and talk about why the films hold up today. Why nudity is a rule in Japan's traditional onsens Japan's popular hot spring baths come with a unique requirement: full nudity for anyone entering the onsen. Leonardo DiCaprio reveals the films he can't stop watching From Goodfellas to Bicycle Thieves, the actor shares the timeless titles he’s watched across decades. Jacinda Ardern once auditioned to be a Hobbit The former New Zealand PM says she auditioned for Lord of the Rings but fell short on a specific requirement. Rosamund Pike hadn't seen a Bond film before her audition The actress reveals that she turned up to her audition in the wrong attire for a Bond girl. Döstädning: The gentle art of Swedish death cleaning Swedish death cleaning helps people in the later years of their life find peace and meaning in letting go. The most surprising sex-positive city in Europe Forget Berlin and Paris. This German city quietly champions free love in a way you wouldn't expect. The truth behind Pennsylvania Dutch Testing his skills, a German speaker explores an Amish tongue that feels familiar yet strangely distant. Wild Life Listen to world's first 'chat' between humans and whales Scientists had a conversation with Twain, the humpback whale. It's the first ever recorded chat of its kind. Natural wonders These wildlife photos won funniest of 2025 The Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards crowned the funniest animal photos of the year 2025. Natural wonders How close is too close to a hippo? A bold leopard cub pushes his luck with a huge and threatening hippo in Nsefu in Zambia. Wildlife Watch playful hyena cubs cause mayhem A group of hyena cubs play with the other animals drawn to the fallen fruit of the sausage trees near their den. Wildlife Tiny lion cubs try to avoid getting crushed by elephants Elephants going through the lion pride won't watch their step and could crush tiny lion cubs with a single step. Wildlife Wild dogs rescue trapped newborn pups When their den collapses, it's a race against time for this wild dog mother to rescue the youngest pups. Wildlife A rare glimpse into the world's most trafficked mammal The Travel Show visits a pangolin rehab centre in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique. The Travel Show Lion saves pregnant hyena from wild dog attack Hyena mother-to-be Tandala spots an opportunity to steal food from a wild dog pack, but she's in for a shock. Wildlife Wild Life Listen to world's first 'chat' between humans and whales Scientists had a conversation with Twain, the humpback whale. It's the first ever recorded chat of its kind. These wildlife photos won funniest of 2025 The Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards crowned the funniest animal photos of the year 2025. How close is too close to a hippo? A bold leopard cub pushes his luck with a huge and threatening hippo in Nsefu in Zambia. Watch playful hyena cubs cause mayhem A group of hyena cubs play with the other animals drawn to the fallen fruit of the sausage trees near their den. Tiny lion cubs try to avoid getting crushed by elephants Elephants going through the lion pride won't watch their step and could crush tiny lion cubs with a single step. Wild dogs rescue trapped newborn pups When their den collapses, it's a race against time for this wild dog mother to rescue the youngest pups. A rare glimpse into the world's most trafficked mammal The Travel Show visits a pangolin rehab centre in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique. Lion saves pregnant hyena from wild dog attack Hyena mother-to-be Tandala spots an opportunity to steal food from a wild dog pack, but she's in for a shock. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contact us Alemannisch अंगिका العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item Introduction Readers How to report a problem with an article, or find out more information. Article subjects Problems with articles about you, your company, or somebody you represent. Licensing How to copy Wikipedia's information, donate your own, or report unlicensed use of your information. Donors Find out about the process, how to donate, and information about how your money is spent. Press and partnerships If you're a member of the press looking to contact Wikipedia, or have a business proposal for us. Back to main page Thank you for your interest in contacting Wikipedia. Before proceeding, some important disclaimers: Wikipedia has no central editorial board. Contributions are made by a large number of volunteers at their own discretion. Edits are neither the responsibility of the Wikimedia Foundation (the organisation that hosts the site) nor of its staff. Generally, the agent who responds to an email request will not make edits on your behalf. Disagreements with content will not be resolved via email. Use the Edit Request Wizard to propose specific changes to an article. Although Wikipedia was co-founded by Jimmy Wales , he is not personally responsible for our content. If you have questions about the concept of Wikipedia rather than a specific problem, the About Wikipedia page may help. If you want to ask other users for help with editing or using Wikipedia, stop by the Teahouse , Wikipedia's live help channel , or the help desk to ask someone for assistance. If you disagree with an article's content, or are involved in a content dispute, see Dispute resolution . The links on the left should direct you to how to contact us or resolve problems. If you cannot find your issue listed there, you can email helpful, experienced volunteers at .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace} info-en wikimedia.org . Wikipedia tutorials Wikipedia quick introductions This page was last edited on 24 December 2025, at 21:01 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Browse by subject Toggle Browse by subject subsection 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 2 Browse by format Toggle Browse by format subsection 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 3 Articles by quality Toggle Articles by quality subsection 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 4 Spoken articles 5 Alphabetical lists of articles 6 Topics 7 Types 8 Places, people and times 9 Indices Wikipedia : Contents العربية অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Чӑвашла Cebuano Español فارسی ГӀалгӀай 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Коми Kurdî Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Српски / srpski Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Українська Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiversity Wikidata item Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology WP:EXPLORE WP:EXPLORE Easily explore Wikipedia using the topic links below. You can also search directly using the search bar. All section headers are clickable for quick navigation. Browse by subject Wikipedia's content is divided into broad subject areas: Culture and the arts Culture and the arts Geography and places Geography and places Health and fitness Health and fitness History and events History and events List of timelines 2026 – Major events this year 2026 in science – Ongoing science findings and technology advancements Portal:Current events – Featured current events and related project activities List of timelines 2026 – Major events this year 2026 in science – Ongoing science findings and technology advancements Portal:Current events – Featured current events and related project activities Human activities Human activities Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences Natural and physical sciences People and self People and self Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and thinking Reference works Reference works Library of Congress Classification List of Dewey Decimal classes Figurative system of human knowledge ( Encyclopédie ) Propædia ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Tree of knowledge system UDC outline Wikipedia:List of bibliographies Category:Wikipedia bibliographies Library of Congress Classification List of Dewey Decimal classes Figurative system of human knowledge ( Encyclopédie ) Propædia ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Tree of knowledge system UDC outline Wikipedia:List of bibliographies Category:Wikipedia bibliographies Religion and belief systems Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Browse by format Overviews Overviews Outlines Outlines Lists Lists Portals Portals Glossaries Glossaries Category system Category:Main topic classifications – Arts, History, Technology, and more Wikipedia:Contents/Categories – Hand-crafted list of topic categories Category:People – Biographies Articles by quality Vital articles Lists of articles deemed most essential for the encyclopedia. Vital articles Level 1 – 10 articles Level 2 – 100 articles Level 3 – 1,000 articles Level 4 – 10,000 articles Level 5 – 50,000 articles Level 1 – 10 articles Level 2 – 100 articles Level 3 – 1,000 articles Level 4 – 10,000 articles Level 5 – 50,000 articles List of articles every Wikipedia should have Similar to vital articles, but for every language. List of articles every Wikipedia should have List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded Featured content Contributions representing the best of Wikipedia, having undergone a rigorous review process by multiple independent editors. Featured content Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good content Quality contributions that meet a core set of editorial standards, having undergone a thorough review by an independent editor. Good articles Good topics Spoken articles Category:Spoken articles Wikipedia:Spoken articles Alphabetical lists of articles Special:Allpages – List of all current pages Wikipedia:Contents/A–Z index – Alphabetical index Category:Wikipedia indexes – Alphabetical list of topic indexes Wikipedia:Contents/Indices – Indexes sorted by topic area Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Wikipedia directories Wikipedia contents Wikipedia navigation Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Structure and Diversity Aware Context Bubble Construction for Enterprise Retrieval Augmented Systems Abstract: Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10681 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10681v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Where does the time go? Special report: Wikipedia at 25: A Wake-Up Call The internet is booming. We are not. Serendipity: The WMF wants to buy you books! Really! A major triumph. WikiProject report: Time for a health check: the Vital Signs 2026 campaign The campaign to get all of our top-importance medical articles up to B-class or above. In the media: Fake Acting President Trump and a Wikipedia infobox D.J.T. assumes a new position. Community view: The inbox behind Wikipedia What the Volunteer Response Team actually does! Recent research: Art museums on Wikidata; comparing three comparisons of Grokipedia and Wikipedia And other research. Traffic report: Tonight I'm gonna rock you A world in white gets underway. Comix: Oh come on man. Really? News and notes: Wikipedia's 25th anniversary is here! Where does the time go? Special report: Wikipedia at 25: A Wake-Up Call The internet is booming. We are not. Serendipity: The WMF wants to buy you books! Really! A major triumph. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Attacks and sieges Toggle Attacks and sieges subsection 2.1 Cappuccino and Splendid Hotel 2.1.1 Counter-attack 2.2 YIBI hotel 2.1 Cappuccino and Splendid Hotel 2.1.1 Counter-attack 2.1.1 Counter-attack 2.2 YIBI hotel 3 Casualties 4 Responsibility 5 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 5.1 Domestic 5.2 International 5.1 Domestic 5.2 International 6 See also 7 References 2016 Ouagadougou attacks العربية Català Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hausa Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item 2016 Ouagadougou Islamic terrorist attacks Part of the Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso , the War in the Sahel , and the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) The Splendid Hotel in 2008 .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} The Splendid Hotel Show map of Burkina Faso The Splendid Hotel Show map of Africa Location .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°21′40″N 1°31′05″W / 12.36111°N 1.51806°W / 12.36111; -1.51806 Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Date 15–16 January 2016 19:30 – ~next morning ( GMT ) Target Cappuccino restaurant, Splendid Hotel and Yibi hotel with Westerners ( Alleged ) Attack type Mass shooting , arson , hostage-taking , sieges , counter-attack Deaths 34 (including four attackers) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Injured 56+ [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] (including some hostages during the rescue) [ 8 ] Victims 176 hostages (rescued) Perpetrators Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Al-Mourabitoun No. of participants 6–7 (4 dead, 2–3 on the run) Motive Islamic terrorism .mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso v t e Battles and operations Samorogouan Intangom Nassoumbou Ariel 1st Inata Loroni 1st Arbinda Gorom-Gorom Koutougou Bourgou IV 2nd Arbinda Madjoari Markoye Department Dounkoun Boukouma 2nd Inata Titao Laabingol Ouahigouya Djibo Natiaboani Namissiguima Bourzanga Bam Boala Kikideni Falagountou Tin-Ediar Tin-Akoff Zorkoum Kapidougou Ougarou Namsiguia Noaka Koumbri Tawori Mansila Nassougou Diapaga Terrorist attacks and massacres 1st Ouagadougou 2nd Ouagadougou 3rd Ouagadougou 2019 Yirgou Gasseliki Kaïn 2nd Arbinda Belehede Dibilou Sanmatenga Salmossi Dolmane Pobé Mengao Fada N'Gourma Toeni Nagraogo Pansi Barsalogho convoy Djibo 2020 Fada N'Gourma Yattakou Kodyel Solhan & Tadaryat Goulgountou Gorgadji Singou Seytenga Bourasso & Namissiguima Namsiguia Silgadji Gaskinde Bougui Nouna 3rd Arbinda Linguekoro 1st Aorema Kourakou & Tondobi 2nd Aorema Karma Diapaga Essakane Nondin & Soro Bibgou & Soualimou Military convoys Barsalogho Solenzo Tafagou and Nobiol Inter-government conflict January 2022 coup d'état September 2022 coup d'état 2023 coup attempt Inter-ethnic conflict Fulani-Mossi conflict Samorogouan Intangom Nassoumbou Ariel 1st Inata Loroni 1st Arbinda Gorom-Gorom Koutougou Bourgou IV 2nd Arbinda Madjoari Markoye Department Dounkoun Boukouma 2nd Inata Titao Laabingol Ouahigouya Djibo Natiaboani Namissiguima Bourzanga Bam Boala Kikideni Falagountou Tin-Ediar Tin-Akoff Zorkoum Kapidougou Ougarou Namsiguia Noaka Koumbri Tawori Mansila Nassougou Diapaga 1st Ouagadougou 2nd Ouagadougou 3rd Ouagadougou 2019 Yirgou Gasseliki Kaïn 2nd Arbinda Belehede Dibilou Sanmatenga Salmossi Dolmane Pobé Mengao Fada N'Gourma Yirgou Gasseliki Kaïn 2nd Arbinda Belehede Dibilou Sanmatenga Salmossi Dolmane Pobé Mengao Fada N'Gourma Toeni Nagraogo Pansi Barsalogho convoy Djibo 2020 Fada N'Gourma Yattakou Kodyel Solhan & Tadaryat Goulgountou Gorgadji Singou Seytenga Bourasso & Namissiguima Namsiguia Silgadji Gaskinde Bougui Nouna 3rd Arbinda Linguekoro 1st Aorema Kourakou & Tondobi 2nd Aorema Karma Diapaga Essakane Nondin & Soro Bibgou & Soualimou Military convoys Barsalogho Solenzo Tafagou and Nobiol January 2022 coup d'état September 2022 coup d'état 2023 coup attempt Fulani-Mossi conflict v t e Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) v t e Maghreb (since 2002) 2002 Djerba 2003 Sahara Casablanca Sétif 2004 El-Kseur 2005 El Mreiti Tidjelabine 2006–2007 Tidjelabine Boudouaou Tunisia Soliman OEF Trans Sahara (since 2007) 2007 Souk El Had Casablanca Algiers (Apr) Batna Dellys Algiers (Dec) Aleg 2008 Naciria Thénia Beni Amrane Israeli embassy Zemmouri Issers 2009 Garn-Akassa Bordj Bou Arréridj Araouane Nouakchott 2010 Tidjelabine Ammal Akla Baghlia Areich Hind Bordj Menaïel 2011 Marrakesh Wagadou Forest Bassikounou Timbuktu 2012 Thénia Baghlia 2013 In Amenas Agadez & Arlit 2017 Tongo Tongo Ayorou 2019 Inates 2020 Chinagodrar Tillabéri (May) Kouré Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) Benghazi (2012) Benghazi (2013) Mali War (since 2012) 2012 Tuareg rebellion Azawad 2013 Serval AFISMA EUTM MINUSMA 2015 Bamako (Mar) Bamako (Nov) Kidal 2016 Bamako Nampala 2017 In-Delimane Gao Bamako Inkadogotane Timbuktu 2018 Mopti Araouane MINUSMA camp Ménaka (Apr) Talataye Tabarde Amalaoulaou Ménaka (Dec) 2019 Kidal Ogossagou Sobane Da Indelimane Ménaka 2020 Talahandak N'daw coup Boulikessi Tadamakat 2021 Bounti Goïta coup Mopti 2022 Danguèrè Wotoro Mondoro Moura Hombori 2nd Andéramboukane Bankass 3rd Tessit Talataye Bandiagara Tadjalalt and Haroum Chaambi Operations (2012–2019) 2014 Chaambi Mountains Barkhane (2014–2022) 2016 Ouagadougou Grand-Bassam Nassoumbou 2017 Ouagadougou 2018 Ouagadougou 2nd Tongo-Tongo 2019 Gorom-Gorom Sanmatenga Dolmane Oudalan Pobé Mengao Fada N'gourma Arbinda 2020 Pansi Fada N'gourma Talahandak Boulikessi Toumour 2021 Kodyel Solhan and Tadaryat Inata Seytenga Namssiguia 2022 Djibo Bam Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020) 2014 3rd Benghazi Derna 4th Benghazi 2015 Nofaliya Copts 1st Tripoli (Corinthia Hotel) Al Qubbah Egyptian airstrikes 1st Sirte 2016 Bin Jawad Zliten Misrata 2nd Sirte Derna 2018 2nd Tripoli (HNEC) 2nd Derna 3rd Tripoli (NOC) 2019 Western Libya offensive Tunisia (2015–2022) 2015 1st Tunis Sousse 2nd Tunis 2016 Ben Guerdane 2019 3rd Tunis 2002 Djerba Djerba 2003 Sahara Casablanca Sétif Sahara Casablanca Sétif 2004 El-Kseur El-Kseur 2005 El Mreiti Tidjelabine El Mreiti Tidjelabine 2006–2007 Tidjelabine Boudouaou Tunisia Soliman Tidjelabine Boudouaou Tunisia Soliman 2007 Souk El Had Casablanca Algiers (Apr) Batna Dellys Algiers (Dec) Aleg Souk El Had Casablanca Algiers (Apr) Batna Dellys Algiers (Dec) Aleg 2008 Naciria Thénia Beni Amrane Israeli embassy Zemmouri Issers Naciria Thénia Beni Amrane Israeli embassy Zemmouri Issers 2009 Garn-Akassa Bordj Bou Arréridj Araouane Nouakchott Garn-Akassa Bordj Bou Arréridj Araouane Nouakchott 2010 Tidjelabine Ammal Akla Baghlia Areich Hind Bordj Menaïel Tidjelabine Ammal Akla Baghlia Areich Hind Bordj Menaïel 2011 Marrakesh Wagadou Forest Bassikounou Timbuktu Marrakesh Wagadou Forest Bassikounou Timbuktu 2012 Thénia Baghlia Thénia Baghlia 2013 In Amenas Agadez & Arlit In Amenas Agadez & Arlit 2017 Tongo Tongo Ayorou Tongo Tongo Ayorou 2019 Inates Inates 2020 Chinagodrar Tillabéri (May) Kouré Chinagodrar Tillabéri (May) Kouré Benghazi (2012) Benghazi (2013) 2012 Tuareg rebellion Azawad Tuareg rebellion Azawad 2013 Serval AFISMA EUTM MINUSMA Serval AFISMA EUTM MINUSMA 2015 Bamako (Mar) Bamako (Nov) Kidal Bamako (Mar) Bamako (Nov) Kidal 2016 Bamako Nampala Bamako Nampala 2017 In-Delimane Gao Bamako Inkadogotane Timbuktu In-Delimane Gao Bamako Inkadogotane Timbuktu 2018 Mopti Araouane MINUSMA camp Ménaka (Apr) Talataye Tabarde Amalaoulaou Ménaka (Dec) Mopti Araouane MINUSMA camp Ménaka (Apr) Talataye Tabarde Amalaoulaou Ménaka (Dec) 2019 Kidal Ogossagou Sobane Da Indelimane Ménaka Kidal Ogossagou Sobane Da Indelimane Ménaka 2020 Talahandak N'daw coup Boulikessi Tadamakat Talahandak N'daw coup Boulikessi Tadamakat 2021 Bounti Goïta coup Mopti Bounti Goïta coup Mopti 2022 Danguèrè Wotoro Mondoro Moura Hombori 2nd Andéramboukane Bankass 3rd Tessit Talataye Bandiagara Tadjalalt and Haroum Danguèrè Wotoro Mondoro Moura Hombori 2nd Andéramboukane Bankass 3rd Tessit Talataye Bandiagara Tadjalalt and Haroum 2014 Chaambi Mountains Chaambi Mountains 2016 Ouagadougou Grand-Bassam Nassoumbou Ouagadougou Grand-Bassam Nassoumbou 2017 Ouagadougou Ouagadougou 2018 Ouagadougou 2nd Tongo-Tongo Ouagadougou 2nd Tongo-Tongo 2019 Gorom-Gorom Sanmatenga Dolmane Oudalan Pobé Mengao Fada N'gourma Arbinda Gorom-Gorom Sanmatenga Dolmane Oudalan Pobé Mengao Fada N'gourma Arbinda 2020 Pansi Fada N'gourma Talahandak Boulikessi Toumour Pansi Fada N'gourma Talahandak Boulikessi Toumour 2021 Kodyel Solhan and Tadaryat Inata Seytenga Namssiguia Kodyel Solhan and Tadaryat Inata Seytenga Namssiguia 2022 Djibo Bam Djibo Bam 2014 3rd Benghazi Derna 4th Benghazi 3rd Benghazi Derna 4th Benghazi 2015 Nofaliya Copts 1st Tripoli (Corinthia Hotel) Al Qubbah Egyptian airstrikes 1st Sirte Nofaliya Copts 1st Tripoli (Corinthia Hotel) Al Qubbah Egyptian airstrikes 1st Sirte 2016 Bin Jawad Zliten Misrata 2nd Sirte Derna Bin Jawad Zliten Misrata 2nd Sirte Derna 2018 2nd Tripoli (HNEC) 2nd Derna 3rd Tripoli (NOC) 2nd Tripoli (HNEC) 2nd Derna 3rd Tripoli (NOC) 2019 Western Libya offensive Western Libya offensive 2015 1st Tunis Sousse 2nd Tunis 1st Tunis Sousse 2nd Tunis 2016 Ben Guerdane Ben Guerdane 2019 3rd Tunis 3rd Tunis On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou , the capital of Burkina Faso . At least 30 people were killed, [ 1 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and 56 wounded; a total of 176 hostages were released [ 3 ] [ 11 ] after a government counter-attack into the next morning as the siege ended. Three perpetrators were also killed. [ 4 ] The nearby YIBI hotel was then under siege, where another attacker was killed. Notably, former Swiss MPs Jean-Noël Rey and Georgie Lamon were killed at a restaurant during the attack. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Al-Mourabitoun . Background Following the Libyan Civil War , neighboring Mali was wracked by instability, including Islamist attacks, in the Northern Mali conflict . Neighboring countries also experienced a Boko Haram insurgency. In Burkina Faso, the 2014 Burkinabé uprising ousted President Blaise Compaoré , while the consequent 2015 Burkinabe coup d'état , in relation to the electoral process, was eventually put down under pressure from the African Union . The November 2015 general election resulted in Roch Marc Christian Kaboré becoming president of Burkina Faso . Burkina Faso is part of the G5 Sahel countries formed to counter insurgent attacks. [ 6 ] The Splendid Hotel was sometimes used by French troops who were part of the Chad-based Operation Barkhane . [ 12 ] The United States had approximately 75 military personnel in the country, including 15 assigned to the embassy and about 60 who provide "security assistance" – training, advising and assisting. [ 13 ] Earlier in the day, at about 14:00 local time, approximately 20 "heavily-armed unidentified individuals" attacked gendarmerie in the village of Tin Abao, near the border with Mali, according to the army. [ 6 ] The Security Ministry's Spokeswoman Abi Ouattara also announced that an Austrian couple were kidnapped in the night in northern Burkina Faso near the border with Mali in the Baraboulé area's [ 8 ] village of Djibo. [ 14 ] Austrian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Thomas Schnoell added that more information was not known but they were "looking into the matter as quickly as possible." [ 8 ] However, the couple were later said to be Australian. [ 3 ] Attacks and sieges Cappuccino and Splendid Hotel On 15 January 2016 at 19:30, [ 15 ] according to Communications Minister Remi Dandjinou, six or seven [ 3 ] turbaned gunmen, [ 15 ] reportedly arrived in four-wheel drive cars and burnt ten vehicles. [ 10 ] They attacked the Cappuccino restaurant, which had about 100 guests, according to RTB , [ 14 ] and then took hostages [ 16 ] at the 147-room [ 17 ] four-star [ 8 ] Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou on Avenue Kwame Nkrumah. [ 16 ] Both places are frequented by businessmen and foreigners. A dinner of the ASECNA , which was attended by 200 people, was taking place in the hotel. [ 18 ] Some of the perpetrators arrived at the hotel during the day and mingled with guests, while others joined them after nightfall. [ 14 ] As Ouagadougou Airport is about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from the attack site, Air France and Turkish Airlines flights were diverted to Niamey , Niger. [ 19 ] Foreign Minister Alpha Barry said: "We know that there are victims and there are hostages. Currently the area is blocked by security forces waiting for an assault to free the hostages." According to the head of the city's main hospital there were 20 confirmed deaths, while an unnamed Cappuccino staff member said several people had been killed at the restaurant. [ 6 ] At least 20 people were wounded. [ 20 ] Robert Sangare, director of Ouagadougou's university hospital centre, said that one European woman being treated at the hospital had said that the perpetrators appeared to target white people. [ 12 ] [ 21 ] Other survivors, including a Slovenian social anthropologist and a French architect, also reported witnessing white people being "singled out" and double tapped by the attackers. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] About 10 ambulances were used to ferry the wounded to the hospital through the night. [ 2 ] Counter-attack At 01:00 the next day, the hall was set on fire [ 24 ] as commandos tried to free an unknown number of hostages, using explosives to enter the building. Two groups of security forces entered the main lobby five hours after the siege began, as gunfire was reported. [ 25 ] RTB reported intense gunfire for 40 minutes in the direction of the hotel. [ 13 ] It further noted that about 33 hostages had been freed [ 4 ] [ 26 ] by security forces, including Minister of Public Services, [ 13 ] Labour and Social Security Clément Sawadogo , according to Dandjinou. [ 26 ] Gunfire reportedly subsided after an hour of the counter-attack, while bodies were seen outside the hotel. [ 20 ] The Splendid Hotel siege ended in the morning [ 4 ] with the release of 176 hostages, according to Compoare, [ 3 ] almost half of whom were injured in the process. [ 8 ] A group of U.S. and French soldiers came to the site, while a curfew was instated from 23:00 to 06:00. [ 15 ] An unnamed U.S. Defence Department official said that France had requested its intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance support in the city and that at least one military member in the country was giving "advice and assistance" to French forces at the hotel. [ 12 ] Dozens of the French forces came in from neighbouring Mali. [ 17 ] French medical teams were sent to provide support, while forensic officers were also sent to the city. [ 3 ] YIBI hotel Following the end of the siege at the Splendid Hotel, the Yibi hotel, located next to Cappuccino, [ 8 ] was under attack, according to Interior Minister [ 27 ] Simon Compaoré . [ 28 ] It followed him saying that nearby hotels were being checked to make sure attackers were not hiding there. [ 17 ] At about 07:30, government forces entered the hotel on foot, while sharp shooters were reportedly on the roofs of nearby buildings. Radio Omega reported that a fourth attacker had been killed after seeking refuge at the hotel. [ 8 ] Casualties Country Number Note Burkina Faso 10 [ 29 ] Canada 6 [ 29 ] Ukraine 4 [ 29 ] France 2 [ 29 ] Switzerland 2 [ 29 ] Italy 1 [ 30 ] Portugal 1 [ 29 ] France/ Morocco 1 [ 29 ] United States 1 [ 29 ] Netherlands 1 [ 29 ] Libya 1 [ 29 ] Total 30 [ 29 ] The gunmen were initially reported to have killed 20 people, [ 5 ] but this number was later revised upward to a total of 30 people [ 1 ] with one death in the second hotel; at least 56 other people were injured. [ 3 ] Three militants were also killed at the first hotel [ 4 ] and one in the second hotel. [ 31 ] Ten bodies were found at the Cappuccino across the street from the hotel [ 32 ] by firefighters. [ 8 ] One of the hostages was an Indian citizen, [ 4 ] while at least one of the other wounded was French [ 3 ] and another was from the U.S. [ 33 ] The dead were initially reported to be from 18 countries. [ 8 ] These included: eight people from Burkina Faso, [ 3 ] six Canadians, four of whom were members of the same family from Lac-Beauport, Quebec , another family friend and a member of their visiting party, [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] four Ukrainians of the same family, [ 37 ] two each from Switzerland [ 38 ] and France, [ 3 ] and one each from Portugal, [ 39 ] the Netherlands, Italy, Libya and the United States. [ 3 ] The latter was working for the Christian group Sheltering Wings . [ 40 ] A dual French-Moroccan victim, who was shot multiple times, died in an Ouagadougou hospital three days later. [ 1 ] She was Leila Alaoui , a photographer on assignment for Amnesty International . [ 41 ] The two Swiss dead were Georgie Lamon , a former cantonal member of parliament, [ 42 ] and Jean-Noël Rey , a former Swiss member of parliament and head of the Swiss post and telecommunications service . Both had been visiting a school created by an association to which they belonged. [ 2 ] [ 40 ] Responsibility Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , an Islamist militant organization whose ultimate goal is to overthrow the Algerian government and create an Islamic State in its place, [ 43 ] claimed responsibility for the attack. [ 44 ] SITE Intelligence Group translated a document that outlined the reason for the attack "revenge against France and the disbelieving West" and that the militants were part of the Mali-based Al-Mourabitoun group. [ 8 ] It also quoted a statement from the group as reading: "[The] mujahideen brothers...broke into a restaurant of one of the biggest hotels in the capital of Burkina Faso, and are now entrenched and the clashes are continuing with the enemies of the religion." [ 6 ] The group also "asserted the fall of many dead Crusaders." Eyewitnesses said the perpetrators were "light-skinned" and spoke a language not native to the country. [ 13 ] Later, two of the attackers were found to be black and one Arab. [ 8 ] Of the initially reported six gunmen, [ 15 ] at least two of the four perpetrators found were women, according to an announcement by Kaboré. [ 8 ] Compoare added that the bodies of three "very young" attackers were found [ 3 ] and that they were no older than 26 years old. [ 2 ] It was reported on 22 January that three of the six attackers were still on the run. [ 45 ] Reactions Domestic President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré presided over an emergency cabinet meeting and then, along with Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba arrived at the attack scene at about lunchtime. Kaboré said it was "a barbaric attack that we must fight." [ 8 ] National mourning was observed for 72 hours. [ 3 ] International The French embassy announced that a "terrorist attack" was underway and urged its citizens to avoid the area. [ 6 ] It added that it had no idea if there were any French citizens inside the hotel. The U.S. embassy issued a statement on Twitter indicating that while it was aware of the situation, there was no indication of any citizens inside the hotel and also urged its citizens to avoid the downtown area of Ouagadougou. [ 13 ] The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office issued a similar advisory. [ 3 ] French President François Hollande issued a statement early in the morning of 16 January that read: "The President of the Republic expresses his total support for President Kaboré and for the people of Burkina Faso in the face of this odious and cowardly attack which has struck Ouagadougou." Prime Minister Manuel Valls added on Twitter: "By striking Burkina Faso, terrorists have again struck the world. Together we will respond and we will overcome. #JeSuisOuaga" [ 8 ] President of the National Assembly of Ivory Coast Guillaume Soro expressed his "compassion and solidarity" to the "government and people." [ 46 ] Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attacks. [ citation needed ] In announcing the deaths of his fellow citizens, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemned "these senseless acts of violence on innocent civilians." [ 3 ] Reporting that Ukrainians were killed, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Pavlo Klimkin stated that he was "shocked by the attack" that was "a tragedy for all of us..." [ 47 ] U.S. State Department Spokesman John Kirby later offered condolences on the death of his fellow citizen and added that his family "are with all those affected by this brutality." The U.S. embassy called it a "senseless assault on innocent people." [ 14 ] Regional neighbor Algeria's Foreign Minister Ramtane Lamamra also condemned the attacks and expressed its solidarity with the families of the victims, the government and the Burkinabé people. [ 48 ] Ghana's President John Mahama appointed his former chief of staff, Prosper Douglas Bani , as interior minister to reinforce domestic security following the attacks. [ 49 ] See also 2008 Mumbai attacks 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack Garissa University College attack List of Islamist terrorist attacks List of terrorist incidents, January–June 2016 Westgate shopping mall attack 2016 Bamako attack References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "French-Moroccan photographer Leila Alaoui dies after Burkina Faso attacks" . 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Retrieved 21 January 2016 . v t e Ouagadougou v t e Buildings Economy Government History Timeline People Sport Buildings Economy Government History Timeline Timeline People Sport Education Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Transport Ouagadougou Airport Ouagadougou Airport Landmarks Cathedral National Museum of Music Cathedral National Museum of Music Category Commons Category Commons 21st-century mass murders in Burkina Faso Attacks on coffeehouses and cafés in Africa 2016 murders in Burkina Faso 21st century in Ouagadougou Attacks on hotels in Africa Attacks on tourists in Africa Hostage taking in Africa Islamic terrorism in Burkina Faso Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016 January 2016 crimes in Africa 2010s sieges Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso 2016 mass shootings in Africa 2016 mass murders Mass shootings in Burkina Faso Racially motivated violence against white people in Africa Terrorist incidents attributed to al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Terrorist incidents in Burkina Faso in 2016 Arson in Burkina Faso Arson in 2016 Canadian people murdered abroad Ukrainian people murdered abroad Family murders Burkina Faso–Canada relations Burkina Faso–France relations Burkina Faso–Switzerland relations Burkina Faso–Ukraine relations Attacks on buildings and structures in 2016 2016 in international relations Attacks on buildings and structures in Burkina Faso Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 This page was last edited on 14 December 2025, at 10:49 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Preceding events 2 Suicide 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 4 Legacy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Informational notes 8 Citations 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles Death of Adolf Hitler العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bikol Central Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Front page of the US Armed Forces newspaper Stars and Stripes on 2 May 1945 Date 30 April 1945 ( 1945-04-30 ) Time c. 15:30–15:50 ( CEST , GMT+2 ) Location Führerbunker , Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′52″E / 52.5125°N 13.381°E / 52.5125; 13.381 Cause Suicide by gunshot This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler Personal Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Rise to power Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Führer of Germany Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament World War II Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Crimes against humanity Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Electoral campaigns 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Works Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Legacy Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Adolf Hitler , chancellor and dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, committed suicide by gunshot to the head [ a ] [ b ] on 30 April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin after it became clear that Germany would be defeated during the Battle of Berlin , which led to the end of World War II in Europe . His longtime companion and wife of one day, Eva Braun , committed suicide with him, by cyanide poisoning . [ c ] In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions , that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the Reich Chancellery garden, where they were doused in petrol and burned. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The news of Hitler's death was announced on German radio the next day, 1 May. [ 3 ] Eyewitnesses who saw Hitler's body immediately after his suicide testified that he died from a self-inflicted gunshot, presumably to the temple . [ d ] [ e ] [ f ] Otto Günsche , Hitler's personal adjutant, who handled both bodies, testified that while Braun's smelled strongly of burnt almonds – an indication of cyanide poisoning – there was no such odour about Hitler's body, which smelled of gunpowder. [ 4 ] Dental remains found in the Chancellery garden were matched with Hitler's dental records in May 1945 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ g ] and are the only portion of Hitler's body confirmed to have been found. The Soviet Union restricted the release of information and released many conflicting reports about Hitler's death. Historians have largely rejected these as part of a deliberate disinformation campaign by Joseph Stalin to sow confusion regarding Hitler's death, [ 7 ] [ h ] [ i ] [ b ] or have attempted to reconcile them. [ j ] Soviet records allege that the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun were recovered, [ k ] [ l ] despite eyewitness accounts that they were almost completely reduced to ashes. [ m ] In June 1945, the Soviets began promulgating two contradictory narratives: that Hitler died by cyanide [ n ] or that he had survived and fled to another country. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Following extensive review, West Germany issued a death certificate in 1956. [ 11 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death continue to attract interest. .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Preceding events By early 1945, Nazi Germany was on the verge of total military collapse. Poland had fallen to the advancing Soviet Red Army , which was preparing to cross the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder with the objective of capturing Berlin 82 kilometres (51 mi) to the west. [ 12 ] German forces had recently lost to the Allies in the Ardennes Offensive , with British and Canadian forces crossing the Rhine into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . [ 13 ] US forces in the south had captured Lorraine and were advancing towards Mainz , Mannheim , and the Rhine. [ 13 ] German forces in Italy were withdrawing north, as they were pressed by United States and Commonwealth forces as part of the Spring Offensive to advance across the Po and into the foothills of the Alps . [ 14 ] Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945. It was clear to the Nazi leadership that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war in Europe. [ 15 ] Some 325,000 soldiers of Germany's Army Group B were surrounded and captured in the Ruhr Pocket on 18 April, leaving the path open for US forces to reach Berlin. By 11 April, the Americans crossed the Elbe , 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the west of the city. [ 16 ] On 16 April, Soviet forces to the east crossed the Oder and commenced the battle for the Seelow Heights , the last major defensive line protecting Berlin on that side. [ 17 ] By 19 April, the Germans were in full retreat from the Seelow Heights, leaving no front line. Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April, Hitler's birthday. By the evening of 21 April, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city. [ 18 ] On 21 April, Hitler ordered a special detachment commanded by SS - Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner to counterattack the Soviets. At the next day's afternoon situation conference, Hitler suffered a nervous collapse when he was informed that these orders had not been obeyed. [ 19 ] He launched into a tirade against his generals, calling them treacherous and incompetent, culminating in a declaration – for the first time – that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 20 ] Later that day, he asked SS physician Werner Haase about the most reliable method of suicide. Haase suggested the "pistol-and-poison method" of combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. [ 21 ] Luftwaffe chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring learned about Hitler's admission of defeat and declaration of his intended suicide and sent a telegram to Hitler , asking for permission to take over the leadership of the Reich in accordance with Hitler's 1941 decree naming him as his successor. [ 22 ] Hitler's secretary Martin Bormann convinced Hitler that the letter from Göring was an attempt to overthrow the dictator. [ 23 ] In response, Hitler informed Göring that he would be executed unless he resigned all of his posts. Later that day, he sacked Göring from all of his offices and ordered his arrest. [ 24 ] Hitler also ordered his chief aide and adjutant, Julius Schaub , to destroy safeguarded documents and his personal train . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] By 27 April, Berlin's communication had been all but cut off from the rest of Germany. Secure radio contact with defending units had been lost; the command staff in the Führerbunker had to depend on telephone lines for passing instructions and orders, and on public radio for news and information. [ 27 ] On 28 April, Hitler received a BBC report originating from Reuters : it stated that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had offered to surrender to the western Allies. The offer was declined. Himmler had implied to the Allies that he had the authority to negotiate a surrender, which Hitler considered to be treason. That afternoon, Hitler's anger and bitterness escalated into a rage against Himmler. [ 28 ] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had SS- Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters) shot for desertion. [ 29 ] By this time, the Red Army had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz , roughly a kilometre away from the bunker, and all indications were that they were preparing to storm the Reich Chancellery. This report and Himmler's betrayal prompted Hitler to make the last decisions of his life. [ 30 ] Shortly after midnight on 29 April, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] he married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the Führerbunker . The two then hosted a modest wedding breakfast, after which Hitler took his secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . It left instructions to be carried out immediately following his death, with Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Joseph Goebbels assuming Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor, respectively. [ 33 ] Hitler signed these documents at 04:00 and then went to bed. Some sources say that he dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all agree on the timing of the signing. [ o ] [ p ] On the afternoon of 29 April, Hitler learned that his ally, Benito Mussolini , had been summarily executed by Italian partisans. The bodies of Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci , had been strung up by their heels. The corpses were later cut down and thrown into the gutter, where they were mocked by Italian dissidents. These events may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to allow himself or his wife to be made a "spectacle" of, as he had earlier recorded in his testament. [ 34 ] [ q ] Hitler had been given some capsules of prussic acid by Himmler through SS physician Ludwig Stumpfegger , and initially had intended to use them for his suicide. When he received the news that Himmler had contacted the Allies through a Swedish diplomat to arrange for an end to the war, Hitler was outraged. With this betrayal in his mind, Hitler began to doubt whether the ampoules would be effective. He ordered Haase to test one on his dog Blondi . The capsule worked – the dog died instantly. [ 35 ] Suicide Hitler and Braun lived together as husband and wife in the bunker for less than 40 hours. By 01:00 on 30 April, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel had reported that all of the forces on which Hitler had been depending to rescue Berlin had either been encircled or forced onto the defensive. [ 36 ] At around 02:30, Hitler appeared in the corridor where about twenty people, mostly women, were assembled to give their farewells. He went down the line, shaking hands and speaking with each of them, before retiring to his quarters. [ 37 ] Late in the morning, with the Soviets less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the Führerbunker , Hitler had a meeting with General Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling told Hitler that the garrison would likely run out of ammunition that night, and that the fighting in Berlin would inevitably come to an end within the next 24 hours. [ 36 ] Weidling asked for permission for a breakout ; this was a request he had unsuccessfully made before. Hitler did not answer, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock . At about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to attempt a breakout that night. [ 38 ] Hitler, two secretaries, and his personal cook then had lunch, after which Hitler and Braun said goodbye to members of the bunker staff and fellow occupants, including Bormann, Goebbels, the secretaries, and several military officers. At around 14:30 Adolf and Eva Hitler went into his personal study. [ 39 ] Hitler's adjutant SS- Sturmbannführer Otto Günsche stood guard outside the study door. [ 40 ] After some time, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge , entered the antechamber to Hitler's quarters, where he discovered the door closed and allegedly smelled gunpowder smoke. [ 41 ] Linge went back out to the corridor where Bormann was standing, and the two then entered the study together. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Linge later stated that while in the room he immediately noted a scent of burnt almonds, which is a common observation in the presence of hydrogen cyanide . [ 42 ] Linge saw the bodies of Hitler and Braun sitting upright on the sofa, with Hitler to Braun's right. His head was canted to his right. [ 43 ] Günsche entered the study shortly afterwards, later stating that Hitler "sat... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol." According to Linge, the 7.65-mm weapon was a Walther PP or PPK , while Günsche specified it was the latter. [ 42 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The gun lay at his feet. [ 42 ] Hitler's dripping blood had made a large stain on the right arm of the sofa and was pooling on the rug. [ 47 ] According to Linge, Braun's body had no visible wounds, and her face showed how she had died – from cyanide poisoning . [ r ] Günsche and SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke stated "unequivocally" that all outsiders and those performing duties and work in the bunker "did not have any access" to Hitler's private living quarters during the time of death (between 15:00 and 16:00). [ 48 ] Günsche left the study and announced that Hitler was dead to a group in the briefing room, which included Goebbels and Generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf . [ 49 ] These three, in addition to others including Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann , viewed the bodies. [ 50 ] Linge and another man rolled up Hitler's body in a blanket, [ 51 ] and then, in accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, his and Braun's bodies were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were to be burned with petrol . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although Hitler's corpse was partially covered by the blanket, numerous witnesses testified to recognising him, as the top of his head was not covered, nor were his lower legs and feet. [ 52 ] The bunker telephone operator SS- Oberscharführer Rochus Misch reported Hitler's death to Führerbegleitkommando ( Führer Escort Command) chief Franz Schädle and returned to the switchboard, later recalling someone shouting that Hitler's body was being burned. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] After the first attempts to ignite the petrol did not work, Linge went back inside the bunker and returned with a thick roll of papers. Bormann lit the papers and threw them onto the bodies. As the two corpses caught fire, a group including Bormann, Günsche, Linge, Goebbels, Erich Kempka , Peter Högl , Ewald Lindloff , and Hans Reisser raised their arms in salute as they stood just inside the bunker doorway. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] At around 16:15, Linge ordered SS- Untersturmführer Heinz Krüger and SS- Oberscharführer Werner Schwiedel to roll up the rug in Hitler's study to burn it. Schwiedel later stated that upon entering the study, he saw a pool of blood the size of a "large dinner plate" by the arm-rest of the sofa. Noticing a spent cartridge case, he bent down and picked it up from where it lay on the rug about 1 metre (3 ft) from a 7.65 pistol. [ 45 ] The two men removed the blood-stained rug and carried it up the stairs and outside to the Chancellery garden, where it was placed on the ground and burned. [ 57 ] The Red Army shelled the area in and around the Reich Chancellery on and off during the afternoon. SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses. Although the corpses were being burned in the open, where the distribution of heat varies (as opposed to in a crematorium ), according to eyewitnesses, the copious amount of fuel applied from about 16:00 to 18:30 reduced the remains to something between charred bones and piles of ashes which fell apart to the touch. [ 58 ] [ m ] At approximately 18:30, Lindloff (and perhaps Reisser) covered up the ashen remains in a shallow bomb crater. [ 59 ] The shelling and a fire from napalm incendiary bombs continued until 2 May. During this period it was difficult to spend any time in the garden because of the continuous shelling. [ 60 ] Aftermath Krebs met Soviet general Vasily Chuikov just prior to 04:00 on 1 May, giving him the news of Hitler's death, while attempting to negotiate a ceasefire and open "peace negotiations". [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Joseph Stalin was informed of Hitler's suicide around 04:05 Berlin time, thirteen hours after the event. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] He demanded unconditional surrender , which Krebs lacked authorisation to give. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Stalin wanted confirmation that Hitler was dead and ordered the Red Army's counterespionage unit, SMERSH , to find his corpse. [ 67 ] The first inkling to the outside world that Hitler was dead came from the Germans themselves. On the night of 1 May, the Reichssender Hamburg radio station interrupted their normal program to announce that Hitler had died that afternoon, [ s ] and introduced his successor, Dönitz. [ 3 ] Dönitz called upon the German people to mourn their Führer , whom he stated had died a hero defending the capital of the Reich. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Hoping to save the army and the nation by negotiating a partial surrender to the British and Americans, Dönitz authorised a fighting withdrawal to the west. His tactic was somewhat successful: it enabled about 1.8 million German soldiers to avoid capture by the Soviets, but came at a high cost in bloodshed, as troops continued to fight until 8 May. [ 70 ] In the early morning hours of 2 May, the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 73 ] Inside the Führerbunker , Krebs and Burgdorf shot themselves in the head. [ 74 ] In early May, Hitler's and Braun's dental remains were extracted from the soil. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 75 ] [ t ] Stalin was wary of believing Hitler was dead and restricted the release of information to the public. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] By 11 May, dental assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann, both of whom had worked for Hitler's dentist Hugo Blaschke , [ u ] identified the dental remains of Hitler and Braun. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ g ] Both would spend years in Soviet prisons. [ 80 ] An alleged Soviet autopsy of Hitler made public in 1968 was used by forensic odontologists Reidar F. Sognnaes and Ferdinand Strøm to confirm the authenticity of Hitler's dental remains in 1972. [ 81 ] In 2017, French forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier also found the dental remains in the Soviet archives, including teeth on part of a jawbone, to be in "perfect agreement" with X-rays taken of Hitler in 1944. [ 82 ] Charlier used electron microscopy to examine the tartar , which contained only plant fibres, a detail consistent with Hitler's vegetarianism . [ 83 ] In May 2018, the European Journal of Internal Medicine published a paper co-authored by Charlier and four other researchers, which concluded that these remains "cannot be a fake", citing their significant wear. [ 72 ] No gunpowder residue was detected, indicating that Hitler did not die by a gunshot wound through the mouth, [ 84 ] as Axmann contended. [ 85 ] [ f ] In early June 1945, SMERSH moved the remains of several individuals, including the Goebbels family (Joseph, Magda , and their children ), from Buch to Finow. Hitler and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation. There is no evidence that any bodily remains of Hitler or Braun – with the exception of the dental remains – were found by the Soviets. [ 7 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The remains of the Goebbels family and others were buried in a forest in Brandenburg on 3 June 1945, then exhumed and moved to SMERSH's new facility in Magdeburg , where they were re-buried in February 1946. [ 78 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] By 1970, the facility was under KGB control and scheduled to be relinquished to East Germany . Concerned that a known Nazi burial site might become a neo-Nazi shrine, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to exhume and destroy the decaying remains. On 4 April 1970, a KGB team thoroughly cremated them and cast the ashes into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. [ 91 ] [ v ] For politically motivated reasons, the Soviet Union presented various versions of Hitler's fate. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On 5 June 1945, the Soviets claimed that his body had been examined and that he had died by cyanide poisoning. [ 92 ] At a press conference on 9 June, the Soviets said they had not actually identified the body and that Hitler had likely escaped. [ 93 ] When asked in July how Hitler had died, Stalin said he was living "in Spain or Argentina". [ 94 ] In the years immediately after the war, the Soviets maintained that Hitler was not dead, but had escaped and was either being sheltered by the former western Allies or was in Francoist Spain or South America. [ 8 ] The contentious 1947 American book Who Killed Hitler? suggests that Soviet leadership "[kept] the ghost of Hitler alive" to motivate its Communist forces to continue fighting against fascism. [ 95 ] In November 1945, Dick White , the head of counter-intelligence in the British sector of Berlin, had their agent Hugh Trevor-Roper investigate. His report was expanded and published in 1947 as The Last Days of Hitler . [ 96 ] Until the mid-1950s, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency investigated many claims that Hitler might still be alive, while lending none of them credence. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The documents remained classified until the early 2010s, as authorised by the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] The secrecy in which the investigation was shrouded helped fuel fringe theories asserting Hitler's survival. [ 97 ] Presiding judge at the Einsatzgruppen trial at Nuremberg Michael Musmanno considered all such claims contrary to the evidence. [ 101 ] Between 1948 and 1952, amid denazification proceedings in West Germany , legal disputes over Hitler's former property (including The Art of Painting by Johannes Vermeer ) were hindered by the lack of an official death declaration. Beginning in 1952, a federal court in Berchtesgaden interviewed 42 witnesses about Hitler's suicide – behind closed doors to avoid testimonies influencing one another. After four years of extensive review, Judge Heinrich Stephanus concluded: "There can no longer be the slightest doubt that on 30 April 1945 Adolf Hitler put an end to his life in the Chancellery by his own hand, by means of a shot into his right temple." [ 102 ] A death certificate was issued on 25 February 1956, with an attached report of more than 1,500 pages. An 80-page expert criminological report was prepared in mid-1956, focusing on the "substantial discrepancies" between eyewitness testimonies and serving as a springboard for photographic reconstructions. Ballistic experiments were arranged to determine which interpretation of the fatal gunshot was most likely. [ 103 ] [ w ] The declaration became public and legally binding by the year's end. Hitler's demise was entered as an assumption of death on the basis that none of the witnesses had seen his body, which German historian Anton Joachimsthaler points out is incorrect. [ 102 ] The federal court went on to publish a summary of its findings of fact in a 1958 press release. [ 104 ] Further Soviet investigations and disinformation On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker complex grounds by the other Allied powers (Britain, France, and the US). Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil down to the concrete roof of the bunker; the excavation included the bomb crater where Hitler's burnt remains had been buried. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) barred further excavation on the accusation that the representatives had removed documents from the Reich Chancellery. [ 105 ] At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered the NKVD to form a second commission to investigate Hitler's death. [ 106 ] On 30 May 1946, agents of the NKVD's successor, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), found part of a skull in the crater where Hitler's remains had been exhumed. [ 107 ] The remnant consists of part of the occipital bone and part of both parietal bones . [ 72 ] The nearly complete left parietal bone has a bullet hole, apparently an exit wound. [ 72 ] [ 107 ] This remained uncatalogued until 1975, [ 108 ] and was rediscovered in the Russian State Archives in 1993. [ 109 ] In 2009, University of Connecticut archaeologist and bone specialist Nick Bellantoni examined the skull fragment, [ 110 ] which Soviet officials believed to be Hitler's. [ 111 ] According to Bellantoni, "The bone seemed very thin" for a male, [ 112 ] [ x ] [ y ] and "the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone under 40". [ 110 ] A small piece detached from the skull was DNA-tested , as was blood from Hitler's sofa. The skull was determined to be that of a woman, while the blood sample contained male DNA. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ z ] In 2025, blood from the sofa was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to the DNA of a relative with shared paternal ancestry. [ 115 ] On 29 December 1949, a secret dossier on Hitler was presented to Stalin, which was based upon the interrogation of Nazis who had been present in the Führerbunker , including Günsche and Linge. [ 116 ] Western historians were allowed into the archives of the former Soviet Union beginning in 1991, but the dossier remained undiscovered for twelve years; in 2005, it was published as The Hitler Book . [ 116 ] In 1968, Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski published his book, The Death of Adolf Hitler , [ 81 ] which includes previously unreleased photographs of the dental remains. [ 117 ] The book transcribes a purported Soviet forensic examination led by Faust Shkaravsky , which concluded that Hitler committed cyanide poisoning. [ n ] Bezymenski further theorised that Hitler requested a coup de grâce to ensure his quick death, [ 118 ] but later admitted that his work included "deliberate lies", such as the manner of Hitler's death. [ 8 ] In 1978, American journalist James P. O'Donnell corrected the book's claim that cyanide acts instantaneously, saying Hitler could have taken poison and still had enough time to shoot himself. [ 119 ] The book and alleged autopsy have been widely derided by Western historians. Joachimsthaler, in his extensive analysis of the circumstances surrounding Hitler's death, quotes a German pathologist as saying about the purported autopsy: "Bezemensky's report is ridiculous... Any one of my assistants would have done better... the whole thing is a farce... it is intolerably bad work... the transcript of the post-mortem section of 8 [May] 1945 describes anything but Hitler." [ 120 ] Legacy After Hitler's death and the end of World War II in Europe , the occupying Allies divided Germany into four zones. [ 121 ] This led to the start of the Cold War between the Western Bloc , supported by the US, and the Eastern Bloc , supported by the Soviet Union. [ 122 ] From 1961 until 1989, the divide was physically manifested via the Berlin Wall , [ 123 ] followed by Germany's reunification in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Following Hitler's death, war veteran and future US president John F. Kennedy wrote in his diary that the dictator "had a mystery about him in the way he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him". [ 124 ] Historian Joachim Fest opines that the almost "traceless" death of Hitler allowed him to stay in the public eye, granting him a "bizarre afterlife"; conspiracy theories – rooted in Soviet disinformation alleging his survival – bolstered continued doubts and speculation, including outlandish tabloid and journalistic reports published into the late 20th century. [ 125 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death and about the Nazi era as a whole still attract interest, with books, TV shows, and films continuing to be produced on the topic. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Historian Luke Daly-Groves wrote that Hitler's death is not about the death of one man, but carries a greater significance as to the end of the regime and the ideological impact it left behind. [ 128 ] Gallery Joseph Goebbels, his wife Magda, their six children, and Magda's earlier son, Harald Quandt (the only family member to survive the war) Hitler (right) visiting Berlin defenders in early April 1945 with Hermann Göring (centre) and Chief of the OKW Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (partially hidden) Heinz Linge , Hitler's valet, was one of the first people into Hitler's study after the suicides. Winston Churchill sitting on a damaged chair from the Führerbunker in July 1945 The demolished emergency exit of the Führerbunker in the Reich Chancellery garden (1947) Eyewitness Artur Axmann providing details of Hitler's death in Nuremberg in 1947 See also Führer Headquarters List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Popular culture representations of Hitler after his death Vorbunker The Bunker (1981 film) The Bunker (book) Downfall (2004 film) Hitler: The Last Ten Days – 1973 film Informational notes ^ "... 30 April ... During the afternoon Hitler shot himself..." ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ a b "... most Soviet accounts have held that Hitler also [in addition to Braun] ended his life by poison ... there are contradictions in the Soviet story ... these contradictions tend to indicate that the Soviet version of Hitler's suicide has a political colouration." ( Fest 1974 , p. 749). ^ "... her lips puckered from the poison." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 359). ^ "... Günsche stated he entered the study to inspect the bodies, and observed Hitler ... sat ... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol, a PPK 7.65." ( Fischer 2008 , p. 47). ^ "... blood dripped from a bullet hole in his right temple ..." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 955). ^ a b "... the version involving a 'shot in the mouth' with secondary injuries to the temples must be rejected ... the overwhelming majority of witnesses saw an entry wound in the temple ... according to all witnesses... there were allegedly no injuries to the back of Hitler's head." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 166). ^ a b "... the only thing to remain of Hitler was a gold bridge with porcelain facets from his upper jaw and the lower jawbone [fragment] with some teeth and two bridges." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 225). ^ "New versions of Hitler's fate were presented by the Soviet Union according to the political needs of the moment." ( Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288). ^ "The intentionally misleading account of Hitler's death by cyanide poisoning put about by Soviet historians ... can be dismissed." ( Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037). ^ "... we have a fair answer ... to the version of ... Russian author Lev Bezymenski ... Hitler did shoot himself and did bite into the cyanide capsule, just as Professor Haase had clearly and repeatedly instructed ... " ( O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323). ^ "... [the bodies] were deposited ... in an unmarked grave in a forest far to the west of Berlin, reburied in 1946 in a plot of land in Magdeburg." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 958). ^ "In 1970, the Kremlin finally decided to dispose of the body in absolute secrecy... the body, which had been concealed beneath a Soviet army parade-ground in Magdeburg, was exhumed at night and burned." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ a b According to some early historians, bones do not wholly disintegrate even during indoor cremation. ( Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. 182; Bullock 1962 , p. 800). This same conclusion was reached by certain scientific studies. ( Castillo et al. 2013 ; Benecke 2022 ). Moreover, Hitler's dental remains partially comprise intact bone. ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ a b This cannot be verified because no dissection of internal organs was recorded in the autopsy report. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , p. 81). ^ Using sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), MI5 records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343 records the marriage as taking place before Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ^ It is unknown how much of this was communicated to Hitler. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1131). ^ "Cyanide poisoning. Its 'bite' was marked in her features." ( Linge 2009 , p. 199). ^ Hitler had actually died the previous day. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1137). ^ According to the Soviets, the discovery of the body of a look-alike of Hitler late on 3 May delayed the purported exhumation of the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun from 4 May to the following day. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 52–53). ^ Heusermann helped locate Hitler's X-rays and directed the Soviets to Echtmann, who had made Hitler's bridges. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 56–57). ^ Beevor states that "... the ashes were flushed into the town [Magdeburg] sewage system." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ German historian Anton Joachimsthaler , who cites some of the testimonies in his book on Hitler's death, mentions the ballistic experiments without detailing their results. ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 161). ^ Philippe Charlier later stated, "When doing [an examination] of the skull, you have a 55 per cent chance of getting the sex right." ( Lusher 2018 ). ^ According to a scientific article co-authored by Philippe Charlier, the sex is difficult to determine due to two factors: severe heating from burning, which could have reduced the skull's thickness, and the absence of the nuchal crest . ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ This prompted the vice president of the Russian state archive to say, "No one claimed that was Hitler's skull." ( ABC News 2009 ). Citations ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , pp. 954, 956. ^ a b Linge 2009 , pp. 199, 200. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 1137. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 163, 173. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 29, 231–234. ^ a b Lusher 2018 . ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ a b c d Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ a b Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 22, 23. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 11. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 51. ^ a b Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 53. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 43. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 139. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1105. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 209–217. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256, 262. ^ Erickson 1983 , pp. 585–586. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 230, 323. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1116. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 289. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1118. ^ Hamilton 1984 , p. 168. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 107, 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 946–947. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1194. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 821. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 278. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1131. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 951–952. ^ a b Erickson 1983 , pp. 603–604. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1132. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 358–359. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 955. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 260–261. ^ a b c d Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–155. ^ Fischer 2008 , p. 47. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 162. ^ Fest 2004 , p. 116. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 155, 162, 175–176. ^ Fischer 2008 , pp. 47–48. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–156. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 156, 180–182. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 192–193. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 180–182. ^ Rosenberg 2009 . ^ Misch 2014 , p. 173. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 197, 198. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 162, 175. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 210–215. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 216–220. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 224–225. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 367–368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 280, 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 280. ^ Ryan 1994 , p. 364. ^ Misch 2014 , p. 175. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 959. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 961–963. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , p. 45. ^ a b c d Charlier et al. 2018 . ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Erickson 1983 , p. 435. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 1038, 1039. ^ Dolezal 2004 , pp. 185–186. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 958. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 282. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 99, 207, 299, 303. ^ a b Senn & Weems 2013 , p. 19. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 224, 273–274. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , p. 301. ^ Daley 2018 . ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 164. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 162–164. ^ Felton 2014 , pp. 162–163. ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 111–116. ^ Halpin & Boyes 2009 . ^ Tkachenko 2009 . ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 333, 335–336. ^ Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. liv. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 22. ^ Beschloss 2002 . ^ Moore & Barrett 1947 , p. 136. ^ MI5 staff 2011 . ^ a b Anderson 2015 . ^ CIA Chief of Station, Caracas 1955 . ^ CIA staff 2013 . ^ FBI Records 2011 . ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 231–32, 234, 236, 238–39, 242–43. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 11–12, 159–161. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 12. ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 233–234. ^ Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 81–82, 84–85. ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 287, 288. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 29, 30, 32. ^ Isachenkov 1993 . ^ a b c Goñi 2009 . ^ a b CNN staff 2009 . ^ a b ABC News 2009 . ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 18–22. ^ Associated Press 2009 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. xxvi. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , inside jacket. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , pp. 49, 75. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 252–253. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 969. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 26, 68. ^ CNN Editorial Research 2023 . ^ BBC News 2017 . ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 160, 162, 165. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 22–25. ^ Barber 2020 . ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , p. 26. Bibliography .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ABC News (9 December 2009). 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Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Petrova, Ada and Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Rosenberg, Steven (3 September 2009). "I was in Hitler's suicide bunker" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Ryan, Cornelius (1994) [1966]. The Last Battle . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-439-12701-8 . Senn, David R. and Weems, Richard A. (2013). Manual of Forensic Odontology . Boca Raton: CRC Press . ISBN 978-1-439-85134-0 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Tkachenko, Maxim (11 December 2009). "Official: KGB chief ordered Hitler's remains destroyed" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2002) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (7th ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-49060-3 . US Federal Bureau of Investigation (10 April 2011). "Adolf Hitler" . FBI Records: The Vault . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2019 . Vinogradov, V. K.; Pogonyi, J. F.; Teptzov, N. V. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Further reading Books Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices From the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Gardner, Dave (2001). The Last of the Hitlers: The story of Adolf Hitler's British Nephew and the Amazing Pact to Make Sure his Genes Die Out . Worcester, UK: BMM. ISBN 978-0-9541544-0-0 . Lehmann, Armin D. (2004). In Hitler's Bunker: A Boy Soldier's Eyewitness Account of the Führer's Last Days . Guilford, CT: Lyon's Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-578-5 . Rzhevskaya, Elena (1965). Берлин, май 1945. Записки военного переводчика [ Berlin 1945: Memoirs of a Wartime Interpreter ] (in Russian). Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: DaCapo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Articles "Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment' " . BBC News . 26 April 2000. Cosgrove, Ben (15 April 2014). "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life . Marchetti, Daniela; Boschi, Ilaria; Polacco, Matteo; Rainio, Juha (2005). "The Death of Adolf Hitler—Forensic Aspects" . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 50 (5): 1147– 1153. doi : 10.1520/JFS2004314 . PMID 16225223 . JFS2004314. Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). "The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives" . The Washington Post . Sognnaes, Reidar F. ; Ström, Ferdinand (1973). "The odontological identification of Adolf Hitler" . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica . 31 (1): 47. doi : 10.3109/00016357309004612 . PMID 4575430 . v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Death of Adolf Hitler 1945 deaths 1945 suicides Adolf Hitler April 1945 in Europe Battle of Berlin Deaths by person in Germany Male suicides People declared dead in absentia Suicides by firearm in Germany Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from August 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text CS1 maint: ref duplicates default CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link from Wikidata CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 15 November 2025, at 15:13 (UTC) . 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It covers Animalia , Plantae , Fungi , Bacteria , Archaea , Protista and all other forms of life. So far we have 934,501 entries. Wikispecies is free, because life is in the public domain! You can also check us out on 𝕏 (formerly Twitter): @Wikispecies or use the Android app sponsored by Wikimedia. Taxon Navigation Superregnum Archaea Superregnum Bacteria Superregnum Eukaryota Regnum Protista Regnum Fungi Regnum Plantae Regnum Animalia Regnum Protista Regnum Fungi Regnum Plantae Regnum Animalia Virus (classification still unclear) Macropus giganteus Capparis spinosa Sympetrum flaveolum Amphiprion ocellaris Purnella albifrons Fomitopsis pinicola Lilioceris lilii Explore Wikispecies HELP Section – Detailed information on creating pages. Taxonomy – Information on the Linnaean classification of species. Village Pump – Discuss the project. Done and To Do – See references to very detailed areas and defined future targets Wikispecies FAQ – Check replies to common concerns. Image Guidelines – Our recommendation on where to upload illustrations Wikispecies PR – Help us by spreading the word of Wikispecies Collaboration with ZooKeys A collaboration between Wikispecies and ZooKeys has been announced. PhytoKeys also joined the collaboration in November 2010. Images of species from ZooKeys and PhytoKeys will be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons and used in Wikispecies. Distinguished author Mary Agnes Chase 1869–1963. Standard IPNI form: Chase Mary Agnes Chase, née Merrill, was an American botanist who worked at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution. She is considered one of the world's outstanding agrostologists and is known for her work on the study of grasses, and also for her work as a suffragist. Chase was born in Iroquois County, Illinois and held no formal education beyond grammar school. That aside, she made significant contributions to the field of botany, authored over 70 scientific publications, and was conferred with an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Illinois. She specialized in the study of grasses and conducted extensive field work in North- as well as and South America. Her Smithsonian Field Books collection from 1897 to 1959 is archived in the Smithsonian Institution Archives. In 1901, Chase became a botanical assistant at the Field Museum of Natural History under Charles Frederick Millspaugh , where her work was featured in two museum publications: Plantae Utowanae (1900) and Plantae Yucatanae (1904). Two years later, Chase joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a botanical illustrator and eventually became a scientific assistant in systematic agrostology (1907), assistant botanist (1923), and associate botanist (1925), all under Albert Spear Hitchcock . Chase worked with Hitchcock for almost twenty years, collaborating closely and also publishing, for instance The North American Species of Panicum (1910). Following Hitchcock's death in 1936, Chase succeeded him to become senior botanist in charge of systematic agrostology and custodian of the Section of Grasses, Division of Plants at the United States National Museum (USNM). Chase retired from the USDA in 1939, but continued her work as custodian of the USNM grass herbarium until her death in 1963. She was an Honorary Fellow of the Smithsonian Institution (1959) and Fellow of the Linnean Society of London (1961). Agnesia is named in her honour (a monotypic genus of herbaceous South American bamboo in the grass family). Chase experienced discrimination based on her gender in the scientific field, for example, being excluded from expeditions to Panama in 1911 and 1912 because the expedition's benefactors feared the presence of women researchers would distract men. During World War I, Chase marched with Alice Paul and was jailed several times for her activities. In 1918, she was arrested at the Silent Sentinels rally picketing the White House; she refused bail and was held for 10 days, where she instigated a hunger-strike and was force-fed. The USDA accused her of "conduct unbecoming a government employee," but Hitchcock helped her keep her job. Chase was also an active member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Species of the month Indo-Pacific sailfish Istiophorus platypterus ( Shaw , 1792) Some facts about this fish: Length : Up to 3.5 meters. Weight : Up to 100 kg. Life Span : Up to 13 years. Range : Indian and Pacific Oceans. Depth Range : 0–200 meters. Feeding : Schooling fishes such as sardines, anchovies and mackerels. Istiophorus platypterus is considered to be the fastest fish in the ocean over short distances, and can reach the speed of 110 km/h (68 mph). The dorsal fin (or the so-called "sail") may serve as a cooling and heating system for this fish. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 1 January 1.2 3 January 1.3 4 January 1.4 5 January 1.5 7 January 1.6 9 January 1.7 10 January 1.8 11 January 1.9 12 January 1.10 13 January 1.11 14 January 1.1 1 January 1.2 3 January 1.3 4 January 1.4 5 January 1.5 7 January 1.6 9 January 1.7 10 January 1.8 11 January 1.9 12 January 1.10 13 January 1.11 14 January 2 References Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident The following is a timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) in 2026 . This timeline is a dynamic and fluid list, and as such may never satisfy criteria of completeness. Moreover, some events may only be fully understood and/or discovered in retrospect. January 1 January Hamid Ali Abubakar, the commander-in-chief of the RSF -aligned faction of the Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council (RAC) and concurrent security adviser to Hemedti , was killed in a drone strike on a meeting of RSF and allied commanders in Damrat al-Firdous, Central Darfur . [ 1 ] 3 January The RSF carried out drone strikes on El-Obeid and White Nile State . [ 2 ] An airstrike against a power station in El-Obeid left the city without electricity. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Up to 64 civilians were killed in SAF airstrikes on Hemedti's hometown of Al Zorg that destroyed the town's hospital, and also killed two of Hemedti's relatives and local tribal leader Bashir Barma Baraka Allah. [ 5 ] The RSF and allied groups claimed to have taken El Bardab, north of Kadugli . [ 6 ] 4 January The Sudan Liberation Movement-Abdel Wahid (SLM-AW), a neutral rebel group, ordered the replacement of Sudanese state symbols with its own in the Liberated Areas in Central and North Darfur . [ 7 ] 5 January The SAF claimed to have intercepted a drone attack by the RSF on Merowe . [ 8 ] Thirteen people, including eight children, were killed in an RSF drone strike on a house in El-Obeid, according to the Sudan Doctors' Network. [ 9 ] 7 January One soldier was killed in a suspected RSF drone strike on a Sudan Shield Forces camp in the Butana plains in Gezira State . [ 10 ] 9 January The RSF and its allies, the Sudan Liberation Forces Gathering and the Justice and Equality Movement , attacked positions of the Darfur Joint Protection Force (JDF) at the Chad–Sudan border . [ 11 ] The SAF carried out airstrikes on RSF positions in Darfur and Kordofan . The army claimed 240 military vehicles were wrecked and hundreds of RSF members were killed. The army also claimed a Turkish Baykar Bayraktar Akıncı drone operated by the RSF was shot down over Nyala Airport . In South Kordofan , the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) said 13 civilians, including children, were killed in an airstrike on Um Jamina in Al-Sunut County. [ 12 ] 10 January The JDF accused the RSF of killing and kidnapping 19 people in Jirjira, North Darfur. [ 13 ] 11 January The SAF conducted strikes against a supply convoy in Yabus , Blue Nile State , near the Ethiopia–Sudan border . [ 14 ] The SAF-aligned government announced its complete return to Khartoum , having operated in Port Sudan as the temporary capital since 2022. [ 15 ] Five people were killed and 20 injured in an RSF drone strike on a market in Kartala, South Kordofan . [ 16 ] 12 January At least 27 people were killed and 73 others were wounded by an RSF drone strike on an army base in Singa . The attack reportedly targeted a meeting between government and SAF officials at the base. The governors of White Nile, Sennar , and Blue Nile States were confirmed to have been in attendance, but survived the attack. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] 13 January The SAF and allied groups claimed to have retaken Jirjira from the RSF. [ 19 ] 14 January The SAF repelled an attack by the RSF and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) near Al-Kuwaik, close to Kadugli . [ 20 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "RSF Darfur security advisor killed in drone strike near Zalingei" . Sudan Tribune . 1 January 2026 . Retrieved 2 January 2026 . ^ "RSF drones attack vital sites in North Kordofan and White Nile states" . Sudan Tribune . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Drone strikes plunge Sudanese city into darkness amid fierce fighting" . The Sun Malaysia . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "War in Sudan: drone strikes cut power supply in oil-rich south" . South China Morning Post . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "RSF Accuses Army of Killing Over 64 Civilians in North Darfur" . Darfur24 . 3 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "South Kordofan: RSF claim control of El Bardab area north of Kadugli" . Radio Dabanga . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ "SLM-AW adopts own flag and anthem in controlled areas" . Sudan Tribune . 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Sudanese army says it intercepted drone attack on key dam" . Sudan Tribune . 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Children killed after drone hits home in Sudan, medics say" . BBC . 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Drone strike kills one at Sudan Shield camp in Al-Jazirah" . Sudan Tribune . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Sudanese army allies and RSF clash near Chadian border" . Sudan Tribune . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Sudanese army launches intensive strikes on RSF positions in Darfur and Kordofan" . Sudan Tribune . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Joint Forces accuse RSF of killing 19 civilians in North Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "الطيران الحربي يقصف معقل رئيسي لـ«الشعبية» في النيل الأزرق للمرة الأولى" [Warplanes bombed a major stronghold of the "Popular Front" in Blue Nile state for the first time]. Sudan Tribune (in Arabic). 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "Sudan announces government's return to Khartoum from wartime capital" . Al Jazeera . 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "RSF drone strike kills five in South Kordofan market" . Sudan Tribune . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ "Sudan paramilitary strike on southeastern city kills 27" . Arab News . Agence France-Presse . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ "RSF drone strikes kill dozens in Sinjah government and military sites" . Sudan Tribune . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ "Sudan Joint Force claims recapture of Jargeira in North Darfur from RSF" . Radio Dabanga . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Sudan army says repels RSF attack in South Kordofan" . Sudan Tribune . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Category Commons Category Commons 2026 timelines 2026 in Sudan Timelines of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Use dmy dates from January 2026 Dynamic lists This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 18:07 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Chapter and cathedral 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 1.4 Educational establishments 1.5 French Revolution 1.6 Restoration 1.1 Chapter and cathedral 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 1.4 Educational establishments 1.5 French Revolution 1.6 Restoration 2 Bishops Toggle Bishops subsection 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000 to 1300 2.3 1300 to 1500 2.4 1500 to 1800 2.5 From 1802 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000 to 1300 2.3 1300 to 1500 2.4 1500 to 1800 2.5 From 1802 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.3 Collections 5.4 For further reading 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.3 Collections 5.4 For further reading 6 External links Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Jawa Nederlands Occitan Polski Русский 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne Carcassonne Cathedral Location Country France Ecclesiastical province Montpellier Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montpellier Statistics Area 6,313 km 2 (2,437 sq mi) Population Total Catholics Total Catholics .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} (as of 2023) 375,806 229,000 (guess) (as of 2023) 375,806 229,000 (guess) Parishes 325 Information Denomination Catholic Church Sui iuris church Latin Church Rite Roman Rite Established 6th cent. (renamed as Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne: 14 June 2006) Cathedral Cathedral of St. Michael in Carcassonne Patron saint St. Nazarius and St. Celsus St. Michael the Archangel Secular priests 50 (Diocesan) 46 (Religious Orders) 9 Permanent Deacons Current leadership Pope Leo XIV Bishop Bruno Valentin Metropolitan Archbishop Norbert Turini Bishops emeritus Jacques Despierre Alain Planet Jacques Despierre Alain Planet Map Website Website of the Diocese The Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne ( Latin : Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis ; French : Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in France . The diocese comprises the entire department of Aude . It is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Montpellier . On the occasion of the Concordat of 1802 , the former Diocese of Carcassonne, nearly all the old Archdiocese of Narbonne , almost the entire Diocese of Saint-Papoul , a part of the ancient Diocese of Alet and ancient Diocese of Mirepoix , and the former Diocese of Perpignan , were united to make the one Diocese of Carcassonne. In 1822 the Diocese of Perpignan was re-established. In 2006 the diocese of Carcassonne was renamed the Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne. [ 1 ] History Carcassonne was founded by the Visigoths (the Volcaii Tectosages), who sought to compensate themselves for the loss of Lodève and Uzès by having Carcassonne made an episcopal see. The first of its bishops known to history was Sergius (589) and an Archdeacon of Carcassonne, Donnel, is recorded as having subscribed to the acts of the 4th Council of Toledo in 633. [ 2 ] In 759, Pepin the Short conquered Septimania from the Muslims and united it, Carcassonne included, to the Frankish crown. [ 3 ] The churches of Nôtre-Dame de Canabès and Nôtre-Dame de Limoux, both of which date back to the ninth century, are still visited by pilgrims. Peter of Castelnau , the Cistercian inquisitor, was murdered in January 1208, perhaps on order of Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse . St. John Francis Regis (1597-1640), the Jesuit, born at Fontcouverte, Aude , in the Diocese of Narbonne, is honored in the present Diocese of Carcassonne. Chapter and cathedral The date of the foundation of the first cathedral is unknown. [ 4 ] The Cathedral of Saints-Nazaire-et-Celse at Carcassonne was rebuilt toward the end of the eleventh century, the first work upon it being blessed by Pope Urban II , who had come to Carcassonne in 1088 to urge the Viscount Bernard Ato IV de Trincavel to join the Crusade. In that year the cathedral Chapter was already in existence and its canons followed the Rule of Saint Augustine . The Chapter had existed for a considerable time, perhaps going back to Bishop Gimerius in the tenth century, but papal sanction confirmed and strengthened its position as a corporate body living under a Rule. [ 5 ] On 26 May 1095, Pope Urban addressed a letter to Bishop Pierre, confirming the institution of Clercs Regular of Saint Augustine in the Chapter of the Cathedral and two other churches in the diocese of Carcassonne. [ 6 ] The approbation of Urban II was confirmed by Pope Anastasius IV on 5 April 1154. [ 7 ] On 11 June 1096, Pope Urban II arrived in Carcassonne from Toulouse, where he spent five days, celebrating a pontifical Mass in the unfinished cathedral. [ 8 ] The Chapter included as officers the two Archdeacons, two archpriests, a Sacristan, a Precentor, a Chamberlain, an Eleemosynary, and a master of the works. On 28 January 1227, Pope Gregory IX issued a bull in which he took the Prior and canons and cathedral of Saint-Nazaire under papal protection, along with all the churches which belonged to it, which are listed. [ 9 ] In 1439, the canons were secularized by Pope Eugenius IV , and the Chapter came to have as officers a Dean, the Archdeacon, a Precentor, and a Sacristan. There were thirty Canons, each with a prebend, and they received a new set of Statutes. [ 10 ] In 1660, there were four dignities and sixteen canons. [ 11 ] In 1730, there were three dignities and twelve canons. [ 12 ] There was a collegiate church dedicated to Saint-Vincent at Montréal, established by Pope John XXII in 1317. [ 13 ] It was administered by fifteen canons, among whom were three dignities (Dean, Sacristan, and Precentor). The Deanship was elective, but the bishop of Carcassonne had to be summoned to the electoral meeting, and he had the first vote as well as the right to confirm or decline the dean-elect. [ 14 ] Since the Synod of 2007, the diocese has been reorganized into fourteen 'new parishes'. [ 15 ] Albigensians The history of the region of Carcassonne is intimately connected with that of the Albigenses . Notre-Dame-de-Prouille Monastery , where the Spaniard Dominic de Guzman established a religious institute for converted Albigensian women in 1206, is still a place of pilgrimage. In 1206 or 1207, the Abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay (Paris) began a preaching tour of the province of Narbonne, from which he returned to France in 1208, to help launch a crusade against the heretics of Languedoc. He was back in Languedoc in 1209, as a friend and councilor of Simon de Montfort. [ 16 ] In 1209, the people of Carcassonne, faced with the approaching forces of the Albigensian Crusade , destroyed the stalls of the canons in the cathedra, as well as the refectory and cellars of the quarters of the canons, from which they reinforced the city walls. [ 17 ] Vicomte Raymond Roger of Carcassonne died in prison, attended in his last hours by Bishop Bernard-Raimond de Roquefort, on 10 November 1209. [ 18 ] In July 1210, a massacre of Albigensians was perpetrated at a place called Minerva, under the superrvision of Simon de Montfort and Abbot Gy de Vaux, in which 140 men and women were burnt alive, after having refused Abbot Guy's exhortations to reject their heresy. On 15 April 1211, Pope Innocent III , who was a firm supporter of the crusade and of Simon de Montfort, wrote to hi papal legate, Bishop Raymond of Uzès, to accept the resignation of the bishop of Carcassonne, Bishop Bernard-Raimond, and to absolve him from pontifical responsibilities. [ 19 ] Within eight days, with the legate's assistance, a suitable successor was to be found; a second letter was directed to the Chapter of Carcassone, ordering them to elect a person who was suitable for the honor and burden ( oneri et honore ). [ 20 ] In the same year, Abbot Guy de Vaux de Cernay was named bishop of Carcassonne, with the support of Simon de Montfort. He was still bishop-elect in June and July 1211, when he participated in the siege of Toulouse. His consecration, along with that of Arnaud de Cîteaux, archbishop-elect of Narbonne, took place after 12 March 1212, [ 21 ] but before the council of Narbonne on 30 April 1212, summoned by Archbishop Arnaud and attended by Bishop Guy. [ 22 ] In February 1213, Bishop Guy de Vaux set off for Paris to secure additional support for the crusading forces; he left his diocese in the care of Dominic de Guzman as his vicar-general. [ 23 ] Simon de Montfort , Lord of Montfort (1188), Earl of Leicester (1204), Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne (1213), and Count of Toulouse (1215), died on 26 June 1218 [ 24 ] and was buried in the cathedral of Carcassonne. [ 25 ] In 1229, the Inquisition was formally established in Carcassonne, and on 22 April 1232 (i.e. 1233) Pope Gregory IX assigned the Dominicans to staff it. [ 26 ] On June 1245, at the First Council of Lyon , Pope Innocent IV ordered six bishops including Bishop Clarus of Carcassonne to continue the operation of the Inquisition in their dioceses. [ 27 ] In 1247, Count Raymond II Trencavel of Carcassonne surrendered to King Louis IX of France , and the County of Carcassonne became part of the French kingdom. [ 28 ] In 1270, Bishop Bernard de Capendu (1265–1278) held a synod and issued constitutions. [ 29 ] Bishop Pierre de Roquefort (1300–1321) held a diocesan synod in 1309, and issued a set of statutes. [ 30 ] Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 Following the death of Bishop Jean d’Étampes on 25 January 1456, the Chapter of the cathedral of Carcassonne met, on 3 February, to set a date for the election of the next bishop and to elect a vicar general for the period of the sede vacante . They chose instead two co-vicars, the Archdeacon-major Bartholomaeus Alqueri and the Precentor Dominique de Furcata. On 14 February, the thirteen participants unanimously chose a fellow canon, the subdeacon Geoffroy de Basilhac. [ 31 ] Since the elected had taken place by the Via inspirationis Spiritus Sancti , and since there was uncertainty as to whether the bishop-elect was of the minimal canonical age, the Chapter sent a delegation to Pope Calixtus III to seek confirmation of the election. [ 32 ] The pope replied in a decree of 25 June 1456, voiding the election. [ 33 ] On 25 June the pope also appointed to the vacant diocese of Carcassonne the Bishop of Nîmes, Jean du Chastel, [ 34 ] who was a nephew of Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy , a brother of Tanneguy de Chastel, Constable of France, and also a canon of the cathedral Chapter. Refusing to be deterred from their original intention, or their electoral rights, the Chapter held another election on 21 July 1256, and again elected Geoffroy de Basilhac, this time by voting viva voce . Geoffroy was immediately conducted to the cathedral and enthroned in the episcopal seat, and his election was proclaimed to the clergy and people by the senior canon. [ 35 ] Application was made to the metropolitan archbishop of Narbonne, and, in his absence, the Vicar-General, Raoul Bouvier, who issued letters on 14 August 1456 to Bishop Guillaume d'Estampes of Condom, a canon of Carcassonne; to Canon Jean du Chastel; and to Canon Pierre de Trillia; they were ordered to appear in Narbonne on 15 September to explain their reasons for opposing the election. [ 36 ] On 6 April 1457, Cardinal de Coëtivy, papal legate in Avignon, named Bishop-elect Jean de Chastel of Carcassonne abbot commendatory of Saint-Léonard de Ferrières in Poitou. [ 37 ] Surviving documents from Carcassonne indicate only that Jean du Chastel was recognized by the Chapter of Carcassonne by 8 December 1459. [ 38 ] He did not make his formal entry into his diocese until 13 May 1464. He died in Toulouse on 15 September 1475. [ 39 ] Geoffroy de Basilhac was never recognized by Calixtus III, or by his successor Pius II , as bishop of Carcassonne, despite extensive litigation both in France and in Rome. On 30 April 1262, Pius II named him bishop of Rieux, but he is referred to as bishop-elect of Carcassone in the documents referring to the appointment. He died in March 1480. [ 40 ] Educational establishments There was already a collège (high school) in Carcassonne in the 16th century, financed and housed by the municipal government, but its administration and staffing was haphazard. By the beginning of the 17th century, it was recognized that something better was needed. In 1605 and 1610, discussions took place, and finally the matter was submitted to King Henry IV. In April 1610, the king issued letters patent in favor of the establishment of a Jesuit collège in Carcassonne. By 1614, the method of financing it from various sources, including 1,000 livres Tournois per annum from the bishop of Carcassonne, was agreed upon. Forty-nine houses were acquired, and new construction was undertaken, and the chapel was finally consecrated in 1677. In 1764, following the expulsion of the Jesuits from France, King Louis XV handed over the collège to the Priests of Christian Doctrine, who adopted the methods of study of the University of Paris. [ 41 ] French Revolution On 2 November 1789, the French National Assembly proclaimed that all ecclesiastical property in France was confiscated by the State. [ 42 ] Even before it directed its attention to the Church directly, the National Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790. it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority. [ 43 ] The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments" , to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790. [ 44 ] A new department was created, called "Aude", and its administrative center was fixed at Carcassonne. [ 45 ] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy , which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department, [ 46 ] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses. [ 47 ] The former diocese of Carcassonne became the diocese of Aude, with its seat at Narbonne. [ 48 ] Ten new "metropolitanates" were created, and the diocese of Aude (formerly Carcassonne) was assigned to the Metropole du Sud, whose metropolitan was seated at Toulouse. [ 49 ] The Civil Constitution of the Clergy also abolished Chapters, canonries, prebends, and other offices both in cathedrals and in collegiate churches. [ 50 ] Restoration The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate , with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy. [ 51 ] In the concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII , and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Aude and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops. [ 52 ] The diocesan structure was then canonically re-established by the papal bull "Qui Christi Domini" of 29 November 1801, including the diocese of Carcassonne, which was named a suffragan (subordinate) of Toulouse. [ 53 ] The Concordat was registered as a French law on 8 April 1802. [ 54 ] From 1848 to 1855 the see was occupied by Bishop de Bonnechose , who was created a Cardinal by Pope Pius IX on 11 December 1863; [ 55 ] From 1855 to 1873, the see was held by the mystical writer, François-Alexandre Roullet de La Bouillerie . [ 56 ] Bishops To 1000 (589) – Sergius [ 58 ] (633) – Solemnius [ 59 ] (636) – Elpidius [ 60 ] (653) – Sylvester [ 61 ] (683) – Stephanus [ 62 ] (813) – Senior [ 64 ] (860) – Eurus [ 65 ] (883–897) – Gislerranus [ 66 ] (902–931) – Guimera [ 67 ] (933–934) – Abbo [ 68 ] (934–952) – Gisandus [ 69 ] ( c. 965–977) – Franco [ 70 ] (982–986) – Aimeric [ 71 ] 1000 to 1300 (1002–1020) – Adalbert [ 72 ] ( c. 1028) – Fulco [ 73 ] (1031–1058) – Guifred (1072–1075) – Bernard (1077–1083) – Pierre Artaud [ 74 ] (1083–1101) – Petrus (II) [ 75 ] (1106–1107?) – Guillaume Bernardi [ 76 ] (1107–1110) – Raimond (I) [ 77 ] (1113–1130) – Arnaud de Girone (1131–1141) – Raimond de Sorèze (1142–1159) – Pons de Tresmals [ 78 ] (1159–1166?) – Pons de Brugals [ 79 ] (1170?–1201) – Othon [ 80 ] (1201–1209) – Bérenger [ 81 ] (1209–1231) – Bernard-Raimond de Roquefort [ 82 ] (1212–1223) – Guy de Vaux-de-Cernay (contested) [ 83 ] (1226–1248) – Clarínus [ 84 ] (1248–1255) – Guillaume Arnaud (1256–1264) – Guillaume Rudolphe [ 85 ] (1265–1278) – Bernard de Capendu (1278–1280) – Gauthier [ 86 ] (1280) – Bérenger [ 87 ] ( c. 1286) – Isarn [ 88 ] (1291–1298) – Pierre de La Chapelle-Taillefer [ 89 ] (1298–1300) – Jean de Chevry [ 90 ] 1300 to 1500 (1300–1321) – Pierre de Roquefort (1322–1323) – Guillaume de Flavacourt (1323–1330) – Pierre Rodier (1330–1336) – Pierre Jean (1337–1346) – Gaucelmus de Jean (1347–1354) – Gilbert Jean (1354–1357) – Arnaud Aubert (1358–1361) – Geoffroi de Vayrols (1361) – Étienne Aubert [ 91 ] (1362–1370) – Jean Fabri [ 92 ] (1371) – Hugues de La Jugie [ 93 ] (1372–1391) – Pierre de Saint-Martial [ 94 ] (1391–1409) – Simon de Cramaud Administrator (Avignon Obedience) [ 95 ] (1409–1412) – Pierre Aimerici, (Avignon Obedience) [ 96 ] (1413–1420) – Géraud du Puy [ 97 ] (1420–1445) – Geoffroi de Pompadour [ 98 ] (1446–1456) – Jean d’Étampes [ 99 ] [ (1456–1459) – Geoffroi de Basilhac ] [ 100 ] (1456–1475) – Jean du Chastel [ 101 ] (1476–1497) – Guichard d'Aubusson [ 102 ] (1497–1501) – Cardinal Juan Lopez, Administrator [ 103 ] 1500 to 1800 (1497–1512) – Pierre d'Auxillon [ 104 ] (1512–1516) – Hugues de Voisins [ 105 ] (1516–1521) – Jean de Basilhac [ 106 ] (1521–1545) – Martín de Saint-André [ 107 ] (1546–1552) – Charles de Bourbon-Vendôme , Administrator [ 108 ] (1556–1565) – François de Faucon (1565–1567) – Charles de Bourbon-Vendôme , Administrator [ 109 ] (1567–1568) – Vitelli Vitelloti , Administrator [ 110 ] (1569–1601) – Annibal de Ruccellai [ 111 ] (1603–1621) – Christophe de L’Estang (1621–1652) – Vitalis de L'Estang (1653–1654) – François de Servien (1655–1679) – Louis de Nogaret de La Valette (1680) – Louis d'Anglure de Bourlemont [ 112 ] (1681–1722) – Louis Joseph de Grignan [ 113 ] (1722–1729) – Louis Joseph de Chateauneuf de Rochebonne [ 114 ] (1730–1778) – Armand Bazin de Bezons [ 115 ] (1778–1788) – Jean Auguste de Chastenet de Puységur [ 116 ] (1789–1791) – François Marie Fortuné de Vintimille [ 117 ] (1791–1801) – Guillaume Bésaucèle, Constitutional bishop [ 118 ] (1801) – Louis Belmas , (Constitutional Bishop) [ 119 ] From 1802 (1802–1824) – Arnaud-Ferdinand de La Porte [ 120 ] (1824–1847) – Joseph-Julien de Saint-Rome Gualy [ 121 ] (1848–1855) – Henri-Marie-Gaston de Bonnechose [ 122 ] (1855–1873) – François-Alexandre Roullet de La Bouillerie [ 123 ] (1873–1881) – François-Albert Leuillieux [ 124 ] (1881–1901) – Paul-Félix Arsène Billard [ 125 ] (1902–1930) – Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour (1930–1931) – Emmanuel Coste [ 126 ] (1932–1951) – Jean-Joseph Pays (1952–1982) – Pierre-Marie Joseph Puech (1982–2004) – Jacques Despierre [ 127 ] (2004–2023) – Alain Planet [ 128 ] (2023–pres.) – Bruno Valentin [ 129 ] See also Ancient Diocese of Narbonne Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne" . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ^ Mahul, V, pp. 393 and 539. ^ Gaetano Moroni (ed.), Dizionario di erudizione historico-ecclesiastica (in Italian) , Volume 9 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1841), p. 255. Trouvé, Etats de Languedoc... Vol. 2, p. 166 . ^ Mahul V, p. 539: "Nous ne connaissons aucun monument authentique pour dater avec précision, la fondation ou même l'existence de la première église cathédrale de Carcassonne, dédiée aux SS. Nazaire et Celse, martyrs de Milan, sous Néron." ^ Mahul, V, pp. 403 , 501, and 539, insisting on a date of 1088, but the Pope was nowhere near Milan, the place from which the letter was issued, in 1088. The correct date is 21 May 1095. See Philipp Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I (Leipzig 1885), no. 5565. ^ Gallia christiana VI, "Instrumenta", pp. 431-432, no. XXIII, with the incorrect date of 1288. ^ Mahul V, p. 543. ^ Mahul V, p. 544: "Anno Dominicæ incarnationis M.XCVI. IVO indictione, feria Iv³ , Vrbanus papa Carcassonam ingressus et missas ibidem celebravit, vivos et defunctos benedicens absolvit, etiam ecclesiæ B. Nazarii saxa benedixit; et subsequenti sexta feria super B. Mariæ semper virginis, sanctique Salvatoris altare missas celebratus, sermonem nobis fecit, cometerium propriis manibus, salis aspersione absolvit, et sic, diebus quinque nobiscum commorans, vivis ac defunctis consignatis, cum laude et gratiarum actione discesit." Gallia christiana Vol. VI, p. 841. ^ Mahul V, pp. 550-551. ^ Mahul, V, pp. 575-586 . The first Dean was Hélie de Pompadour, Canon of the Cathedral, licentiate in laws and Bachelor of Canon Law. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 143, note 1. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 147, note 1. ^ Mahul III, pp. 281-288 . ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 862. Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione... volume 9, p. 256. Mahul III, p. 281. ^ Le diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, les-paroisses . Retrieved: 2016-07-29. ^ Mahul V, pp. 411-412. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 881-882. ^ Mahul V, p. 548: "Nec silendum quod cives Carcassonenses pessimi et infideles refectorium et cellarium Canonicorum Carcassonensium qui erant canonici regulares, ipsas etiam stallas ecclesiæ, quod execrabilius est, destruxerunt, ut muros Civitatis indè munirent (Petrus Vallium Cernaii, Historia Albigensium , cap. 16). ^ Mahul V, pp. 289-290. ^ August Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Volume I (Berlin De Decker 1874), p. 364, nos. 4223-4224. He died in 1224, calling himself quondam eiscopus et Praepositus Montislongi. ^ Benedict Wiedemann, Papal Overlordship and European Princes, 1000-1270 (Oxford: OUP 2022), p. 129 . ^ Mahul V, p. 412. Eubel I, p. 356. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 62 . ^ Bede Jarrett, Life of St. Dominic (1170-1221) (London: Burns, Oates & washbourne 1924), p. 61 . Mahul V, p. 413. ^ Elaine Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (Woodbridge: Boydell Press 2005), p. 45. ^ Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay , Historia Albigensis 615. Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise laisse 206. Rion Klawinsky, "Carcassonne," in: Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (edd.), Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places (London-New York: Routledge, 2013): "Also within the walls on the Cité is the basilica of Saint-Nazaire, the first stones of which were blessed by Pope Urban II and laid in 1096. The tomb of Simon the Montfort is located in the basilica, although his body is not. It has been removed from the tomb and placed at Montfort l'Amaury, west of Paris." ^ Claude-Joseph baron Trouvé, États de Languedoc et Département de l'Aude , Volume 2, pp. 170-171 . A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum (in Latin) , Volume 1 (Berlin: De Decker 1874), p. 784, no. 7155. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 886 . ^ Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione ... vol. 9, p. 255. ^ Mahul V, pp. 419-435. ^ Mahul V, p. 535. ^ Mahul V, p. 466. ^ Mahul, p. 467: "Dubitantes probabiliter de ætatis maturitate eiusdem modo et forma in processu dictarum electionis et postulationis contentarum, ipsamque postulationem seu electionem, sicut præmittitur factam, unà cum processu super eadem exordito, ad scitationem vestram, per certos destinauerimus ipsius ecclesiæ concanonicos...." ^ "...didiscimus, ipsa V(estra). S(anctitas). dictam postulationem ut præfertur, ex inspiratione diuina vnanimiter et concorditer factam in crastinum festi natiuitatis S. Johannis Baptistæ nouissime decursi, duxit non admittendam." ^ Eubel II, p. 201 . ^ "Et himnum Te Deum laudamus solemniter decantantes, dictum electum nostrum remittentem in ecclesiam prædictam deportantes, in episcopali cathedra ipsius ecclesiæ intronisamus, iuxta morem in talibus seruari solitum: et confestim electionem ipsam clero et populo, per prænominatum D. Heliam Magne, vice et nomine nostrum omnium, fecimus publicarj." ^ Mahul, pp. 466, 468. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 915. ^ Mahul V, pp. 468-469 . ^ Mahul V, p. 469 . ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 914 . Eubel II, p. 223. Eubel says that the date of appointment was 16 May 1462. ^ Claude-Joseph baron Trouvé, États de Languedoc et Département de l'Aude , (in French) . Volume 2 (Paris: Didot 1818), pp. 97-98 . ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French) , Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 64-65 : "L'Assemblée nationale décrète, 1º que tous les biens ecclésiastiques sont à la disposition de la nation, à la charge de pourvoir, d'une manière convenable, aux frais du culte, à l'entretien de ses ministres, et au soulagement des pauvres, sous la surveillance et d'après les instructions des provinces; 2º que dans les dispositions à faire pour subvenir à l'entretien des ministres de la religion, il ne pourra être assuré à la dotation d'aucune cure moins de douze cents livres par année, non compris le logement et les jardins en dépendant". Marais & Beaudoin, pp. 255-257 . ^ Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, Volume 1, p. 118 : "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54. ^ Pisani, pp. 10-11 . ^ Duvergier, p. 104 : "10. AUDE. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra provisoirement à Carcassonne, et les électeurs délibéreront si elle doit alterner, et entre quelles villes cet alternat aura lieu. Ce département est divisé en six districts, dont les chefs-lieux sont: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, la Grasse, Limoux, Narbonne, Quillan." ^ "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département." ^ Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante, (in French and Latin) , Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872), p. 182 : Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés." ^ Duvergier, p. 242 , col. 2. ^ Duvergier, p. 243 , col. 1: "L'arrondissement de la métropole du sud comprendra les évêchés des départemens de la Haute-Garonne, du Gers, des Basses-Pyrénées, des Hautes-Pyrénées, de l'Ariége, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de l'Aude, de l'Aveyron, du Lot, du Tarn." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 1, p. 285 : Article I, "20. Tous titres et offices, autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et de l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe, et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques, de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés, sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables." ^ Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153. ^ J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin) , Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), p. 372, col. 2: "L'archevêché de Narbonne et ses suffragans, les évêchés de Beziers, Agde, Nimes, Carcassonne, Montpellier, Lodève, Uzès, Saint-Pons, Alet, Alais et Elne ou Perpignan." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.375 : "L'archevêché de Toulouse, et les nouveaux évêchés de Cahors, Ágen, Carcassonne, Montpellier et Baïonne, que nous lui assignōns pour suffragans." p. 384 . ^ Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.318 . The law was published by an arrété of 18 April 1802. ^ On 22 September 1864 he was given the red hat and named Cardinal-Priest of San Clemente . David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand Cardinal de Bonnechose . Retrieved: 2016-07-29. Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Consistory of December 11, 1863. Retrieved: 2016-07-29. ^ François-Alexandre de La Bouillerie (1866). Etude sur le symbolisme de la nature interprété d'après l'Écriture sainte et les Pères... (in French) (deuxieme ed.). Paris: Libr. Martin-Beaupré Fres. ^ Both Gallia christiana VI, pp. 862-864 , and Duchesne, p. 319, note 1 , point out that the Sainte-Marthe brothers had no evidence for Hilarius, only speculation and a conjectured date. Duchesne notes that there were Hilaries at Poitiers, Arles, and Toulouse in the 4th century, and a Hilarius at Narbonne in the 5th. ^ Bishop Sergius was present at the Third Council of Toledo, summoned by the Visigothic king Reccared in May 589, and at the Council of Narbonne on 1 November 589. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 1 . Charles De Clercq, Concilia Galliae A. 511 - A. 695 , (in Latin) (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 254: "...Migetius, Sedatius, Benenatus, Boetius, Pelagius, Tigridius, Agripinus et Sergis, episcopi Gallie prouincie, concilia sanctorum antiquorum patrum uel decreta obseruare cum Dei timore cupientes, nos in urbe Narbona, secundum quod sancta synodus per ordinationem gloriosissimi domni nostri Reccharedi regis in urbe Toletana finibit, die kalendas Nouembres Deo auspice in unum conuenimus...." ^ Bishop Solemnius' archdeacon Donellius participated in the fourth council of Toledo on 9 December 633. Gallia christiana VI, p. 864 . J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima (in Latin) volume 10 (Florence: A. Zatta 1764), p. 643 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 2 . ^ Bishop Elpidius was present at the fifth council of Toledo in 636. Garsias Loiasa, Collectio Conciliorum Hispaniae , (in Latin) , (Madrid: Petrus Madrigal 1593), p. 381 . Mansi, p. 657 . His name is omitted by Gallia christiana and by Duchesne. ^ Bishop Sylvester participated in the 8th council of Toledo on 16 December 653. Loaisa, p. 440 . Mansi, vol. 10, p. 1222 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 3 . ^ Bishop Stephanus (Étienne, Stapin) had a delegate at the council of Toledo in 683. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 4 . Rouch de Cavanac, (Abbe) (1867). Mémoire sur Saint Stapin, cinquième évêque de Carcassonne, etc (in French). Carcassonne: Pierre Polere. ^ Hiscipio: Duchesne, p. 319, no. 5 . J.D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, (in Latin) , Volume 13 (Florence: A. Zatta 1767), p. 823 . Antonio Pagi, cited by Mansi at pp. 824-825, gives numerous examples proving that the one document, "The False Council of Narbonne", in which the name Hispicio appears, is a forgery. Charlemagne, for example, is thrice called "Emperor" in a document of 788, though he did not receive the title until 25 December 800. ^ Senior (Eniar): Duchesne, p. 319, no. 6 . Élisabeth Magnou-Nortier, Recueil des chartes de l'Abbaye de La Grasse , volume I, 779-1119 (Paris, 1996), pp. 10-11. ^ Bishop Eurus was present and signed the decrees of the Council of Thuzey ( Concilium Tullense II apud Thusiacum ) on 22 October 860. Jacques Sirmond, Concilia antiqua Galliae (in Latin) , volume 3 (Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy 1629), p. 163 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 7 . ^ Willeran attended the council of Narbonne in villa Portu , which took place on 18 November 886, according to Sirmond, p. 522 ; and J.D. Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, Volume 18, pp. 44-45]. Duchesne puts the date in 897. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 8 . ^ Bishop Gimara was present at the council of Barcelona in 906 (Mansi 18, pp. 255-256 ), at the council of Maguelonne on 4 May 909 (Mansi, vol. 18, p. 261 ). On 6 February 917, Bishop Gimerra consecrated a church altar. He is said to have died on 13 February 931 (modern 932?). Gallia christiana VI, pp. 865-866 . Mansi, vol. 18, p. 261 . ^ Abbo: Gallia christiana VI, pp. 866-867 . Mahul, p. 399 . ^ Wisandus, Guisandus, Gisandus, was present at the council of Narbonne in 947. On 24 July 951, he ratified an exchange of porperty. Gallia christiana VI, p. 867 . Mahul, pp. 399-400 . ^ Franco: Mahul, p. 400 . ^ Aimeric: Mahul, p. 400 . ^ Adalbertus is attested in documents from 1002 to 1020; his episcopate may have begun earlier than that date and lasted longer than the latter date. Mahul, p. 400 . ^ In 1028 Foulques took part in the consecration of the church of Saint-Martial in Limoges. Mahul, p. 401 . ^ Petrus Artaldus Mahul, pp. 402-403 . ^ Pierre: Mahul, pp. 403-404 . ^ Guillaume was bishop before 5 November 1106, his earliest attestation. He signed a document on 2 August 1107. Mahul, p. 404 . ^ The date, even the year, of the beginning of his episcopate is unknown. On 1 April 1110, Bishop Raimond signed a document. Mahul, p. 404 . ^ Bishop Pons died on 11 February 1159. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Pons de Brugals was elected on 31 October 1259. His date of death is not recorded, though he was in attendance at the provincial council of Narbonne on 17 July 1166. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Otho was already bishop of Carcassonne on 27 June 1170. The date of his election is unknown. He died on 6 December 1201. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Bishop Berengarius is attested in 1201 and 1206. He was present at the deathbed of the Vicomte of Carcassonne on 10 November 1209, and died shortly thereafter. Mahul V, p. 409 . Eubel I, p. 166. ^ Bishop Bernard-Raimond was elected in March 1209. He resigned in 1211, and was still alive in 1224. Eubel I, p. 166 with note 1. ^ Guy died in March 1223. Mahul, pp. 411-414 . ^ Clarin had been chancellor of Simon de Montfort and his son Amaury. He was named bishop of Carcassonne by King Louis VIII of France during his visit to Carcassonne in September 1226. On April 1246, Clarinus participated in the provincial council held a Béziers to formulate rules for the Inquisition, of which the bishop was a strong supporter. Bishop Clarinus died on 25 April 1248. Mahul, pp. 414-416 . ^ Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille (1840). Notice sur la chapelle et le mausolée de l'évêque Guillaume Radulphe, situés à côté de la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire dans la Cité de Carcassonne (in French). Carcassonne: L. Pomiés-Gardel. ^ called Jean Gauthier, without warrant. Mahul, V, pp. 437–439. Gauthier had previously been Archdeacon of Carcassonne. ^ Gams, p. 528, but not recognized by Eubel, I, p. 166. Cf. Mahul, V, pp. 438–439. ^ Gams, p. 528, but not recognized by Eubel, I, p. 166. Cf. Mahul, V, pp. 438–439. ^ Canon of Paris and Royal clerk; one of the royal commissioners who held the Parliament at Toulouse, 1288–1290. Mahul, V, p. 439-441. ^ Jean de Chevry had been archdeacon of Rouen when he was named Bishop of Carcassonne by Pope Boniface VIII . In 1299–1300 he was ambassador of Philip IV of France to Edward I of England . Mahul, V, p. 441. ^ Étienne Aubert was a grand-nephew of Pope Innocent VI . Named cardinal on 17 September 1361. Mahul, V, pp. 453–454 . 6 March 1361 – 17 September 1361 (never consecrated). ^ Mahul, V, pp. 454–455 . ^ Hugues de La Jugie was a nephew of Pope Clement VI . Bishop of Béziers (1350–1371). Transferred to Carcassonne by his cousin, Pope Gregory XI , on 27 June 1371. He died suddenly at Avignon, where he had gone to swear allegiance to his cousin, on 13 July 1371. He was buried in the Cathedral of Béziers. Mahul, V, p. 456 . 27 June – 13 July 1371 (never installed) ^ Mahul, V, pp. 456–459 . ^ Simon was Patriarch of Alexandria (1391–1409)On 2 July 1409, Simon Cremaud was named Archbishop of Reims. He was named a Cardinal by Antipope John XXIII on 13 April 1413. He died on 15 December 1422. Mahul, V, pp. 459–460 . Eubel, I, p. 33, 82, 166. ^ Pierre had been archbishop of Bourges (1390–1409), appointed by Pope Clement VII . Mahul, V, p. 460 . Eubel I, pp. 139, 166. ^ Mahul, V, pp. 461–463 . ^ Mahul, V, pp. 463–464 . ^ Jean d'Estampes died in Nevers on 25 January 1456 (1455 O.S.). Mahul, V, pp. 464–466 . ^ Gaufridus had been a canon and sub-Dean of the cathedral Chapter. He was twice elected bishop, but his candidacy was rejected by Pope Calixtus III. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 914-915 . Mahul, V, pp. 466–468 . ^ Jean du Chastel, nephew of Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy, was appointed bishop of Carcassonne by Pope Calixtus III on 25 June 1456. Mahul V, p. 468 . ^ Guichard was appointed on 15 July 1476. He died on 24 November 1497. Eubel III, p. 152, note 2. ^ The election by the cathedral Chapter in 1497 was contested between Pierre d'Auxillon and Jacques Hurauld. The king of France and the clergy of Carcassonne treated Pierre as the legitimate and functioning bishop. An appeal was entered in Rome, however, and the cardinal archbishop of Capua was appointed administrator of the diocese of Carcassonne on 24 December 1497. He died on 5 August 1501. The Papacy treated the matter as under judgment until 1503. Eubel II, p. 23, no. 17; III, p. 152. ^ Pierre d'Auxillon was elected by the cathedral Chapter on 6 December 1497, in competition with Jacques Hurauld. On 19 January 1504, in an agreement made with Pierre d'Auxillon, Jacques Hurauld abandoned his claim, which he was never able to establish: Register of Pope Alexander VI : "XIV cal. febr. anno 1503. Petrus canonicus Carcassonensis electus Carcassonensis episcopus, per cessionem Jacobi ejusdem ecclesiæ possessione nondum habita." Bishop Pierre died on 24 September 1512. Eubel III, p. 152. Mahul V, pp. 472-478 . ^ Hugues de Voisins: Mahul V, p. 479 . ^ Jean de Basilhac: Mahul V, pp. 479-480 . ^ Martin was elected a canon of Carcassonne in 1510, when he was not yet 13 years old. He studied at the University of Toulouse. Hugh de Vicinis was elected bishop of Carcassonne by nine of the fifteen canons of the cathedral on 28 September 1512, but Martin was chosen by four of the canons; the Council of Pisa and King Louis XII directed the Chapter to reject Hugh and elect Martin, though the Chapter rejected their intervention on 31 May and 1 June 1512. In any case, Martin was still below the canonical age for consecration. Martin was elected bishop at the assembly of Lyon in 1513, thanks to letters from King Louis XII , resigning his canonicate in favor of his brother (d. 1522), without election by the Chapter. The bishopric of Carcassonne was in litigation from 1512 to 1521. Martin was declared bishop by an arrêt of the Grand Council, on 22 March 1521, after provision of Pope Leo X and King Francis I of France . On 8 November 1523, Martin made his formal entry into Carcassonne. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 918-920 . Mahul V, pp. 480-485 . Eubel III, p. 152. ^ Cardinal de Bourbon was appointed archbishop of Rouen on 3 October 1550. Eubel III, p. 152 with notes 6 and 7; 287. ^ Cardinal de Bourbon died in prison on 9 May 1590. Eubel III, pp. 30 no. 67; 152 with note 10. ^ Cardinal Vitelloti was Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church from 17 November 1564, and was papal envoy to King Charles IX of France in 1566. He died on 19 November 1568. Mahul V, p. 490 . Eubel III, pp. 36, no. 17; 152. ^ Ruccellai was named bishop of Carcassonne by King Charles IX, and approved by Pope Pius V in the consistory of 1 April 1569. He took possession of the diocese in person on 11 November 1572. He died in Rome on 28 January 1601. Mahul V, pp. 490-492 . Eubel III, p. 152 with note 11. ^ Louis d'Anglure: Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 3. ^ Louis Joseph de Grignan: He died on 1 March 1722. Jean, p. 261, no. 76 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 4. ^ Rochebonne was a doctor of theology, and had been vicar-general of Lyon, for his older brother, the archbishop. He became canon, and then Dean of the cathedral Chapter in 1713. He became titular bishop of Hierocaesarea (Lydia, Turkey) and coadjutor of his uncle Bishop de Grignan on 4 March 1720, and succeeded to the episcopal throne on 1 March 1722. He died on 31 December 1729. Guillaume Beaufils (1730). Oraison funèbre de... Louis-Joseph de Chateau-Neuf de Rochebonne, évêque de Carcassonne,... doyen, comte de Lyon... (in French). chez Claude Journet. Jean, p. 261-262, no. 77 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 5; 220. ^ Bazin: Jean, p. 262, no. 78 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 147 with note 2. ^ Puységur: Jean, p. 262, no. 79 . Mahul, pp. 521-522 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 148 with note 3. ^ Monerie De Cabrens (1888). Mgr de Vintimille, des comtes de Marseille: évêque de Carcassone, d'après sa correspondance de 1788 à 1814 (in French). Marseille: Imp. marseillaise. When the Civil Constitution of the Clergy made his position impossible, subsuming his diocese into the 'Diocese of the Aude', Vintimille fled to Italy, where he found refuge with Cardinal de Bernis. He refused to resign in 1801, when Pius VII signed the Concordat with First Consul Bonaparte, even at papal request. Armand Jean (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. p. 263. . Mahul, p. 523-529 . ^ Besaucèle had been Dean of the Chapter of Carcassonne before the Revolution. He was consecrated at Toulouse by Archbishop Antoine-Pascal-Hyacinthe Sermet of the Haute-Garonne on 15 May 1791. He was 78 years old. Mahul, pp. 529-533 . Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 371–374 and 457. ^ Belmas was elected as Coadjutor to Constitutional Bishop Besaucèle, and was consecrated on 26 October 1800. Under the new Concordat of 1801 , he retracted his schismatic adherence to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and obtained the See of Cambrai, of which he took possession on 6 June 1802. He repeated his retraction to Pius VII personally in 1804. He died, as Bishop of Cambrai, on 21 July 1841. Mahul, V, pp. 534–535. ^ La Porte: Charpentier, pp. 170–171 . ^ Gualy: Charpentier, pp. 171-172 . ^ Charpentier, pp. 172-173 . ^ Bouillerie was named bishop of Carcassonne on 20 February 1855, and confirmed by Pope Gregory XVI on 23 March 1855; he was consecrated in Paris by Archbishop Sibour on 20 May. He was named coadjutor bishop of Bordeaux on 16 December 1872, and transferred by Pope Pius IX on 21 March 1873. He died on 8 July 1882. Antoine Ricard (1887). Vie de Mgr de La Bouillerie: évêque de Carcassonne, archevêque de Perga, coadjuteur de Bordeaux, 1810–1882 (in French). Paris: Société genérale de librairie catholique. pp. 213– 249. Charpentier, pp. 173-175 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 162, 181, 447. ^ Leuillieux: Charpentier, pp. 174-175 . translated to Chambéry inn1881. ^ Billard: Charpentier, pp. 175-176 . ^ In 1931, Coste wastransferred to the Diocese of Aix . ^ Despierre: Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Monseigneur Jacques DESPIERRE;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. ^ Planet: 2004 – 31 March 2023. "Resignations and Appointments, 31.03.2023" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 31 March 2023 . Retrieved 1 April 2023 . . Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Monseigneur Alain PLANET;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. ^ (31 March 2023 – present) Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Biographie de Mgr Bruno Valentin;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo . Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 528–529. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 4 (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana. Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8 . Sainte-Marthe, Denis de; Hauréau, Barthélemy (1739). Gallia Christiana: In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa, De provincia Narbonensi (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (VI). Paris: Typographia Regia. Pages 860–1028; Instrumenta , pp. 411–475. Studies Bouges, Thomas Augustin (1741). Histoire ecclesiastique et civile de la ville et diocése de Carcassonne: avec les pièces justificatives & une notice ancienne & moderne de ce diocése (in French). Paris: Chez Pierre Gandouin, Pierre Emery, Pierre Piget. Carayon, Charles (1903). L'Inquisition à Carcassonne au XIIIe et au XIVe siècle (in French). Paris: C. Lacour. ISBN 978-2-84149-761-4 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Charpentier, Léon (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802-1905) . Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères. De Vic, Cl.; Vaissete, J. (1876). Histoire générale de Languedoc (in French). Vol. Tome IV. Toulouse: Edouard Privat. [Archbishops of Narbonne]. De Vic, Claude; Vaissete, J. (1745). Histoire générale de Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: chez Jacques Vincent. Douais, Célestin (1900). Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc (in Latin and French). Vol. Deuxième partie: Textes. Paris: Renouard. Du Mege de la Haye, Alexandre (1832–1833). "Notice sur le tombeau de Saint-Hilaire, évêque de Carcassonne" . Mémoires de la Société archéologique du midi de la France . 1 : 83– 92. Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sud-Est . Paris: Fontemoing. pp. 289– 295, 307– 308. second edition (in French) Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Poux, Joseph (1922–1938). La cité de Carcassonne: histoire et description (in French). Vol. 5 volumes. Toulouse: É. Privat. Vidal, Jean-Marie (1903). Un Inquisiteur jugé par ses "victimes": Jean Galand et les Carcassonnais (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Collections Douais, Célestin (1900). Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc: publiés pour la Société de l'histoire de France (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Honoré Champion. Fédération historique du Languedoc méditerranéen et du Roussillon (1970). Carcassonne et sa région: actes des 41e et 24e Congrès d'études régionales . Fédération historique du Languedoc et du Roussillon. [papers given at a congress] Mahul, Alphonse Jacques (1867). Cartulaire et archives des communes de l'ancien diocèse et de l'arrondissement administratif de Carcassonne: Villes-Villages-Églises-Abbayes-Prieurés-Chateaux-Seigneuries-Fiefs-Généalogies-Blasons-Métaires-Lieux bâtis- Quartiers ruraux-Notes statistiques (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Didron. [Bishops of Carcassonne: pp. 390–535] For further reading Sparks, Chris (2014). Heresy, Inquisition and Life Cycle in Medieval Languedoc . York: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903153-52-9 . Strayer, Joseph Reese (1992). The Albigensian Crusades . Ann Arbor MI USA: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06476-2 . Sumption, Jonathan (2011). The Albigensian Crusade . London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-26657-9 . Vaux De Cernay, Pierre (1951). P. Guebin and H. Maisonneuve (ed.). Histoire Albigeoise (in French). Paris: Vrin. ISBN 978-2-7116-0608-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) External links (in French) Centre national des Archives de l'Église de France, L’Épiscopat francais depuis 1919 Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine , retrieved: 2016-12-24. Goyau, Georges (1908). Carcassonne (Carcassum). The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved: 2016-07-28. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Late 1970s and 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 2020s 2.1 Late 1970s and 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 2020s 3 Acting style and reception 4 Public image 5 Other ventures Toggle Other ventures subsection 5.1 Product and endorsements 5.2 Philanthropy 5.1 Product and endorsements 5.2 Philanthropy 6 Personal life 7 Acting credits and accolades 8 References 9 External links Michelle Pfeiffer Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Michelle Pfeiffer Pfeiffer in 2018 Born Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( 1958-04-29 ) April 29, 1958 (age 67) Santa Ana, California , U.S. Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actress producer Actress producer Years active 1977–present Works Full list Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Peter Horton ( m. 1981; div. 1988) David E. Kelley ( m. 1993) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Peter Horton ( m. 1981; div. 1988) David E. Kelley ( m. 1993) Children 2 Relatives Dedee Pfeiffer (sister) Awards Full list Signature Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( / ˈ f aɪ f ər / FY -fər ; born April 29, 1958) is an American actress and producer. One of the most bankable stars in Hollywood during the 1980s and 1990s, her performances have earned her various accolades , including a Golden Globe Award and a British Academy Film Award , as well as nominations for three Academy Awards and one Primetime Emmy Award . Pfeiffer began her acting career with minor appearances in television and film, and secured her first leading role in Grease 2 (1982). She achieved widespread recognition for her breakthrough performance as Elvira Hancock in Scarface (1983), followed by mainstream success with The Witches of Eastwick (1987) and Tequila Sunrise (1988). Pfeiffer received her first of six consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations for Married to the Mob (1988). She earned consecutive Academy Award nominations, Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), winning a Golden Globe Award for the latter. Established as one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1990s, Pfeiffer played Catwoman in Batman Returns (1992) and received her third Academy Award nomination for Love Field (1992). She continued to appear in prominent films throughout the decade, including The Age of Innocence (1993) and Wolf (1994). Through her production company, Via Rosa Productions, she produced and starred in several films, including Dangerous Minds (1995). In the 2000s, Pfeiffer reduced her acting workload to focus on her family, appearing in select projects such as What Lies Beneath (2000), White Oleander (2002), Hairspray and Stardust (both 2007). Following a hiatus, Pfeiffer returned to prominence in 2017 with roles in Where Is Kyra? , Mother! , and Murder on the Orient Express . That same year, she received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for portraying Ruth Madoff in the television film The Wizard of Lies . In 2020, she earned her eighth Golden Globe Award nomination for French Exit . Since 2018, Pfeiffer has portrayed Janet van Dyne in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning with Ant-Man and the Wasp . Early life Michelle Marie Pfeiffer was born on April 29, 1958, in Santa Ana, California , to Richard Pfeiffer, an air-conditioning contractor, and Donna Jean (née Taverna), a housewife. [ 1 ] She has an older brother, Rick, and two younger sisters, Dedee [ 2 ] and Lori. [ 3 ] Her parents were both originally from North Dakota . [ 4 ] Her paternal grandfather was of German ancestry and her paternal grandmother was of English, Welsh, French, Irish, and Dutch descent, while her maternal grandfather was of Swiss-German-Italian descent and her maternal grandmother of Swedish ancestry. [ 5 ] The family moved to Midway City , another Orange County community around seven miles (11 km) away, where Pfeiffer spent her early years. [ 6 ] Pfeiffer attended Fountain Valley High School , graduating in 1976. [ 7 ] She worked as a check-out girl at Vons supermarket, and attended Golden West College [ 8 ] where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. After a short stint training to be a court stenographer , she pursued an acting career. [ 9 ] Pfeiffer won the Miss Orange County beauty pageant in 1978 and finished sixth in the Miss California contest the same year. [ 10 ] After her appearances in these pageants, Pfeiffer acquired an agent and began to audition for television and film roles. [ 11 ] Career Late 1970s and 1980s Pfeiffer made her acting debut in 1978, in a one-episode appearance of Fantasy Island . [ 7 ] Other roles on television series followed, including Delta House , CHiPs , Enos and B.A.D. Cats , as well as in the made-for-CBS film The Solitary Man (1979). [ 12 ] Pfeiffer transitioned to film with the comedy The Hollywood Knights (1980), with Tony Danza , appearing as high school sweethearts. She subsequently played supporting roles in Falling in Love Again (1980) with Susannah York and Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981), none of which met with much critical or box office success. She appeared in a television commercial for Lux soap , [ 13 ] and took acting lessons at the Beverly Hills Playhouse , [ 14 ] before appearing in three 1981 television movies – Callie and Son , with Lindsay Wagner , The Children Nobody Wanted and Splendor in the Grass . Pfeiffer obtained her first starring film role as the female lead in Grease 2 (1982), [ 15 ] the sequel to the smash-hit musical film Grease (1978). [ 16 ] With only a few television roles and small film appearances, the 23-year-old Pfeiffer was an unknown actress when she attended the casting call audition for the role, but according to director Patricia Birch , she won the part because she "has a quirky quality you don't expect". [ 17 ] The film was a critical and commercial failure but Pfeiffer's performance was noted as a standout. [ 18 ] The New York Times remarked: "[A]lthough she is a relative screen newcomer, Miss Pfeiffer manages to look much more insouciant and comfortable than anyone else in the cast." [ 19 ] Despite escaping the critical mauling, her agent later admitted that her association with the film meant that "she couldn't get any jobs. Nobody wanted to hire her." [ 16 ] On her early screen roles, she asserted: "I needed to learn how to act ... in the meantime, I was playing bimbos and cashing in on my looks." [ 7 ] Director Brian De Palma , having seen Grease 2 , refused to audition Pfeiffer for Scarface (1983), but relented at the insistence of Martin Bregman , the film's producer. She was cast as cocaine-addicted trophy wife Elvira Hancock . [ 20 ] The film was considered excessively violent by most critics, but became a commercial hit and gained a large cult following in subsequent years. [ 21 ] Pfeiffer received positive reviews for her supporting turn; Richard Corliss of Time Magazine wrote, "most of the large cast is fine: Michelle Pfeiffer is better ..." [ 22 ] while Dominick Dunne , in an article for Vanity Fair titled "Blonde Ambition", wrote, "[s]he is on the verge of stardom. In the parlance of the industry, she is hot." [ 23 ] Following Scarface , she played Diana in John Landis ' comedy Into the Night (1985), with Jeff Goldblum ; Isabeau d'Anjou in Richard Donner 's fantasy film Ladyhawke (1985), with Rutger Hauer and Matthew Broderick ; Faith Healy in Alan Alda 's Sweet Liberty (1986), with Michael Caine ; and Brenda Landers in a segment of the 1950s sci-fi parody Amazon Women on the Moon (1987), all of which, despite achieving only modest commercial success, helped to establish her as an actress. She finally scored a major box-office hit as Sukie Ridgemont in the 1987 adaptation of John Updike 's novel The Witches of Eastwick , with Jack Nicholson , Cher , and Susan Sarandon . The film received positive reviews and grossed over $63.7 million domestically, equivalent to $176 million in 2024 dollars, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] becoming one of her earliest critical and commercial successes. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Praising their comic timing, Roger Ebert wrote that Pfeiffer and her female co-stars each "have a delicious good time with their roles", [ 28 ] while the Los Angeles Times film critic Sheila Benson said Pfeiffer makes her character "a warm, irresistible character." [ 29 ] Pfeiffer was cast against type, as a murdered gangster's widow, in Jonathan Demme 's mafia comedy Married to the Mob (1988), with Matthew Modine , Dean Stockwell and Mercedes Ruehl . For the role of Angela de Marco, she donned a curly brunette wig and a Brooklyn accent, [ 3 ] and received her first Golden Globe Award nomination as Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , beginning a six-year streak of consecutive Best Actress nominations at the Golden Globes. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Pfeiffer then appeared as chic restaurateuse Jo Ann Vallenari in Tequila Sunrise (1988) with Mel Gibson and Kurt Russell , but experienced creative and personal differences with director Robert Towne , who later described her as the "most difficult" actress he has ever worked with. [ 32 ] At Demme's personal recommendation, [ 16 ] Pfeiffer joined the cast of Stephen Frears 's Dangerous Liaisons (1988), with Glenn Close and John Malkovich , playing Madame Marie de Tourvel, the virtuous victim of seduction. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post saw Pfeiffer's role as "the least obvious and the most difficult. Nothing is harder to play than virtue, and Pfeiffer is smart enough not to try. Instead, she embodies it. Her porcelain-skinned beauty, in this regard, is a great asset, and the way it's used makes it seem an aspect of her spirituality." [ 33 ] She won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role [ 34 ] and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . [ 35 ] Pfeiffer then accepted the role of Susie Diamond , a hard-edged former call girl turned lounge singer, in The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), which also starred Jeff Bridges and Beau Bridges as the eponymous Baker Boys. She underwent intense voice training for the role for four months, and performed all of her character's vocals. [ 36 ] The film was a modest success, grossing $18.4 million in the US and Canada (equivalent to $47 million in 2024 dollars [ 24 ] ). [ 37 ] Her portrayal of Susie, however, drew unanimous acclaim from critics. Critic Roger Ebert compared her to Rita Hayworth in Gilda and to Marilyn Monroe in Some Like It Hot , adding that the film was "one of the movies they will use as a document, years from now, when they begin to trace the steps by which Pfeiffer became a great star". [ 38 ] During the 1989–1990 awards season, Pfeiffer won as Best Actress at the Golden Globes , the National Board of Review , the National Society of Film Critics , the New York Film Critics Circle , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the Chicago Film Critics Association . Pfeiffer's performance as Susie is considered to be the most critically acclaimed of her career. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] The scene in which her character seductively performs " Makin' Whoopee " atop a grand piano is considered to be a memorable scene in modern cinema. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] 1990s In 1990, Pfeiffer formed her own film production company, Via Rosa Productions, with business partner Kate Guinzburg, whom she had met on the set of Sweet Liberty (1986). The company was under a picture deal with Touchstone Pictures , a film label of The Walt Disney Studios . That year, Pfeiffer began earning $1 million per film, [ 45 ] and took on the part of the Soviet book editor Katya Orlova in the film adaptation of John le Carré 's The Russia House , with Sean Connery , a role that required her to adopt a Russian accent. For her efforts, she was rewarded with a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. [ 46 ] Pfeiffer then landed the role of damaged waitress Frankie in Garry Marshall 's Frankie and Johnny (1991), a film adaptation of Terrence McNally 's Broadway play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune , which reunited her with her Scarface co-star, Al Pacino . The casting was seen as controversial by many, as Pfeiffer was considered far too beautiful to play an "ordinary" waitress; [ 47 ] Kathy Bates , the original Frankie on Broadway, also expressed disappointment over the producers' choice. [ 48 ] Pfeiffer herself stated that she took the role because it "wasn't what people would expect of [her]". [ 49 ] Pfeiffer was once again nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama for her performance. Pfeiffer took on the role of Selina Kyle–Catwoman in Tim Burton 's superhero film Batman Returns (1992), opposite Michael Keaton and Danny DeVito , after Annette Bening dropped out because of her pregnancy. For the role, she trained in martial arts and kickboxing . Pfeiffer received unanimous critical acclaim for her portrayal, which is often referred to as the greatest performance of Catwoman of all time by critics and fans. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Premiere retrospectively stated: "Arguably the outstanding villain of the Tim Burton era, Michelle Pfeiffer's deadly kitten with a whip brought sex to the normally neutered franchise. Her stitched-together, black patent leather costume, based on a sketch of Burton's, remains the character's most iconic look. And Michelle Pfeiffer overcomes Batman Returns ' heavy-handed feminist dialogue to deliver a growling, fierce performance." [ 55 ] Batman Returns was a big box office success, grossing over $267 million worldwide. [ 56 ] The first film her company produced was the independent drama Love Field , which was released in 1992. Reviewers embraced the film and The New York Times felt that Pfeiffer was "again demonstrating that she is as subtle and surprising as she is beautiful". [ 57 ] For her portrayal of an eccentric Dallas, Texas housewife, she earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe for Best Actress – Drama and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In Martin Scorsese 's period drama The Age of Innocence (1993), a film adaptation of Edith Wharton 's 1920 novel , Pfeiffer starred with Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder , portraying a Countess in upper-class New York City in the 1870s. For her role, she received the Elvira Notari Prize at the Venice Film Festival , and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture. [ 60 ] That year, she was awarded the Women in Film Los Angeles' Crystal Award . [ 61 ] Following the formation of her producing company, Via Rosa Productions, Pfeiffer saw a professional expansion as a producer. While she continued to act steadily throughout the decade, she and her producing partner Guinzburg experienced a winning streak of producing back to back films next under their header. She starred with Jack Nicholson in the 1994 horror film Wolf , portraying the sardonic and willful interest of a writer who becomes a wolf-man at night after being bitten by a creature. The film was released to a mixed critical reception; [ 62 ] The New York Times wrote: "Ms. Pfeiffer's role is underwritten, but her performance is expert enough to make even diffidence compelling." [ 63 ] Wolf was a commercial success, grossing $65 million (equivalent to $138 million in 2024) at the domestic box office and $131 million worldwide (equivalent to $278 million). [ 64 ] Pfeiffer's next role was that of high school teacher and former United States Marine LouAnne Johnson in the drama Dangerous Minds (1995), [ 65 ] co-produced by her company. She appeared as her character in the music video for the soundtrack's lead single, " Gangsta's Paradise " by Coolio , featuring L.V. ; the song won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance , [ 66 ] and the video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video . [ 67 ] While Dangerous Minds received negative reviews, it was a box office success, grossing $179.5 million around the globe. [ 68 ] In 1996, Pfeiffer portrayed Sally Atwater in the romantic drama Up Close & Personal , with Robert Redford , [ 69 ] took on the titular role in the drama To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday , which was adapted by her husband David Kelley from Michael Brady's play of the same name, [ 70 ] and served as an executive producer and starred as the divorced single mother architect Melanie Parker in the romantic comedy One Fine Day , with George Clooney . [ 71 ] Subsequent performances included Rose Cook Lewis in the film adaptation of Jane Smiley 's Pulitzer Prize -winning novel A Thousand Acres (1997) with Jessica Lange and Jennifer Jason Leigh ; [ 72 ] Beth Cappadora in The Deep End of the Ocean (1998) about a married couple who found their son who was kidnapped nine years ago; [ 73 ] Titania the Queen of the Fairies in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) with Kevin Kline , Rupert Everett and Stanley Tucci ; [ 74 ] and Katie Jordan in Rob Reiner 's comedy drama The Story of Us (1999) with Bruce Willis . [ 75 ] A Thousand Acres and The Deep End of the Ocean were also produced by Via Rosa Productions. Pfeiffer voiced Tzipporah , a shepherdess who becomes the wife of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer ), in DreamWorks Animation 's The Prince of Egypt (1998), a musical adaptation based on the Book of Exodus . [ 76 ] [ 77 ] She also recorded the film's theme song " When You Believe ", [ 78 ] for which songwriter Stephen Schwartz won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . [ 79 ] The Prince of Egypt was released to critical and commercial success, [ 80 ] but Kenneth Turan found the film's modernization of Pfeiffer's character into a "feisty protofeminist " to be problematic. [ 81 ] 2000s Pfeiffer began to dissolve her film production company, Via Rosa Productions, in 1999, and moved into semi-retirement to spend more quality time with her children and family. Pfeiffer handed her producing partner Guinzburg one final film to produce under the Via Rosa Productions header. The film was called Original Sin (2001). It was originally intended to star Pfeiffer, who later changed her mind as she was looking to work less for a while. The film was produced by her company, but instead starred Angelina Jolie and Antonio Banderas . In What Lies Beneath (2000), a Hitchcockian thriller directed by Robert Zemeckis , Pfeiffer and Harrison Ford starred as a well-to-do couple who experience a strange haunting that uncovers secrets about their past. While critical response towards the film was mixed, it opened atop at the box office, [ 82 ] and went on to gross $291 million worldwide. [ 83 ] She then accepted the role of Rita Harrison, a highly strung lawyer helping a father with a developmental disability , in the drama I Am Sam (2001), with Sean Penn . [ 84 ] Despite grossing $97.8 million worldwide, [ 85 ] the film was unfavorably reviewed by critics; [ 86 ] Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote: "Pfeiffer, apparently stymied by the bland clichés that prop up her screechy role, delivers her flattest, phoniest performance ever." [ 87 ] Meanwhile, SF Gate observed: "In one scene, she breaks down in tears as she unburdens herself to him about her miserable life. It's hard not to cringe, watching this emotionally ready actress fling herself headlong into false material." [ 88 ] Pfeiffer took on the role of a murderous artist, named Ingrid Magnussen, in the drama White Oleander (2002), with Alison Lohman (in her film debut), Renée Zellweger and Robin Wright . The film was a critical and commercial success in its arthouse release. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "Ms. Pfeiffer, giving the most complex screen performance of her career, makes her Olympian seductress at once irresistible and diabolical." [ 89 ] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described her as "incandescent", bringing "power and unshakable will to her role as mother-master manipulator" in a "riveting, impeccable performance". [ 90 ] She earned Best Supporting Actress Awards from the San Diego Film Critics Society and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. In 2003, Pfeiffer lent her voice for the character of goddess of chaos Eris in Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas , an animated film featuring Brad Pitt as the voice of Sinbad the Sailor . She had struggles with finding the character's villainies. Initially the character was "too sexual", then she lacked fun. After a third rewrite, Pfeiffer called producer Jeffrey Katzenberg and told him "You know, you really can fire me," but he assured her that this was just part of the process. [ 91 ] Following the release of the film, she took a four-year hiatus from acting, during which she remained largely out of the public eye to devote time to her husband and children. [ 92 ] During this time, she turned down the role of the White Witch in the fantasy film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (2005), which went to Tilda Swinton . [ 93 ] Pfeiffer returned to cinemas in 2007 with villainous roles in two summer blockbusters, Hairspray and Stardust , which was hailed as a successful comeback by the media. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 92 ] In the former, a film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name , she starred alongside John Travolta , Christopher Walken and Queen Latifah as Velma Von Tussle, [ 97 ] the racist manager of a television station. [ 98 ] Although a fan of Pfeiffer's work in the musicals Grease 2 and The Fabulous Baker Boys , director Adam Shankman cast Pfeiffer largely based on her performance in Batman Returns , [ 99 ] claiming she was his first and only choice for Velma. [ 100 ] Although she had fun with the part, Pfeiffer described Velma as the most difficult role she had played at the time, because of her character's racism; but she was drawn to the film's important message of anti-bigotry, accepting that "in order to do a movie about racism, somebody has got to be the racist". [ 94 ] Released to widely positive reviews, Hairspray grossed $202.5 million worldwide. [ 101 ] Pfeiffer's performance was also critically acclaimed, [ 102 ] [ 103 ] with film critic David Edelstein of NPR calling her "sublime". [ 104 ] The cast of Hairspray was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture , and won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast , the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Ensemble of the Year, and the Palm Springs International Film Festival Award for Ensemble Cast. In the fantasy adventure Stardust , Pfeiffer plays Lamia , an ancient witch who hunts a fallen star ( Claire Danes ) in search of eternal youth. [ 105 ] The film received mostly positive reviews but performed moderately at the box office, [ 106 ] [ 107 ] earning $135.5 million globally. [ 108 ] The New York Times film critic Stephen Holden described Pfeiffer as "as deliciously evil a witch as the movies have ever invented", writing that she "goes for broke with the relish of a star who figures she has nothing to lose." [ 109 ] Pfeiffer starred in Amy Heckerling 's romantic comedy I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007), with Paul Rudd and Saoirse Ronan , [ 110 ] portraying Rosie, a forty-year-old divorced mother working as a scriptwriter and producer for a television show who falls in love with a much younger man (Rudd). Her reported salary was $1 million, with an advance on fifteen percent of the gross. However, the film was only distributed on home video markets domestically. [ 111 ] Reviews for I Could Never Be Your Woman were moderately positive, [ 112 ] with critic James Berardinelli finding Pfeiffer and Rudd to "have adequate chemistry to pull off the romance," in what he described as an "enjoyable romantic comedy that has enough going for it to make it worth a recommendation." [ 113 ] Pfeiffer starred in Personal Effects , with Ashton Kutcher , playing two grieving people coping with the pain and frustration of their loss whose bond spawns an unlikely romance. The drama premiered at Iowa City 's Englert Theatre in December 2008. [ 114 ] Her next film, an adaptation of Colette 's Chéri , reunited her with the director ( Stephen Frears ) and screenwriter ( Christopher Hampton ) of Dangerous Liaisons (1988). Pfeiffer played the role of aging retired courtesan Léa de Lonval, with Rupert Friend in the title role, with Kathy Bates as his mother. Chéri premiered at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival , where it received a nomination for the Golden Bear award. [ 115 ] The Times of London reviewed the film favorably, describing Hampton's screenplay as a "steady flow of dry quips and acerbic one-liners" and Pfeiffer's performance as "magnetic and subtle, her worldly nonchalance a mask for vulnerability and heartache". [ 116 ] Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that it was "fascinating to observe how Pfeiffer controls her face and voice during times of painful hurt". [ 117 ] Kenneth Turan in the Los Angeles Times praised the "wordless scenes that catch Léa unawares, with the camera alone seeing the despair and regret that she hides from the world. It's the kind of refined, delicate acting Pfeiffer does so well, and it's a further reminder of how much we've missed her since she's been away." [ 118 ] 2010s Following a two-year sabbatical from acting, Pfeiffer made part of a large ensemble cast in Garry Marshall 's ensemble romantic comedy New Year's Eve (2011), her second collaboration with Marshall after Frankie and Johnny . The film, also starring Halle Berry , Jessica Biel , Robert De Niro , Josh Duhamel , Zac Efron , Sarah Jessica Parker , and Sofía Vergara , among many others, saw her take on the supporting role of Ingrid Withers, an overwhelmed secretary befriending a deliveryman (Efron). While the film was panned by critics, it made $142 million worldwide. [ 119 ] In 2012, she appeared with Chris Pine and Elizabeth Banks in the drama People Like Us , as the mother of a struggling New York City corporate trader (Pine). Rolling Stone found her to be "luminous" in the film, [ 120 ] and The New York Times , positively pointing out Pfeiffer and Banks, noted that their performances "partly compensate for the holes in a story whose timing is hard to swallow". [ 121 ] People Like Us debuted to $4.26 million, described as "meager" by Box Office Mojo , and only made $12 million in North America. [ 122 ] Pfieffer reunited with Tim Burton, her Batman Returns director, in Dark Shadows (2012), based on the gothic television soap opera of the same name . In the film, co-starring Johnny Depp , Eva Green , Helena Bonham Carter and Chloë Grace Moretz , she played Elizabeth Collins Stoddard , the matriarch of the Collins family. Critical response towards the film was mixed, but writers acclaimed the actors' performances—most notably Depp and Pfeiffer's. IGN found her to be "commanding" in her role and felt that the main characters were "played by one of Burton's best ensemble casts yet". [ 123 ] While Dark Shadows grossed a modest $79.7 million in North America, it ultimately made $245.5 million globally. [ 124 ] In Luc Besson 's mob-comedy The Family (2013), co-starring Robert De Niro, Tommy Lee Jones , Dianna Agron and John D'Leo , she played the "tough mother" in a Mafia family wanting to change their lives under the witness protection program . [ 125 ] Although reviews for the film were mixed, THV11 said on the cast's portrayals: "The core actors of The Family were really solid, and the whole film comes together to make a solid movie." [ 126 ] An article in HuffPost said that "De Niro, Pfieffer and Jones all brought 100% to their roles." [ 127 ] The film grossed $78.4 million worldwide. [ 128 ] The only trepidation was I think I took for granted how nice it was to not be under the spotlight and just having a life. I remember thinking, "Do I really want to step back into this?" And I just realized that I'm not done. I have a lot more to do, and a lot more to say. I'm never going to be one that retires. The only trepidation was I think I took for granted how nice it was to not be under the spotlight and just having a life. I remember thinking, "Do I really want to step back into this?" And I just realized that I'm not done. I have a lot more to do, and a lot more to say. I'm never going to be one that retires. Pfeiffer stated that her lack of acting throughout the 2000s was due to several reasons, including family matters and her approach to choosing roles. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] She stated she was intending to "work a lot" once her children left for college, [ 132 ] mentioning that she felt her best performance was "still in her", saying how that's what she felt kept her going. [ 133 ] In the independent drama Where Is Kyra? (2017), Pfeiffer starred as a sensitive and fragile woman who loses her mother and "faces a crisis in which she must find a means for survival, all the while hiding her struggles from her new lover". The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2017, and received a limited release on April 6, 2018, [ 134 ] to critical acclaim; [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Her role as Kyra was called the "performance of her life" by Village Voice ' s Bilge Ebiri, [ 138 ] and "the performance of her career", by Rolling Stone . [ 139 ] Pfeiffer landed the role of Ruth Madoff for the HBO Films drama The Wizard of Lies (2017), based on the book of the same name. The film, directed by Barry Levinson , reunites her with actor Robert De Niro, who played her husband, disgraced financier Bernard Madoff . [ 140 ] The Wizard of Lies premiered on HBO on May 20, 2017, garnering favorable reviews from critics and an audience of 1.5 million viewers, HBO's largest premiere viewership for a film in four years. [ 141 ] Tolucan Times remarked that Pfeiffer "steals the show as Madoff's wife, Ruth, and is a remarkable lookalike", [ 142 ] while Los Angeles Times asserted: "As Ruth, Pfeiffer convincingly portrays a pampered woman left with utterly nothing —she's lost her homes, status and, most important, her relationship with her sons." [ 143 ] She received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Movie , in addition to a Golden Globe Award nomination. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] In Darren Aronofsky 's psychological horror film Mother! (2017), Pfeiffer portrayed one of the mysterious guests who interrupt the tranquil life of a couple, played by Jennifer Lawrence and Javier Bardem . [ 146 ] Although Mother! divided critics and audiences, [ 147 ] [ 148 ] reviewers praised Pfeiffer unanimously, [ 149 ] [ 150 ] and some found her performance worthy of an Oscar nomination. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Vulture remarked: "Out of the main actors, it's Pfeiffer who is able to root the character in meaning — she bracingly marries the exploration of Biblical creation, mythological overtones, and hellish domestic commentary. There's a gravity to Pfeiffer's performance that allows her to succeed where the other main actors fail, save for brief spurts — she straddles the boundaries between embodying a symbol and granting the character enough interiority to feel like a flesh and blood woman, too." [ 153 ] Pfeiffer played a widowed socialite in Kenneth Branagh 's Murder on the Orient Express (2017), the fourth screen adaptation of Agatha Christie 's 1934 novel of the same name . Featuring an ensemble cast , the mystery film follows world-renowned detective Hercule Poirot (Branagh) attempting to solve a murder, while stranded with several suspects on the Orient Express during the 1930s. [ 154 ] She also recorded the original song "Never Forget" for the film's soundtrack. The film grossed $351.7 million worldwide and received decent reviews from critics, with praise for the performances, but criticism for not adding anything new to previous adaptations. [ 155 ] Although some critics found its large cast underused, Pfeiffer's performance was praised, with Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times saying she delivered the film's best performance. [ 156 ] The New Yorker ' s Anthony Lane found that only Pfeiffer appears to be enjoying their material, [ 157 ] while Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle credited the film with reminding audiences that she is one of the industry's best actresses. [ 158 ] David Edelstein of Vulture described the actress as "a hoot and a half ... stealing every scene". [ 159 ] Pfeiffer debuted in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Janet van Dyne , the original Wasp , in the Ant-Man (2015) sequel Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018). [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Variety ' s Owen Gleiberman described her performance as "lovely" and "wistful", [ 162 ] while Josh Spiegel of /Film believed the film suffers from a lack of the actress. [ 163 ] In 2019, Pfeiffer briefly reprised the role in Avengers: Endgame , [ 164 ] and starred alongside Angelina Jolie and Elle Fanning in the dark fantasy sequel Maleficent: Mistress of Evil , playing the villainous Queen Ingrith. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Despite the film earning mixed reviews, [ 168 ] [ 169 ] The Plain Dealer 's Laura DeMarco felt that both Jolie and Pfeiffer "clearly relish their roles." [ 170 ] 2020s Pfeiffer headlined the dark comedy French Exit (2020), based on the acclaimed novel of the same name by Patrick deWitt , directed by Azazel Jacobs . [ 171 ] [ 172 ] In the film, which co-stars Lucas Hedges and Tracy Letts , Pfeiffer played a widow who moves to Paris, France , with her son (Hedges) and cat, who happens to be her reincarnated husband (Letts). [ 173 ] The film premiered at the New York Film Festival , to a positive reception. [ 174 ] Peter Debruge of Variety remarked that she gave a performance "for which she'll be remembered." [ 175 ] [ 176 ] Pfeiffer received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance. [ 177 ] Pfeiffer portrayed former First Lady Betty Ford in the anthology drama television series The First Lady , which premiered on Showtime in April 2022. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] The following year, she reprised the role of Janet van Dyne in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania . [ 180 ] Manohla Dargis declared her the film's M.V.P. [ 181 ] Pfeiffer is attached to star alongside Annette Bening in the psychological thriller, Turn of Mind , set to be directed by Gideon Raff . [ 182 ] In 2022, she was cast in Wild Four O'Clocks , penned and directed by Peter Craig , and produced by Marc Platt and Adam Siegel . [ 183 ] On August 8, 2024, it was announced that she would star in, as well as executive produce, the Yellowstone spin-off The Madison . [ 184 ] On September 23, 2024, it was announced that Pfeiffer would star alongside Nicole Kidman and Elle Fanning in the Apple TV+ television series, Margo's Got Money Troubles . [ 185 ] In 2025, she starred in the Christmas comedy Oh. What. Fun. as a Texan housewife whose feelings of being taken for granted by her family drive her to appear on a morning talk show. [ 186 ] The film received negative reviews, [ 187 ] with reviewers agreeing that Pfeiffer's performance was failed by the script. [ 188 ] [ 186 ] [ 189 ] Acting style and reception Pfeiffer said she sometimes feels fraudulent as an untrained actor due to her lack of conventional schooling. [ 152 ] She credits director Milton Katselas with teaching her the difference between how an actor and their character would behave during the same scene. [ 190 ] Essayist Angelica Jade Bastién said Pfeiffer's talent disproves any argument that untrained actors are lesser than their trained peers. [ 191 ] Several film critics have described her as "a character actress in a screen siren's body", [ 190 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] with Bastién profiling her as "a character actress reluctantly placed in Hollywood’s lineage of blonde bombshells ". [ 54 ] Journalist James Kaplan reported that some critics feel Pfeiffer has undersold herself by choosing character roles instead of capitalizing on her beauty. [ 195 ] In 1993, film critic Ty Burr argued that her "unshowy performances work because they don’t call attention to themselves", although her attractiveness prevents her from being seriously considered "one of today’s best screen actresses". [ 196 ] Pfeiffer claims she rarely accepts glamorous roles because she finds few of them compelling. [ 192 ] Although she prefers acting in dramas over comedies, [ 197 ] she does not have a favorite genre to perform in. [ 198 ] During the 1980s, Pfeiffer typically played smart, funny, and independent women, [ 199 ] and pursued a wider range of roles in the 1990s. [ 27 ] Early in her career, she mostly played relatable working class women, aside from the occasional upper class character. [ 194 ] She has admitted she enjoys playing imperfect, evil, and "slightly trashy" women. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 7 ] In a 2021 profile, journalist Lynn Hirschberg said Pfeiffer excels in emotionally conflicted roles, [ 200 ] while Adam Platt of New Woman and journalist Bilge Ebiri agreed that she often plays emotionally detached women. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Backstage contributor Manuel Betancourt observed parallels between Pfeiffer's characters and her own determination to subvert expectations, [ 204 ] with the actress confirming that she searches new projects for relatability. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] However, Town & Country senior editor Adam Rathe finds Pfeiffer dissimilar to most of her characters. [ 207 ] Known to be highly selective about potential projects, [ 205 ] Pfeiffer, according to IndieWire contributor Kate Erbland, carefully chooses unconventional roles to avoid being typecast. [ 50 ] Pfeiffer's colleagues have described her as extremely committed, competent, and prepared, [ 192 ] [ 202 ] although she refuses to watch her own performances. [ 208 ] Pfeiffer has been called one of the greatest actresses of her generation. [ 209 ] However, she has also been described as one of Hollywood's most underrated, [ 152 ] [ 210 ] [ 211 ] with The Hollywood Reporter saying she "is too seldom ranked among the best of her generation". [ 212 ] In 2009, journalist Brian D. Johnson argued that Pfeiffer had yet to demonstrate her true range, believing she could potentially be as revered as Meryl Streep if afforded the same acting opportunities, [ 213 ] while film critic Mick LaSalle remarked that Pfeiffer's humility sometimes causes the public to overlook her as one of the industry's finest actresses. [ 158 ] Film critic Pauline Kael named Pfeiffer one of her favorite actresses, [ 214 ] saying she always tried to see her work. [ 215 ] Pfeiffer is particularly renowned for her versatility, [ 193 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] having accrued a filmography that spans period, romance, fantasy, musical, comedy, and drama. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] By 2016, Salon 's Charles Taylor declared that no actor of the previous decade had rivaled Pfeiffer's versatility. [ 217 ] Summarizing her career as eclectic, Erbland believes she has rarely repeated acting choices, with the actress confirming she had always aspired to play the widest possible range of characters, even when her options were limited. [ 50 ] As the biggest female movie star at one point, [ 223 ] Pfeiffer was one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1980s and 1990s, [ 224 ] [ 225 ] typically earning $9–$10 million per film during the latter decade. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Aside from The Witches of Eastwick , few of her films during the 1980s were major box office successes. [ 192 ] In 1995, The New York Times journalist Bernard Weinraub said Pfeiffer belongs to a group of respected actresses who are "not considered a big box-office draw". [ 225 ] However, several critics reported that her performances were consistently acclaimed, despite some mediocre films and box office returns. [ 50 ] [ 192 ] [ 229 ] [ 230 ] Regardless, Pfeiffer was the sixth highest-grossing domestic box office star of 1990, [ 231 ] and one of the few actresses whose salary corresponded with their box office appeal as of 1996, according to UPI . [ 226 ] In 1996, Entertainment Weekly ranked her the 67th greatest movie star of all time. [ 232 ] By 1999, Variety named Pfeiffer "the female movie star most likely to improve a film's box-office appeal". [ 233 ] In 2004, People ranked her among The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of Our Time, naming her 20th in the "icons" category. [ 234 ] Pfeiffer was awarded a motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007. [ 235 ] She was honored by TCL Chinese Theater on April 25, 2025, with a hand and footprints ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] Public image Pfeiffer has been described as one of the world's most beautiful and talented actresses. [ 224 ] [ 238 ] [ 239 ] [ 240 ] After being typecast in early roles based on her appearance, [ 241 ] she initially struggled to convince directors to take her seriously as an actor, [ 190 ] and thus sought out more challenging opportunities. [ 192 ] Critics regularly undermined Pfeiffer's work by focusing on her appearance instead of her acting. [ 194 ] [ 241 ] Pfeiffer was considered one of the defining sex symbols of the 1980s and 1990s, [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] as well as one of the era's " It girls ". [ 201 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] In 1990, Pfeiffer appeared on the inaugural cover of People magazine's annual " 50 Most Beautiful People in the World " issue. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] She has been featured in the "Most Beautiful" issue a record-breaking six times throughout the decade. [ 249 ] [ 223 ] In 2004, the magazine named her one of the most beautiful women of all time. [ 250 ] In 2020, Vogue Paris listed Pfeiffer as one of the 21 most beautiful American actresses of all time. [ 251 ] Men's Health ranked Pfeiffer 45th and 67th on their all-time hottest women and sex symbol rankings, respectively. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] According to several plastic surgeons, Pfeiffer possesses some of the most sought-after celebrity features among clients. [ 197 ] In 2001, plastic surgeon Stephen R. Marquardt declared her the most anatomically beautiful face in Hollywood. [ 27 ] [ 254 ] Nicknamed the "golden ratio", Pfeiffer's face, Marquardt claims, adheres to a mathematical formula in which he determined a person's ideal mouth is 1.618 times as wide as their nose. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Several outlets have commented on Pfeiffer's perceived ability to physically age slowly. [ 256 ] Famously private like the characters she plays, [ 257 ] [ 221 ] [ 258 ] Matthew Jacobs of HuffPost believes Pfeiffer's aversion to movie stardom allows her to play authentic characters uncompromised by her own fame. [ 210 ] Analyzing her public profile for Metograph , Luke Goodsell said Pfeiffer maintained an elusiveness during the 1990s that made her difficult to categorize, unlike her peers. [ 259 ] Notorious for disliking giving press interviews, [ 257 ] [ 260 ] [ 261 ] she believes it is not an actor's responsibility to promote their films. [ 192 ] Film critic Michael Sragow observed that the actress can appear "flustered or elusive" during interviews, [ 205 ] and journalist Timothy Egan compared profiling her to covering geology . [ 7 ] Vikram Murthi of The Nation believes Pfeiffer's aversion to publicity "has lent her an air of gravitas, of someone who directs a spotlight rather than chases after it". [ 260 ] Commentators noted that Pfeiffer had unexpectedly become a "pop-music muse" in 2014. Her name is mentioned in two of the year's most popular songs: " Uptown Funk " by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars , and " Riptide " by Vance Joy , [ 262 ] [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] with both artists expressing admiration for her work. [ 262 ] [ 266 ] In 2021, singer-songwriter Ethel Cain named her debut single " Michelle Pfeiffer " after the actress because "I've always ... thought she was a picture perfect bombshell". [ 267 ] Australian cricketers speak of "getting a Michelle" when they take five wickets in an innings . In cricketing parlance, this is referred to as a "five for", a near-homophone for "Pfeiffer", which resulted in the nickname "Michelle". [ 268 ] M3GAN 2.0 (2025) director, Gerard Johnstone , revealed that Pfeiffer was the original inspiration behind the film's counterpoint robot, AMELIA. [ 269 ] Other ventures Product and endorsements In 2005, Pfeiffer served as the face of Giorgio Armani 's spring campaign; the designer has often dressed her for public appearances. [ 270 ] [ 208 ] In 2019, she launched a collection of fine fragrances called Henry Rose. [ 271 ] It is the first fine fragrance line to be both Cradle to Cradle Certified and EWG Verified . [ 272 ] In 2025, Pfeiffer fronted fashion house Yves Saint Laurent 's Summer 2025 collection. [ 273 ] Philanthropy Having been a smoker for ten years (she quit in 1992), and having a niece who suffered from leukemia for ten years, Pfeiffer decided to support the American Cancer Society . [ 274 ] She also supports the Humane Society . [ 20 ] In 2016, she attended the Healthy Child Healthy World's L.A. Gala for people who lead organizations for children's environmental health . [ 275 ] In December that year, Pfeiffer, who was vegan at the time, joined the board of directors for Environmental Working Group , an advocacy group based in Washington. D.C. [ 276 ] Personal life Soon after coming to Hollywood at age twenty, Pfeiffer was taken in by a seemingly friendly couple who ran a metaphysics and vegetarian cult . They helped her to cease drinking, smoking, and doing drugs. Over time, they took control of her entire life. Much of her money went to the group. "I was brainwashed," she said, "I gave them an enormous amount of money." [ 277 ] At an acting class taught by Milton Katselas in Los Angeles, she met fellow budding actor Peter Horton , and they began dating. They married in Santa Monica in 1981; it was on their honeymoon that she discovered she had won the lead role in Grease 2 . [ 278 ] Horton directed Pfeiffer in a 1985 ABC TV special, One Too Many , where she played the high school girlfriend of an alcoholic student ( Val Kilmer ). [ 279 ] In 1987, the real-life couple played an on-screen couple in the 'Hospital' segment of John Landis 's comedy skit compilation Amazon Women on the Moon . In 1988, Pfeiffer had an affair with John Malkovich , her co-star in Dangerous Liaisons , who at the time was married to Glenne Headly . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] [ 282 ] [ 283 ] [ 284 ] [ 285 ] Pfeiffer and Horton decided to separate in 1988, and were divorced two years later. Horton later blamed the split on their devotion to their work rather than their marriage. [ 20 ] Pfeiffer then had a three-year relationship with actor/producer Fisher Stevens , whom Pfeiffer met when she was starring as Olivia in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Twelfth Night , where Stevens played Sir Andrew Aguecheek . [ 286 ] [ 287 ] In 1993, Pfeiffer married television writer and producer David E. Kelley . [ 288 ] She made a brief uncredited cameo appearance in one episode of Kelley's television series Picket Fences and played the title character in To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday , for which Kelley wrote the screenplay. [ 289 ] She had entered into private adoption proceedings before she met Kelley, [ 290 ] and in March 1993 adopted a newborn daughter, Claudia Rose, [ 291 ] who was christened on Pfeiffer's and Kelley's wedding day. [ 292 ] In 1994, Pfeiffer gave birth to a son, John Henry Kelley II, named for his grandfather and Pfeiffer's father-in-law, United States Hockey Hall of Fame coach John Henry "Jack" Kelley . [ 293 ] In September 2025, Pfeiffer revealed that she had become a grandmother in 2024. [ 294 ] Pfeiffer experimented with a plant-based diet for a few years but later added meat to her diet and advocated a " paleoish " diet. [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Acting credits and accolades According to review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Pfeiffer's most acclaimed films include The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Hairspray (2007), Married to the Mob (1988), The Age of Innocence (1993), Batman Returns (1992), Scarface (1983), Where Is Kyra? (2017), The Prince of Egypt (1998), and Stardust (2007). [ 298 ] Pfeiffer has received three Academy Award nominations: Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988); and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) and Love Field (1992). She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for The Fabulous Baker Boys , and has been nominated seven more times for her performances in Married to the Mob (1988), The Russia House (1990), Frankie and Johnny (1991), Love Field , The Age of Innocence (1993), The Wizard of Lies (2017), and French Exit (2020). [ 299 ] For Dangerous Liaisons , she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She also received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for The Wizard of Lies . References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Unstoppable Michelle Pfeiffer" . 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Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Meredith, Luke (December 12, 2008). "2011 Movie preview: 'No strings attached' " . USA Today . Gannett Company, Inc . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer beweist in Chéri Mut zur Falte" . Die Welt (in German). February 10, 2009 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ Dalton, Stephen (February 11, 2009). " Chéri review" . The Times . London. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved March 1, 2009 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 24, 2009). " Chéri review" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on May 7, 2013 . Retrieved August 6, 2009 . ^ Turan, Kenneth (June 26, 2009). "Chéri review" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 28, 2009 . Retrieved August 6, 2009 . ^ "New Year's Eve (2011)" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "People Like Us" . Rolling Stone . June 28, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Holden, Stephen (June 28, 2012). " 'People Like Us,' With Chris Pine" . New York Times . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Weekend Report: 'Ted' Gets High, 'Mike' Scores" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Vejvoda, Jim (May 9, 2012). "Dark Shadows Review" . IGN . Retrieved May 26, 2012 . ^ "Dark Shadows (2012)" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer in Talks to Join Robert De Niro in 'Malavita'" Archived November 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Overallsite ^ "Today's Box Office: The Family" . thv11.com . September 13, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013 . Retrieved November 17, 2013 . ^ Kit, Zorianna (September 14, 2013). "Just Seen It: The Family Movie Review" . HuffPost . ^ "The Family (2013)" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I'm Always Afraid of Failing' " . The New York Times . November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . ^ Miller, Julie (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Reveals Why She "Disappeared" from Hollywood" . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 8, 2022 . ^ " Live! with Kelly and Michael ". Live with Kelly and Michael . September 11, 2013. ABC . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer 'Dreading' Her Soon-To-Be-Empty Nest" . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 26, 2013 . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'My best performance is still in me' " . Zap2it . June 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013 . Retrieved August 20, 2016 . ^ Patten, Dominic (December 5, 2016). "Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, 'Rebel In The Rye' & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates" . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Edelstein, David (April 6, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Stunning in Where Is Kyra?" . Vulture . ^ Weitzman, Elizabeth (April 5, 2018). " 'Where Is Kyra?' Film Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Shines in Dark Indie Drama" . The Wrap . ^ Kinane, Ruth (April 3, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer is brilliant in bleak drama Where Is Kyra?: EW review" . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Patten, Bilge (April 2, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer Gives the Performance of Her Life in "Where Is Kyra?" " . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ Fear, David (April 6, 2018). " 'Where Is Kyra?' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Gives the Performance of Her Career" . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on April 11, 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2018 . ^ "HBO's 'Wizard Of Lies' Madoff Movie A Go With Michelle Pfeiffer, Alessandro Nivola Joining Robert De Niro; Barry Levinson To Direct" Deadline ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 23, 2017). "Madoff Movie 'Wizard Of Lies' Draws Largest Premiere Viewership For HBO Film In 4 Years" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25, 2017 . Retrieved May 24, 2017 . ^ "The Wizard of Lies" . tonymedley.com . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Ali, Lorraine. "Robert De Niro plays an oddly convincing Madoff in HBO's 'Wizard of Lies' " . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "She's Back, People: Michelle Pfeiffer Scores First Emmy Nomination For HBO's 'Wizard Of Lies' " . Moviepilot.com . July 14, 2017. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017 . Retrieved July 15, 2017 . ^ "Here are the nominees for the 75th Golden Globe Awards" . The Los Angeles Times . December 11, 2017 . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Domhnall Gleeson Joining Jennifer Lawrence in Darren Aronofsky Drama" . The Hollywood Reporter . April 15, 2016 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . ^ "mother! Buzz: Is Darren Aronofsky's Latest the Year's Most Controversial Movie?" . ^ "mother!" – via www.rottentomatoes.com. ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (December 27, 2017). "From Laura Dern to Michelle Pfeiffer, 2017 Was the Year of the Comeback" . W . Retrieved May 16, 2018 . September's mother! may have been the most divisive movie of the year, but it seems the one thing we all could agree on was, 'You know, it's really nice to have Michelle Pfeiffer back.' ^ Appelo, Tim (April 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I Don't Need to Look Younger' " . AARP . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . [Pfeiffer] earned A-plus reviews in a baffling flick that got an F on Cinemascore. ^ Donnelly, Matt (February 6, 2017). "Paramount Pulls Brad Pitt's 'World War Z 2,' 'Friday the 13th' Reboot From Schedule" . TheWrap . ^ a b c Krizanovich, Karen (September 11, 2017). "Hollywood's most underrated actress makes a sensational return" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2020 . Talk on the film circuit is that Pfeiffer's star-blasting turn in mother! is a stand-out – and could even get the 59 year-old an Oscar win. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer is the MVP of Mother!" . September 18, 2017. ^ Emery, Dawn (November 2, 2017). " 'Murder on the Orient Express': Kenneth Branagh, Michelle Pfeiffer Dish on All-Star Remake at London Premiere" . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2019 . ^ Giles, Jeff (November 9, 2017). "Murder on the Orient Express Mostly Stays on Track" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . ^ Roeper, Richard (November 8, 2018). "Others sent to back of train in Branagh's 'Murder on Orient Express' " . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved August 6, 2018 . ^ Lane, Anthony (November 20, 2017). " "Murder on the Orient Express" and "Thelma" " . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ a b LaSalle, Mick (November 9, 2017). "A successful new stab at 'Murder on the Orient Express' " . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 5, 2018 . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ Edelstein, David (November 10, 2017). "Murder on the Orient Express Is a Mild Ride" . Vulture . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ "Ant-Man and the Wasp" . Box Office Mojo . July 12, 2018 . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . ^ Couch, Aaron (July 2, 2018). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' Director on Wooing Michelle Pfeiffer and His Marvel Future" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6, 2021 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 27, 2018). "Film Review: 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' " . Variety . Retrieved June 25, 2019 . ^ Spiegel, Josh (June 27, 2018). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' Review: Marvel Delivers a Fun and Funny Palate Cleanser" . /Film . Retrieved January 25, 2019 . ^ Allen, Ben (May 4, 2019). "All of the cameos in Avengers: Endgame" . Radio Times . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer in Talks to Join Angelina Jolie in 'Maleficent 2' (Exclusive)" . Variety . April 27, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2018 . ^ Levack, Chandler (October 17, 2019). "Disney's Meet the Fockers-esque Maleficent: Mistress of Evil casts the laziest kind of spell" . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Zoller Seitz, Matt (October 18, 2019). "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Mendelson, Scott (October 15, 2019). "Review: 'Maleficent: Mistress Of Evil' Resembles The Offspring Of An Unholy Union Between 'Gargoyles,' 'Aquaman' And 'Avatar' " . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Travers, Peter (October 17, 2019). " 'Maleficent: Mistress of Evil' Is a Melted, Wannabe 'Frozen' " . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Laura, DeMarco (October 16, 2019). "Angelina Jolie and Michelle Pfeiffer magnificent in 'Maleficent: Mistress of Evil' (review)" . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer to Star in Azazel Jacobs' Dark Comedy 'French Exit' " . Variety . April 9, 2019 . Retrieved April 9, 2019 . ^ "Sony Pictures Classics Acquires Azazel Jacobs' 'French Exit' Starring Michelle Pfeiffer & Lucas Hedges" . Deadline . September 7, 2019 . Retrieved September 7, 2019 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Lucas Hedges, Tracy Letts Join 'French Exit' Comedy" . Deadline . May 3, 2019 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ "Interview: Michelle Pfeiffer on 'French Exit,' her new business and what she hated about the Catwoman costume" . The Morning Call . December 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 16, 2021 . ^ Lang, Brent (August 11, 2020). " 'French Exit' With Michelle Pfeiffer, Lucas Hedges to Close New York Film Festival" . Variety . Retrieved February 21, 2021 . ^ Debruge, Peter (October 10, 2020). " 'French Exit' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Makes a Clean Break, Delivering a Role for Which She'll Be Remembered" . Variety . Retrieved February 21, 2021 . ^ "Nominations for the 78th Golden Globe Awards (2021) Announced" . Golden Globe Awards . February 3, 2021 . Retrieved February 4, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer To Star As Betty Ford In 'The First Lady', Susanne Bier To Direct Showtime Anthology Series" . Deadline . January 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 21, 2021 . ^ Baumgartner, Drew (August 24, 2021). "Showtime's Anthology Series 'The First Lady,' About Three Iconic White House Women, Will Premiere in 2022" . Collider . Retrieved August 24, 2021 . ^ "Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Star Michelle Pfeiffer Posts Intense Training Video" . Comicbook.com . May 30, 2021 . Retrieved May 16, 2022 . ^ Dargis, Manohla (February 17, 2023). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' Review: Splat" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 . Retrieved January 16, 2025 . ^ "Annette Bening & Michelle Pfeiffer Team For Feature Adaptation Of Alice LaPlante's 'Turn Of Mind' – Cannes" . Deadline . May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ Ritman, Alex (May 6, 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer to Lead 'Wild Four O'Clocks' for 'The Batman' Writer Peter Craig and 'La La Land,' 'Drive' Producers" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ Petski, Denise (August 8, 2024). "Michelle Pfeiffer Confirmed To Headline Taylor Sheridan's 'Yellowstone' Spinoff 'Madison' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8, 2024 . ^ Otterson, Joe (September 23, 2024). "Michelle Pfeiffer Joins Elle Fanning, Nicole Kidman in Apple TV+ Series 'Margo's Got Money Troubles' " . Variety . Retrieved September 23, 2024 . ^ a b Howard, Courtney (December 5, 2025). " 'Oh. What. Fun.' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Spreads Holiday Jeers in an Uninspired Ode to Underappreciated Moms" . Variety . Retrieved December 8, 2025 . ^ Agar, Chris (December 9, 2025). "Prime Video's New Movie With Batman & Star Wars Franchise Stars Is an Instant Hit (Despite Bad Reviews)" . ComicBook.com . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Lee, Benjamin (December 3, 2025). "Oh. What. Fun. review – Michelle Pfeiffer leads Amazon's underbaked Christmas turkey" . The Guardian . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Schager, Nick (December 5, 2025). " 'Oh. What. Fun.': Someone Save Michelle Pfeiffer From This Soggy Holiday Comedy" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ a b c Brown, Mick (April 20, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on October 11, 2021 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . an actress who could portray inner conflict with her eyes and face better than any other film star of her generation ^ Bastién, Angelica Jade (June 26, 2017). "The 10 Essential Roles of Michelle Pfeiffer" . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 29, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g Hirshey, Gerri (September 3, 1992). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The Bat's Meow" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ a b Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 21, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time. ^ a b c Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 9, 2021 . Retrieved January 31, 2021 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation ^ Kaplan, James (January 27, 2014). "Up close with Michelle Pfeiffer" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 25, 2022 . Retrieved November 25, 2022 . ^ Burr, Ty (January 29, 1993). "A Michelle Pfeiffer filmography" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 16, 2024 . Retrieved April 15, 2024 . ^ a b Mueller, Matt (April 2009). "Face Forward" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 – via Matt Mueller. ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (April 22, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I never had a big game plan' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 13, 2022 . Retrieved September 4, 2024 . ^ Kaye, Elizabeth (April 2, 2016). "The Stacks: Why It's So Hard to Be Michelle Pfeiffer" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on April 20, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Hirschberg, Lynn (February 23, 2021). "When It Comes to Acting, Michelle Pfeiffer Would Prefer Not To" . W . Archived from the original on June 26, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on April 11, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ a b Platt, Adam (May 1, 1997). "Pfeiffer and Clooney get close – The real life of Michelle Pfeiffer" . New Woman . Archived from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2017 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. ^ Ebiri, Bilge (April 13, 2018). "Is Where Is Kyra? the Best Michelle Pfeiffer Has Ever Been?" . Miami New Times . Archived from the original on May 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 16, 2018 . ^ Betancourt, Manuel (January 13, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Isn't Done Defying Our Expectations" . Backstage . Archived from the original on December 23, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2021 . ^ a b c Sragow, Michael (August 5, 2007). "What Lies Beneath" . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 . ^ Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Archived from the original on April 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation ^ Rathe, Adam (February 17, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Playing the Long Game" . Town & Country . Archived from the original on March 31, 2023 . Retrieved April 27, 2021 . ^ a b Haskell, Robert (February 7, 2019). "Michelle Pfeiffer is Back (as if She Ever Left)" . InStyle . Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved February 7, 2019 . ^ Various sources and publications citing Pfeiffer among the greatest or most talented actresses of her generation: Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer was critically regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Gregory Dunne, John (2012). Monster: Living Off the Big Screen . United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 143. ISBN 9780307817648 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 – via Google Books . perhaps the best film actress of her generation Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation "Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer is widely recognized as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Ians (June 12, 2018). "Evangeline Lilly: Michelle Pfeiffer is the most beautiful woman on planet" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer, an American actress and producer is considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation. Nepales, Ruben V. (April 21, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer back after making herself 'unhirable' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . One of the finest actresses of her generation Various sources and publications citing Pfeiffer among the greatest or most talented actresses of her generation: Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer was critically regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Gregory Dunne, John (2012). Monster: Living Off the Big Screen . United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 143. ISBN 9780307817648 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 – via Google Books . perhaps the best film actress of her generation Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation "Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer is widely recognized as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Ians (June 12, 2018). "Evangeline Lilly: Michelle Pfeiffer is the most beautiful woman on planet" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer, an American actress and producer is considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation. Nepales, Ruben V. (April 21, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer back after making herself 'unhirable' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . One of the finest actresses of her generation ^ a b Jacobs, Matthew (February 9, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer, Unheralded Comedy Maven" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. ^ Jacobs, Matthew (December 7, 2017). "What Lies Beneath The Comeback Of Michelle Pfeiffer And The Decline Of Julia Roberts" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. ^ Feinberg, Scott; Rooney, David (February 25, 2021). "Golden Globes Film Predictions: Who Will Win, Who Should Win" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26, 2023 . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ Johnson, Brian D. (June 26, 2009). "Courtesans gone wild in 'Cheri' and 'The Girlfriend Experience' " . Maclean's . Archived from the original on May 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Gelder, Lawrence Van (September 4, 2001). "Pauline Kael, Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic, Dies at 82" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ Goodman, Susan (1998). "Interview with Pauline Kael (Modern Maturity)" . Modern Maturity . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ Wittmer, Carrie (March 29, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer explains why she 'disappeared' from Hollywood" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on June 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Taylor, Charles (May 25, 1999). "The dazzling versatility of Michelle Pfeiffer" . Salon . Archived from the original on October 28, 2016 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Patterson, Adreon (February 4, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Why Getting Noticed For Your Looks Is 'No-Win' In Hollywood" . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 29, 2023 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ Miller, Julie (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Reveals Why She 'Disappeared' from Hollywood" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Michelle Pfeiffer! Celebrates the Star's Milestone Birthday With Photos Through the Years" . Parade . April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ a b Goldstein, Gary (February 19, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23, 2021 . Retrieved February 11, 2021 . She has proven as adept in comedies ("Married to the Mob") and musicals ("Hairspray") as she has in serious dramas ("White Oleander", "The Deep End of the Ocean") and period pieces ("The Age of Innocence"). ^ Acosta, Carmenlucia (April 28, 2021). "Looking Back at Michelle Pfeiffer's Most Iconic Movie Roles" . L'Officiel . Archived from the original on February 25, 2024 . Retrieved June 3, 2021 . ^ a b Feinberg, Scott (March 4, 2021). " 'Awards Chatter' Podcast — Michelle Pfeiffer ('French Exit')" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ a b Rivas, Irene (April 21, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer turns 63: the photos that show how the passage of time has affected the sex symbol of Hollywood par excellence" . Mujer Hoy (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 7, 2021 . Retrieved November 24, 2022 . Known as one of the most beautiful (and talented) actresses in Hollywood ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (September 18, 1995). "Skyrocketing Star Salaries" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ a b "Study: Film stars are overpaid" . UPI . April 8, 1996. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ Hacker, Andrew (1999). Money: Who Has How Much and Why . United States: Simon and Schuster . p. 74. ISBN 9780684864501 . Citing a survey conducted by Entertainment Weekly , Hacker named Pfeiffer the fourth highest-paid actress of the time, after Demi Moore , Julia Roberts and Sandra Bullock . Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 – via Google Books . ^ LaSalle, Mick (July 16, 1996). "Why Overpaid Hollywood Stars Aren't Worth It" . Deseret News . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . ^ Lindsey, Robert (January 13, 1989). "Hard Work Is Moving Michelle Pfeiffer Closer To Stardom" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 10, 2018 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ Lindsey, Robert (January 1, 1989). "For Michelle Pfeiffer, It Was a Very Good Year" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 1, 2021 . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ^ "Highest Grossing Stars of 1990 at the Domestic Box Office" . The Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6, 2023 . Retrieved December 19, 2023 . ^ Scott, Vernon (October 29, 1996). "Entertainment Weekly Magazine's - 'The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of all Time' " . United Press International . Archived from the original on March 1, 2024 . Retrieved July 9, 2024 . ^ Longsdorf, Amy (March 7, 1999). " 'Deep' Thoughts Chic Michelle Pfeiffer Explains Attraction Of Flawed Character" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Lo, Ricky (July 29, 2006). "The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of Our Time" . Philstar.com . Retrieved July 10, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Hollywood Walk of Fame . August 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . She rose to prominence during the late 1980s and early 1990s, during which time she gave a series of critically-acclaimed performances ^ Barnes, Mike (March 6, 2025). "TCM Classic Film Festival to Honor Michelle Pfeiffer with Hand and Footprint Ceremony" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7, 2025 . ^ Thayer, Colson; Juneau, Jen (April 25, 2025). "Michelle Pfeiffer Beams at Hollywood Handprint Ceremony as She's Joined by Former Costars Dakota and Elle Fanning" . People . Retrieved April 25, 2025 . ^ Various sources expressing similar sentiments about Pfeiffer's perceived beauty and talent: Wills, Dominic. "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali . Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world Moore, Roger (August 9, 2007). "Pfeiffer wins acclaim in return to films" . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of the most beautiful women in the movies Karasyov, Caroline Doyle (October 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer Tells All" . Harper’s Bazaar . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. generally regarded as one of the most beautiful and talented women in Hollywood Longsdorf, Amy (January 19, 2002). "Legally Mean" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of Hollywood's most beautiful and talented actresses Saltman, Jennifer (July 16, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer: the actress for whom ageing holds no fear" . The National . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Regularly cited as one of the world's most beautiful women Sieczkowski, Cavan (September 16, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Aging In Hollywood: 'It Can Wreak Havoc On Your Psyche' " . HuffPost . The 55-year-old has been referred to as one of the world's most beautiful women over the course of her career. White, Donna (March 4, 2001). "Michelle's the Perfect 1.618; Screen star measures up to doc's beauty test" . Sunday Mail . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via The Free Library . Michelle Pfeiffer is officially the most beautiful woman in the world. "I'm all for Botox, admits Michelle" . Independent Online . October 7, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . considered one of the beautiful actresses of her generation Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Once considered the most beautiful actress in Hollywood Canby, Vincent (April 12, 1985). "Film: Ladyhawke , A Medieval Tale" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Miss Pfeiffer, who may well be the most beautiful woman in movies today Various sources expressing similar sentiments about Pfeiffer's perceived beauty and talent: Wills, Dominic. "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali . Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world Moore, Roger (August 9, 2007). "Pfeiffer wins acclaim in return to films" . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of the most beautiful women in the movies Karasyov, Caroline Doyle (October 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer Tells All" . Harper’s Bazaar . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. generally regarded as one of the most beautiful and talented women in Hollywood Longsdorf, Amy (January 19, 2002). "Legally Mean" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of Hollywood's most beautiful and talented actresses Saltman, Jennifer (July 16, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer: the actress for whom ageing holds no fear" . The National . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Regularly cited as one of the world's most beautiful women Sieczkowski, Cavan (September 16, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Aging In Hollywood: 'It Can Wreak Havoc On Your Psyche' " . HuffPost . The 55-year-old has been referred to as one of the world's most beautiful women over the course of her career. White, Donna (March 4, 2001). "Michelle's the Perfect 1.618; Screen star measures up to doc's beauty test" . Sunday Mail . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via The Free Library . Michelle Pfeiffer is officially the most beautiful woman in the world. "I'm all for Botox, admits Michelle" . Independent Online . October 7, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . considered one of the beautiful actresses of her generation Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Once considered the most beautiful actress in Hollywood Canby, Vincent (April 12, 1985). "Film: Ladyhawke , A Medieval Tale" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Miss Pfeiffer, who may well be the most beautiful woman in movies today ^ Siegler, Bonnie (October 2, 2023). "Michelle Pfeiffer Young: A Look Back Through Her Glamorous Hollywood Evolution" . First for Women . Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved July 26, 2024 . Michelle Pfeiffer has been one of Hollywood's most talented and stunning stars since the early '80s. ^ "The 50 Most Beautiful Women in Film" . Los Angeles Times Magazine . 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved March 27, 2024 . ^ a b Russell, Candice (March 25, 1990). "Flirting with Oscar" . Sun-Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer wears her years with pride in 'Cheri' " . Orlando Sentinel . June 17, 2009 . Retrieved August 22, 2024 . one of the screen's leading sex symbols of the '80s and '90s. ^ "Looking great for my age is ok now, says Michelle Pfeiffer" . Business Standard . September 5, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, 55, On Aging: 'Looking Great For My Age is OK Now' " . ABC News . September 4, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Still Smoldering Hot" . Vanity Fair . June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ Berk, Philip (February 15, 2021). "Nominee Profile 2021: Michelle Pfeiffer, "French Exit" " . Golden Globes . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ Pieri, Kerry (April 29, 2015). "7 Standouts of Michelle Pfeiffer's Cinematic Style" . Harper's Bazaar . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ "People's Annual 'Most Beautiful' List – 1990 - Michelle Pfeiffer" . Entertainment Tonight Canada . April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 10, 2021 . ^ a b "The Unstoppable Michelle Pfeiffer – Most Beautiful, Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . May 10, 1999. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ "All-Time Most Beautiful Women – Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . April 13, 2004. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021 . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . ^ Garrigues, Manon (July 3, 2020). "The most beautiful American actresses of all time" . Vogue Paris . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 1, 2021 . ^ "The 100 Hottest Women of All Time" . Men's Health . November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ "The 100 Hottest Sex Symbols of All Time" . Men's Health . July 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved February 15, 2021 . ^ a b Todd, Stephen (August 20, 2018). "Perfection exhibition: how far we will go to look good in this Instagram age?" . Australian Financial Review . Archived from the original on December 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, scientifically, the most beautiful woman in the world" . ABC (in Spanish). March 7, 2001. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021 . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ Various sources describing Pfeiffer as "ageless": Finn, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer shares ageless photo as she enjoys special reunion" . Hello! Canada . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age Various sources describing Pfeiffer as "ageless": Finn, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer shares ageless photo as she enjoys special reunion" . Hello! Canada . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age ^ a b Stone, Peter; Kelsey, Colleen (May 9, 2012). "New Again: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Interview . Archived from the original on April 30, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on February 3, 2024 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ Goodsell, Luke (2024). "Cracked Actor: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Metrograph . Archived from the original on August 22, 2024 . Retrieved August 22, 2024 . ^ a b Murthi, Vikram (April 29, 2021). "The Caustic Grace of French Exit" . The Nation . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . ^ Aronofsky, Darren (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Interview . Archived from the original on March 5, 2024 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Mallenbaum, Carly (December 2, 2014). "Michelle Pfeiffer is the pop-music muse of the moment" . USA Today . ^ "Why Michelle Pfeiffer is Name-Dropped in Two Cool New Songs" . WZOK . February 5, 2015 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ Thompson, Clay (February 23, 2015). "How is Catwoman slinking her way into song lyrics?" . The Arizona Republic . ^ Smith, Katherine Snow (February 19, 2015). "How to look like Uptown Funk muse Michelle Pfeiffer for free" . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "Q&A: Mark Ronson Talks 'Uptown Funk,' Old New York City and Michelle Pfeiffer" . radio.com . December 4, 2014. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015 . Retrieved December 1, 2018 . ^ Kent, Matthew (February 11, 2021). "Ethel Cain reflects on the freedom of LA with revelatory new single "Michelle Pfeiffer" " . The Line of Best Fit . Retrieved September 9, 2024 . ^ "Cricket diary: The bowler who bats and keeps wicket" . The Independent . September 12, 1998. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. ^ Collins, Rance (June 28, 2025). "Michelle Pfeiffer Was Inspiration for M3GAN's Rival, but Director Says She Ended Up More Like Another '80s Icon" . Indiewire . Retrieved July 3, 2025 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: Then and Now" . InStyle . Retrieved March 23, 2019 . ^ "Henry Rose: 100% Transparent Fine Fragrances" . Henry Rose . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . ^ "Discover Henry Rose" . Henry Rose . Retrieved November 22, 2022 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Stars In The Saint Laurent Summer 2025 Ad Campaign" . RCFA . February 21, 2025 . Retrieved February 25, 2025 . ^ "Star Portrait: Michelle Pfeiffer" . GQ Magazine (in German). Nast Digital Network. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Bob Breech, David E. Kelley attend Healthy Child Healthy World's L.A. Gala" . guestofaguest . November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016 . Retrieved November 25, 2016 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: Why I became a vegan" . CNN . June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021 . Retrieved June 16, 2012 . ^ Duffin, Claire (November 2, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The day I realised I was part of a cult" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 7, 2022 . ^ Brown, Mick (April 20, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 8, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . Turner Classic Movies . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved May 8, 2011 . [ dead link ] ^ Sastry, Keertana (March 30, 2012). "Scandals Onscreen: Celebrities Who Had Affairs Right In Front Of Our Eyes" . Business Insider . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ "Being John Malkovich" . The Age . Melbourne. April 26, 2003 . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Hind, John (December 5, 2009). "Did I say that?" . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ "Right for the part" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 1, 2003. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Akbar, Arifa (January 8, 2011). "John Malkovich: 'I don't need to be liked' " . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Barber, Lynn (July 9, 2006). "Life and taxes" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Lipton, Michael A. "The Two Lives of Catwoman – Couples, Batman Returns, Fisher Stevens, Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ Frank Rich (July 10, 1989). "Review/Theater; Night of Stars, and Also Shakespeare" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer | Biography, Films, Batman, Catwoman, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . December 25, 2023. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer biography and filmography" . Tribune.ca . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ "Hello!" . Hello . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ Pringle, Gill (July 13, 2007). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The former beauty queen is back after a five-year break" . The Independent . London: Independent Print Limited . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali.co.uk . October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Opens Up About Why She 'Disappeared' from Hollywood" . Woman's Day . September 8, 2017. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Shares She's a Grandmother" . E! News . September 29, 2025 . Retrieved September 30, 2025 . ^ Walters, Meg (June 24, 2023). "The Complete Evolution Of Michelle Pfeiffer" . The List . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ Hargrove, Hannah (December 9, 2020). "Michelle Pfeiffer wows with swimsuit selfie inside garden of $22million mansion" . Hello Magazine . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ "Forever Young" . Woman's Way . October 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 21, 2022 . ^ "Person: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved August 21, 2022 . External links Michelle Pfeiffer at IMDb Michelle Pfeiffer at the TCM Movie Database Michelle Pfeiffer on Instagram Michelle Pfeiffer at Rotten Tomatoes Michelle Pfeiffer in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory Michelle Pfeiffer discography at Discogs Awards for Michelle Pfeiffer .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) v t e Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a Film Actor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film (2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Lead Performance in a Drama Film (2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present. Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actress 1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–present Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Silver Bear for Best Actress 1956–1975 Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) 1976–2000 Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) 2001–2020 Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role v t e 1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) v t e Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a Film v t e Actor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film (2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Lead Performance in a Drama Film (2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present. Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress v t e Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama v t e 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year v t e 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress v t e Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actress v t e 1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–present Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress v t e Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress v t e Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Silver Bear for Best Actress v t e 1956–1975 Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) 1976–2000 Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) 2001–2020 Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel Academics CiNii CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards FID MusicBrainz Emmy Awards FID People Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei DDB Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library SNAC Yale LUX 1958 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from San Mateo County, California Actresses from Santa Ana, California American beauty pageant winners American film actresses American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of French descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent American people of Swedish descent American people of Swiss descent American people of Welsh descent American Shakespearean actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women environmentalists American women singers Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Fountain Valley High School alumni Golden West College alumni People from Midway City, California People from Woodside, California Silver Bear for Best Actress winners All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2021 CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with dead external links from December 2025 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Use American English from October 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January 2026 Toggle January 2026 subsection 1.1 1 January 1.2 2 January 1.3 3 January 1.4 4 January 1.5 5 January 1.6 6 January 1.7 7 January 1.8 8 January 1.9 9 January 1.10 10 January 1.11 11 January 1.12 12 January 1.13 13 January 1.14 14 January 1.15 15 January 1.16 16 January 1.1 1 January 1.2 2 January 1.3 3 January 1.4 4 January 1.5 5 January 1.6 6 January 1.7 7 January 1.8 8 January 1.9 9 January 1.10 10 January 1.11 11 January 1.12 12 January 1.13 13 January 1.14 14 January 1.15 15 January 1.16 16 January 2 References Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (1 January 2026 – present) Eesti Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war covers the period from 1 January 2026 to the present day. Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Prelude (up to 23 February 2022) Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) Southeastern front (8 April – 28 August 2022) 2022 Ukrainian counteroffensives (29 August – 11 November 2022) Second stalemate (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, cont. (1 September – 30 November 2023) 2023–2024 winter campaigns (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024) 2024 spring and summer campaigns (1 April – 31 July 2024) 2024 summer–autumn offensives (1 August – 31 December 2024) 2025 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2025 – 31 May 2025) 2025 summer offensives (1 June 2025 – 31 August 2025) 2025 autumn–winter offensives (1 September 2025 – 31 December 2025) 2026 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2026 – present) Prelude (up to 23 February 2022) Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) Southeastern front (8 April – 28 August 2022) 2022 Ukrainian counteroffensives (29 August – 11 November 2022) Second stalemate (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, cont. (1 September – 30 November 2023) 2023–2024 winter campaigns (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024) 2024 spring and summer campaigns (1 April – 31 July 2024) 2024 summer–autumn offensives (1 August – 31 December 2024) 2025 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2025 – 31 May 2025) 2025 summer offensives (1 June 2025 – 31 August 2025) 2025 autumn–winter offensives (1 September 2025 – 31 December 2025) 2026 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2026 – present) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland January 2026 1 January The Russian-installed governor of Kherson Oblast , Vladimir Saldo , said 28 people were killed while several others were injured in a Ukrainian drone strike on hotels and restaurants in Khorly [ uk ] . Saldo accused Ukraine of deliberately targeting civilians during New Year's Eve celebrations. [ 1 ] Multiple animals were killed and injured in a Russian airstrike on the Feldman Ecopark in Lisne [ uk ] , Kharkiv Oblast . [ 2 ] Drones were reported over Moscow , shutting down local airports. They were believed to be timed to interfere with President Putin 's New Year's speech. [ 3 ] Ukrainian drones struck the Ilsky oil refinery in Krasnodar Krai and various sites in occupied Donetsk Oblast . [ 4 ] Germany delivered two Patriot missile systems to Ukraine. [ 5 ] 2 January Six people were killed in a Russian missile attack on Kharkiv . [ 6 ] Kyrylo Budanov , head of the HUR , was appointed to replace Andriy Yermak as head of the Office of the President of Ukraine . [ 7 ] Ukrainian drones struck the Novokuybyshevsk Oil Refinery in Samara Oblast . [ 8 ] Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces operating in Drobysheve near Lyman , an area Russian forces claimed they controlled. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in the city of Kostiantynivka and northwest of the village of Oleksandro-Kalynove ; and Russian advances towards Hryhorivka [ uk ] and Prymorske near the Konka river . [ 9 ] 3 January In Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts , 44 settlements were subjected to mandatory evacuation due to the deteriorating "security situation", affecting some 3,000 children and families. [ 10 ] Geolocated footage indicated Russian advances in central Sotnytskyi Kozachok , northwest of Kharkiv; and northeast of Orikhovo-Vasylivka near the E40 highway . [ 11 ] 4 January The Russian Defense Ministry claimed Russian forces seized Podoly near Kupiansk . The Head of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov , claimed the Chechen 270th Akhmat-Kavkaz Motorized Rifle Regiment took the town of Bilohiria [ uk ] , southeast of Orikhiv . [ 12 ] Russian authorities said two people were killed in Ukrainian drone strikes on Belgorod and Kursk Oblasts . [ 13 ] Two people, including a National Guard of Ukraine officer, were injured in a car bombing in Obolonskyi District in Kyiv. A suspect was arrested. [ 14 ] The mayor of Moscow claimed around 28 drones approached the city, leading to the cancellation of more than 200 flights as the Vnukovo , Domodedovo , and Zhukovsky airports were closed. [ 15 ] Ukrainian drones struck the Energia enterprise at Yelets in Lipetsk Oblast . The plant makes batteries for various Russian weapon systems. [ 16 ] President Zelenskyy dismissed Lieutenant General Serhii Deineko as head of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine , and replaced him on an interim basis with his deputy Valeriy Vavrynyuk . [ 17 ] 5 January Vasyl Malyuk was forced to resign as head of the SBU by President Zelenskyy. [ 18 ] One person was killed in a Russian drone attack on Kyiv. [ 19 ] Russia claimed to have taken Hrabovske in Sumy Oblast. [ 20 ] Ukrainian drones destroyed a Russian 9S32M1 radar of an S-300V missile system in Donetsk Oblast. [ 21 ] The Russian 136th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade ’s commander, Colonel Eric Selimov , was killed in a car crash in Alchevsk Raion in Luhansk Oblast . [ 22 ] Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets reported Russian advances north of Yablunivka across Highway H20 , and also in southeast Kostiantynivka. [ 23 ] 6 January A Russian milblogger claimed Russian forces took the town of Pishchane , southeast of Kupiansk. [ 24 ] Ukrainian drones struck targets in Penza and Sterlitamak . [ 25 ] Ukrainian drones struck Yaroslavl , with Yaroslavl Oil Refinery believed to be the target. [ 26 ] Ukrainian forces attacked the 100th Arsenal of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate located in Neya in Kostroma Oblast , which supplied ammunitions storages in the Central and Moscow military districts. Ukrainian forces also attacked an oil depot in Usmansky District in Lipetsk Oblast . [ 24 ] 7 January Ukrainian drones set fire to the Oskolneftesnab oil depot near Kotel in Belgorod Oblast. A warehouse belonging to the Russian 20th Motor Rifle Division in Donetsk was also struck. [ 27 ] Russian forces struck Chornomorsk and Pivdennyi ports in Odesa Oblast , killing one person and injuring five more. [ 28 ] Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in north Yunakivka and Ukrainian advances in Vovchanski Khutory . [ 29 ] 8 January Russian forces struck Lviv with an Oreshnik missile. [ 30 ] DeepstateUA reported Russian forces took the towns of Andriivka in Sumy Oblast and Novomarkove [ uk ] in Donetsk Oblast. [ 31 ] The Ukrainian Kursk Group of Forces denied the claim of Andriivka being captured. [ 32 ] A Russian shadow fleet oil tanker Elbus was struck by a drone off the coast of Turkey. According to ASTRA, the tanker was headed to Novorossiysk and sustained damage, but no crew members were injured. The ship was towed to İnebolu for inspections. [ 33 ] The pro-Ukrainian Freedom of Russia Legion set fire to some 15 trucks at the village of Kochegury in Belgorod Oblast. [ 34 ] Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces continued to operate in Zahryzove [ uk ] near Borova , an area Russian forces claimed they controlled, while the Russian Defense Ministry claimed Russian forces took the town of Bratske [ uk ] , south of Pokrovske . [ 35 ] 9 January Four people were killed in Russian airstrikes on Kyiv that also damaged the building housing the Qatari embassy. [ 36 ] Ukrainian FP-2 drones struck a fuel train in Crimea and a military arms depot in Donetsk. [ 37 ] Ukrainian missiles struck the thermal power plants at Belgorod and Oryol , resulting in blackouts. [ 38 ] The Minister for Development of Communities and Territories Oleksiy Kuleba , said Russian forces struck a vessel en route to Chornomorsk , and another vessel near Odesa, killing a Syrian national. [ 39 ] Russian milbloggers claimed Russian forces took the town of Tyshchenkivka [ uk ] , northwest of Kupiansk. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in west Novomarkove [ uk ] , and northwest of Stupochky [ uk ] and Ivanopillia [ uk ] , all located east of Kostiantynivka. Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian advances west of Pryluky [ uk ] and Russian infiltration in Zelene [ uk ] , both located north of Huliaipole . Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces continued to operate in central Stepnohirsk , an area Russian forces claimed they controlled. [ 30 ] 10 January Ukrainian drones set fire to the Volgograd oil refinery. [ 40 ] A drone warehouse in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, attached to the Russian 19th Motor Rifle Division , was attacked, as was an "UAV control point" near Pokrovsk . In Donetsk Oblast, a command post in Kurakhivka and a grouping of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division in Hirnyk were both attacked. [ 41 ] Voronezh was attacked by 70 drones and a Neptune missile according to the SHOT Telegram channel, while the Russian MoD claimed all were shot down. The air defense and 20 explosions caused by the drones lasted for an hour. [ 42 ] Iraq established a commission to prevent Iraqi nationals from going to Russia to fight in Ukraine. [ 43 ] Russian milbloggers claimed Russian forces seized Viroliubivka , north of Kostiantynivka, and the towns of Dobropillia [ uk ] and Svyatopetrivka [ uk ] , both located north of Huliaipole. [ 44 ] 11 January Voronezh Oblast Governor Alexander Gusev claimed a woman died and three were injured by a drone attack on Voronezh city. The Governor claimed several administrative buildings, a secondary school, ten private houses and ten apartment blocks were damaged in “one of the heaviest drone attacks since the start of the special military operation.” [ 45 ] Russia deployed a new jet powered drone called the Geran-5, which carries a 90 kg (200 lb) warhead, has a strike range of 1,000 km (620 mi) and can be air launched by Su-25 aircraft according to HUR. [ 46 ] Ukrainian drones struck three Lukoil drilling rigs on the Caspian Sea (the V. Filanovsky, Yuri Korchagin, and Valeri Graifer), a Buk-M3 missile system in Luhansk Oblast, and a Russian army warehouse in Kherson Oblast. [ 47 ] Britain said it will develop a new ballistic missile for the defense of Ukraine. [ 48 ] Geolocated footage showed Russian infiltration in south Podoly near Kupiansk, and Russian advances in east Kostyantynivka, and in west Ridkodub [ uk ] near Borova. [ 49 ] 12 January Ukrainian drones struck the Novocherkassk Thermal Power Plant [ ru ] in Novocherkassk , Rostov Oblast , causing a power outage in the region. [ 50 ] Russian forces struck energy infrastructure in Odesa Oblast , causing significant damage and leaving 33,500 consumers without electricity. [ 51 ] Russian forces also struck two vessels near Odesa Oblast, injuring one person. [ 52 ] The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Novoboikivske [ uk ] , east of Stepnohirsk , Zaporizhzhia Oblast. [ 53 ] 13 January Four people were killed in a Russian missile attack in Kharkiv. [ 54 ] The SBU said it had carried out an attack on a Russian UAV factory in Taganrog in cooperation with the Ukrainian Navy . [ 55 ] Three Greek-owned tankers, the Delta Harmony , the Matilda and the Delta Supreme , were attacked and damaged by unknown maritime drones en route to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium at Novorossiysk . [ 56 ] 14 January A Russian air defence missile accidentally struck an apartment block in Rostov-on-Don , starting a fire. Mayor Alexander Skryabin blamed the fire on "Ukrainian drone debris." [ 57 ] The city was targeted by Ukrainian drones and missiles with the city’s fuel storage tank being reported as on fire. [ 58 ] The Governor of Rostov Oblast, Yury Slyusar , claimed one was killed and five were injured, including a four-year-old, from falling drone debris. [ 59 ] The Governor of Belgorod Oblast claimed two people were killed in drone strikes. [ 60 ] The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces crossed the international border into Sumy Oblast and took the town of Komarivka [ uk ] . [ 61 ] President Zelenskyy declared a state of emergency in the Ukrainian energy sector due to Russian attacks and adverse winter conditions. [ 62 ] 15 January Ukrainian drones set fire to the Nevinnomyssk Azot [ ru ] chemical plant in Nevinnomyssk , Stavropol Oblast . The plant manufacturer made ingredients for explosives, such as TNT and RDX , used by the Russian military. [ 63 ] The mayor of Kharkiv , Ihor Terekhov , claimed that a major critical energy infrastructure facility was destroyed by a Russian strike. [ 64 ] Russian forces struck the port of Chornomorsk, damaging a docked vessel. [ 65 ] 16 January An “unidentified drone” struck a high rise building in Ryazan . The Ryazan Oil Refinery was considered to be the target. [ 66 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ukrainian Drones Kill 28 in Occupied Kherson Resort Town, Pro-Kremlin Governor Says" . 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"Unknown drones attack oil tankers in Black Sea near Russia's Novorossiysk - Media" . RBC Ukraine . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Abbey Fenbert; Dmytro Basmat. "Russia's own air defense missile hits apartment building in Rostov-on-Don, fire seen at nearby factory, media reports" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Oil depot ablaze in Russia's Rostov-on-Don" . The New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Ukrainian drone attack kills one, sparks fire in Russia's Rostov-on-Don, officials say" . Reuters . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Ukrainian Drone Strikes on Southern Russia Kill 3" . The Moscow Times . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Solomon, Christopher (15 January 2026). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 14, 2026" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Dominic Culverwell. "Zelensky declares state of emergency in Ukraine's energy sector as crisis worsens" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ VLAD LITNAROVYCH. "Drones Set Fire to Russian Plant That Feeds Explosives Into Missile and Artillery Production" . united24media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Russian attack destroys large energy facility in Kharkiv" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Russia strikes Chornomorsk port with missile, damages Maltese-flagged vessel" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Sonya Bandouil. "Residential building in Russia's Ryazan Oblast hit in drone attack, media reports" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category Timelines of the Russian invasion of Ukraine 2026 timelines 2026 in Ukraine 2026 in Russia Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Dynamic lists Use dmy dates from January 2026 Interlanguage link template existing link This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:09 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(1_January_2026_%E2%80%93_present)
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Página atual, Notícias Brasil Internacional Economia Saúde Ciência Tecnologia Vídeos Podcasts Página atual, Notícias Brasil Internacional Economia Saúde Ciência Tecnologia Vídeos Podcasts BBC News , Brasil - Início Notícias O brasileiro que liderou revolução global na ciência dos alimentos: 'Ultraprocessados são desenhados para enganar o apetite. Você quer comer sempre mais e mais' O epidemiologista brasileiro Carlos Augusto Monteiro ganhou notoriedade internacional pelas pesquisas que culminaram na criação do conceito de alimentos ultraprocessados — que virou tema de uma série de publicações no prestigioso periódico The Lancet. Há 3 horas Por que França e outros países europeus são contra acordo entre Mercosul e União Europeia A pressão do setor agrícola em algumas nações do Velho Continente tornou-se um problema para diversos governos europeus Há 2 horas O que a morte de 32 soldados de Cuba na invasão à Venezuela revela sobre aliança entre os dois países Acredita-se que esta tenha sido a maior perda de combatentes cubanos nas mãos das forças armadas dos EUA desde a invasão da Baía dos Porcos, em abril de 1961. Há 23 minutos 0:57 Vídeo, 'Espero que filmes estrangeiros sejam mais respeitados', diz Kleber Mendonça sobre entrega de prêmio fora do palco , Duration 0,57 Em entrevista à BBC News Brasil, diretor de 'O Agente Secreto' criticou o fato de a entrega do prêmio do Critics Choice Award ter acontecido fora do palco Há 3 horas Bolsonaro é transferido para Papudinha por determinação de Moraes Ao determinar a transferência, Moraes rebateu críticas de que Bolsonaro estaria preso em condições precárias na Polícia Federal e acusou familiares do ex-presidente e seus apoiadores de realizarem uma 'campanha fraudulenta' sobre as condições da prisão. 15 janeiro 2026 As reações de aliados e opositores de Bolsonaro à transferência para a Papudinha Enquanto políticos bolsonaristas defenderam a prisão domiciliar de Jair Bolsonaro, representantes da esquerda recuperaram fala antiga do ex-presidente sobre a Papuda. 15 janeiro 2026 A história do chope no Brasil: como bebida trocou os modos europeus pelo 'borogodó' carioca Trazida por europeus, cerveja não pasteurizada e tirada na hora virou ícone nacional — e com um modo à brasileira de consumir. Há 2 horas As razões de Moraes para transferir Bolsonaro para Papudinha, segundo a decisão Documento assinado pelo ministro do STF Alexandre de Moraes traz até tabela comparativa argumentando que Papudinha traria condições melhores a Bolsonaro, como área maior, mais refeições e equipe de saúde mais completa. 15 janeiro 2026 Bolsonaro preso na Papudinha: como é novo local que abriga ex-presidente Alexandre de Moraes, do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), determinou nesta quinta-feira (15/1) a transferência de Bolsonaro para o 19º Batalhão da Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal 15 janeiro 2026 Notícias O brasileiro que liderou revolução global na ciência dos alimentos: 'Ultraprocessados são desenhados para enganar o apetite. Você quer comer sempre mais e mais' O epidemiologista brasileiro Carlos Augusto Monteiro ganhou notoriedade internacional pelas pesquisas que culminaram na criação do conceito de alimentos ultraprocessados — que virou tema de uma série de publicações no prestigioso periódico The Lancet. Há 3 horas O brasileiro que liderou revolução global na ciência dos alimentos: 'Ultraprocessados são desenhados para enganar o apetite. Você quer comer sempre mais e mais' O epidemiologista brasileiro Carlos Augusto Monteiro ganhou notoriedade internacional pelas pesquisas que culminaram na criação do conceito de alimentos ultraprocessados — que virou tema de uma série de publicações no prestigioso periódico The Lancet. Por que França e outros países europeus são contra acordo entre Mercosul e União Europeia A pressão do setor agrícola em algumas nações do Velho Continente tornou-se um problema para diversos governos europeus Há 2 horas Por que França e outros países europeus são contra acordo entre Mercosul e União Europeia A pressão do setor agrícola em algumas nações do Velho Continente tornou-se um problema para diversos governos europeus O que a morte de 32 soldados de Cuba na invasão à Venezuela revela sobre aliança entre os dois países Acredita-se que esta tenha sido a maior perda de combatentes cubanos nas mãos das forças armadas dos EUA desde a invasão da Baía dos Porcos, em abril de 1961. Há 23 minutos O que a morte de 32 soldados de Cuba na invasão à Venezuela revela sobre aliança entre os dois países Acredita-se que esta tenha sido a maior perda de combatentes cubanos nas mãos das forças armadas dos EUA desde a invasão da Baía dos Porcos, em abril de 1961. 0:57 Vídeo, 'Espero que filmes estrangeiros sejam mais respeitados', diz Kleber Mendonça sobre entrega de prêmio fora do palco , Duration 0,57 Em entrevista à BBC News Brasil, diretor de 'O Agente Secreto' criticou o fato de a entrega do prêmio do Critics Choice Award ter acontecido fora do palco Há 3 horas Vídeo, 'Espero que filmes estrangeiros sejam mais respeitados', diz Kleber Mendonça sobre entrega de prêmio fora do palco , Duration 0,57 Em entrevista à BBC News Brasil, diretor de 'O Agente Secreto' criticou o fato de a entrega do prêmio do Critics Choice Award ter acontecido fora do palco Bolsonaro é transferido para Papudinha por determinação de Moraes Ao determinar a transferência, Moraes rebateu críticas de que Bolsonaro estaria preso em condições precárias na Polícia Federal e acusou familiares do ex-presidente e seus apoiadores de realizarem uma 'campanha fraudulenta' sobre as condições da prisão. 15 janeiro 2026 Bolsonaro é transferido para Papudinha por determinação de Moraes Ao determinar a transferência, Moraes rebateu críticas de que Bolsonaro estaria preso em condições precárias na Polícia Federal e acusou familiares do ex-presidente e seus apoiadores de realizarem uma 'campanha fraudulenta' sobre as condições da prisão. As reações de aliados e opositores de Bolsonaro à transferência para a Papudinha Enquanto políticos bolsonaristas defenderam a prisão domiciliar de Jair Bolsonaro, representantes da esquerda recuperaram fala antiga do ex-presidente sobre a Papuda. 15 janeiro 2026 As reações de aliados e opositores de Bolsonaro à transferência para a Papudinha Enquanto políticos bolsonaristas defenderam a prisão domiciliar de Jair Bolsonaro, representantes da esquerda recuperaram fala antiga do ex-presidente sobre a Papuda. A história do chope no Brasil: como bebida trocou os modos europeus pelo 'borogodó' carioca Trazida por europeus, cerveja não pasteurizada e tirada na hora virou ícone nacional — e com um modo à brasileira de consumir. Há 2 horas A história do chope no Brasil: como bebida trocou os modos europeus pelo 'borogodó' carioca Trazida por europeus, cerveja não pasteurizada e tirada na hora virou ícone nacional — e com um modo à brasileira de consumir. As razões de Moraes para transferir Bolsonaro para Papudinha, segundo a decisão Documento assinado pelo ministro do STF Alexandre de Moraes traz até tabela comparativa argumentando que Papudinha traria condições melhores a Bolsonaro, como área maior, mais refeições e equipe de saúde mais completa. 15 janeiro 2026 As razões de Moraes para transferir Bolsonaro para Papudinha, segundo a decisão Documento assinado pelo ministro do STF Alexandre de Moraes traz até tabela comparativa argumentando que Papudinha traria condições melhores a Bolsonaro, como área maior, mais refeições e equipe de saúde mais completa. Bolsonaro preso na Papudinha: como é novo local que abriga ex-presidente Alexandre de Moraes, do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), determinou nesta quinta-feira (15/1) a transferência de Bolsonaro para o 19º Batalhão da Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal 15 janeiro 2026 Bolsonaro preso na Papudinha: como é novo local que abriga ex-presidente Alexandre de Moraes, do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), determinou nesta quinta-feira (15/1) a transferência de Bolsonaro para o 19º Batalhão da Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal Destaques María Corina Machado entrega sua medalha do Nobel da Paz para Trump Presidente americano disse que receber o prêmio foi 'um gesto maravilhoso de respeito mútuo'. Há 8 horas Tropas europeias chegam à Groenlândia, enquanto Trump reforça interesse em 'conquistar' ilha Esforço militar europeu envolve França, Alemanha, Suécia, Noruega, Finlândia, Países Baixos e Reino Unido, enquanto Trump continua a pressionar por interesse americano na região. 15 janeiro 2026 A obscura lei que Trump ameaça usar contra manifestantes nos EUA Trump ameaça invocar a Lei de Insurreição, que lhe permitiria usar as Forças Armadas para atividades de segurança pública, a fim de conter manifestações contrárias à ação do serviço americano de imigração 15 janeiro 2026 Por que escolas cívico-militares têm fila de espera de 11 mil alunos no Paraná: 'Pais procuram alguém que faça a disciplina dos filhos' Modelo rejeitado pelo governo federal vira destaque no Paraná e deve se expandir em 2026, mas enfrenta críticas por desigualdades e atritos entre militares e professores. 15 janeiro 2026 O cientista que trocou a USP pela Amazônia para criar fazendas de gado que ajudam a reduzir desmatamento No início dos anos 2000, o veterinário Luís Fernando Laranja Fonseca se mudou com a família para uma pequena cidade no Mato Grosso — estar longe do seu tema de estudo não fazia sentido, ele conta. Hoje, mesmo de volta a São Paulo, as viagens para a Amazônia e os experimentos com métodos mais sustentáveis seguem como parte da rotina. 15 janeiro 2026 EUA congelam novos vistos de imigração para Brasil e mais 74 países: entenda quem é afetado Medida afeta vistos para quem quer residir nos EUA, mas vistos de turismo, negócios e estudo não são afetados. 15 janeiro 2026 Por que ação de Trump na Venezuela divide mundo em zonas de influência e projeta nova era global Menções de Donald Trump à doutrina Monroe e ameaças contra Cuba, México e Colômbia marcam retomada de postura intervencionista dos Estados Unidos. 15 janeiro 2026 Investidor, pastor e maior doador da campanha de Bolsonaro e Tarcísio: quem é o cunhado de Vorcaro alvo da PF Fabiano Zettel chegou a ser detido no aeroporto de Guarulhos e teve passaporte apreendido em operação nesta quarta-feira. 15 janeiro 2026 As conexões de Daniel Vorcaro e do Banco Master na política e na Justiça Polícia Federal realizou nesta quarta-feira (14/1) novas buscas e apreensões em uma segunda fase da operação sobre o Banco Master. 15 janeiro 2026 Destaques María Corina Machado entrega sua medalha do Nobel da Paz para Trump Presidente americano disse que receber o prêmio foi 'um gesto maravilhoso de respeito mútuo'. Há 8 horas María Corina Machado entrega sua medalha do Nobel da Paz para Trump Presidente americano disse que receber o prêmio foi 'um gesto maravilhoso de respeito mútuo'. Tropas europeias chegam à Groenlândia, enquanto Trump reforça interesse em 'conquistar' ilha Esforço militar europeu envolve França, Alemanha, Suécia, Noruega, Finlândia, Países Baixos e Reino Unido, enquanto Trump continua a pressionar por interesse americano na região. 15 janeiro 2026 Tropas europeias chegam à Groenlândia, enquanto Trump reforça interesse em 'conquistar' ilha Esforço militar europeu envolve França, Alemanha, Suécia, Noruega, Finlândia, Países Baixos e Reino Unido, enquanto Trump continua a pressionar por interesse americano na região. A obscura lei que Trump ameaça usar contra manifestantes nos EUA Trump ameaça invocar a Lei de Insurreição, que lhe permitiria usar as Forças Armadas para atividades de segurança pública, a fim de conter manifestações contrárias à ação do serviço americano de imigração 15 janeiro 2026 A obscura lei que Trump ameaça usar contra manifestantes nos EUA Trump ameaça invocar a Lei de Insurreição, que lhe permitiria usar as Forças Armadas para atividades de segurança pública, a fim de conter manifestações contrárias à ação do serviço americano de imigração Por que escolas cívico-militares têm fila de espera de 11 mil alunos no Paraná: 'Pais procuram alguém que faça a disciplina dos filhos' Modelo rejeitado pelo governo federal vira destaque no Paraná e deve se expandir em 2026, mas enfrenta críticas por desigualdades e atritos entre militares e professores. 15 janeiro 2026 Por que escolas cívico-militares têm fila de espera de 11 mil alunos no Paraná: 'Pais procuram alguém que faça a disciplina dos filhos' Modelo rejeitado pelo governo federal vira destaque no Paraná e deve se expandir em 2026, mas enfrenta críticas por desigualdades e atritos entre militares e professores. O cientista que trocou a USP pela Amazônia para criar fazendas de gado que ajudam a reduzir desmatamento No início dos anos 2000, o veterinário Luís Fernando Laranja Fonseca se mudou com a família para uma pequena cidade no Mato Grosso — estar longe do seu tema de estudo não fazia sentido, ele conta. Hoje, mesmo de volta a São Paulo, as viagens para a Amazônia e os experimentos com métodos mais sustentáveis seguem como parte da rotina. 15 janeiro 2026 O cientista que trocou a USP pela Amazônia para criar fazendas de gado que ajudam a reduzir desmatamento No início dos anos 2000, o veterinário Luís Fernando Laranja Fonseca se mudou com a família para uma pequena cidade no Mato Grosso — estar longe do seu tema de estudo não fazia sentido, ele conta. Hoje, mesmo de volta a São Paulo, as viagens para a Amazônia e os experimentos com métodos mais sustentáveis seguem como parte da rotina. EUA congelam novos vistos de imigração para Brasil e mais 74 países: entenda quem é afetado Medida afeta vistos para quem quer residir nos EUA, mas vistos de turismo, negócios e estudo não são afetados. 15 janeiro 2026 EUA congelam novos vistos de imigração para Brasil e mais 74 países: entenda quem é afetado Medida afeta vistos para quem quer residir nos EUA, mas vistos de turismo, negócios e estudo não são afetados. Por que ação de Trump na Venezuela divide mundo em zonas de influência e projeta nova era global Menções de Donald Trump à doutrina Monroe e ameaças contra Cuba, México e Colômbia marcam retomada de postura intervencionista dos Estados Unidos. 15 janeiro 2026 Por que ação de Trump na Venezuela divide mundo em zonas de influência e projeta nova era global Menções de Donald Trump à doutrina Monroe e ameaças contra Cuba, México e Colômbia marcam retomada de postura intervencionista dos Estados Unidos. Investidor, pastor e maior doador da campanha de Bolsonaro e Tarcísio: quem é o cunhado de Vorcaro alvo da PF Fabiano Zettel chegou a ser detido no aeroporto de Guarulhos e teve passaporte apreendido em operação nesta quarta-feira. 15 janeiro 2026 Investidor, pastor e maior doador da campanha de Bolsonaro e Tarcísio: quem é o cunhado de Vorcaro alvo da PF Fabiano Zettel chegou a ser detido no aeroporto de Guarulhos e teve passaporte apreendido em operação nesta quarta-feira. As conexões de Daniel Vorcaro e do Banco Master na política e na Justiça Polícia Federal realizou nesta quarta-feira (14/1) novas buscas e apreensões em uma segunda fase da operação sobre o Banco Master. 15 janeiro 2026 As conexões de Daniel Vorcaro e do Banco Master na política e na Justiça Polícia Federal realizou nesta quarta-feira (14/1) novas buscas e apreensões em uma segunda fase da operação sobre o Banco Master. Assista <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-puczwi">A reprodução deste formato de vídeo não é compatível com seu dispositivo</p></div> 01:09 Play Vídeo , Os alimentos que 'enganam' seu cérebro e fazem você achar que não comeu tanto , Duration 1,09 01:13 Play Vídeo , As estrelas do Universo estão acabando? , Duration 1,13 00:20 Play Vídeo , A entrevista de Wagner Moura criança antes da fama , Duration 0,20 01:01 Play Vídeo , 'Devia ter regulamentação igual cigarro', diz Carlos Monteiro, especialista em ultraprocessados , Duration 1,01 00:23 Play Vídeo , 'Não sabia quem era Wagner Moura', diz atriz Tânia Maria , Duration 0,23 00:38 Play Vídeo , Wagner Moura após ganhar Globo de Ouro: 'Temos que continuar fazendo filmes sobre a ditadura' , Duration 0,38 00:46 Play Vídeo , Kleber Mendonça Filho manda recado para cineastas americanos: 'Momento importante para fazer filmes' , Duration 0,46 01:20 Play Vídeo , Vídeo mostra segundo a segundo ação de agente de imigração que matou mulher em Minneapolis , Duration 1,20 01:04 Play Vídeo , Bandeira do Irã é rasgada durante mais um dia de protestos no país , Duration 1,04 01:09 Play Vídeo , Por que Trump quer tomar a Groenlândia? , Duration 1,09 01:02 Play Vídeo , 'Cada vez mais homens votam na direita e mulheres na esquerda' , Duration 1,02 02:50 Play Vídeo , O homem que plantou 'floresta' que ajuda a fugir do calor em São Paulo , Duration 2,50 Assista 01:09 Play Vídeo , Os alimentos que 'enganam' seu cérebro e fazem você achar que não comeu tanto , Duration 1,09 01:13 Play Vídeo , As estrelas do Universo estão acabando? , Duration 1,13 00:20 Play Vídeo , A entrevista de Wagner Moura criança antes da fama , Duration 0,20 01:01 Play Vídeo , 'Devia ter regulamentação igual cigarro', diz Carlos Monteiro, especialista em ultraprocessados , Duration 1,01 00:23 Play Vídeo , 'Não sabia quem era Wagner Moura', diz atriz Tânia Maria , Duration 0,23 00:38 Play Vídeo , Wagner Moura após ganhar Globo de Ouro: 'Temos que continuar fazendo filmes sobre a ditadura' , Duration 0,38 00:46 Play Vídeo , Kleber Mendonça Filho manda recado para cineastas americanos: 'Momento importante para fazer filmes' , Duration 0,46 01:20 Play Vídeo , Vídeo mostra segundo a segundo ação de agente de imigração que matou mulher em Minneapolis , Duration 1,20 01:04 Play Vídeo , Bandeira do Irã é rasgada durante mais um dia de protestos no país , Duration 1,04 01:09 Play Vídeo , Por que Trump quer tomar a Groenlândia? , Duration 1,09 01:02 Play Vídeo , 'Cada vez mais homens votam na direita e mulheres na esquerda' , Duration 1,02 02:50 Play Vídeo , O homem que plantou 'floresta' que ajuda a fugir do calor em São Paulo , Duration 2,50 BBC News Brasil no seu WhatsApp Receba as principais notícias, análises e áudios produzidos pelas nossas equipes em São Paulo e Londres e seja o primeiro a saber dos fatos mais importantes e interessantes no Brasil e no mundo. CLIQUE PARA SE INSCREVER BBC News Brasil no seu WhatsApp Receba as principais notícias, análises e áudios produzidos pelas nossas equipes em São Paulo e Londres e seja o primeiro a saber dos fatos mais importantes e interessantes no Brasil e no mundo. Vídeos 8:52 Vídeo, Brasil poderia imitar política de detenção em massa adotada por presidente de El Salvador? , Duration 8,52 14 janeiro 2026 7:45 Vídeo, Por que EUA querem mais petróleo se já são os maiores produtores do mundo? , Duration 7,45 12 janeiro 2026 9:41 Vídeo, Como ação dos EUA na Venezuela afeta a América Latina e o mundo , Duration 9,41 9 janeiro 2026 7:49 Vídeo, O que acontece com nosso corpo antes de morrermos , Duration 7,49 7 janeiro 2026 Vídeos 8:52 Vídeo, Brasil poderia imitar política de detenção em massa adotada por presidente de El Salvador? , Duration 8,52 14 janeiro 2026 Vídeo, Brasil poderia imitar política de detenção em massa adotada por presidente de El Salvador? , Duration 8,52 7:45 Vídeo, Por que EUA querem mais petróleo se já são os maiores produtores do mundo? , Duration 7,45 12 janeiro 2026 Vídeo, Por que EUA querem mais petróleo se já são os maiores produtores do mundo? , Duration 7,45 9:41 Vídeo, Como ação dos EUA na Venezuela afeta a América Latina e o mundo , Duration 9,41 9 janeiro 2026 Vídeo, Como ação dos EUA na Venezuela afeta a América Latina e o mundo , Duration 9,41 7:49 Vídeo, O que acontece com nosso corpo antes de morrermos , Duration 7,49 7 janeiro 2026 Vídeo, O que acontece com nosso corpo antes de morrermos , Duration 7,49 Brasil O 'petróleo' no Oiapoque atrai brasileiros de volta ao país e transforma região: 'É um bairro atrás do outro' 14 janeiro 2026 Lula aposta em nome de confiança do PT da Bahia para Ministério da Justiça 13 janeiro 2026 Banco Master: por que um recuo do TCU fez Banco Central aceitar ser inspecionado 13 janeiro 2026 Condenar líderes como Bolsonaro pode provocar 'efeito rebote': o que dizem estudos de Harvard 13 janeiro 2026 Brasil O 'petróleo' no Oiapoque atrai brasileiros de volta ao país e transforma região: 'É um bairro atrás do outro' 14 janeiro 2026 O 'petróleo' no Oiapoque atrai brasileiros de volta ao país e transforma região: 'É um bairro atrás do outro' Lula aposta em nome de confiança do PT da Bahia para Ministério da Justiça 13 janeiro 2026 Lula aposta em nome de confiança do PT da Bahia para Ministério da Justiça Banco Master: por que um recuo do TCU fez Banco Central aceitar ser inspecionado 13 janeiro 2026 Banco Master: por que um recuo do TCU fez Banco Central aceitar ser inspecionado Condenar líderes como Bolsonaro pode provocar 'efeito rebote': o que dizem estudos de Harvard 13 janeiro 2026 Condenar líderes como Bolsonaro pode provocar 'efeito rebote': o que dizem estudos de Harvard Internacional Após ameaça dos EUA, Irã diz que manifestante não foi sentenciado à execução; Trump afirma que 'matança parou' no país 15 janeiro 2026 'Sentenciado à morte em dois dias': quem é Erfan Soltani, manifestante que pode ser executado no Irã, segundo grupo de direitos humanos 14 janeiro 2026 Por que sistema de defesa antiaérea que Venezuela comprou de Rússia e China foi inútil para deter os EUA 14 janeiro 2026 'Eram dois ou três mortos em cada beco': os relatos da violenta repressão aos protestos no Irã 14 janeiro 2026 Internacional Após ameaça dos EUA, Irã diz que manifestante não foi sentenciado à execução; Trump afirma que 'matança parou' no país 15 janeiro 2026 Após ameaça dos EUA, Irã diz que manifestante não foi sentenciado à execução; Trump afirma que 'matança parou' no país 'Sentenciado à morte em dois dias': quem é Erfan Soltani, manifestante que pode ser executado no Irã, segundo grupo de direitos humanos 14 janeiro 2026 'Sentenciado à morte em dois dias': quem é Erfan Soltani, manifestante que pode ser executado no Irã, segundo grupo de direitos humanos Por que sistema de defesa antiaérea que Venezuela comprou de Rússia e China foi inútil para deter os EUA 14 janeiro 2026 Por que sistema de defesa antiaérea que Venezuela comprou de Rússia e China foi inútil para deter os EUA 'Eram dois ou três mortos em cada beco': os relatos da violenta repressão aos protestos no Irã 14 janeiro 2026 'Eram dois ou três mortos em cada beco': os relatos da violenta repressão aos protestos no Irã Saúde Médico descartou minha queda de cabelo e tontura como sendo 'apenas cansaço de mãe' — não era 15 janeiro 2026 9:32 Áudio, Em áudio | Pessoas que param de usar canetas emagrecedoras ganham peso quatro vezes mais rápido do que as que fizeram dieta, diz estudo , Duration 9,32 15 janeiro 2026 Distúrbios de personalidade influenciam jeito de falar e escrever: o que revela pesquisa 14 janeiro 2026 Magnésio ajuda a dormir melhor? Esta e outras perguntas sobre o mineral 14 janeiro 2026 Saúde Médico descartou minha queda de cabelo e tontura como sendo 'apenas cansaço de mãe' — não era 15 janeiro 2026 Médico descartou minha queda de cabelo e tontura como sendo 'apenas cansaço de mãe' — não era 9:32 Áudio, Em áudio | Pessoas que param de usar canetas emagrecedoras ganham peso quatro vezes mais rápido do que as que fizeram dieta, diz estudo , Duration 9,32 15 janeiro 2026 Áudio, Em áudio | Pessoas que param de usar canetas emagrecedoras ganham peso quatro vezes mais rápido do que as que fizeram dieta, diz estudo , Duration 9,32 Distúrbios de personalidade influenciam jeito de falar e escrever: o que revela pesquisa 14 janeiro 2026 Distúrbios de personalidade influenciam jeito de falar e escrever: o que revela pesquisa Magnésio ajuda a dormir melhor? Esta e outras perguntas sobre o mineral 14 janeiro 2026 Magnésio ajuda a dormir melhor? Esta e outras perguntas sobre o mineral Meio Ambiente As casas inundadas diariamente em ilha que está afundando: 'Me sinto um humano anfíbio' 8 janeiro 2026 O mercado bilionário dos aplicativos que salvam a comida de ir para o lixo no Brasil e no mundo 7 janeiro 2026 As 10 cidades mais quentes do Brasil em meio à onda de calor com alerta de 'grande perigo' 30 dezembro 2025 7:54 Vídeo, 'Não tem como dormir': a vida na cidade brasileira com 212 dias de calor extremo , Duration 7,54 29 dezembro 2025 Meio Ambiente As casas inundadas diariamente em ilha que está afundando: 'Me sinto um humano anfíbio' 8 janeiro 2026 As casas inundadas diariamente em ilha que está afundando: 'Me sinto um humano anfíbio' O mercado bilionário dos aplicativos que salvam a comida de ir para o lixo no Brasil e no mundo 7 janeiro 2026 O mercado bilionário dos aplicativos que salvam a comida de ir para o lixo no Brasil e no mundo As 10 cidades mais quentes do Brasil em meio à onda de calor com alerta de 'grande perigo' 30 dezembro 2025 As 10 cidades mais quentes do Brasil em meio à onda de calor com alerta de 'grande perigo' 7:54 Vídeo, 'Não tem como dormir': a vida na cidade brasileira com 212 dias de calor extremo , Duration 7,54 29 dezembro 2025 Vídeo, 'Não tem como dormir': a vida na cidade brasileira com 212 dias de calor extremo , Duration 7,54 Sociedade 'Fingi ser faxineira para trabalhar numa casa de repouso para idosos: isso foi o que eu descobri' 9 janeiro 2026 O mito da força de vontade — e por que algumas pessoas têm mais dificuldade para perder peso 6 janeiro 2026 Experiências que recriam naufrágio do Titanic atraem multidões: é certo faturar em cima da tragédia? 5 janeiro 2026 'Disseram que meu pai era um dublê': a mulher que foi induzida pela mãe a acreditar que era perseguida pela máfia 2 janeiro 2026 Sociedade 'Fingi ser faxineira para trabalhar numa casa de repouso para idosos: isso foi o que eu descobri' 9 janeiro 2026 'Fingi ser faxineira para trabalhar numa casa de repouso para idosos: isso foi o que eu descobri' O mito da força de vontade — e por que algumas pessoas têm mais dificuldade para perder peso 6 janeiro 2026 O mito da força de vontade — e por que algumas pessoas têm mais dificuldade para perder peso Experiências que recriam naufrágio do Titanic atraem multidões: é certo faturar em cima da tragédia? 5 janeiro 2026 Experiências que recriam naufrágio do Titanic atraem multidões: é certo faturar em cima da tragédia? 'Disseram que meu pai era um dublê': a mulher que foi induzida pela mãe a acreditar que era perseguida pela máfia 2 janeiro 2026 'Disseram que meu pai era um dublê': a mulher que foi induzida pela mãe a acreditar que era perseguida pela máfia Ciência & Tecnologia O inimigo silencioso da sua imunidade 14 janeiro 2026 Como descobri que meu intestino parecia 5 anos mais velho do que eu 14 janeiro 2026 Por que cabecear a bola em esportes como futebol pode ser tão perigoso 13 janeiro 2026 8:14 Áudio, Em áudio | Magnésio ajuda a dormir melhor? Esta e outras perguntas sobre o mineral , Duration 8,14 13 janeiro 2026 Ciência & Tecnologia O inimigo silencioso da sua imunidade 14 janeiro 2026 O inimigo silencioso da sua imunidade Como descobri que meu intestino parecia 5 anos mais velho do que eu 14 janeiro 2026 Como descobri que meu intestino parecia 5 anos mais velho do que eu Por que cabecear a bola em esportes como futebol pode ser tão perigoso 13 janeiro 2026 Por que cabecear a bola em esportes como futebol pode ser tão perigoso 8:14 Áudio, Em áudio | Magnésio ajuda a dormir melhor? Esta e outras perguntas sobre o mineral , Duration 8,14 13 janeiro 2026 Áudio, Em áudio | Magnésio ajuda a dormir melhor? Esta e outras perguntas sobre o mineral , Duration 8,14 Economia & Negócios Trump anuncia tarifa de 25% sobre países que têm negócios com o Irã 12 janeiro 2026 Como petróleo foi 'bênção' e 'maldição' da Venezuela, que foi de país mais rico da América do Sul a crise sem precedentes 12 janeiro 2026 Presidente do banco central americano, Jerome Powell vira alvo de investigação e fala em 'ameaça e pressão do governo' 12 janeiro 2026 Toffoli e Moraes deveriam se declarar suspeitos no caso do Banco Master, diz especialista em regulação 12 janeiro 2026 Economia & Negócios Trump anuncia tarifa de 25% sobre países que têm negócios com o Irã 12 janeiro 2026 Trump anuncia tarifa de 25% sobre países que têm negócios com o Irã Como petróleo foi 'bênção' e 'maldição' da Venezuela, que foi de país mais rico da América do Sul a crise sem precedentes 12 janeiro 2026 Como petróleo foi 'bênção' e 'maldição' da Venezuela, que foi de país mais rico da América do Sul a crise sem precedentes Presidente do banco central americano, Jerome Powell vira alvo de investigação e fala em 'ameaça e pressão do governo' 12 janeiro 2026 Presidente do banco central americano, Jerome Powell vira alvo de investigação e fala em 'ameaça e pressão do governo' Toffoli e Moraes deveriam se declarar suspeitos no caso do Banco Master, diz especialista em regulação 12 janeiro 2026 Toffoli e Moraes deveriam se declarar suspeitos no caso do Banco Master, diz especialista em regulação Cultura BTS no Brasil: o retorno 'de US$ 1 bilhão' do ícone do K-pop após quatro anos longe dos palcos 14 janeiro 2026 'Ser ou não ser: eis a questão': o que está por trás da famosa frase de Shakespeare? 14 janeiro 2026 O padre que se tornou o primeiro pastor evangélico brasileiro 13 janeiro 2026 'Hamnet' e o mistério de 400 anos sobre a esposa (e o filho) de Shakespeare 12 janeiro 2026 Cultura BTS no Brasil: o retorno 'de US$ 1 bilhão' do ícone do K-pop após quatro anos longe dos palcos 14 janeiro 2026 BTS no Brasil: o retorno 'de US$ 1 bilhão' do ícone do K-pop após quatro anos longe dos palcos 'Ser ou não ser: eis a questão': o que está por trás da famosa frase de Shakespeare? 14 janeiro 2026 'Ser ou não ser: eis a questão': o que está por trás da famosa frase de Shakespeare? O padre que se tornou o primeiro pastor evangélico brasileiro 13 janeiro 2026 O padre que se tornou o primeiro pastor evangélico brasileiro 'Hamnet' e o mistério de 400 anos sobre a esposa (e o filho) de Shakespeare 12 janeiro 2026 'Hamnet' e o mistério de 400 anos sobre a esposa (e o filho) de Shakespeare História Os americanos derrotados na guerra civil que imigraram para o Brasil para recriar Sul escravagista 12 janeiro 2026 13:03 Áudio, Em áudio | Como ave-maria se tornou a mais popular prece católica , Duration 13,03 6 janeiro 2026 'Depois da Venezuela, Trump vai tentar influenciar eleições no Brasil, mas pode prejudicar a direita', diz especialista americano 6 janeiro 2026 Ataque à Venezuela lembra invasão ao Iraque, diz ex-subsecretária de Defesa dos EUA 4 janeiro 2026 História Os americanos derrotados na guerra civil que imigraram para o Brasil para recriar Sul escravagista 12 janeiro 2026 Os americanos derrotados na guerra civil que imigraram para o Brasil para recriar Sul escravagista 13:03 Áudio, Em áudio | Como ave-maria se tornou a mais popular prece católica , Duration 13,03 6 janeiro 2026 Áudio, Em áudio | Como ave-maria se tornou a mais popular prece católica , Duration 13,03 'Depois da Venezuela, Trump vai tentar influenciar eleições no Brasil, mas pode prejudicar a direita', diz especialista americano 6 janeiro 2026 'Depois da Venezuela, Trump vai tentar influenciar eleições no Brasil, mas pode prejudicar a direita', diz especialista americano Ataque à Venezuela lembra invasão ao Iraque, diz ex-subsecretária de Defesa dos EUA 4 janeiro 2026 Ataque à Venezuela lembra invasão ao Iraque, diz ex-subsecretária de Defesa dos EUA Especiais Que História!: ouça 4ª temporada do podcast com histórias reais incríveis Última temporada tem oito episódios. BBC Lê: podcast traz áudios com reportagens selecionadas Ouça reportagens sobre temas como história, saúde, bem-estar, cultura, estilo de vida e mercado de trabalho, lidas por jornalistas da BBC News Brasil. A Raposa: podcast investiga história de brasileiros inocentes presos por tráfico de drogas em país distante Ouça os cinco episódios do podcast da série 'BBC Investiga' Ouça aqui o podcast que conta incríveis casos na raiz das guerras culturais Adaptação de 'Things Fell Apart', premiada série de Jon Ronson para a BBC Radio 4, revela os curiosos casos que deram início a algumas das mais acirradas guerras culturais dos EUA e do mundo. Suicídio & Fé: o papel das religiões no tabu Quantas são as línguas indígenas do Brasil, onde são faladas e o que as ameaça? O som de 10 línguas indígenas brasileiras em perigo de extinção Especiais Que História!: ouça 4ª temporada do podcast com histórias reais incríveis Última temporada tem oito episódios. Que História!: ouça 4ª temporada do podcast com histórias reais incríveis Última temporada tem oito episódios. BBC Lê: podcast traz áudios com reportagens selecionadas Ouça reportagens sobre temas como história, saúde, bem-estar, cultura, estilo de vida e mercado de trabalho, lidas por jornalistas da BBC News Brasil. BBC Lê: podcast traz áudios com reportagens selecionadas Ouça reportagens sobre temas como história, saúde, bem-estar, cultura, estilo de vida e mercado de trabalho, lidas por jornalistas da BBC News Brasil. A Raposa: podcast investiga história de brasileiros inocentes presos por tráfico de drogas em país distante Ouça os cinco episódios do podcast da série 'BBC Investiga' A Raposa: podcast investiga história de brasileiros inocentes presos por tráfico de drogas em país distante Ouça os cinco episódios do podcast da série 'BBC Investiga' Ouça aqui o podcast que conta incríveis casos na raiz das guerras culturais Adaptação de 'Things Fell Apart', premiada série de Jon Ronson para a BBC Radio 4, revela os curiosos casos que deram início a algumas das mais acirradas guerras culturais dos EUA e do mundo. Ouça aqui o podcast que conta incríveis casos na raiz das guerras culturais Adaptação de 'Things Fell Apart', premiada série de Jon Ronson para a BBC Radio 4, revela os curiosos casos que deram início a algumas das mais acirradas guerras culturais dos EUA e do mundo. Suicídio & Fé: o papel das religiões no tabu Suicídio & Fé: o papel das religiões no tabu Quantas são as línguas indígenas do Brasil, onde são faladas e o que as ameaça? Quantas são as línguas indígenas do Brasil, onde são faladas e o que as ameaça? O som de 10 línguas indígenas brasileiras em perigo de extinção O som de 10 línguas indígenas brasileiras em perigo de extinção Mais clicadas 1 As razões de Moraes para transferir Bolsonaro para Papudinha, segundo a decisão 2 O brasileiro que liderou revolução global na ciência dos alimentos: 'Ultraprocessados são desenhados para enganar o apetite. Você quer comer sempre mais e mais' 3 O cientista que trocou a USP pela Amazônia para criar fazendas de gado que ajudam a reduzir desmatamento 4 Bolsonaro é transferido para Papudinha por determinação de Moraes 5 María Corina Machado entrega sua medalha do Nobel da Paz para Trump 6 Por que escolas cívico-militares têm fila de espera de 11 mil alunos no Paraná: 'Pais procuram alguém que faça a disciplina dos filhos' 7 Por que França e outros países europeus são contra acordo entre Mercosul e União Europeia 8 Wagner Moura faz história ao vencer Globo de Ouro de melhor ator de drama 9 EUA congelam novos vistos de imigração para Brasil e mais 74 países: entenda quem é afetado 10 As reações de aliados e opositores de Bolsonaro à transferência para a Papudinha Mais clicadas 1 As razões de Moraes para transferir Bolsonaro para Papudinha, segundo a decisão 2 O brasileiro que liderou revolução global na ciência dos alimentos: 'Ultraprocessados são desenhados para enganar o apetite. Você quer comer sempre mais e mais' 3 O cientista que trocou a USP pela Amazônia para criar fazendas de gado que ajudam a reduzir desmatamento 4 Bolsonaro é transferido para Papudinha por determinação de Moraes 5 María Corina Machado entrega sua medalha do Nobel da Paz para Trump 6 Por que escolas cívico-militares têm fila de espera de 11 mil alunos no Paraná: 'Pais procuram alguém que faça a disciplina dos filhos' 7 Por que França e outros países europeus são contra acordo entre Mercosul e União Europeia 8 Wagner Moura faz história ao vencer Globo de Ouro de melhor ator de drama 9 EUA congelam novos vistos de imigração para Brasil e mais 74 países: entenda quem é afetado 10 As reações de aliados e opositores de Bolsonaro à transferência para a Papudinha Redes sociais WhatsApp Facebook YouTube TikTok Instagram X Redes sociais WhatsApp Facebook YouTube TikTok Instagram X Nossos parceiros Parceiros comerciais da BBC Brasil Nossos parceiros Por que você pode confiar na BBC Termos de Uso Sobre a BBC Política de privacidade Cookies Contate a BBC BBC News em outras línguas Do not share or sell my info © 2026 BBC. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 College career 3 National team career 4 Personal life 5 References Fernando Mayén Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item No. 21 Position Running back Personal information Born ( 2003-11-08 ) 8 November 2003 (age 22) [ 1 ] Mexico Career information College ITESM Puebla (2022–2025) Awards and highlights ONEFA MVP (2023) ONEFA Rookie of the Year (2022) ONEFA MVP (2023) ONEFA Rookie of the Year (2022) Fernando Mayén Marín [ 2 ] (born 8 November 2003) is a Mexican gridiron football player. A running back , he played college football for the Borregos Puebla [ es ] and was named the ONEFA Most Valuable Player in 2023. Early life Mayén was born into an athletic family: his mother was a synchronized swimming coach while his father coached swimming . [ 3 ] As a result, he grew up practicing a wide variety of sports, such as swimming, taekwondo , and gymnastics , eventually discovering American football at the age of six after watching a cousin play. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Mayén started out in the Pumas CU youth setup in Mexico City before moving with his family to Querétaro , where he played for the Cimarrones and Gatos Querétaro, both in the FADEMAC . [ 3 ] He grew up idolizing Ezekiel Elliott . [ 4 ] Before entering preparatoria , Mayén spent one year in California . [ 3 ] He attended Aliso Niguel High School in Aliso Viejo , where he played on the junior varsity football team and ran sprints on the track and field team. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Mayén then returned to Mexico when his father lost his job. [ 3 ] He later told ESPN Deportes that the experience taught him that he could compete at a high level. [ 3 ] College career Mayén attended the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , Puebla campus, where he studied business and played college football for the Borregos Puebla [ es ] . [ 3 ] He and his brother had initially planned to attend the flagship campus in Monterrey to play for the Borregos Salvajes Monterrey , but they changed their minds upon the hiring of head coach Eric Fisher at Puebla. [ 7 ] As a freshman in 2022, Mayén helped the team reach the ONEFA semifinals after rushing for 651 yards and eight touchdowns in the regular season, [ 3 ] [ 8 ] and was named the ONEFA Rookie of the Year. [ 9 ] He was also selected to represent Team Mexico in the 47th Aztec Bowl against Air Raid Tour, an NCAA Division II and III all-star team coached by Hal Mumme . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In 2023, Mayén rushed for 971 yards and 14 touchdowns in the regular season, [ 9 ] led the country in scoring, [ 12 ] and became the first player in program history to win the ONEFA Most Valuable Player award. [ 9 ] He helped the Borregos Puebla reach the ONEFA semifinals again in 2024, where he had one of his best games of the season in a defeat to the Auténticos Tigres UANL . [ 13 ] Mayén guided his team back to the semifinals in 2025, rushing for nearly 200 yards and two touchdowns in a loss to the Borregos Salvajes Monterrey. [ 14 ] He once again earned an invite to the Aztec Bowl. [ 2 ] Following his college career, Mayén was invited to an NFL Academy combine in Mexico City in early 2025. [ 15 ] National team career Mayén was called up to the Mexico senior national team ahead of a matchup against Canada at the Estadio Wilfrido Massieu in Mexico City on 13 December 2025. [ 16 ] The game was a provisional Gridiron Nations Championship (GNC) exhibition which would be used to assess Mexico's readiness for GNC membership for 2026. [ 17 ] Mayén rushed for 35 yards and one touchdown and caught one pass for 18 yards in a 41–34 overtime victory, [ 18 ] marking Mexico's first international match in 10 years and their first-ever win over Canada. [ 19 ] Personal life Mayén has amassed a significant following on social media, surpassing a million followers on TikTok by his freshman year of college. [ 3 ] Several of his videos went viral, including choreographed dances with teammates, after which he began landing sponsorship deals. [ 3 ] Mayén covered Super Bowl LIX in New Orleans in a collaboration with TV Azteca after receiving offers from multiple outlets. [ 20 ] His older brother, Eduardo, played college football for the Borregos Puebla and the Linces UVM [ es ] . [ 7 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Fernando Mayen" (in Spanish). MexFBA Scorer . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ a b Flores, Marian (22 November 2025). "Puebla toma protagonismo en la ONEFA" . El Sol de Puebla (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 – via PressReader . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mancilla, Alfonso (18 November 2022). "Fernando Mayen: corredor sensación de ONEFA y estrella de Tik Tok" . ESPN Deportes (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ a b Estrada, Mildred (12 February 2023). "Conoce a Fernando Mayen, el joven mexicano que aspira a la NFL y es tendencia en TikTok" . El Sol de México (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ "Fernando Mayen" . Hudl . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ "Fernando Mayen" . Athletic.net . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ a b Badillo, David (10 April 2025). "Salida de Eduardo Mayén debilita backfield de Borregos Puebla" . Grada.mx (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ "Estadísticas Liga Mayor ONEFA 2022" . Receptor.com.mx (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ a b c Cano, Gerardo (3 September 2024). "Fernando Mayen, MVP ONEFA 2023 y figura a seguir de Borregos Tec Puebla" . Grada.mx (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ Aguilar, Leopoldo (9 December 2022). "Cinco jugadores de Borregos Puebla a Tazón Azteca" . La Jornada de Oriente (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ Arturo, Roberto (7 December 2022). "Tazon Azteca XLVII marks a return to Mexico vs the United States" . American Football International . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ Fernández, Domingo (2 March 2024). "Entregaron los Cascos de Oro" . El Sol de Toluca (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ Meza, Humberto (25 November 2024). "ONEFA: Clásico Regio, la final de "Los 14 grandes" " . La Prensa (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ "Borregos Puebla golpea a Borregos Monterrey pero cae apenas por un punto" . Receptor.com.mx (in Spanish). 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ "Busca Fer Mayen un lugar en la NFL" . Diario de Morelos (in Spanish). 5 February 2025 . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ Federación Mexicana de Fútbol Americano [@FMFAOFICIALMX] (3 November 2025). "La conformación de la Selección Nacional de Tackle Senior avanza con determinación, destacando la complejidad de la selección ante el vasto talento nacional. México es Uno. México vs. Canadá, 13 de diciembre de 2025, Estadio Wilfrido Massieu" ( Tweet ) (in Spanish) . Retrieved 3 December 2025 – via Twitter . ^ "Defending GNC Champions Canada Travel to Mexico in a Provisional Exhibition Game" . Gridiron Nations Championship . 29 November 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "GNC Exhibition: Is Mexico's 41-34 OT Thriller Over Canada the Start of Something Special in World Tackle Football?" . Gridiron Nations Championship . 13 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "México consigue victoria histórica ante Canadá en futbol americano" . Marca (in Spanish). 13 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ Núñez, Valentina (21 February 2025). "Del emparrillado a la TV: atleta Tec Puebla cubre Super Bowl" . Conecta (in Spanish). Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . Living people 2003 births Mexican players of American football American football running backs Sportspeople from Mexico City Sportspeople from Querétaro City CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Date of birth not in Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Timeline Toggle Timeline subsection 3.1 STC offensive 3.2 Abyan offensive 3.3 Saudi–UAE rift 3.4 Yemeni government counter-offensive 3.5 Fall of Aden 3.1 STC offensive 3.2 Abyan offensive 3.3 Saudi–UAE rift 3.4 Yemeni government counter-offensive 3.5 Fall of Aden 4 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 4.1 Domestic 4.2 International 4.3 Intergovernmental organizations 4.1 Domestic 4.2 International 4.3 Intergovernmental organizations 5 See also 6 References 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign العربية Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Русский Українська Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Part of the Southern Transitional Council conflict , the Yemeni crisis , and the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Current political and military control in Yemen, following the Yemeni government counter-offensive .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} UN-recognized Republic of Yemen ( PLC ) and Yemeni National Resistance Supreme Political Council ( Houthis ) Date 2 December 2025 – 9 January 2026 (1 month and 1 week) Location Southern Yemen Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} PLC–Saudi victory Southern Transitional Council dissolves itself on 9 January 2026 Territorial changes The STC initially held around 52% of Yemen's territory, including almost the entirety of former South Yemen [ 4 ] Following the counteroffensive, the STC lost all its gains along with its capital of Aden UAE withdraws from Yemen Date 2 December 2025 – 9 January 2026 (1 month and 1 week) Location Southern Yemen Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} PLC–Saudi victory Southern Transitional Council dissolves itself on 9 January 2026 PLC–Saudi victory Southern Transitional Council dissolves itself on 9 January 2026 Territorial changes The STC initially held around 52% of Yemen's territory, including almost the entirety of former South Yemen [ 4 ] Following the counteroffensive, the STC lost all its gains along with its capital of Aden UAE withdraws from Yemen The STC initially held around 52% of Yemen's territory, including almost the entirety of former South Yemen [ 4 ] Following the counteroffensive, the STC lost all its gains along with its capital of Aden UAE withdraws from Yemen Belligerents Southern Transitional Council (STC) Supported by: United Arab Emirates [ 1 ] Southern Transitional Council (STC) Supported by: United Arab Emirates [ 1 ] Yemeni Government ( PLC ) Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance (HTA) Saudi Arabia [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Yemeni Government ( PLC ) Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance (HTA) Saudi Arabia [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Commanders and leaders Aidarus al-Zoubaidi ( AWOL ) Abu Ali al-Hadhrami ( AWOL ) [ 5 ] Mukhtar al-Nubi [ 5 ] Hani bin Burayk Jalal Ali Muhammad al-Jaari [ 6 ] Saleh al-Ja'imlani Amr bin Habrish Lt. Gen Turki bin Bandar Brig. Gen Turki al-Maliki Units involved .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Southern Armed Forces 14th Lightning Brigade 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade Barshid Brigade 2nd Military Region [ ar ] (pro-STC units) [ 7 ] Hadhrami Elite Forces Shabwah Defence Forces [ 8 ] Giants Brigades (until 6 December) Southern Armed Forces 14th Lightning Brigade 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade Barshid Brigade 2nd Military Region [ ar ] (pro-STC units) [ 7 ] 14th Lightning Brigade 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade Barshid Brigade 2nd Military Region [ ar ] (pro-STC units) [ 7 ] Hadhrami Elite Forces Shabwah Defence Forces [ 8 ] Giants Brigades (until 6 December) Yemeni Armed Forces Homeland Shield Forces Yemeni Land Forces [ ar ; es ; tr ; fa ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] Hadhramaut Protection Forces Giants Brigades (after 7 December) [ 9 ] Saudi Arabian Armed Forces Royal Saudi Air Force Royal Saudi Navy Yemeni Armed Forces Homeland Shield Forces Yemeni Land Forces [ ar ; es ; tr ; fa ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] Homeland Shield Forces Yemeni Land Forces [ ar ; es ; tr ; fa ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] Hadhramaut Protection Forces Giants Brigades (after 7 December) [ 9 ] Saudi Arabian Armed Forces Royal Saudi Air Force Royal Saudi Navy Royal Saudi Air Force Royal Saudi Navy Strength 10,000 fighters [ 10 ] 15,000+ fighters [ 11 ] Casualties and losses Per STC: [ 12 ] 80 killed 152 wounded 130 captured 500 missing Per the Yemeni Armed Forces: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 32 killed 45 injured Per HTA: 6 killed [ 15 ] Per the Yemeni Armed Forces: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 32 killed 45 injured Per HTA: 6 killed [ 15 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Yemeni crisis v t e Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Aden Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah 2022 Abu Dhabi Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations On 2 December 2025, during the ongoing Yemeni civil war , the Southern Transitional Council (STC)—a secessionist faction backed by the United Arab Emirates —launched a large-scale military offensive across southern Yemen , breaking years of military stalemate in the conflict. The operation began in the Hadhramaut Governorate , which at the time was under the control of the internationally recognized, Saudi -backed government of Yemen . [ 16 ] The STC advanced rapidly, seizing several government-held areas in northern Wadi Hadhramaut , including the cities of Seiyun and Tarim . The offensive then expanded into the neighboring Al-Mahrah Governorate and other adjacent regions. Codenamed " Operation Promising Future ", the campaign saw rapid territorial gains, and by 9 December the STC had taken control of most areas spanning the six governorates of the former South Yemen . On 30 December, the Royal Saudi Air Force carried out airstrikes on the STC-controlled port city of Mukalla , targeting what it said was a shipment of weapons that had arrived from the UAE. [ 17 ] The UAE denied that the shipments contained weapons. [ 18 ] Shortly afterward, the internationally recognized Yemeni government ordered all UAE forces to leave Yemeni territory within 24 hours, announced a 72-hour air, land, and sea blockade, and declared a 90-day state of emergency . [ 19 ] Later that day, the UAE announced it would voluntarily withdraw its remaining forces from Yemen following the Saudi strikes. [ 20 ] On 2 January 2026, the Yemeni government forces, supported by Saudi airstrikes, launched a counteroffensive to retake the territories captured by the STC. The STC later announced plans to hold an independence referendum within two years. [ 21 ] Backed by Saudi Arabia, government forces advanced rapidly, capturing Seiyun on 3 January and Mukalla the following day, reversing the STC gains. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] On 7 January, government forces began entering the STC's capital, Aden , amid the collapse of STC resistance. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Subsequently, STC leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi was removed from his position on the Yemeni Presidential Council , charged with treason , and later fled to the UAE. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] On 9 January, the STC announced its dissolution following widespread territorial losses across the country. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Background Yemen has been embroiled in a multi-sided civil war since 2014. In fighting the Houthis —who control most of northern Yemen, including the capital, Sanaa —the internationally recognized government, along with the Saudi-led coalition , partnered with the secessionist Southern Movement , which had since 2017 been dominated by the Southern Transitional Council (STC). Although officially a component of the government, the STC, which received extensive support and funding from the United Arab Emirates , independently controlled and administered most of southern Yemen, and continued to voice its intentions to secede and establish a proposed federal "State of South Arabia". [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Hadhramaut is Yemen's largest governorate, covering around a third of the country while holding nearly 80% of its oil reserves and other valuable minerals. [ 32 ] Control over the territory had previously been split between the STC on the southern coast and the Yemeni Government further north, in an area known as Wadi Hadhramaut (Hadhramaut Valley). The STC had claimed that Wadi Hadhramaut had become rife with smuggling operations benefitting the Houthis, along with local Islamist groups, such as al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Prelude Tensions had been rising in Hadhramaut since November 2025, between the STC and the Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance , a Saudi-backed group led by Amr bin Habrish . On 29 November, the Hadhramaut Protection Forces, the military wing of the tribal alliance, deployed around the Masila oil fields in Hadhramaut belonging to PetroMasila, the largest oil company in Yemen, in order to "defend national resources from any potential aggression or the external interference" according to Habrish. Oil production was blocked, which triggered energy shortages across the region, particularly hurting STC-held regions, which the STC saw as a threat. In response, the STC began a buildup of its military forces in Hadhramaut. [ 32 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Timeline STC offensive On 2 December, a large number of Southern Movement troops started advancing north through the Sah District , and by the end of the day they were a few tens of kilometres from Seiyun . [ 36 ] The offensive in Wadi Hadhramaut was initiated by the STC's Southern Armed Forces on the morning of 3 December, led by the Hadhrami Elite Forces . [ 37 ] [ 38 ] In Seiyun, Southern Transitional Council forces were positioned in the Jathma area, before launching a bombardment against the headquarters of the 1st Military Region and other key targets in the city. [ 39 ] The STC followed up the bombardment with a lightning offensive, leaving Yemeni Government forces in disarray. [ 35 ] Brief clashes were reported between the STC and the 1st Military Region of the Yemeni Army , including at the presidential palace and the Seiyun International Airport . [ 38 ] Within hours of fighting, Southern Transitional Council personnel captured several positions and government facilities from the 1st Military Region, [ 40 ] leading to the latter withdrawing its forces. From there, STC forces were able to capture the remainder of Seiyun by nightfall, before proceeding to rapidly advance throughout Wadi Hadhramaut, taking several other towns and military bases. [ 30 ] [ 35 ] By the end of the day, STC forces had captured nearly every strategically significant area in Wadi Hadhramaut, including Seiyun and its airport, the 1st Military Region headquarters, Tarim , Al-Qatn , Hawra' , Al-Raddood, and Al-Khasha'a . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On 3 December, in the Arma District of Shabwa Governorate , STC forces claimed they had taken control of "a camp belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood " in the Arin desert. [ 41 ] On 8 December, Southern forces took control of the Al-Uqlah oil field in the province. [ 42 ] Southern Transitional Council forces were reportedly seen equipped with Emirati armoured vehicles and Chinese 155 mm AH4 howitzers , which the UAE has supplied to other proxies. [ 38 ] Four deaths were reported among STC fighters from the 14th Lightning Brigade, 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade, and Barshid Brigade. [ 43 ] Casualties were also reportedly inflicted on Yemeni forces. [ 38 ] During the early hours of 4 December, STC forces seized the PetroMasila facility and the surrounding military positions from the Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance. The alliance withdrew from the area as part of a Saudi-backed agreement, ultimately relocating to As Sawm District , [ 44 ] [ failed verification ] though the STC reported the deaths of four of their soldiers in small-scale clashes in the area. [ 45 ] In Hadhramaut, Southern forces announced the capture of the 23rd Mechanized Brigade in the Al Abr area of Wadi Hadhramaut and the 11th Border Guard Brigade at the Rama camp. [ 46 ] At the end of the day, the control of Al Abr camp was handed over to the Saudi-backed National Shield Forces. [ 47 ] On 4 December, Southern forces seized Al Ghaydah , the capital of Al-Mahrah Governorate , without a fight, as well as the port of Nishtun . [ 46 ] On 5 December, the National Shield Forces handed over control of the Al Ghaydah Airport and the port of Nishtun. [ 47 ] On 5 December, the National Shield Forces attempted to recapture Seiyun, but were repelled by the Southern forces. [ 48 ] Saudi pressure caused the STC to temporarily surrender some of their captured sites; however, STC forces quickly counterattacked and recaptured all those areas almost immediately. [ 35 ] The National Shield Forces took control of the 37th Armored Brigade's camp in Al-Khasha'a. [ 49 ] On 6 December, the 1st Support and Reinforcement Brigade of Hadrami Elite Forces captured the 315th Armored Brigade's camp in Thamud district of northern Hadramaut. [ 50 ] Meanwhile, the 11th Border Guard Brigade's Ramah checkpoint was captured by the Al-Manahil tribesmen after an attack. [ 51 ] Four members of the Giants Brigades were killed when an IED targeted their convoy in Hadhramaut Governorate . [ 52 ] Very little actual resistance to STC advances was reported after the Southern Transitional Council took Seiyun, with Saudi-backed Yemeni Government forces withdrawing in the face of STC advances, and STC forces reportedly secured control of Hadhramaut Governorate roughly 48 hours later. [ 53 ] On 7 December, Southern forces entered Al Ghaydah after the sudden withdrawal of the Shield Forces from some positions inside the city. [ 54 ] They also took control of the Sayhut , Qishn , and Al Masilah districts in the governorate. [ 55 ] By the end of the day they also entered without a fight key coastal and border positions including the Shahn crossing with Oman and the port of Nishtun. [ 56 ] On 10 December, Southern forces took control of the west gate of the Ghaydah International Airport while Shield Forces retained control of the airport itself. [ 57 ] On 16 December 2025, Southern forces took control of the Nishtun port. [ 58 ] On 23 December the National Shield Forces departed the Ghaydah International Airport following pressure from the Southern Transitional Council. [ 59 ] By 8 December, STC forces had seized control of most of the regions that were once part of South Yemen, including the entire southern coastline of Yemen, the border region with Oman , as well as Dhale Governorate and the oil fields in Hadhramaut Governorate, leaving Yemeni Government forces controlling only the northern reaches of those governorates; [ 10 ] [ 60 ] the Southern Transitional Council claimed control over all eight governorates on 9 December. [ 35 ] [ 61 ] By 9 December, STC forces were estimated to control 90–95% of the populated areas in the former South Yemen, in addition to holding at least 80% of Yemen's proven oil reserves. [ 35 ] The STC forces in Hadhramaut had advanced as far as the outskirts of Al Abr , south of the Wadiah Border Crossing with Saudi Arabia. [ 62 ] Of all the regions seized by the Southern Transitional Council, the Hadhramaut Governorate was the most strategically valuable one by far, with its control seen as critical for both the Yemeni Government and the STC's secession project. [ 60 ] Abyan offensive On 16 December, the STC launched an offensive in Abyan Governorate , dubbed Operation Decisive, with the stated purpose of fighting Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula . The operation was described by both the STC and independent analysts as a continuation of the previous offensive. [ 63 ] Saudi–UAE rift In the wake of the STC's large-scale territorial gains, Saudi Arabia amassed troops on their border with Yemen, and on 25 December, they demanded that STC forces withdraw from their recently seized areas in the Hadhramaut and Al-Mahrah Governorates, reportedly threatening airstrikes if they did not. However, STC forces refused to do so. [ 62 ] [ 64 ] On 26 December, Saudi Arabia conducted two airstrikes on STC positions in Wadi Nahb in Hadhramaut. The airstrikes followed clashes between the STC and a Saudi-linked tribal leader the previous day. [ 65 ] On 27 December, the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen said it would respond militarily to any separatist movements undermining de-escalation efforts in the region, once again calling on the STC to withdraw from the territories it occupied. According to a Yemeni military official, 15,000 Saudi-backed fighters were amassed on the Saudi–Yemeni border, although they had not been ordered into the two eastern governorates of Yemen. [ 11 ] [ 66 ] On 30 December, a Saudi -led military coalition supporting Yemen 's current government carried out an airstrike on two vessels from Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates which were docked at the port of Mukalla . According to the coalition, the two Emirati ships had no permits and delivered a large shipment of weapons and armored vehicles to the Southern Transitional Council (STC). An STC-aligned journalist reported that the strikes "shattered and damaged the windows of the building near the port." [ 67 ] [ 68 ] On 31 December, the STC began evacuating deployment sites and partially withdrawing from several locations across Hadhramaut. [ 69 ] On 1 January 2026, the STC refused to fully withdraw from the provinces it occupied, though it agreed to the deployment of the Saudi-backed National Shield Forces in those areas. [ 70 ] Yemeni government counter-offensive On 2 January, the PLC chairman Rashad al-Alimi ordered Salem Ahmed Said Al-Khanbashi , the governor of Hadhramaut, to assume command of the Homeland Shield Forces in the governorate and begin a military operation to take control of all military bases and camps under STC control. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] On the same day, the Royal Saudi Air Force conducted air strikes in Al-Khasha and Seiyun, killing at least 20 STC fighters. [ 73 ] On 3 January, the military forces aligned with Saudi Arabia issued a statement confirming they had secured all military and civilian facilities throughout Al Mukalla, the main city of Hadramaut. Two government military officials told AFP that Saudi-backed troops had taken control of Al Mukalla's primary military installation. [ 74 ] On 4 January, Yemeni forces announced that the Homeland Shield Forces had recaptured all nine districts of Hadhramaut Governorate. [ 75 ] The Yemeni government also announced that it had retaken control of Mukalla. Since the beginning of the Yemeni counter-offensive, at least 80 STC fighters were killed, 152 were wounded, while another 130 were captured. [ 76 ] Footage showed that government forces retook the city of Mukalla, removing the Flag of South Yemen that was used by the STC. [ 12 ] Fall of Aden On 7 January, Yemeni government forces began entering the STC capital, Aden , amid the collapse of STC forces. [ 25 ] Subsequently, the head of STC, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi , was charged with treason by the Yemeni Presidential Council , and allegedly later fled to the UAE. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] The Saudi-led coalition alleged that Zoubaidi fled to the United Arab Emirates through Somaliland after departing for the port of Berbera from Aden. [ 77 ] By late 7 January, Yemeni government forces were reported to be in full control of all districts of Aden Governorate , including Aden International Airport and the presidential palace . [ 24 ] On January 8, the STC announced that it had lost contact with 50 senior delegates who had travelled to Riyadh for talks. [ 78 ] On 9 January, Secretary-General Abdulrahman Jalal al-Subaihi announced from Riyadh that the STC would be dissolved. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 79 ] However, STC spokesman Anwar al-Tamimi refuted the decision, stating that only the full council and the president could make such a decision that would be made "immediately upon the release of the Southern Transitional Council delegation currently in Riyadh". [ 28 ] [ 80 ] Saudi Arabia announced hosting a conference in Riyadh at an unspecified date to discuss the future of southern Yemen, to which al-Subaihi stated the STC would prepare for. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] On 10 January, the PLC announced that that it had retaken full control of areas previously held by the STC. [ 83 ] Reactions Domestic Yemen : PLC chairman Rashad al-Alimi accused the STC of instigating a "rebellion" that threatens to fracture the state and destabilize shipping lanes. [ 84 ] Following the Saudi airstrikes on STC targets and two Emirati vessels on 30 December 2025, the Yemeni government said it was ending its joint defense agreement with the UAE, ordering all Emirati troops to withdraw from Yemen within 24 hours. Yemen also declared a 90-day state of emergency and a three-day closure of all entry points by land, sea, and air. [ 68 ] Southern Transitional Council : The STC stated that their recent military actions were responding to "the calls of our southern people", and that they wanted to secure the area from terrorist threats and cut off supply and smuggling routes for the Houthis. [ 85 ] On 7 December, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets of Khor Maksar , Aden Governorate , calling for the secession of South Yemen . [ 86 ] On 7 December, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets of Khor Maksar , Aden Governorate , calling for the secession of South Yemen . [ 86 ] International Azerbaijan : Azerbaijan said it welcomed efforts by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to de-escalate tensions in Yemen. [ 66 ] Iran : Foreign Minister Esmail Baghaei called the developments "in line with the policies of the Zionist regime aimed at fragmenting regional countries", saying that they represent a source of concern for West Asian countries. [ 87 ] Senior foreign policy advisor to Ali Khamenei , Ali Akbar Velayati , rebuked the United Arab Emirates, accusing it of engaging in imperialist aggression in Yemen and Sudan . [ 88 ] Saudi Arabia : Saudi Arabia opposed the offensive, stating that it was "carried out unilaterally and without the approval of the Presidential Leadership Council nor in co-ordination with the coalition's leadership," warning that such "unjustified escalation" harms the "interests of the Yemeni people" as well as "the southern cause and the coalition's efforts." [ 89 ] It called on the STC to cease its escalation and withdraw its forces from the Hadhramaut and Mahra governorates. [ 90 ] It subsequently started conducting limited airstrikes on STC positions in Hadhramaut and accused the UAE of being behind the STC's advances, calling it an "extremely dangerous" move. [ 65 ] [ 68 ] Brigadier General Turki al-Maliki said that "any military movements that violate these [de-escalation] efforts will be dealt with directly and immediately in order to protect civilian lives and ensure the success of restoring calm," and accused the STC of "serious and horrific human rights violations against civilians." [ 66 ] Brigadier General Turki al-Maliki said that "any military movements that violate these [de-escalation] efforts will be dealt with directly and immediately in order to protect civilian lives and ensure the success of restoring calm," and accused the STC of "serious and horrific human rights violations against civilians." [ 66 ] United Arab Emirates : The UAE foreign ministry said that it reaffirms "its steadfast commitment to supporting all endeavors aimed at strengthening stability and development in Yemen." [ 90 ] The UAE subsequently announced its full withdrawal from Yemen, expressing "deep regret" to Saudi accusations that it had been pressuring the STC to attack the Saudi-backed Yemeni government. [ 18 ] United States : U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio expressed concern at the "recent events in southeastern Yemen" and urged restraint and continued diplomacy, while welcoming the Saudi Arabian and Emirati leadership's efforts to support Yemen's sovereignty and regional security. [ 91 ] Intergovernmental organizations European Union : The EU urged all Yemeni factions to prioritize national interests over division and engage in peace talks to end the conflict. [ 92 ] United Nations : UN Secretary-General António Guterres warned against this dangerous new escalation, saying that such unilateral actions risk deepening divisions. [ 93 ] See also Yemen portal Modern history portal 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Saudi-UAE tensions rise over Yemen clashes" . 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"#BREAKING Nation Shield Forces: deal reached to hand over Al-Ghaydah airport's western gate to Southern Forces while we retain airport management #south24" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ "مليشيات الانتقالي تسيطر على ميناء نشطون وتنهي وجود قوات درع الوطن في المهرة" [Transitional militias control the port of Nishtun and end the presence of the National Shield Forces in Al-Mahra]. Yemen Monitor (in Arabic). 16 December 2025 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "الانتقالي يطرد قوات موالية للسعودية من مطار الغيضة" [The Southern Transitional Council expels Saudi-backed forces from Al-Ghaydah airport]. Yemen News Portal (in Arabic). 23 December 2025 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ a b Nabil, Marwan (9 December 2025). "Hadramout: the fault line that could decide southern Yemen's future – analysis" . i24News . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "UAE-Backed Forces Claim Full Control of Southern Yemen" . SOFX . 9 December 2025 . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ a b Alley, April Longley (22 December 2025). "Yemen's Seismic Shift Has Consequences Beyond Its Borders" . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "Yemen's STC launches operation in Abyan, frames offensive as anti-terror effort" . The Arab Weekly . 16 December 2025. ^ Gambrell, Jon (25 December 2025). "Saudi Arabia urges Yemen's separatists to leave 2 governorates as the anti-rebel coalition strains" . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ a b "Saudi Arabia strikes STC positions in Hadhramaut, Yemen separatists say" . The New Arab . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ a b c "Saudi coalition will counter Yemen separatists undermining de-escalation" . Al Jazeera . 27 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Saudi-led coalition strikes ships in Mukalla; Yemen orders UAE forces to leave" . i24NEWS . 30 December 2025 . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ^ a b c Al-Batati, Saeed and Naar, Ismaeel (30 December 2025). "Saudi-Led Airstrike in Yemen Threatens to Worsen Rift With U.A.E." The New York Times . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ^ "STC forces withdraw from positions in Yemen's Hadramout" . Al Arabiya English . 31 December 2025 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ Gjevori, Elis. "Yemen's separatist STC refuses to withdraw from provinces near Saudi Arabia" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 January 2026 . ^ "Hadramout governor orders operation to assume control of STC camps" . Saudigazette . 2 January 2026 . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "Governor of Yemen's Hadramout announces operation to take back military positions" . Al Arabiya English . 2 January 2026 . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen Separatist Forces Say 20 Dead In Saudi Coalition Strikes" . Barron's. 2 January 2026 . Retrieved 2 January 2026 . ^ al-Makhlafi, Ali. "تقدم الجيش اليمني المدعوم من السعودية في المكلا عاصمة حضرموت" [The Saudi-backed Yemeni army advanced in Mukalla, the capital of Hadramaut.] (in Arabic). Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "Saudi-backed government forces retake multiple cities in southern Yemen" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Saudi-backed government forces retake multiple cities in southern Yemen" . Al Jazeera . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Rasheed, Zaheena. "Saudi-led coalition says STC's al-Zubaidi fled to UAE via Somaliland" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's STC says delegation in Riyadh disappeared onto bus and all contact lost" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council to dismantle, a day after its leader fled to the UAE" . ABC News . AP . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ "Southern Yemen separatist group says it will dissolve after its head fled to the UAE" . NPR . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's Saudi-backed government retakes southern areas from STC: What next?" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen leader al-Alimi warns separatist push risks "rebellion," regional chaos" . Yeni Şafak . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Naar, Ismaeel and Rasgon, Adam (27 December 2025). "Saudi-Led Group in Yemen Tells Separatists to Withdraw, or Be 'Dealt With' " . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ Grace, Adam (9 December 2025). "Iran Update, December 8, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Security on eastern borders a key issue for Iran: Foreign Ministry spokesperson" . Islamic Republic News Agency . 14 December 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Iran issues withering rebuke of UAE in wake of Yemen offensive" . iranintl.com . 5 December 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Saudi Arabia says military actions by STC harm stability of Yemen" . The National . 25 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ a b "UAE welcomes Saudi efforts to support security in Yemen amid STC advance" . Al Jazeera . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "US 'concerned' by recent events in southern Yemen" . The National . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 27 December 2025 . ^ "EU Urges All Parties to Join Riyadh Conference on Southern Yemen" . Yemen Online (in Arabic) . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Lachter, Efrat (10 December 2025). "Yemen separatist forces seize key oil region, urge US to partner against Iran-backed Houthis" . Fox News . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2025 in international relations 2026 in international relations Aden Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Al-Mahrah Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Battles in 2025 Battles in 2026 Battles of the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) December 2025 in Yemen Hadhramaut Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) January 2026 in Yemen Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations Separatism in Yemen Shabwah Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Taiz Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations Military campaigns CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2025 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:00 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Acts Toggle Acts subsection 2.1 1529 Clergy legal privilege removed 2.2 1530 Praemunire charges reinstated 2.3 1532 Rome deprived of a portion of Annates normally remitted 2.4 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals 2.5 1534 Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations 2.6 1534 (First) Succession Act 2.7 1534 Treasons Act 1534 2.8 1534 Act of Supremacy; Annates reserved to the English Crown 2.9 1536 Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act 2.1 1529 Clergy legal privilege removed 2.2 1530 Praemunire charges reinstated 2.3 1532 Rome deprived of a portion of Annates normally remitted 2.4 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals 2.5 1534 Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations 2.6 1534 (First) Succession Act 2.7 1534 Treasons Act 1534 2.8 1534 Act of Supremacy; Annates reserved to the English Crown 2.9 1536 Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Works cited 5.1 Works cited English Reformation Parliament 日本語 Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Part of a series on the History of the Church of England Westminster Abbey (1749) by Canaletto Middle Ages (597–1500) Anglo-Saxon Christianity Religion in Medieval England Convocations of Canterbury and York Development of dioceses Anglo-Saxon Christianity Religion in Medieval England Convocations of Canterbury and York Development of dioceses Reformation (1509–1559) Reformation Parliament Dissolution of the Monasteries Thomas Cranmer Book of Common Prayer (1549) Edwardine Ordinals Book of Common Prayer (1552) Forty-two Articles Martyrs Marian exiles Reformation Parliament Dissolution of the Monasteries Thomas Cranmer Book of Common Prayer (1549) Edwardine Ordinals Book of Common Prayer (1552) Forty-two Articles Martyrs Marian exiles Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) Book of Common Prayer (1559) Thirty-nine Articles Convocation of 1563 The Books of Homilies History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I Vestments controversy Richard Hooker Calvinist theology in the Church of England Foxe's Book of Martyrs Marprelate Controversy Book of Common Prayer (1559) Thirty-nine Articles Convocation of 1563 The Books of Homilies History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I Vestments controversy Richard Hooker Calvinist theology in the Church of England Foxe's Book of Martyrs Marprelate Controversy Jacobean period (1603–1625) James I and religious issues History of the Puritans under King James I Millenary Petition Hampton Court Conference Book of Common Prayer (1604) King James Version James I and religious issues History of the Puritans under King James I Millenary Petition Hampton Court Conference Book of Common Prayer (1604) King James Version Caroline period (1625–1649) Arminianism in the Church of England Caroline Divines Laudianism History of the Puritans under King Charles I Arminianism in the Church of England Caroline Divines Laudianism History of the Puritans under King Charles I 1649–1688 History of the Puritans from 1649 Westminster Assembly Savoy Conference Book of Common Prayer (1662) Great Ejection Nonjuring schism History of the Puritans from 1649 Westminster Assembly Savoy Conference Book of Common Prayer (1662) Great Ejection Nonjuring schism 1700–1950 Bangorian Controversy Evangelical Revival Oxford Movement Disestablishmentarianism Prayer Book Crisis History of the Anglican Communion Bangorian Controversy Evangelical Revival Oxford Movement Disestablishmentarianism Prayer Book Crisis History of the Anglican Communion .mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Parliaments of England Predecessors Witenagemot 7th – 11th centuries Curia regis 1066 – c. 1215 Witenagemot 7th – 11th centuries Curia regis 1066 – c. 1215 Henry III 1st 1237 2nd 1242 3rd 1244 4th 1246 3rd 1247 4th 1248 Unnumbered 1251 5th 1252 6th 1253 7th 1254 8th 1255 9th 1255 10th 1258 11th 1258 12th 1258 13th "Oxford/Mad" 1258 14th 1259 15th 1259 16th 1259 17th 1260 18th 1260 19th 1260 20th 1261 21st 1262 22nd 1262 23rd 1263 24th 1263 25th 1264 26th "Simon de Montfort" 1265 27th 1265 28th 1265 29th 1266 30th 1267 31st 1267 32nd 1268 33rd 1268 34th 1268 35th 1269 36th 1269 37th 1270 38th 1272 1st 1237 2nd 1242 3rd 1244 4th 1246 3rd 1247 4th 1248 Unnumbered 1251 5th 1252 6th 1253 7th 1254 8th 1255 9th 1255 10th 1258 11th 1258 12th 1258 13th "Oxford/Mad" 1258 14th 1259 15th 1259 16th 1259 17th 1260 18th 1260 19th 1260 20th 1261 21st 1262 22nd 1262 23rd 1263 24th 1263 25th 1264 26th "Simon de Montfort" 1265 27th 1265 28th 1265 29th 1266 30th 1267 31st 1267 32nd 1268 33rd 1268 34th 1268 35th 1269 36th 1269 37th 1270 38th 1272 Edward I "Model" 1295 "Model" 1295 Edward II "Westminster" 1327 "Westminster" 1327 Edward III "Good" 1376 "Bad" 1377 "Good" 1376 "Bad" 1377 Richard II "Wonderful" 1386 "Merciless" 1388 "Wonderful" 1386 "Merciless" 1388 Henry IV "Convention" 1399 "Unlearned" 1404 "Convention" 1399 "Unlearned" 1404 Henry V "Fire and Faggot" 1414 "Fire and Faggot" 1414 Henry VI "Bats" 1426 "Devils" 1459 "Bats" 1426 "Devils" 1459 Edward IV Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII "Reformation" 1529–1536 "Reformation" 1529–1536 Edward VI Mary I 1st 1553 2nd 1554 3rd 1554–1555 4th 1555 5th 1558 1st 1553 2nd 1554 3rd 1554–1555 4th 1555 5th 1558 Elizabeth I 1st 1559 2nd 1563–1567 3rd 1571 4th 1572–1583 5th 1584–1585 6th 1586–1587 7th 1589 8th 1593 9th 1597–1598 10th 1601 1st 1559 2nd 1563–1567 3rd 1571 4th 1572–1583 5th 1584–1585 6th 1586–1587 7th 1589 8th 1593 9th 1597–1598 10th 1601 James I 1st "Blessed" 1604 2nd "Addled" 1614 3rd 1621 4th 1624 1st "Blessed" 1604 2nd "Addled" 1614 3rd 1621 4th 1624 Charles I 1st "Useless" 1625 2nd 1626 3rd 1628 4th "Short" Apr 1640 5th "Long" (1) Nov 1640 Oxford/Mongrel 1644 1st "Useless" 1625 2nd 1626 3rd 1628 4th "Short" Apr 1640 5th "Long" (1) Nov 1640 Oxford/Mongrel 1644 Revolution and Commonwealth 1st "Long" (2) 1645 2nd "Rump" (1) 1648 3rd "Barebone's/Little/Nominated Assembly/Saints" 1653 1st "Long" (2) 1645 2nd "Rump" (1) 1648 3rd "Barebone's/Little/Nominated Assembly/Saints" 1653 Protectorate 1st 1654 2nd 1656 3rd 1659 4th "Rump" (2) 1659 1st 1654 2nd 1656 3rd 1659 4th "Rump" (2) 1659 Commonwealth 1st "Rump" (3) 1659 2nd "Long" (3) 1660 1st "Rump" (3) 1659 2nd "Long" (3) 1660 Charles II 1st "Convention" 1660 2nd "Cavalier" 1661 3rd "Habeas Corpus/First Exclusion" 1679 4th "Exclusion Bill/Second Exclusion" 1680 5th "Oxford/Third Exclusion" 1681 1st "Convention" 1660 2nd "Cavalier" 1661 3rd "Habeas Corpus/First Exclusion" 1679 4th "Exclusion Bill/Second Exclusion" 1680 5th "Oxford/Third Exclusion" 1681 James II "Loyal" 1685 "Loyal" 1685 William III and Mary II 1st "Convention" 1689 2nd 1690 3rd 1695 4th 1698 5th Feb 1701 6th Dec 1701 1st "Convention" 1689 2nd 1690 3rd 1695 4th 1698 5th Feb 1701 6th Dec 1701 Anne 1st 1702 2nd 1705 1st 1702 2nd 1705 List of parliaments of England List of acts of the Parliament of England Parliaments of Great Britain Other countries List of parliaments of England List of acts of the Parliament of England Parliaments of Great Britain Other countries v t e v t e The English Reformation Parliament , which was summoned by Henry VIII on 9 August 1529, sat from 3 November 1529 until 14 April 1536. It established the legal basis for the English Reformation , passing major pieces of legislation which formally enacted the break with Rome and increased the authority of the Church of England . Under the direction of King Henry VIII, the Reformation Parliament was the first in English history to deal with major religious legislation, much of it orchestrated by, among others, the Boleyn family and Thomas Cromwell . [ 1 ] This legislation transferred many aspects of English life away from the control of the Roman Catholic Church to control under the Crown . [ 2 ] As well as setting a precedent for future monarchs to utilize parliamentary statutes affecting the Church of England, this strengthened the role of the Parliament of England [ 2 ] and provided a significant transference of wealth from the representatives of the Roman Catholic Church to the English Crown. [ 3 ] Background By the mid-1520s, King Henry VIII was in desperate need of a male heir. His wife, Catherine of Aragon , was increasingly considered to be past child-bearing age, and in Henry’s mind, having a female on the throne (i.e, his only legitimate heir, later Mary I of England ) would destabilize the country. [ 4 ] Henry then concluded that a divorce was needed in order for him to marry Anne Boleyn and sent Cardinal Wolsey to negotiate with Pope Clement VII . [ 4 ] Wolsey was unable to convince Clement to grant a divorce. Frustrated with Wolsey and the English clergy as a whole, [ 5 ] Henry then turned to combating the influence and the benefits that the Catholic clergy enjoyed in England, hoping that pressure on the Church would influence the Pope to support his cause. [ 6 ] However, England was not powerful and important enough in Europe at this time for the Pope to pay it much attention. [ 4 ] Henry then consulted with his advisors including Thomas Cromwell to address the influence of canonical law in England. [ 4 ] Cromwell orchestrated much of the legislation and ran propaganda campaigns throughout England to win over the laity. [ 3 ] Henry called Parliament to session in 1529. Acts The major pieces of legislation from the Reformation Parliament included: 1529 Clergy legal privilege removed An Act was passed to prevent the clergy from being subject to separate canonical courts . Instead, they were now to be tried in the same way as everybody else in England was and not be looked upon favourably by the courts. 1530 Praemunire charges reinstated In October 1530 Cromwell surprised even his mentor Wolsey by taking praemunire action against the English clergy, essentially accusing them of appealing to a power outside of the realm (i.e., the Pope) - not for a specific reason but rather the entire principle of papal authority over English law. [ 7 ] The clergy were therefore charged with treason. Once the clergy acknowledged Henry as the head of the Church of England, charges were dropped. [ 8 ] 1532 Rome deprived of a portion of Annates normally remitted The session of 1532 saw plan and purpose that had not been evident in earlier sessions. [ 9 ] The first Act of Annates (the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates) was passed allowing only 5% of the money normally remitted to Rome. Annates were monies (church taxes effectively) that were collected in England and sent to Rome. They were levied on any diocese by Rome as payment in return for the nomination and papal authorization for the consecration of a bishop. One third of the first year's revenues from the particular diocese went to Rome. The King passed legislation threatening to deprive the pope of these revenues. During this year even more intensive work was done to try to get Pope Clement to agree to the divorce Henry required. The Parliament threatened that if Henry did not get his annulment /divorce within a year, then all payments to Rome would be stopped. The anti-clerical Act, " Supplication against the Ordinaries ," was also passed. 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals This act removed the Pope from any jurisdiction over the English crown, affairs, or lands; the English monarch was now the ultimate authority. Henry used the argument that England was an empire and therefore not subject to the Pope’s control. [ 3 ] Ultimately, as “supreme head” of the church, [ 10 ] this act provided Henry the ability to legally divorce Katherine and marry Anne Boleyn. [ 3 ] Most importantly, it provided the foundation for subsequent legislative reform concerning the English church and the monarch’s authority. [ 11 ] 1534 Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations Payment of Peter's Pence (a tax collected annually from householders) to the See of Rome was abolished. The Act also eradicated pluralism in the clergy (the right to hold more than one parish) and forbade English clergy from attending religious assemblies abroad. 1534 (First) Succession Act The Succession Act of 1533 (passed in 1534) declared Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's marriage invalid and Mary therefore illegitimate, which established his daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I ) as his heir. [ 3 ] 1534 Treasons Act 1534 Henry wanted to silence critics of these changes to legislation and heirs (for example, Elizabeth Barton [ 12 ] ). As a result, Cromwell wrote legislation to ensure that any challenge to the Act of Supremacy (questioning the monarch’s authority) or the Act of Succession (questioning the line of succession) would be considered treason and punishable by death. [ 13 ] 1534 Act of Supremacy; Annates reserved to the English Crown The second Act of Annates was passed, called the Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates . The annates were, along with the supremacy over the church in England, reserved to the Crown, and the English crown now took all revenue charged for the appointment of bishops. The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the pope to the Crown. The Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The first Act of Supremacy (among other things) began the process by which the dissolution of monasteries was to be undertaken. It quickly followed the receipt of a survey called Valor Ecclesiasticus , but applied only to religious houses with an income of less than two hundred pounds a year. 1536 Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act This act decreed that smaller monasteries with a yearly income of less than £200 throughout England would be closed. [ 3 ] Under the guise of addressing corrupt and usury practices of the clergy, Cromwell sought a way to not only extend Crown control of the clergy but also seize their assets. In doing so, Cromwell found a way to enrich the Crown’s struggling treasury. This action would also continue to limit the clergy’s authority. [ 14 ] In reality, the corruption of the clergy was most likely not as severe as Cromwell purported, and most laity seemed satisfied that their spiritual and pastoral needs were being met. [ 15 ] Dissolving monasteries had been Cromwell’s goal for some time. By starting with the smaller monasteries first, he could avoid the accusation of displacing monks and nuns who could find a home elsewhere in larger, richer monasteries. It would also avoid angering influential patrons and supporters at Court, who largely supported those monasteries. Additionally, dissolution would also provide a means to win loyalty by enriching landowners by bestowing them these smaller monastic lands. [ 14 ] Abbots agreed, in the hopes that the larger monasteries would be spared. [ 16 ] Aftermath These eight sessions of Parliament began the separation of canonical law from statutory law in England. [ 17 ] Ultimately, these acts transitioned laws controlling many aspects of life away from Rome and under the control of Parliament and the Crown, establishing Parliament as the ultimate authority over English law without the pope's interference. [ 2 ] As a result, it also transferred significant wealth away from the English Roman Catholic Church to the Crown, [ 3 ] with the added benefit of helping to boost the English economy. [ 18 ] See also Scottish Reformation Parliament , commencing 1560 References ^ Haigh 1993 , p. 105. ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} UK Parliament. "Reformation Parliament" . Retrieved 13 March 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament" . Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ a b c d Bucholz 2020 , pp. 67–78. ^ Haigh 1993 , p. 99. ^ Rex, Richard (Winter 2000). "Jasper Fyloll and the Enormities of the Clergy: Two Tracts Written during the Reformation Parliament" . The Sixteenth Century Journal . 31 (4): 1043– 1062. doi : 10.2307/2671186 . JSTOR 2671186 . Retrieved 26 February 2023 . ^ Rockett, William (Spring 2017). "Wolsey, More, and the Unity of Christendom" . The Sixteenth Century Journal . 35 (1): 140. doi : 10.2307/20476841 . JSTOR 20476841 . ^ Rockett 2017 , p. 141. ^ Elton, G. R. (1955). England under the Tudors . London: Methuen . p. 130. ^ Haigh 1993 , p. 108. ^ Lehmberg 1970 , p. 175. ^ Lehmberg 1970 , p. 194. ^ Lehmberg 1970 , pp. 196–197. ^ a b Lehmberg 1970 , p. 222. ^ Haigh, Christopher (1983). "Anticlericalism and the English Reformation" . History . 68 (224): 392. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02194.x . JSTOR 24417597 . ^ Lehmberg 1970 , p. 226. ^ Roberts, Peter R (2007). "Henry VIII, Francis I and the Reformation Parliament" . Parliaments, Estates & Representation . 27 (1): 129– 144. doi : 10.1080/02606755.2007.9522257 . S2CID 143359563 . Retrieved 26 February 2023 . ^ Lehmberg 1970 , pp. 250–251. Works cited Bucholz, Robert (2020). Early Modern England 1485-1714 (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-1185-3222-5 . Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors . Oxford University Press. hdl : 2027/heb01871.0001.001 . Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536 . The Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5210-7655-2 . 1529 establishments in England 16th-century English parliaments Anglicanism History of Christianity in England English Reformation Protestantism in the United Kingdom Anti-Catholicism in England Anti-Catholicism in Wales History of the Church of England History of Catholicism in England Parliament of England (pre-1707) Political history of England Religion and politics Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2023 This page was last edited on 19 December 2025, at 22:52 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 1. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 6. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 9. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 15. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 10. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 10–11. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 11. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 99. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 21–22. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 22. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 12. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 13–14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 14. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 102. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Dictionary of America Biography: John Cabell Breckinridge" . Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 20. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 103. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 21. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 34. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 22. ^ Tschanz, David W. "Yellow Fever and the Strategy of the Mexican-American War" . Montana State University. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017 . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . ^ a b c Sifakis 1988 , p. 71. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 37. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 23. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 38. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 30. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 31. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 33. ^ Breckinridge, John C. (September 5, 1860). "The Presidency.; Speech of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, at Lexingtion, Ky" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved June 6, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 26. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 24. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 113. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 43. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 104. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "John Cabell Breckinridge, 14th Vice President (1857–1861)" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017 . 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(January 4, 1859). "Address of the Hon. John C. Breckinridge, vice president of the United States" . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 79. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 208. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 209. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 114. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 82. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 83. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 115. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 83–84. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 84. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 128. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 90. ^ a b c d Klotter 1992 , p. 118. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 117. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 118. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 91. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 94. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 95. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 119. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 98. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 98–99. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 100. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 129. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 101. ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 130. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 120. ^ "Important from Kentucky: Paducah in Possession of the National Troops" . The New York Times . September 7, 1861. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 104. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 105. ^ a b Eicher & Eicher 2001 , p. 143. ^ U.S. Senate Historical Office (1995). United States Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases: 1793–1990 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 102– 103. ISBN 0-1606-3264-1 . ^ "Senate Journal. 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 4 December 1861, 23" . Archived from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ "July 11, 1861: Ten Senators Expelled" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016 . Retrieved July 17, 2016 . ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 131. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 108. ^ a b Sifakis 1988 , p. 72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Richard Nelson Current, ed. (1993). "John C. Breckinridge". Encyclopedia of the Confederacy . New York City: Simon & Schuster . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 109. ^ Pollard 1866 , p. 242. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 121. ^ "John C. Breckinridge | Biography, Facts, & Party" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ a b c d Harrison 1973 , p. 132. ^ Pollard 1866 , pp. 326–327. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 123. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 124. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 113. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 113–114. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 114. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 125. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 133. ^ a b c d Harrison 1973 , p. 134. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 115. ^ Pollard 1866 , p. 350. ^ Pollard 1866 , pp. 350–351. ^ Bragg, Braxton (February 23, 1863). "Report of General Braxton Bragg, C. S. Army Commanding Army of Tennessee on the Battle of Stones River" . Civil War Home . Archived from the original on May 19, 2017 . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 116. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 117. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 519. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 119. ^ a b "John C. Breckinridge" . The New York Times . December 7, 1863. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017 . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 121. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 123. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 179–184. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 135. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 428, 430–433, 450–451. ^ "Battle Summary: Kernstown, Second" . National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016 . Retrieved August 7, 2016 . ^ Eicher & Eicher 2001 , p. 144. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 127. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 125. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 126. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 127. ^ a b Heck 1976 , pp. 127–128. ^ Klotter 1986 , pp. 127–128. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 128. ^ McKnight 2006 , p. 211. ^ "Saltville during the Civil War – Encyclopedia Virginia" . Archived from the original on January 8, 2022 . Retrieved January 16, 2022 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 129. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 137. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 132. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 133. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 134. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 135. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 138. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 74, 513–514. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 137. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 129. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 138. ^ "Jefferson Davis Was Captured" . The Library of Congress. 2007. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010 . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 139. ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 139. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 140. ^ a b Eriksen, John M. "Brevard County, Florida : A Short History to 1955" . johneriksen.net . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ a b c d Heck 1976 , p. 142. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 144. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 145. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 147. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 550–551. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 551. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 146. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 140. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 148. ^ a b c d Harrison 1973 , p. 141. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 151. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 589. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 150. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 134. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 142. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 153. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 154. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 156. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 157. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 135. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 144. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 159. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 160. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 161. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 430. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 543. ^ Grady McWhiney, "Breckenridge, John Cabell" in John A. Garrity, ed., Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974), pp. 130–131. ^ Upham 1920 , p. 578. ^ Eaton 1916 , p. 266. ^ "Breckinridge, TX" . Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Breckenridge or Breckinridge: Local Historian Breaks it Down Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , by Robert Allen, Vail (Colorado) Daily , June 13, 2009 ^ "Fort Breckinridge: Built Again and Again" . Legends of America. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 28, 2016 . ^ "Kansas Counties: Breckinridge County, Kansas [defunct]" . The Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Scheck, Frank (September 25, 2014). " 'Field of Lost Shoes': Film Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11, 2016 . Retrieved July 20, 2016 . ^ "Honoring the Dead" . The Maysville Evening Bulletin. November 15, 1887. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ Musgrave, Beth (May 26, 2017). "New Orleans removed its Confederate monuments. What will Lexington do?" . Lexington Herald Leader. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries primaries Presidential administrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) U.S. House leaders , Speakers , and Caucus chairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. 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Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) U.S. Senate leaders and Caucus chairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) J. W. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Formation 1.2 Capture of Aden 1.3 Post-Riyadh Agreement 1.4 December 2025 offensive 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.5 January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution 1.1 Formation 1.2 Capture of Aden 1.3 Post-Riyadh Agreement 1.4 December 2025 offensive 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.5 January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution 2 Territorial control 3 Administration Toggle Administration subsection 3.1 Presidential Commission 3.2 National Assembly 3.1 Presidential Commission 3.2 National Assembly 4 Foreign relations Toggle Foreign relations subsection 4.1 Israel 4.1 Israel 5 Human rights 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Bibliography 7.1 Bibliography Southern Transitional Council العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Southern Transitional Council .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي ( Arabic ) Chairman Aidarus al-Zoubaidi ( AWOL ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Vice president Hani bin Burayk Foundation 11 May 2017 ( 2017-05-11 ) Dissolved 9 January 2026 (Riyadh delegation claim) [ 3 ] Still active (Yemeni officials claim) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 9 January 2026 (Riyadh delegation claim) [ 3 ] Still active (Yemeni officials claim) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Split from Southern Movement Groups .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Southern Armed Forces Security Belt Southern Armed Forces Security Belt Headquarters Aden , Yemen (until 2026) Ideology Separatism Secularism [ 6 ] Anti-Islamism [ 7 ] Militarism Anti- Axis of Resistance Separatism Secularism [ 6 ] Anti-Islamism [ 7 ] Militarism Anti- Axis of Resistance Part of Presidential Leadership Council (PLC) (2022–2026) Allies State allies: United Arab Emirates Yemen ( 2019 – 2025 ) [ 8 ] Israel [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Non-state allies: Tihamah Resistance (until 2026) Yemeni National Resistance (until 2026) Giants Brigades (until 2026) [ 2 ] Libyan National Army [ 12 ] State allies: United Arab Emirates Yemen ( 2019 – 2025 ) [ 8 ] Israel [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Non-state allies: Tihamah Resistance (until 2026) Yemeni National Resistance (until 2026) Giants Brigades (until 2026) [ 2 ] Libyan National Army [ 12 ] Opponents State opponents: Yemen (until 2019, since 2025) [ 8 ] Iran Saudi Arabia ( 2025–2026 ) [ 13 ] Non-state opponents: Houthis Al Islah Giants Brigades (since 7 January 2026) [ 2 ] Muslim Brotherhood [ 7 ] AQAP Islamic State – Yemen Province State opponents: Yemen (until 2019, since 2025) [ 8 ] Iran Saudi Arabia ( 2025–2026 ) [ 13 ] Non-state opponents: Houthis Al Islah Giants Brigades (since 7 January 2026) [ 2 ] Muslim Brotherhood [ 7 ] AQAP Islamic State – Yemen Province Wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Flag Website en .stcaden .com The Southern Transitional Council ( STC ; Arabic : المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي , romanized : al-Majlis al-Intiqālī al-Janūbī ) was a political and military organization in Yemen that existed from 2017 until its dissolution in 2026. Formed as a faction of the Southern Movement , it had called for the secession of a proposed federal "State of South Arabia" from the rest of the nation along the borders of former South Yemen , with the name being inspired from the British-created Federation of South Arabia . [ 14 ] The organization was backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 15 ] The council was headed by the former Governor of Aden Governorate , Aidarus al-Zoubaidi , as chairman , [ 1 ] with former minister of state and militant Salafi Islamist , Hani bin Burayk , as vice president. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The formation of the council was authorized a week earlier by the "Historic Declaration", announced at a rally protesting the dismissal of al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor. The STC, a major party to the Yemeni Civil War , once controlled all of the territories of the former South Yemeni state. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The 26 members of the STC included the governors of five southern governorates and two government ministers. In April 2022, the STC joined the Presidential Leadership Council , after then-Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi resigned and transferred presidential powers to the newly formed body. STC head Aidarus al-Zoubaidi became the Vice President of the new government. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The STC increased its influence in the council by enlarging its membership to three out of the eight, through internal reorganization in May 2023. [ 24 ] In December 2025, the group launched a major offensive to retake the territory of former South Yemen . This was initially widely successful, with the STC capturing almost the entire territory of the former southern state. However, this prompted a PLC - HTA counter-offensive with direct Saudi military support. This turned the tables on the STC and in early January 2026, the council had lost most of its territory, including its capital Aden . [ 25 ] A dispute over the group's fate arose, as an STC delegation in Riyadh announced the group would dissolve, while the group's official spokesperson and other high-ranking officials stated that the Riyadh statement was 'null and void', [ 4 ] had been made under duress and the STC remained 'fully legitimate and operational'. [ 5 ] History In 1914, following the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 , the United Kingdom and Ottoman Empire divided Arabian Peninsula into two parts: the northwest under Ottoman control and influence, and the southeast under British control and influence. [ 26 ] The UK established the Aden Colony in 1937 and a Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia in 1959 which evolved into the Federation of South Arabia in 1963. Following an armed rebellion , British forces withdrew from southern Yemen in November 1967, resulting in the independence of the People's Republic of Southern Yemen which later became the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1970. The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and neighbouring Yemen Arab Republic merged in May 1990 as the Republic of Yemen . Southern separatists proclaimed a Democratic Republic of Yemen in May 1994, however the attempted secession was defeated in July that year. Formation On 27 April 2017, President Hadi dismissed Aidarus al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor of Aden Governorate due to his close ties with the United Arab Emirates , which President Hadi described as "acting like occupiers" in Aden . [ 27 ] This was met with large demonstrations in the city in support of the deposed but popular Zoubaidi. [ 28 ] In 4 May 2017, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a speech which the STC describes as the "Aden Historic Declaration" ( Arabic : إعلان عدن التاريخي , romanized : Iʿlān ʿAdan at-Tārīḵiyy ). The speech was delivered in Aden's Freedom Square ( Arabic : ساحة الحرية , romanized : sahat alhuriya ), formerly known as Exhibition Square in Khormaksar district . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] With the help and support of the United Arab Emirates, the STC was formed on 11 May 2017 with al-Zoubaidi as its leader. [ 31 ] Immediately, President Hadi called the council illegitimate. [ 32 ] [ 19 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Capture of Aden Beginning on 28 January 2018, forces loyal to the STC seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi government. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] In January 2018, as the head of the STC, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a state of emergency in Aden and that "the STC has begun the process of overthrowing Hadi's rule over the South". [ 37 ] On 27 August 2019, tensions continued to escalate in southern Yemen after the UAE-backed Security Belt Forces (SBF) lost territories to troops loyal to the Saudi-backed government of President Hadi. The troops advanced on the capital Aden and instead of engaging in street fighting, took positions outside of the city in order to prevent civilian casualties. On 29 August 2019, to stop government forces from advancing and reclaiming the capital, the UAE carried out airstrikes on government positions outside of Aden, which killed and injured over 300 government soldiers. Despite membership in the coalition fighting the Iran-aligned Houthi rebels, the UAE fell out with Hadi's government after the former accused Hadi of aligning with the powerful Islah party , which the UAE viewed as ideologically close to the Muslim Brotherhood . [ citation needed ] Post-Riyadh Agreement On 5 November 2019, the STC and the Yemeni government signed the Riyadh Agreement , which resulted in the latter recognizing the former's legitimacy and allowing them into the government, in exchange for the STC withdrawing militarily from Aden and giving up some security control in the south of the country. [ 38 ] It followed the Southern Yemen clashes of August 2019, with the goal of ending the fighting and establishing a united front against the Houthi rebels. [ 39 ] The STC declared self-governance on 26 April 2020. [ 40 ] The government said local and security authorities in the provinces of Hadramaut , Abyan , Shabwa , al-Mahra , and the island of Socotra dismissed the move as a "clear and definite coup". [ 41 ] In Aden, the movement's attempt was successful, as it occupied all governmental institutions. [ 42 ] To deal with the infighting between the Yemeni government and the Southern Transitional Council, a new cabinet was formed with the backing of neighbouring Saudi Arabia. [ 43 ] The formation of the new unity government in December 2020, which includes equal numbers of representatives from each region of Yemen's northern and southern areas, was the result of over a year's worth of intense negotiations mediated by the Saudis, and was meant to end the infighting so that the two sides could fight together against the Houthi rebels in the ongoing civil war . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] In April 2022, STC formally became part of the Presidential Leadership Council, the new governing body of the Republic of Yemen established after the resignation of the former president. STC head Aidarus al-Zoubaidi became the new Vice President . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] During the STC congress held between 4–8 May 2023, the "Southern National Pact" was adopted, demanding the incorporation of the Southern Movement in the Yemeni peace process under an "independent framework". Houthi insurgents vehemently denounced the congress and its resolutions. Nevertheless, STC managed to increase its share in the Presidential Leadership Council to three members out of the total eight seats. [ 46 ] In August 2022, the STC launched an offensive in the Abyan and Shabwah provinces, capturing most districts of those provinces. [ 47 ] On 25 September 2025, the STC called for a "two-state solution" to the Yemeni civil war. STC president Aidarus al-Zubaidi said that such an agreement would be the best path towards peace and stability, as he believed there was "no prospect" of dislodging the Houthis from Northern Yemen and that the country was already effectively divided into two states. [ 48 ] December 2025 offensive On 2 December 2025, the STC launched an offensive across southern Yemen , codenamed "Operation Promising Future", [ 49 ] and by 8 December, had captured most of the territory comprising the 6 governorates of the former South Yemen . The STC declared its intention to continue advancing until it captures the Houthi-held capital of Sanaa . [ 50 ] In the immediate aftermath of the offensive, Presidential Leadership Council chair Rashad al-Alimi and prime minister Salem Saleh bin Braik left Aden for Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . [ 51 ] Following the offensive, rallies and sit-ins were held in Aden and other cities demanding the re-establishment of an independent state in South Yemen. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] By 21 December several ministers in the Yemeni cabinet had issued statements supporting southern independence and STC leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi had declared that the "next stage will be the stage of building institutions of the future state of South Arabia". [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In response the chair of Yemen's Presidential Leadership Council, Rashad al-Alimi, stated that these ministers had "exceeded their functional responsibilities" and ordered legal action against "violations undermining state authority". [ 57 ] January 2026 constitutional declaration On 2 January 2026, the STC published a constitutional declaration for the State of South Arabia, conterminous with the borders of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen , which had existed as an independent sovereign United Nations member state between 1967 and 1990. [ 58 ] The STC leader Aidarous al-Zubaid stated that the constitution would be in effect for two years, after which a referendum on "exercising the right to self-determination for the people of the South" would be held. al-Zubaid also called for dialogue between the relevant parties in northern and southern Yemen regarding the "paths and mechanisms that guarantee the right of the people of the south." [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Nevertheless, al-Zubaid stated that the constitutional declaration could take effect immediately if the call for dialogue is ignored or if STC forces come under military attack. [ 61 ] January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution Saudi-backed forces loyal to the Presidential Leadership Council launched a counteroffensive in early January 2026. PLC forces took back control of Hadhramaut and Al Mahrah governorates between 2 and 4 January 2026. [ 62 ] Following Saudi air strikes, pro-PLC forces pushed the STC out of Abyan and Shabwah between 6 and 7 January 2026. STC leader, Aidarous al-Zoubaidi left Aden on 7 January, initially to Berbera, Somaliland and then onwards to the United Arab Emirates . [ 63 ] On 9 January 2026, members and affiliated bodies of the Southern Transitional Council announced that they had decided to dissolve the council. Members of the group said in a statement that they did not participate in the decision regarding the offensive in Hadhramaut and al-Mahra, adding that this operation "harmed the southern cause" and that the council has not "achieved its intended aims." [ 64 ] Consequently, STC leader Zoubaidi fled to the United Arab Emirates. [ 65 ] However, the UAE-based official spokesman of the STC, Anwar al-Tamimi, called the news "ridiculous" and rejected the announcement. [ 66 ] The spokesperson, backed by other high-ranking officials, denied that the STC had disbanded and stated that the Riyadh statement had been made under duress and demanded that the delegation be released from Riyadh. [ 67 ] The group published a statement on the following day, stating that the dissolution announcement had been made under pressure and that the STC remained 'fully legitimate and operational'. [ 5 ] [ 4 ] The STC called for mass protests in Aden in support of the group. Saudi-backed forces announced a ban on demonstrations, but this was ignored by several thousand STC supporters who gathered in the streets in support of the council. [ 68 ] Territorial control The STC claimed all the territory of the former South Yemen as part of its proposed State of South Arabia. This is located at the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula and includes the islands of Socotra in Arabian Sea and Perim in the Strait of Mandeb . After the 2018 Battle of Aden , the group took over parts of Lahij and Dhale governorates . [ 69 ] After 2019 Southern Yemen clashes , the STC controlled territory in Aden Governorate , and in parts of Abyan , Lahij and Shabwah governorates. [ 70 ] On 2020, STC took over of Socotra Governorate . From 2022 Southern Yemen offensive , the STC controlled most remaining parts of Abyan and Shabwah governorates. [ 71 ] As a result of the 2025 Southern Yemen offensive which began on 2 December 2025, the STC gained control Hadhramawt and Al Mahrah governorates thus controlling most of the territory of the former South Yemen. [ 72 ] [ 50 ] [ 73 ] Following a counteroffensive by PLC forces in early January 2026, the STC lost most of the territorial gains they had made during the December 2025 offensive. [ 25 ] Administration Presidential Commission An STC Presidential Commission was announced in May 2017 and as of May 2023 has 26 members with Aidarus al-Zoubaidi serving as president and Hani Bin Breik as vice-president. [ 16 ] [ 74 ] In 2017 the membership of the Presidential Commission was as follows: [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ better source needed ] Name Position or profession Aidarus al-Zoubaidi President Hani bin Breik Vice-president Fadhl al-Ghadi Governor for Dhale Lutfi Bashareef Minister for Communications Murad al-Hallemy Minister for Transport Hamid Lamlas Governor for Shabwah Nasser al-Khobbaki Governor for Lahij Ahmed bin Breik Governor for Hadramout Saleh al-Awlaqi Parliamentarian Abdulhadi Shayif Economist Abdullah Arefarar Representative for Socotra Abdurrab al-Naqeep Representative for Yafa'a Adnan al-Kaaf Member of Parliament for Aden Ahmed al-Socotry Governor for Socotra Mona Basharaheed Professor of Literature Aqel al-Attas Activist Lutfi Shatara Journalist Sahair Ali Professor of Law Ahmed Bamuallem Brigadier General and representative for Hadramaut Abdurahman Shaikh Member of Parliament for Aden Salem al-Awlaqi Activist Ameen Saleh Activist Nasser Assadi Brigadier General Ali Ashaibah Brigadier General Niran Suqi Jurist Ali al-Kathiri Representative of the Southern Movement National Assembly The National Assembly, established in December 2017, was a deliberative body consisting of 303 members representing the districts and governorates of southern Yemen, it was chaired by member of the STC's presidency Ali Al-Kathiri. [ 77 ] Foreign relations Israel In December 2023, the Southern Transitional Council reportedly said that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthi ship attacks . [ 78 ] In September 2025, Zoubaidi said in an interview that if the STC were to achieve an independent state, it would likely grant recognition to Israel by joining the Abraham Accords . He stated that "If Gaza and Palestine regain their rights, the Accords will be essential for stability in the region." [ 79 ] Human rights Amnesty International has reported a series of human rights concerns in areas under the control of the Southern Transitional Council (STC). Since 2023, the authorities in Aden have introduced restrictions on civil society organizations , requiring permits from STC-run bodies for public activities. According to Amnesty, these permit requirements often involved extensive reporting obligations and were sometimes used to limit funding or deny approval for organizations perceived as politically opposed to the STC. [ 80 ] In some cases, events organized by non-governmental organizations were prevented from taking place, or were halted after approval had been granted. Venues were reportedly ordered to close events mid-way without explanation. [ 80 ] Civil society groups have also reported reduced access to funding and increased self-censorship in response to the restrictions. [ 80 ] Human rights defenders and journalists have been targets of the STC's security forces arbitrary detention. On 16 November 2023, lawyer Sami Yassin Ka'id Marsh was arrested by STC security forces as he was leaving work. He was detained without charge at the al-Nasr military camp, an unofficial facility, held incommunicado , and reportedly subjected to torture and prolonged solitary confinement. In March 2024, he was transferred to Aden's Bir Ahmad prison, where a leaked photograph showed him seriously ill in a hospital bed, raising concerns for his health and wellbeing. Amnesty International reported that he was subjected to torture and prolonged solitary confinement. [ 81 ] On 26 May 2024, armed individuals affiliated with the STC and the Southern Women Union took control of the Yemeni Women Union centre in Aden, a shelter for survivors of gender-based violence. Staff and residents were expelled, and access to the premises was blocked. [ 82 ] See also South Yemen insurgency Southern Movement Yemeni Socialist Party References ^ a b Heibach 2021 , p. 2. ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Faisal Ali,Alma Milisic,Yasmeen Aboujabal. "Updates: Saudi-led coalition targets Yemen; STC head dismissed from gov't" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council to dismantle, a day after its leader fled to the UAE" . ABC News . AP. 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ a b c "STC denies disbandment statement, rumors | The Jerusalem Post" . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com . 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b c "Yemen's STC denies dissolution, demands release of detained delegation in Riyadh" . english.news.cn . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b "Israel, the UAE, and Yemen's South: The Politics of Unlikely Alliances" . Arab Center Washington DC. 22 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2017 establishments in Yemen 2026 disestablishments in Yemen Arab separatism Military units and formations disestablished in 2026 Military units and formations established in 2017 Secessionist organizations Separatism in Yemen United Arab Emirates–Yemen 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Footnotes 2 See also 3 External links List of days of the year Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska עברית Jawa Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Runa Simi Русиньскый Sardu Seeltersk Sicilianu සිංහල سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 吴语 Yorùbá 中文 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The following pages, corresponding to the Gregorian calendar , list the historical events, births, deaths, and holidays and observances of the specified day of the year: Jan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Feb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 [ i ] Mar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Apr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jun 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Jul 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Aug 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Sep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Footnotes ^ February 29 only occurs in leap years . This day is added to the calendar as a corrective measure because the Earth does not orbit the Sun in precisely 365 days. See also Leap year List of calendars List of non-standard dates External links On This Day BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Library of Congress : Today in History History Channel (US): This Day in History History Channel (UK): This Day in History Days of the year Lists of observances History-related lists Reference material lists Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages This page was last edited on 9 December 2025, at 05:41 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Account Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Clipboard My Bibliography Collections Citation manager Save citation to file Email citation Add to Collections Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Add to My Bibliography My Bibliography Your saved search Yes No Create a file for external citation management software Your RSS Feed Full text links Actions Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Page navigation Title & authors Abstract MeSH terms Substances Supplementary concepts LinkOut - more resources Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas Affiliations 1 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 2 Shenzhen Proof-of-Concept Center of Digital Cytopathology, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 3 Shanxi Medical University-BGI Collaborative Center for Future Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 4 BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 5 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 6 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 7 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China. 8 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 9 School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 10 BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 11 School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 12 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 13 Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. 14 College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China. 15 BGI, Shenzhen, China. 16 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 17 BGI Research, Wuhan, China. 18 MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 19 3DCStar lab, BGI, Shenzhen, China. 20 BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China. 21 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Imaging and Interventional Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, The fifth affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China. 22 Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China. 23 School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. 24 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 25 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 26 Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. 27 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 28 Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 29 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 30 Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China. 31 Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 32 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 33 Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 34 James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China. 35 Ruijin Yangtze River Delta Health Institute, Wuxi Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 36 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. PMID: 41505528 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3130 Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Authors Affiliations 1 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 2 Shenzhen Proof-of-Concept Center of Digital Cytopathology, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 3 Shanxi Medical University-BGI Collaborative Center for Future Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 4 BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 5 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 6 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 7 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China. 8 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 9 School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 10 BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 11 School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 12 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 13 Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. 14 College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China. 15 BGI, Shenzhen, China. 16 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 17 BGI Research, Wuhan, China. 18 MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 19 3DCStar lab, BGI, Shenzhen, China. 20 BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China. 21 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Imaging and Interventional Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, The fifth affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China. 22 Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China. 23 School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. 24 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 25 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 26 Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. 27 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 28 Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 29 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 30 Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China. 31 Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 32 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 33 Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 34 James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China. 35 Ruijin Yangtze River Delta Health Institute, Wuxi Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 36 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. PMID: 41505528 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3130 Abstract Human peripheral blood exhibits molecular and cellular heterogeneity across populations, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We present the Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas (CIMA), characterizing molecular variations linked to sex, age, and genetic variants through multi-omics analysis of more than 10 million circulating immune cells from 428 Chinese adults. CIMA established an enhancer-driven gene regulatory network comprising 237 robust regulons; identified 9600 eGenes and 52,361 caPeaks at cell type resolution; and revealed pleiotropic associations among immune-related disease risk loci, cis-expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and chromatin accessibility QTLs. Furthermore, the cell language model CIMA-CLM predicted chromatin accessibility and evaluated the effects of noncoding variants from chromatin sequences and gene expression. CIMA provides a comprehensive reference for immune-related disease research. PubMed Disclaimer MeSH terms Adult Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Age Factors Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Aged Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search China Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Chromatin / genetics Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search East Asian People* / genetics Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Enhancer Elements, Genetic Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Female Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Gene Regulatory Networks* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Genetic Variation Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Humans Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Immune System Diseases* / genetics Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Male Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Middle Aged Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Multiomics* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Quantitative Trait Loci Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Sex Factors Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Young Adult Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Substances Chromatin Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Supplementary concepts Chinese people Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources Atypon Full Text Sources Atypon Medical MedlinePlus Health Information Medical MedlinePlus Health Information Clipboard Email Save My Bibliography Collections Citation Manager NCBI Literature Resources MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Record-holders 5 See also 6 References Nave العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 中文 Руски Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The nave ( / n eɪ v / ) is the central part of a church , stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts , or in a church without transepts, to the chancel . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When a church contains side aisles , as in a basilica -type building, the strict definition of the term "nave" is restricted to the central aisle. [ 1 ] In a broader, more colloquial sense, the nave includes all areas available for the lay worshippers, including the side-aisles and transepts. [ 3 ] Either way, the nave is distinct from the area reserved for the choir and clergy . [ 1 ] Description The nave extends from the entry—which may have a separate vestibule (the narthex )—to the chancel and may be flanked by lower side-aisles [ 4 ] separated from the nave by an arcade . If the aisles are high and of a width comparable to the central nave, the structure is sometimes said to have three naves. It provides the central approach to the high altar . Etymology The term nave is from navis , the Latin word for ship , an early Christian symbol of the Church as a whole, with a possible connection to the " Ship of St. Peter " or the Ark of Noah . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] The term may also have been suggested by the keel shape of the vaulting of a church. In many Nordic and Baltic countries a model ship is commonly found hanging in the nave of a church, [ 6 ] and in some languages the same word means both 'nave' and 'ship', as for instance Danish skib , Swedish skepp , Dutch schip or Spanish nave . History The earliest churches were built when builders were familiar with the form of the Roman basilica , a public building for business transactions. It had a wide central area, with aisles separated by columns, and with windows near the ceiling. Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is an early church which had this form. It was built in the 4th century on the orders of Roman emperor Constantine I , and replaced in the 16th century. [ 3 ] [ 1 ] The nave, the main body of the building, is the section set apart for the laity, while the chancel is reserved for the clergy. In medieval churches the nave was separated from the chancel by the rood screen ; these, being elaborately decorated, were notable features in European churches from the 14th to the mid-16th century. [ 3 ] [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Medieval naves were divided into bays, the repetition of form giving an effect of great length; and the vertical element of the nave was emphasized. During the Renaissance, in place of dramatic effects there were more balanced proportions. [ 1 ] By the 1300s, the maintenance and decoration of the nave of parish churches was the responsibility of the parishioners; the clergy were responsible for keeping the chancel in repair. [ 8 ] Record-holders Longest nave in the world is in Spain: Basílica de la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos , 262 m (860 ft) total; divided via added partition to not exceed that of St. Peter's in Rome [ 9 ] Longest nave in Denmark : Aarhus Cathedral , 93 m (305 ft) Longest nave in England : Winchester Cathedral , 170 m (560 ft) Longest nave in Ireland : St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin , 91 m (299 ft), externally Longest nave in France : Bourges Cathedral , 91 m (299 ft), including choir where a crossing would be if there were transepts Longest nave in Germany : Cologne Cathedral , 58 m (190 ft), including two bays between the towers Longest nave in Italy : St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City , 91 m (299 ft), in four bays Longest cathedral nave in Spain : Seville , 60 m (200 ft), in five bays Longest nave in the United States : Cathedral of St. John the Divine , New York City , United States (Episcopal), 70 m (230 ft) Highest vaulted nave: Beauvais Cathedral , France, 48 m (157 ft), but only one bay of the nave was actually built; however, choir and transepts were completed to the same height. Highest completed nave: St. Peter's Basilica , Vatican City , 46 m (151 ft) See also Abbey , with architectural discussion and ground plans Cathedral architecture Cathedral diagram List of highest church naves References ^ a b c d e f g .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Nave". Encyclopaedia Britannica (online ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ^ Stevens Curl, James, ed. (2006). "nave". Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 518. ISBN 9780198606789 . ^ a b c d Cram, Ralph Adams. Nave . The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Accessed 13 July 2018 ^ "Nave" . Answers.com . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ "Ship as a Symbol of the Church (Bark of St. Peter)" . JesusWalk.com . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ "Ship hangs in balance at Pella Evangelical Lutheran Church" . Sidney Herald . Sidney, Montana . 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Rood screen" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ "Parish Life in Mediaeval England" . Masterpieces of Catholic Literature in Summary Form . 2 . New York: Harper & Row: 42. January 1965. ^ "The Valley of the Fallen" . Retrieved 11 November 2019 . Architecture Christianity Media from Commons Authority control databases GND GND Church architecture Arches and vaults Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2022 Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Danish-language text Articles containing Swedish-language text Articles containing Dutch-language text Articles containing Spanish-language text Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 29 July 2025, at 02:41 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Articles 2 Bureaucracy 3 Wikipedians 4 Criticism 5 Controversies Toggle Controversies subsection 5.1 English varieties 5.2 Disputed articles 5.3 Threats against high schools 5.1 English varieties 5.2 Disputed articles 5.3 Threats against high schools 6 WikiProjects and assessment 7 Internal news publications 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links English Wikipedia Afrikaans अंगिका العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikidata item Modified version of the logo of Engllish Wikipedia celebrating its 25th anniversary .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot The English Wikipedia's Main Page on 17 February 2025 Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in English Owner Wikimedia Foundation Founder(s) Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Editors English Wikipedia community URL en .wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional; required for certain tasks Users 51.1 million (as of 16 January 2026) Launched 15 January 2001 ; 25 years ago ( 2001-01-15 ) Content license Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike 4.0 (most text also dual-licensed under GFDL ) Media licensing varies Written in PHP The English Wikipedia is the primary [ a ] English-language edition of Wikipedia , an online encyclopedia. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, as Wikipedia's first edition. English Wikipedia is hosted alongside other language editions by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization . Its content, written independently of other editions by volunteer editors known as Wikipedians , [ 1 ] is in various varieties of English while aiming to stay consistent within articles. Its internal newspaper is The Signpost . English Wikipedia is the most read version of Wikipedia , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] accounting for 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining percentage split among the other languages. [ 4 ] The English Wikipedia has the most articles of any edition, at 7,122,773 as of January 2026. [ b ] It contains 10.7% of articles in all Wikipedias, [ b ] although it lacks millions of articles found in other editions. [ 1 ] The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by editor Steven Pruitt . [ 5 ] English Wikipedia, often as a stand-in for Wikipedia overall, has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge , extent of coverage, unique structure, culture, and reduced degree of commercial bias. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias , particularly gender bias against women and ideological bias . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] While its reliability was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise in the late 2010s and throughout the 2020s, [ 8 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] [ c ] having become an important fact-checking site . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] English Wikipedia has been characterized as having less cultural bias than other language editions due to its broader editor base. [ 2 ] Articles The English Wikipedia surpassed seven million articles on 28 May 2025. [ 12 ] In November 2022, the total volume of the compressed texts of its articles amounted to 20 gigabytes . [ 13 ] The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (Steven Pruitt) who was as of that date and remains as of January 2026 the user with the highest number of edits on the English Wikipedia , at over four million. [ 5 ] (as of January 2026, this figure was more than 6.7 million, as per Wikipedia statistics). Currently, there are 7,122,773 articles created with 957,374 files. The encyclopedia is home to 10.7% of articles in all Wikipedias (down from more than 50% in 2003). [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The English Wikipedia currently has 51,074,159 registered accounts of which 826 are administrators. Bureaucracy Editors of the English Wikipedia have pioneered some ideas as conventions, policies or features which were later adopted by Wikipedia editions in some of the other languages. These ideas include "featured articles", [ 16 ] the neutral-point-of-view policy, [ 17 ] navigation templates, [ 18 ] the sorting of short "stub" articles into sub-categories, [ 19 ] dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation and arbitration, [ 20 ] and weekly collaborations. [ 21 ] Wikipedians The English Wikipedia reached 4,000,000 registered user accounts on 1 April 2007, [ 22 ] over a year since the millionth Wikipedian registered an account in February 2006. [ 23 ] Over 1,100,000 volunteer editors have edited Wikipedia more than 10 times. [ 24 ] Over 30,000 editors perform more than 5 edits per month, and over 3,000 perform more than 100 edits per month. [ 25 ] On 1 March 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "[t]he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 26 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by "sharp" comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. The trend analysis published in The Economist presents Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as successful in retaining their active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. [ 26 ] The English Wikipedia has the Arbitration Committee (also known as ArbCom) that consists of a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia. [ 27 ] It was created by Jimmy Wales on 4 December 2003 as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] When it was founded, the committee consisted of 12 arbitrators divided into three groups of four members each. [ 28 ] [ 30 ] In 2022, for English Wikipedia, Americans accounted for about 40% of active editors, followed by British and Indian editors accounting for about 10% of each, and Canadian and Australian at about 5%. [ 31 ] Criticism The free online encyclopedia Wikipedia has been criticized since its creation in 2001. Most of the criticism has been directed toward its content, community of established volunteer users , process, and rules. Critics have questioned its factual reliability , the readability and organization of its articles, the lack of methodical fact-checking , and its political bias . Concerns have also been raised about systemic bias along gender , racial , political , corporate, institutional, and national lines. Conflicts of interest arising from corporate campaigns to influence content have also been highlighted. Further concerns include the vandalism and partisanship facilitated by anonymous editing, clique behavior (from contributors as well as administrators and other top figures), social stratification between a guardian class and newer users, excessive rule-making, edit warring, and uneven policy application. Controversies This "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality . Please help integrate negative information into other sections or remove undue focus on minor aspects through discussion on the talk page . ( July 2023 ) English varieties A notable discussion within the English Wikipedia community concerns the preference for national variety of the English language, particularly American English and British English . [ 33 ] Various suggestions have been made, ranging from standardizing a single form of English to creating separate versions of the English Wikipedia project. [ citation needed ] According to a style guideline, "the English Wikipedia has no general preference for a major national variety of the language" and "an article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation." [ 34 ] Disputed articles A 2013 study from Oxford University found that the most disputed articles on the English Wikipedia tend to address broader, global issues. In contrast, articles on other languages' Wikipedias often focus on regional issues. This pattern is attributed to the status of English as a global lingua franca , leading to contributions from many editors for whom English is a second language . The study identified the most disputed entries on the English Wikipedia as George W. Bush , anarchism , Muhammad , list of WWE personnel , global warming , circumcision , United States , Jesus , race and intelligence , and Christianity . [ 35 ] Research published in 2024 determined that several groups of connected accounts had coordinated to promote Russian propaganda narratives and state-controlled media sources in articles, related to Russian-Ukrainian relations and Russia's war with Ukraine . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Threats against high schools There have been reports of threats of violence against high schools made on Wikipedia. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 2006, a 14-year-old was arrested for making a threat against Niles West High School on Wikipedia. [ 41 ] In 2008, Glen A. Wilson High School was the subject of such a threat. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] WikiProjects and assessment A " WikiProject " is a group of contributors who want to work together as a team to improve Wikipedia. These groups may focus on a specific topic area (for example, women's history ), a specific location or a specific kind of task (for example, checking newly created pages). As of August 2022, the English Wikipedia had over 2,000 WikiProjects, for which activity varied. [ 42 ] In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the English Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles. [ 43 ] Articles are rated by WikiProjects. The range of quality classes begins with "Stub" (very short pages), followed by "Start", "C" and "B" (in increasing order of quality). Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the quality classes: either " good article ", "A" or the highest, " featured article ". Of the about 6.5 million articles and lists assessed as of April 2022, more than 6,000 (0.09%) are featured articles, and fewer than 4,000 (0.06%) are featured lists. One featured article per day, as selected by editors, appears on the main page of Wikipedia. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors. [ 46 ] A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles. [ 47 ] Internal news publications Community-produced news publications include The Signpost . [ 48 ] Other community news publications include the " WikiWorld " web comic, the Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors . There are a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education . See also English Wikipedia blackout Deletionpedia Notes ^ The other edition is Simple English Wikipedia , which uses Basic English . ^ a b The number of articles on the English Wikipedia is shown by the MediaWiki variable {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} , with all Wikipedias as total {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}} = 66,342,145. ^ Despite this praise, Wikipedia does not recognize itself as a reliable source. References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Harrison, Stephen (1 September 2021). "Wikipedia Is Trying to Transcend the Limits of Human Language" . Slate . Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ a b Sato, Yumiko (19 March 2021). "Non-English Editions of Wikipedia Have a Misinformation Problem" . Slate . Archived from the original on 25 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ Anderson, Monica; Hitlin, Paul; Atkinson, Michelle (14 January 2016). "Wikipedia at 15: Millions of readers in scores of languages" . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 11 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ A455bcd9 (8 February 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ a b Gault, Matthew (15 January 2021). "The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit" . Vice . Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 . Retrieved 26 February 2021 . ^ a b "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 . 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Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. ^ "Wikipedia:Seven million articles" . Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 May 2025 . Retrieved 30 November 2025 . ^ See size of downloads at Wikipedia:Database download and a list of historical sizes here Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine ^ 1006884 (about 16%) more than the next in rank, the Cebuano Wikipedia . See m:List of Wikipedias . ^ Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (21 September 2008). "List of Wikipedias" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . ^ English Wikipedia (30 January 2007). "Featured articles" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ English Wikipedia (25 January 2007). "Neutral point of view" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (29 January 2007). "Help:Template" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . 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"Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling)" . Archived from the original on 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 25 February 2006 . ^ English Wikipedia. "Wikipedia:Manual of Style" . Archived from the original on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Gross, Doug (24 July 2013). "Wiki wars: The 10 most controversial Wikipedia pages" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Boichak, Olga (7 October 2024). "How Russia Invaded Wikipedia" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 5 October 2024 . ^ Prieto Chavana, Nestor; Inskip, Chris; Miller, Carl; Weir, David. "Identifying Sock-Puppets on Wikipedia: A Semantic Clustering Approach" . ISD . Retrieved 5 October 2024 . ^ a b Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (29 April 2008). "Wikipedia threats went unchecked – Los Angeles Times" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . ^ a b "Hacienda Heights school receives possible threat" . abc7.com . Abclocal.go.com. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ a b "Student arrested for violent threats on Wikipedia" . Los Angeles Times . 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . ^ "Teen charged after threat to school on Wikipedia" . Bloomington, IL: Pantagraph.com. Associated Press. 31 October 2006. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . ^ "Wikipedia: Wikiprojects" . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment" . Archived from the original on 20 April 2021 . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . ^ "Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Fernanda B. Viégas; Martin Wattenberg; Matthew M. McKeon (22 July 2007). "The Hidden Order of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . ^ Poderi, Giacomo, Wikipedia and the Featured Articles: How a Technological System Can Produce Best Quality Articles , Master thesis, University of Maastricht , October 2008. ^ Lindsey, David (5 April 2010). "Evaluating quality control of Wikipedia's featured articles" . First Monday . 15 (4). Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Phoebe Ayers; Charles Matthews; Ben Yates (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it . No Starch Press. pp. 345–. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Further reading Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). "12. Community and Communication §§ Communicating with Other Editors" . How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it . No Starch Press. pp. 345–362 . ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil (2010). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (2010). Hyatt, Josh (1 June 2006). "Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams" . Fortune . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia (First ed.). New York City: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . (alkaline paper). External links Official website English Wikipedia on Meta-Wiki .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia v t e Overview (outline) Biases gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Biases gender geographical ideological racial gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Community (Wikipedians) Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White History Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Watch Documentaries Film & TV Music Art & Design Style Books Entertainment News Culture How the 1950s 'Red Scare' erased a US icon Paul Robeson was a superstar of the stage and screen, a talented football player and a music hitmaker. Then came a dramatic fall from grace. Julio Iglesias denies sexual assault allegations In a statement, the Spanish singer says the allegations are "absolutely false and deeply sadden me". What the 28 Days Later franchise means to female horror fans The latest instalment of the 28 Days Later horror franchise is the first of the series to have a female director. Star Wars boss departs after leading franchise reboot She oversaw the expansion of the franchise, including five feature films and new TV shows. 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Pubs in Hampshire and Dorset say showing the hit TV show live is helping attract new customers. 6 hrs ago ... Culture How the 1950s 'Red Scare' erased a US icon Paul Robeson was a superstar of the stage and screen, a talented football player and a music hitmaker. Then came a dramatic fall from grace. Julio Iglesias denies sexual assault allegations In a statement, the Spanish singer says the allegations are "absolutely false and deeply sadden me". What the 28 Days Later franchise means to female horror fans The latest instalment of the 28 Days Later horror franchise is the first of the series to have a female director. Star Wars boss departs after leading franchise reboot She oversaw the expansion of the franchise, including five feature films and new TV shows. How Industry became TV's most nightmarish show The HBO banking drama has just kicked off its fourth series, amid serious hype and with a starrier cast than ever. It's also taking its story – and characters – to chilling new places. How the 1950s 'Red Scare' erased a US icon Paul Robeson was a superstar of the stage and screen, a talented football player and a music hitmaker. Then came a dramatic fall from grace. Julio Iglesias denies sexual assault allegations In a statement, the Spanish singer says the allegations are "absolutely false and deeply sadden me". What the 28 Days Later franchise means to female horror fans The latest instalment of the 28 Days Later horror franchise is the first of the series to have a female director. Star Wars boss departs after leading franchise reboot She oversaw the expansion of the franchise, including five feature films and new TV shows. How Industry became TV's most nightmarish show The HBO banking drama has just kicked off its fourth series, amid serious hype and with a starrier cast than ever. It's also taking its story – and characters – to chilling new places. 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From our Culture editors A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms is a real 'delight' ★★★★★ The latest spin-off from Game of Thrones tells the story of an inexperienced knight and his cheeky squire. With its mix of brutal drama and plentiful humour, it's a "nailed-on winner". 10 of the world's most spectacular tree houses Treetop living is not just for kids. These architect-designed, "nest-like" dwellings – created in forests all over the world – are the ultimate sky-high retreats from urban living. Golden Globes' triumphs, snubs and surprise wins: The five most exciting head-to-head battles in the Oscars race Success for Jessie Buckley, Hamnet and One Battle After Another at the Golden Globes has narrowed the Oscars race and set up a number of intriguing fights to watch. A rare interview with the elusive Agatha Christie Her murder mysteries have captivated audiences for more than a century, but, 50 years after her death, she remains an enigma. A BBC profile from 1955 reveals some of her secrets. The controversy over 16th-Century explorer Magellan An acclaimed new film dramatises the pioneering voyage of the world-famous Portuguese navigator – a trailblazer who has been accused of "incontinent bloodlust". Are games like GTA 6 becoming too realistic? The latest in the franchise is the most hyped release of 2026 and looks set to push the boundaries of gaming visuals – but it could prove more disturbing than entertaining. In History The most damaging double agent in US history The CIA officer, who has died, aged 84, sold secrets to the Soviet Union, leading to the deaths of at least 10 Western agents. In 1994, the BBC spoke to one of the spies Aldrich Ames betrayed. How the 1973 oil crisis made Nixon rethink time When an oil embargo rocked the US, the president's radical solution was to make citizens start their working days an hour earlier – even in the darkness of midwinter. How fascist Lord Haw-Haw was tried for treason With his mocking English accent, the mysterious radio host broadcast to the UK from a German station, spreading rumours and exaggeration in the early days of World War Two. The heist to reclaim the ancient Stone of Destiny In a daring raid 75 years ago, four university students stole back an early symbol of the Scottish kings. It had been taken by an English monarch more than six centuries before. The mysterious murder of gorilla researcher Dian Fossey The pioneering primatologist debunked myths about gorillas. Forty years on, her killer remains unknown. The long, strange success of the Grateful Dead The band staged their first concert in December 1965. In 1981, leader Jerry Garcia told the BBC about how they became superstars but "never sold out". In History The most damaging double agent in US history The CIA officer, who has died, aged 84, sold secrets to the Soviet Union, leading to the deaths of at least 10 Western agents. In 1994, the BBC spoke to one of the spies Aldrich Ames betrayed. How the 1973 oil crisis made Nixon rethink time When an oil embargo rocked the US, the president's radical solution was to make citizens start their working days an hour earlier – even in the darkness of midwinter. How fascist Lord Haw-Haw was tried for treason With his mocking English accent, the mysterious radio host broadcast to the UK from a German station, spreading rumours and exaggeration in the early days of World War Two. The heist to reclaim the ancient Stone of Destiny In a daring raid 75 years ago, four university students stole back an early symbol of the Scottish kings. It had been taken by an English monarch more than six centuries before. The mysterious murder of gorilla researcher Dian Fossey The pioneering primatologist debunked myths about gorillas. Forty years on, her killer remains unknown. The long, strange success of the Grateful Dead The band staged their first concert in December 1965. In 1981, leader Jerry Garcia told the BBC about how they became superstars but "never sold out". Arts in Motion Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules The Norwegian author's raw honesty and fearlessness has made him one of literature's most compelling voices. See the magic of Opera's 'last diva' Renowned for her astounding range, the Italian mezzo-soprano's singing is a source of joy for adoring Opera fans. Elif Shafak says her writing style is 'a little bit drunk' British-Turkish novelist Elif Shafak tells the BBC her writing is guided by intuition rather than a rigid plan. Architects unveil future of design at Venice Biennale 2025 As the Venice Biennale closes, curator Carlo Ratti calls on architects to face a 'burning world' with courage. Inside the studio of Britain's most celebrated sculptor The BBC visits the studio of British sculptor Antony Gormley to learn how art evolves as a communal practice. Arts in Motion Karl Ove Knausgård: The writer who broke the rules The Norwegian author's raw honesty and fearlessness has made him one of literature's most compelling voices. See the magic of Opera's 'last diva' Renowned for her astounding range, the Italian mezzo-soprano's singing is a source of joy for adoring Opera fans. Elif Shafak says her writing style is 'a little bit drunk' British-Turkish novelist Elif Shafak tells the BBC her writing is guided by intuition rather than a rigid plan. Architects unveil future of design at Venice Biennale 2025 As the Venice Biennale closes, curator Carlo Ratti calls on architects to face a 'burning world' with courage. Inside the studio of Britain's most celebrated sculptor The BBC visits the studio of British sculptor Antony Gormley to learn how art evolves as a communal practice. More Culture 'Why I've taken up pole dancing in my 50s' Leisha Bond says when she turned 50 she needed something new, which turned out be pole dancing. That colleague who has the worst timing Dom and Kay are starting new roles at MI5, in the new series of Black Ops. Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. When the result isn't quite what you expect Harry isn't convinced by Neha's thank you gesture. After Wellerman viral hit, embracing Scottish identity was turning point - Nathan Evans The singer who shot to fame with his sea shanty Wellerman has found a new sound with the help of his band and best friends. Wales to become only UK nation to lose free baby book scheme Parents say the scheme helps them bond with their babies and establish early literacy skills. Mural hopes to inspire future construction workers Three workers feature in a Walthamstow mural that hopes to inspire construction careers. TV doctor says ADHD and OCD diagnoses have 'changed my life' Love Island star Dr Alex George is calling for improved waiting times for neurodivergent assessments. Can The Traitors help save our pubs? Pubs in Hampshire and Dorset say showing the hit TV show live is helping attract new customers. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Browse by subject Toggle Browse by subject subsection 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 2 Browse by format Toggle Browse by format subsection 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 3 Articles by quality Toggle Articles by quality subsection 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 4 Spoken articles 5 Alphabetical lists of articles 6 Topics 7 Types 8 Places, people and times 9 Indices Wikipedia : Contents العربية অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Чӑвашла Cebuano Español فارسی ГӀалгӀай 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Коми Kurdî Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Српски / srpski Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Українська Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiversity Wikidata item Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology WP:EXPLORE WP:EXPLORE Easily explore Wikipedia using the topic links below. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Constituencies 2 See also 3 References List of National Assembly constituencies of the Bahamas Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item House of Assembly of the Bahamas 14th Bahamian Parliament History Founded 4 March 1729 ; 296 years ago ( 1729-03-04 ) Seats 39 Elections Voting system First-past-the-post Last election 16 September 2021 Meeting place Bahamian Parliament , Nassau , the Bahamas The Bahamas House of Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the Bahamas , an island country in the Caribbean . It is housed at the Bahamian Parliament Building in Nassau , the national capital. The current Assembly was elected by the general election held on 16 September 2021 . The Assembly has 39 single-member constituencies and it uses the first-past-the-post system for elections. The Members of Parliament (MPs) serve five-year terms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The National Assembly's origins can be traced back to 1729 when a Representative Assembly was set up for what was then a British colony. It was formed with 24 members (16 for New Providence , and four each for Harbour Island and Eleuthera ). [ 3 ] The first election after the country got independence from the United Kingdom was in 1977 , when it had 38 constituencies. [ 4 ] Since then, it has had a varying number of constituencies in the assembly. For the 1987 and the 1992 elections, it had 49 constituencies. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The current constituencies are based on the recommendations of the Constituency Commission in 2021. [ 7 ] The commission conducts a review of the electoral boundaries every five years [ 7 ] and makes recommendations to ensure that there is parity of numbers in each constituency. [ 8 ] It suggests that each constituency have around 5,000 voters with a margin of 500. [ 9 ] During boundary review, the commission tries to keep constituencies roughly the same size while considering other factors like "the needs of sparsely populated areas as well as geographic conditions". The constituency of MICAL is the smallest considering the number of voters (1,392), while Golden Isles is the largest with 7,391 voters. [ 10 ] In 2024 a new Constituencies Commission was appointed to begin another review of the electoral boundaries in preparation for the next general election . [ 7 ] [ 11 ] By late 2025 government and media reports indicated that the commission was considering changes to several large or sparsely populated constituencies, including MICAL , Killarney , Golden Isles and West Grand Bahama & Bimini , and had proposed creating two new constituencies by splitting Killarney and West Grand Bahama and Bimini. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Constituencies Constituency Island/ Island group Electorate ( 2021 ) [ 14 ] Bain Town and Grants Town New Providence 4,830 Bamboo Town 5,860 Carmichael 6,041 Centreville 5,218 Elizabeth 5,709 Englerston 4,923 Fort Charlotte 4,978 Fox Hill 6,041 Freetown 4,869 Garden Hills 5,321 Golden Gates 5,490 Golden Isles 7,391 Killarney 7,112 Marathon 5,368 Mount Moriah 5,345 Nassau Village 5,701 Pinewood 5,373 Saint Anne's 5,475 Saint Barnabas 4,601 Sea Breeze 5,704 South Beach 5,625 Southern Shores 5,617 Tall Pines 6,243 Yamacraw 5,268 Central Grand Bahama Grand Bahama 6,809 East Grand Bahama 6,561 Marco City 6,287 Pineridge 5,668 West Grand Bahama & Bimini 5,700 Central and South Abaco Abaco 3,294 North Abaco 5,108 Mangrove Cay and South Andros Andros 2,338 North Andros and Berry Islands 2,727 Cat Island, Rum Cay & San Salvador Multiple 1,679 Central and South Eleuthera Eleuthera 3,908 North Eleuthera 3,515 The Exumas and Ragged Island Multiple 3,601 Long Island Long Island 1,835 MICAL [ a ] Multiple 1,392 ^ Mayaguana , Inagua , Crooked Island , Acklins , and Long Cay See also List of speakers of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas Local government in the Bahamas References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Bahamas Election Centre" . Caribbean Elections . Archived from the original on 24 July 2021 . Retrieved 4 September 2021 . ^ "The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas" (PDF) . bahamas.gov.bs . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020 . Retrieved 4 August 2020 . ^ Donald M. McCartney (2004). Bahamian Culture and Factors which Impact Upon it: A Compilation of Two Essays . Dorrance Publishing Company . p. 42. ISBN 0805963251 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. The first Representative Assembly in the Bahamas was established in 1729 and consisted of twenty-four members... ^ "Bahamas Parliamentary Chamber: House of Assembly - Elections held in 1977" (PDF) . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ^ "Bahamas Parliamentary Chamber: House of Assembly - Elections held in 1987" (PDF) . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ^ "Bahamas Parliamentary Chamber: House of Assembly - Elections held in 1992" . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ^ a b c Thompson, Taneka (28 November 2024). "Constituencies Commission to begin work next month" . The Nassau Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 January 2025 . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . A boundaries report prepared by the previous commission in 2021 recommended to the governor general that no new constituencies be added, maintaining the status quo of 39 seats in the House of Assembly ^ Rolle, Rashad (6 April 2021). "Davis Backs Boundary Change" . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 5 September 2021 . Retrieved 5 September 2021 . ^ Jones, Royston Jr. (7 June 2021). "Final Hurdle: Constituencies commission to complete report on Monday" . Eyewitness News . Archived from the original on 5 September 2021 . Retrieved 5 September 2021 . ^ Dames, Candia (14 April 2021). "The business of boundaries" . The Nassau Guardian . Archived from the original on 13 January 2025 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . Golden Isles in New Providence, the largest constituency as it relates to population, had 7,068 registered voters as of 10:44 a.m. on Monday ... Mayaguana, Inagua, Crooked Island, Acklins and Long Cay (MICAL) remains the constituency with the smallest population. ^ "Boundaries Commission to begin preparing for the next general election" . Eyewitness News . 28 November 2024 . Retrieved 30 November 2025 . ^ McDermott, Berthony (2 October 2025). "DPM: Boundaries Commission Considering Change To MICAL" . Our News . Retrieved 30 November 2025 . ^ Rolle, Leandra (29 October 2025). "Two new constituencies proposed – with splits in Killarney and West GB and Bimini" . The Tribune . Retrieved 30 November 2025 . ^ "2021 General Election Results - Winner Percentage" . Parliamentary Registration Department, Government of the Bahamas . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 22 December 2024 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e The Bahamas articles v t e History Colonial heads Eleutheran Adventurers Raid of Nassau Raid on Charles Town Raid on Nassau Raid on Nassau (1720) Capture of the Bahamas (1782) Capture of the Bahamas (1783) Slavery American Civil War Colonial heads Eleutheran Adventurers Raid of Nassau Raid on Charles Town Raid on Nassau Raid on Nassau (1720) Capture of the Bahamas (1782) Capture of the Bahamas (1783) Slavery American Civil War Geography Cities Nassau Freeport Creeks Islands New Providence Grand Bahama Wildlife birds mammals Cities Nassau Freeport Creeks Islands New Providence Grand Bahama Wildlife birds mammals Cities Nassau Freeport Nassau Freeport Creeks Islands New Providence Grand Bahama New Providence Grand Bahama Wildlife birds mammals birds mammals Politics Defence Force Commander Elections Foreign relations Governor-General Law Law enforcement Local government Monarchy Parliament Building Constituencies Political parties Prime Minister Leader of the Opposition Security and intelligence Defence Force Commander Elections Foreign relations Governor-General Law Law enforcement Local government Monarchy Parliament Building Constituencies Political parties Prime Minister Leader of the Opposition Security and intelligence Defence Force Commander Commander Elections Foreign relations Governor-General Law Law enforcement Local government Monarchy Parliament Building Constituencies Building Constituencies Political parties Prime Minister Leader of the Opposition Security and intelligence Economy Agriculture and fisheries Communications Dollar (currency) Stock exchange Squatting Taxation Transport Agriculture and fisheries Communications Dollar (currency) Stock exchange Squatting Taxation Transport Agriculture and fisheries Communications Dollar (currency) Stock exchange Squatting Taxation Transport Society Anthem Coat of arms Creole Culture Cuisine Education Flag Films Holidays Languages LGBTQ rights Music National song People Demographics Ethnic groups Pledge Religion Television Anthem Coat of arms Creole Culture Cuisine Education Flag Films Holidays Languages LGBTQ rights Music National song People Demographics Ethnic groups Pledge Religion Television Anthem Coat of arms Creole Culture Cuisine Education Flag Films Holidays Languages LGBTQ rights Music National song People Demographics Ethnic groups Demographics Ethnic groups Pledge Religion Television Outline Index Bibliography Category Outline Index Bibliography Category Administrative divisions in North America Bahamas politics-related lists Constituencies of the Bahamas Lists of constituencies Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Featured lists Use dmy dates from May 2024 This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 19:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definition 2 Legal background Toggle Legal background subsection 2.1 Copyright 2.2 Public domain 2.3 Copyleft 2.1 Copyright 2.2 Public domain 2.3 Copyleft 3 Usage Toggle Usage subsection 3.1 Media 3.2 Software 3.3 Engineering and technology 3.4 Academia 3.5 Education 3.6 Legislation 3.1 Media 3.2 Software 3.3 Engineering and technology 3.4 Academia 3.5 Education 3.6 Legislation 4 History Toggle History subsection 4.1 Origins and Open Content Project 4.2 5Rs definition 4.3 Successor projects 4.3.1 Open Knowledge Foundation 4.1 Origins and Open Content Project 4.2 5Rs definition 4.3 Successor projects 4.3.1 Open Knowledge Foundation 4.3.1 Open Knowledge Foundation 5 See also 6 Explanatory notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Free content Afrikaans العربية Авар বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай-малкъар Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Nupe ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiversity Wikidata item Free content , libre content , libre information , or free information is any kind of creative work , [ 1 ] such as a work of art , a book, [ 2 ] a software program , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or any other creative content for which there are very minimal copyright and other legal limitations on usage, modification and distribution. These are works or expressions which can be freely studied, applied, copied and modified by anyone for any purpose [ 5 ] including, in some cases, commercial purposes. Free content encompasses all works in the public domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor and uphold the definition of free cultural work. [ 6 ] In most countries, the Berne Convention grants copyright holders control over their creations by default. [ 7 ] Therefore, copyrighted content must be explicitly declared free by the authors, which is usually accomplished by referencing or including licensing statements from within the work. [ 8 ] The right to reuse such a work is granted by the authors in a license known as a free license , a free distribution license, or an open license, depending on the rights assigned. [ 8 ] These freedoms given to users in the reuse of works (that is, the right to freely use, study, modify or distribute these works, possibly also for commercial purposes) are often associated with obligations (to cite the original author, to maintain the original license of the reused content) or restrictions (excluding commercial use, banning certain media) chosen by the author. [ 9 ] There are a number of standardized licenses offering varied options that allow authors to choose the type of reuse of their work that they wish to authorize or forbid. [ 10 ] Definition There are a number of different definitions of free content in regular use. Legally, however, free content is very similar to open content . An analogy is a use of the rival terms free software and open-source, which describe ideological differences rather than legal ones. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] For instance, the Open Knowledge Foundation 's Open Definition describes "open" as synonymous with the definition of free in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" (as also in the Open Source Definition and Free Software Definition ). [ 15 ] For such free/open content both movements recommend the same three Creative Commons licenses , the CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Legal background Copyright Copyright is a legal concept, which gives the author or creator of a work legal control over the duplication and public performance of their work. [ 20 ] In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a time period after which the works then enter the public domain . [ 21 ] Copyright laws are a balance between the rights of creators of intellectual and artistic works and the rights of others to build upon those works. [ 20 ] During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a fair use . [ 22 ] Traditional copyright control limits the use of the work of the author to those who either pay royalties to the author for usage of the author's content or limit their use to fair use. Secondly, it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found. [ 23 ] Finally, it creates a perceived barrier between authors by limiting derivative works, such as mashups and collaborative content. [ 24 ] Although open content has been described as a counterbalance to copyright , open content licenses rely on a copyright holder's power to license their work, as copyleft which also utilizes copyright for such a purpose. [ 25 ] Public domain The public domain is a range of creative works whose copyright has expired or was never established, as well as ideas and facts [ note 1 ] which are ineligible for copyright. A public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished to the public or no longer can claim control over, the distribution and usage of the work. As such, any person may manipulate, distribute, or otherwise use the work, without legal ramifications. A work in the public domain or released under a permissive license may be referred to as "copycenter". [ 26 ] Copyleft Copyleft is a play on the word copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work. [ 27 ] The aim of copyleft is to use the legal framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many licensing schemes, modify content that is created by an author. Unlike works in the public domain, the author still maintains copyright over the material, however, the author has granted a non-exclusive license to any person to distribute, and often modify, the work. Copyleft licenses require that any derivative works be distributed under the same terms and that the original copyright notices be maintained. A symbol commonly associated with copyleft is a reversal of the copyright symbol , facing the other way; the opening of the C points left rather than right. Unlike the copyright symbol, the copyleft symbol does not have a codified meaning. [ 28 ] Usage Projects that provide free content exist in several areas of interest, such as software, academic literature, general literature, music, images, video, and engineering . Technology has reduced the cost of publication and reduced the entry barrier sufficiently to allow for the production of widely disseminated materials by individuals or small groups. Projects to provide free literature and multimedia content have become increasingly prominent owing to the ease of dissemination of materials that are associated with the development of computer technology. Such dissemination may have been too costly prior to these technological developments. Media In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by Creative Commons have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. [ 29 ] Not all Creative Commons licenses are entirely free; their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry a badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works". [ 30 ] Repositories exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs, clip art , music, [ 31 ] literature [ 32 ] and news articles. [ 29 ] While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the duplicate content problem. Wikipedia is amongst the most well-known databases of user-uploaded free content on the web. While the vast majority of content on Wikipedia is free content, some copyrighted material is hosted under fair-use criteria . Software Free and open-source software , which is often referred to as open source software and free software , is a maturing technology with companies using them to provide services and technology to both end-users and technical consumers. The ease of dissemination increases modularity, which allows for smaller groups to contribute to projects as well as simplifying collaboration. Some claim that open source development models offer similar peer-recognition and collaborative benefit incentive as in more classical fields such as scientific research, with the social structures that result leading to decreased production costs. [ 33 ] Given sufficient interest in a software component, by using peer-to-peer distribution methods, distribution costs may be reduced, easing the burden of infrastructure maintenance on developers. As distribution is simultaneously provided by consumers, these software distribution models are scalable; that is, the method is feasible regardless of the number of consumers. In some cases, free software vendors may use peer-to-peer technology as a method of dissemination. [ 34 ] Project hosting and code distribution is not a problem for most free projects as a number of providers offer these services free of charge. Engineering and technology Free content principles have been translated into fields such as engineering, where designs and engineering knowledge can be readily shared and duplicated, in order to reduce overheads associated with project development. Open design principles can be applied in engineering and technological applications, with projects in mobile telephony , small-scale manufacture, [ 35 ] the automotive industry, [ 36 ] [ 37 ] and even agricultural areas. Technologies such as distributed manufacturing can allow computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided design techniques to be able to develop small-scale production of components for the development of new, or repair of existing, devices. Rapid fabrication technologies underpin these developments, which allow end-users of technology to be able to construct devices from pre-existing blueprints, using software and manufacturing hardware to convert information into physical objects. Academia In academic work, the majority of works are not free, although the percentage of works that are open access is growing. Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions to access and free of many restrictions on use (e.g. certain copyright and license restrictions). [ 38 ] Authors may see open access publishing as a way of expanding the audience that is able to access their work to allow for greater impact, or support it for ideological reasons. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Open access publishers such as PLOS and BioMed Central provide capacity for review and publishing of free works; such publications are currently more common in science than humanities. Various funding institutions and governing research bodies have mandated that academics must produce their works to be open-access, in order to qualify for funding, such as the US National Institutes of Health , Research Councils UK (effective 2016) and the European Union (effective 2020). [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] At an institutional level, some universities, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , have adopted open access publishing by default by introducing their own mandates. [ 44 ] Some mandates may permit delayed publication and may charge researchers for open access publishing. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] For teaching purposes, some universities, including MIT , provide freely available course content, such as lecture notes, video resources and tutorials. This content is distributed via Internet to the general public. Publication of such resources may be either by a formal institution-wide program, [ 47 ] or informally, by individual academics or departments. Open content publication has been seen as a method of reducing costs associated with information retrieval in research, as universities typically pay to subscribe for access to content that is published through traditional means. [ 19 ] [ 48 ] Subscriptions for non-free content journals may be expensive for universities to purchase, though the articles are written and peer-reviewed by academics themselves at no cost to the publisher. This has led to disputes between publishers and some universities over subscription costs, such as the one that occurred between the University of California and the Nature Publishing Group . [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Education Free and open content has been used to develop alternative routes towards higher education. Open content is a free way of obtaining higher education that is "focused on collective knowledge and the sharing and reuse of learning and scholarly content." [ 51 ] There are multiple projects and organizations that promote learning through open content, including OpenCourseWare and Khan Academy . Some universities, like MIT , Yale , and Tufts are making their courses freely available on the internet. [ 52 ] There are also a number of organizations promoting the creation of openly licensed textbooks such as the University of Minnesota's Open Textbook Library, Connexions , OpenStax College , the Saylor Academy, Open Textbook Challenge, and Wikibooks . [ 53 ] Legislation This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Any country has its own law and legal system, sustained by its legislation, which consists of documents. In a democratic country , laws are published as open content, in principle free content; but in general, there are no explicit licenses attributed for the text of each law, so the license must be assumed as an implied license . Only a few countries have explicit licenses in their law-documents, as the UK's Open Government Licence (a CC BY compatible license). In the other countries, the implied license comes from its proper rules (general laws and rules about copyright in government works). The automatic protection provided by the Berne Convention does not apply to the texts of laws: Article 2.4 excludes the official texts from the automatic protection. It is also possible to "inherit" the license from context. The set of country's law-documents is made available through national repositories. Examples of law-document open repositories: LexML Brazil , Legislation.gov.uk , and N-Lex . In general, a law-document is offered in more than one (open) official version, but the main one is that published by a government gazette . So, law-documents can eventually inherit license expressed by the repository or by the gazette that contains it. History This section needs to be updated . The reason given is: The Open Content Project was replaced by Creative Commons over 10 years ago. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( July 2024 ) Origins and Open Content Project The concept of applying free software licenses to content was introduced by Michael Stutz, who in 1997 wrote the paper "Applying Copyleft to Non-Software Information" for the GNU Project . [ 54 ] The term "open content" was coined by David A. Wiley in 1998 and evangelized via the Open Content Project , describing works licensed under the Open Content License (a non-free share-alike license, see 'Free content' below) and other works licensed under similar terms. [ 55 ] The website of the Open Content Project once defined open content as 'freely available for modification, use and redistribution under a license similar to those used by the open-source / free software community'. [ 55 ] However, such a definition would exclude the Open Content License because that license forbids charging for content; a right required by free and open-source software licenses. [ citation needed ] 5Rs definition It has since come to describe a broader class of content without conventional copyright restrictions. The openness of content can be assessed under the '5Rs Framework' based on the extent to which it can be retained, reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of the public without violating copyright law. [ 56 ] Unlike free content and content under open-source licenses , there is no clear threshold that a work must reach to qualify as 'open content'. The 5Rs are put forward on the Open Content Project website as a framework for assessing the extent to which content is open: Retain – the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage) Reuse – the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video) Revise – the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language) Remix – the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup) Redistribute – the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend) [ 56 ] Retain – the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage) Reuse – the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video) Revise – the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language) Remix – the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup) Redistribute – the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend) [ 56 ] This broader definition distinguishes open content from open-source software, since the latter must be available for commercial use by the public. However, it is similar to several definitions for open educational resources, which include resources under noncommercial and verbatim licenses. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Successor projects In 2003, David Wiley announced that the Open Content Project had been succeeded by Creative Commons and their licenses; Wiley joined as "Director of Educational Licenses". [ 59 ] [ 60 ] In 2005, the Open Icecat project was launched, in which product information for e-commerce applications was created and published under the Open Content License. It was embraced by the tech sector, which was already quite open source minded. In 2006, a Creative Commons' successor project, the Definition of Free Cultural Works , was introduced for free content. [ 61 ] It was put forth by Erik Möller , Richard Stallman , Lawrence Lessig , Benjamin Mako Hill , Angela Beesley, and others. [ 62 ] The Definition of Free Cultural Works is used by the Wikimedia Foundation . [ 63 ] In 2009, the Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licenses were marked as "Approved for Free Cultural Works". [ 64 ] Open Knowledge Foundation Another successor project is the Open Knowledge Foundation , founded by Rufus Pollock in Cambridge , in 2004 [ 65 ] as a global non-profit network to promote and share open content and data. [ 66 ] In 2007 the OKF gave an Open Knowledge Definition for "content such as music, films, books; data be it scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise; government and other administrative information". [ 67 ] In October 2014 with version 2.0 Open Works and Open Licenses were defined and "open" is described as synonymous to the definitions of open/free in the Open Source Definition, the Free Software Definition, and the Definition of Free Cultural Works. [ 68 ] A distinct difference is the focus given to the public domain, open access , and readable open formats . OKF recommends six conformant licenses: three of OKN's (Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence, Open Data Commons Attribution License, Open Data Commons Open Database License ) and the CC BY , CC BY-SA , and CC0 Creative Commons licenses. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] See also Free and open-source software portal Comparison of free and open-source software licenses Creative Commons license and List of free-content licences Digital rights Open source Free education Free software movement Freedom of information Information wants to be free Open publishing Open-source hardware Project Gutenberg [Knowledge for free – The Emergence of Open Educational Resources] . 2007, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 92-64-03174-X . Explanatory notes ^ The copyright status of uncreative aggregates of basic data may differ by region—for the US see Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service ; for Australia , see Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems . References ^ "About CC Licenses" . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "What Is the Public Domain?" . Copyrightlaws.com: Copyright courses and education in plain English . 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 26 May 2025 . ^ Opensource.com. "What is open source? | Opensource.com" . opensource.com . Retrieved 26 May 2025 . ^ "What is open source?" . www.redhat.com . Retrieved 26 May 2025 . ^ Möller, Erik ; et al. (2008). "Definition of Free Cultural Works" . 1.1. freedomdefined.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ "Library of Congress Free to Use and Reuse | Library of Congress" . Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA . Retrieved 26 May 2025 . ^ "Authorship Collaborative - Berne Convention" . case.edu . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ a b Ho, Adrian. "Library Guides: Open Access: Author Rights and Open Licensing" . guides.lib.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "What Is a Free License (or Open License)?" . help.songtrust.com . Retrieved 26 May 2025 . ^ Duke-Mosier, Phoebe. "Guides: Copyright and Intellectual Property Toolkit: Creative Commons, Copyleft, and Other Licenses" . pitt.libguides.com . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ Stallman, Richard . "Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software" . Free Software Foundation . Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . ^ Guibault, Lucie; Angelopoulos, Christina (2011). Open Content Licensing: From Theory to Practice . Amsterdam University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-90-8964-307-0 . ^ Kelty, Christopher M. (2008). "The Cultural Significance of Free Software – Two Bits" (PDF) . Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 99. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on ^ "Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" " . Catb.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Open Definition 2.1 Archived 27 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine on opendefinition.org "This essential meaning matches that of "open" with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with "free" or "libre" as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works." ^ licenses Archived 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on opendefinition.com ^ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (December 27th, 2013) ^ Open Definition 2.0 released Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (October 7th, 2014) ^ a b "Costs and business models in scientific research publishing: A report commissioned by the Wellcome Trust" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009 . 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Raymond, Eric S. "Copycenter" . The Jargon File . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2008 . ^ Dusollier, S (2003). "Open source and copyleft. Authorship reconsidered?". Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts . 26 (296). ^ Hall, G. Brent (2008). Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling . Springer. p. 29. Bibcode : 2008osas.book.....H . ISBN 978-3-540-74830-4 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ a b "What do all the licences mean? Decoding Creative Commons" . Open Newswire . 1 December 2021 . Retrieved 13 November 2025 . ^ Linksvayer, Mike (20 February 2008). "Approved for Free Cultural Works" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ "iRate Radio" . SourceForge.net . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ "Gutenberg:No Cost or Freedom?" . Project Gutenberg . 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ Mustonen, Mikko. "Copyleft – the economics of Linux and other open-source software" (PDF) . Discussion Paper No. 493. Department of Economics, University of Helsinki . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ Pawlak, Michel; Bryce, Ciarán; Laurière, Stéphane (29 May 2008). "The Practice of Free and Open Source Software Processes" (PDF) . Rapport de Recherche . inria-00274193, version 2. 6519 (April 2008). ISSN 0249-6399 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ Hendry, Andrew (4 March 2008). "RepRap: An open-source 3D printer for the masses" . Computerworld Australia . The Industry Standard . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ Honsig, Markus (25 January 2006). "The most open of all cars" . Technology Review (in German). Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ "Australian drive for green commuter cars" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney. 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ Suber, Peter. "Open Access Overview" Archived 19 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Earlham.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-03 ^ Alma Swan; Sheridan Brown (May 2005). "Open access self-archiving: An author study" (PDF) . Key Perspectives Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . ^ Andrew, Theo (30 October 2003). "Trends in Self-Posting of Research Material Online by Academic Staff" . Ariadne (37). ISSN 1361-3200 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ "Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research" . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . ^ "Open access - RCUK Policy and revised guidance" . Archived from the original on 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ "Outcome of Proceedings, 9526/16 RECH 208 TELECOM 100, The transition towards an Open Science System" . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ "MIT faculty open access to their scholarly articles" . MIT. 20 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ "Policy of the Society for General Microbiology towards author self-archiving on PubMed Central and institutional and other repositories" . Archived from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . ^ "OnlineOpen" . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . ^ "About OpenCourseWare" . Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . ^ "AMS Journal price survey" . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . ^ "Response from the University of California to the Public statement from Nature Publishing Group regarding subscription renewals at the California Digital Library" (PDF) . 10 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Hawkes, Nigel (10 November 2003). "Boycott 'greedy' journal publishers, say scientists" . The Times . London. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ NMC (2012). "One Year or Less: Open Content" . 2010 Horizon Report . Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ Admin (2012). "Open.edu: Top 50 University Open Courseware Collections" . DIY Learning . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ Moxley, Joe (2013). "Open Textbook Publishing" . American Association of University Professors . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ Stutz, Michael (1997). "Applying Copyleft To Non-Software Information" . www.gnu.org . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved 20 March 2024 . ^ a b Wiley, David (1998). "Open Content" . OpenContent.org . Archived from the original on 28 January 1999 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . ^ a b Wiley, David. "Open Content" . OpenContent.org . Archived from the original on 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . ^ Atkins, Daniel E.; John Seely Brown; Allen L. Hammond (February 2007). A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities (PDF) . Menlo Park, CA: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . ^ Geser, Guntram (January 2007). Open Educational Practices and Resources. OLCOS Roadmap 2012 . Salzburg, Austria: Salzburg Research , EduMedia Group. p. 20. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . ^ OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine. on opencontent.org (30 June 2003, archived) ^ "Creative Commons Welcomes David Wiley as Educational Use License Project Lead" . creativecommons.org . 23 June 2003. Archived from the original on 6 August 2003. ^ "Revision history of "Definition" – Definition of Free Cultural Works" . Freedomdefined.org. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ "History – Definition of Free Cultural Works" . Freedomdefined.org. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ "Resolution:Licensing policy" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ "Approved for Free Cultural Works" . Creative Commons. 24 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ "Open Knowledge Foundation launched" . Open Knowledge Foundation Weblog . 24 May 2004. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . ^ Davies, Tim (12 April 2014). "Data, information, knowledge and power – exploring Open Knowledge's new core purpose" . Tim's Blog . Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . ^ version 1.0 on opendefinition.org (archived 2007) ^ Open Definition 2.1 Archived 27 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine on opendefinition.org ^ licenses Archived 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on opendefintion.com ^ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (27 December 2013) ^ Open Definition 2.0 released Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.rog (7 October 2014) Further reading D. Atkins; J. S. Brown; A. L. Hammond (February 2007). A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities (PDF) . Report to The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 3 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 4 Economy and transportation Toggle Economy and transportation subsection 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 5 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 6 Environment Toggle Environment subsection 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 7 Public services Toggle Public services subsection 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 8 Media Toggle Media subsection 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Toggle External links subsection 14.1 Government 14.1 Government Aden Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 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Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage Wikidata item Aden .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} عَدَنْ Temporary capital and city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Mualla District Port of Aden Queen Victoria Statue Crater Khor Maksar .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Aden Location in Yemen Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°E / 12.800; 45.033 Country Yemen Region Aden Region Governorate Aden Governorate First settled [ 1 ] 7th century BC British occupation 19 January 1839 State of Aden within the FSA 18 January 1963 Independence 30 November 1967 Government • Governor Abdulrahman Al-Yafei [ 2 ] • Governing body Aden Local Council • Aden Police Director Maj Gen Mutahar Al-Shuaibi Area • Total 760 km 2 (290 sq mi) Elevation 6 m (20 ft) Population (2017) [ 3 ] • Total 863,000 • Estimate (2023) [ 4 ] 1,079,670 • Density 1,135.52/km 2 (2,941.0/sq mi) Demonym Adeni/Adenies Ethnicities • Majority Arabs • Minorities Afro-Arabs , Indians , Pakistanis , Somalis Languages • Official Arabic MSA ( Education and Government ) • Spoken Adeni Arabic (majority) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Hindi , [ 7 ] Somali [ 8 ] (minorities) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Time zone UTC+3 ( AST ) Area code 02 Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Aden ( / ˈ eɪ d ən / ; Arabic : عَدَنْ , romanized : ʿAdan ; .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} IPA: [ʕa.dan] ) is the de facto capital of Yemen since 2014. It is a port city located in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Aden , positioned near the eastern approach to the Red Sea . It is situated approximately 170 km (110 mi) east of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. With its strategic location on the coastline, Aden serves as a gateway between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea , making it a crucial maritime hub connecting Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . As of September 2025, Aden had a population of approximately 1,154,000 residents, making it one of the largest cities in Yemen. [ 9 ] It is the capital and principal part of Aden Governorate , encompassing eight districts. During the colonial period, the name Aden referred to the area along the north coast of the gulf, encompassing Tawahi , Mualla , Crater , and much of Khor Maksar district. The western harbour peninsula, known as Little Aden , now falls within the Al Buraiqeh district. Before gaining independence, Aden comprised distinct sectors: Crater, the original port; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, formerly "Steamer Point"; and Gold Mohur resorts. Khormaksar, on the isthmus connecting Aden to the mainland, hosts diplomatic missions, Aden University 's main offices, and Aden International Airport . On the mainland, sectors include Sheikh Othman, an old oasis area; Al-Mansura, a British-planned town; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Ittihad), the former capital of the South Arabian Federation , now the location of a large power/ desalination facility and additional Aden University faculties. Aden encloses the eastern side of a vast natural harbour that constitutes the modern port. Little Aden was developed as the site of the oil refinery and tanker port. Both were established and operated by British Petroleum until they were turned over to South Yemeni government ownership and control in 1978. Aden used to be the capital of South Yemen until its union with North Yemen on 22 May 1990. It has been the temporary capital of Yemen since the start of the Yemeni civil war , hosting some members of the Cabinet of Yemen mainly in al-Maashiq Palace . It was also the seat of the secessionist Southern Transitional Council from 2018 to 2026. [ 10 ] Etymology Aden is a home and a place for ships, and the word Aden means "reside in the place", so the word "Aden" means resident, and it is said "Aden Al-Balad", meaning the settlement of the country. [ 11 ] Among the sayings of geographers about the city: Yaqut al-Hamwi said: [ 12 ] "It is a famous city on the coast of the Indian Sea, towards the Yemen, and it is poor, with no water or pasture. They drink from a spring between it and Aden, about a distance of about today, and despite that, it is bad, except that this place is the port for Indian ships, and merchants gather there for that reason, as it is a town of trade." And it is added to Abyan , which is the opposite of Aden in its entirety. Ibn Manzur said: [ 13 ] "It is a country on the edge of the sea in the furthest part of Yemen." Ibn Khaldun said: [ 14 ] "This Aden is one of the most fortified cities in Yemen, and it is on the bank of the Indian Sea. It is still a country of trade from the time of the Trabaids, and most of them were built with stones, which is why silk merchants visit it often." History Antiquity Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name ( Ancient Greek : Αραβία Εμπόριον , romanised : Arabia Emporion ), which means an Arabic trade port. [ 15 ] The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as Eudaemon ( Ancient Greek : Ευδαίμων , meaning "blissful, prosperous") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore", which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage. Aden was more an island than a peninsula, as the isthmus (a tombolo ) was not then so developed as it is today. Aden was explicitly mentioned by this name in the Book of Ezekiel , which talks about Jerusalem, and it says: [ 16 ] "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." At its beginning, the city was a small peninsula with no significant natural resources, but its location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Awsan from the eighth to seventh centuries BC. [ 17 ] In the beginning of the seventh century BC, Karibʾil Watar I , king of the Kingdom of Sheba, launched a campaign against Awsan during which, according to the Sabaean texts, sixteen thousand people were killed, forty thousand people were enslaved, and the kings of Awsan made offerings to the god Almaqah , [ 18 ] according to the inscription that Karibʾil Watar I left in Sirwah , commemorating his victory. [ 19 ] In the second half of the first century BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar determined to control Arabia Felix and reach the Indian Ocean. Aelius Gallus' Roman expedition to Arabia Felix (26–25 BCE) aimed to capture the Sabaean capital of Marib but failed due to extreme desert conditions, disease, and logistical challenges. After an unsuccessful week-long siege, the army, weakened by illness and dehydration, withdrew, losing most of its ~10,000 troops to environmental factors and disease" [ 20 ] The Himyarites overthrew the Kingdom of Sheba in 275 AD and took control of Aden. [ 21 ] Recent incomplete archaeological studies suggest that the Himyarites were the ones who built the huge water cisterns currently known as the "Cisterns of Aden", which stored approximately 136,382,757 liters of water. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The Himyarite Kingdom fell in the first quarter of the sixth century AD. Yusuf Dhu Nuwas mentioned Bab al-Mandab in one of his writings. The forces of the Kingdom of Aksum were entering Yemen through it. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I sent a fleet to fight the Himyarite Jews and support the Kingdom of Aksum and the Christians of Najran. The fleet entered through Aden. Byzantine sources indicate that the Sasanian Empire took control of the city in 571 AD. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that Cain and Abel are buried somewhere in the city. [ 26 ] Medieval history Although the pre-Islamic Himyar civilisation was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the Hadhramaut make it clear that both the Himyar and the Sabean cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians Ibn al Mujawir and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble. With the introduction of Islam to Yemen in the seventh century AD, Aden experienced a period of stagnation that lasted until the ninth century AD. [ 18 ] In the early years of Islam, Aden belonged to the province of Jund (Taiz). [ 27 ] It was controlled by the state of Ziyadid and the Sulayhid . After the death of Ali bin Muhammad Al-Sulayhi , his son took charge of Zurayids , and Aden continued to pay the annual royalty until Queen Arwa bint Ahmed Al-Sulayhi reduced it. [ 28 ] After the fall of the Sulayhid state, the Banu Zurayi became independent in Aden, taking advantage of the Sulayhids' preoccupation with the Khawlan tribes. [ 29 ] The Zurayites continued to rule Aden, Lahj, and Abyan for less than forty years until they fell under the Ayyubids' control of the city. [ 30 ] A major battle took place between Turan Shah bin Ayyub and Yasser bin Bilal al-Muhammadi, Minister of State, and the Zurayiyyah were defeated and al-Muhammadi fled to Taiz. [ 31 ] One of the most important contributors to the defeat of the Zurayids was their ongoing wars with the Bani Mahdi in Tihama and the departure of their army to confront the Ayyubids instead of fortifying themselves in Aden. [ 32 ] After 1175, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since then Aden has been a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from Egypt , Sindh , Gujarat , East Africa and even China . According to Muqaddasi , Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] It was visited by the medieval scholar Ibn Battuta in the 14th century, who described Aden's reservoirs, the Cisterns of Tawila , "These reservoirs accumulate rainwater for the sole purpose of drinking for the city's citizens." During the Ayyubid period in Yemen, Sanaa and its environs were more hostile to their presence than other regions. [ 35 ] The Zaidi tribes were able to defeat the Ayyubids in 1226, but Omar bin Rasul, the founder of the Rasulid state , was able to repel them, so he tightened his control over Aden. The city regained its position during the days of the Rasulids, so they dug wells and built schools, and Aden flourished commercially. [ 36 ] The kings of Bani Rasul were also merchants and enacted a number of laws and regulations to codify trade in the city. [ 37 ] The Banu Tahir were able to control Aden after the Banu Rasool, and the Italian traveller Lodovico di Verthama describes it as one of the most powerful cities seen on Earth during the days of the Tahirids . [ 38 ] In 1513, the Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque , launched an unsuccessful four-day naval siege of Aden . [ 39 ] The Mamluks in Egypt sensed the danger and sent a force led by Hussein al-Kurdi. The victorious King Amer bin Abdul Wahhab provided great aid to the Kurds, but he suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Diu. The Mamluks sent a second fleet, but the victorious king refused to cooperate with the Mamluks because he had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese from Aden without their help. [ 40 ] Hussein al-Kurdi became angry and allied with the Zaidi Imam, who was opposed to the Tahirids, al-Mutawakkil Sharaf al-Din, and the Tahirid cities fell successively, with the exception of Aden. [ 41 ] The Ottoman Empire took control of the city in 1538. The Ottomans' goal was to prevent the Portuguese from controlling Aden, so the city witnessed difficult days, in addition to the fact that the port of Mocha gained greater importance at the expense of Aden during the sixteenth century. [ 42 ] The city's population declined and it turned into a small village with a population of no more than 600 people. [ 43 ] While its population was approximately eighty thousand people during the days of the Rasulid state. [ 44 ] In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He 's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden . This event was recorded in the book Yingyai Shenglan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy. [ 45 ] After Ottoman rule, Aden was ruled by the Sultanate of Lahej , under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with a detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden. He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the chief rulers on the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. [ 46 ] Modern history The situation was different in the north of the country, where the Zaidis did not recognise the authority of the Ottomans and revolted against them many times, the most recent of which was the revolution of Imam Al-Mansur Billah Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Qasim , who and his son Al-Mu'ayyad Billah Muhammad were able to unite the tribes and expel the Ottomans. [ 47 ] The imams relied on the revenues from the port of Mocha , and Aden was not as important as the Abadlahs were. At the end of the eighteenth century, Sultan Fadl al-Abdali concluded an alliance with the Yafi tribes to rebel against the Zaidi imams and monopolise Aden's revenues equally among them. [ 48 ] The Sultan of Lahej got rid of the imams, but he did not fulfil his promise to Yafa. The Zaidi imams did not recognise inheritance and saw fighting for the imamate, so the war between Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq and Al-Mansur Al-Hussein bin Al-Mutawakkil prolonged, so Al-Abdali took the opportunity to declare his independence in Lahej and Aden. [ 49 ] The English had been visiting Aden and Mocha from 1609, led by Sir Henry Middleton , who was imprisoned, his ships confiscated, and eight of his men killed. [ 49 ] The British tried to conclude treaties with the Zaidi imams after the Ottomans were expelled from Aden. They visited Sanaa and Mocha, but they treated the British ambassador poorly and rejected his offer. Things were different when the Abdali gained independence from Lahj and Medina. They signed a treaty with the British in 1802, stipulating that they build a factory in Crater and allocate a special cemetery for British subjects free of charge. The Abdali wanted protection from the tribes. Sultan Fadl bin Ali was killed by Yafi' gunmen, then one of the sheikhs of Al-Hujariya invaded Lahj and besieged it for five months. Al-Awaliq also besieged it with eight thousand fighters, and they did not leave until Sultan Ahmed bin Abdul Karim paid them seven thousand dollars. [ 50 ] Then the Fadl family attacked Aden in 1836. British administration 1839–1967 In 1609 The Ascension was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to Mocha during the fourth voyage of the East India Company . [ 52 ] British interests in Aden began in 1796 with Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their privateers were tracked down over the subsequent decade. [ citation needed ] By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, Somalis , Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity. [ citation needed ] As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the East India Company officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or Russian expansion through Persia . The emergence of Muhammad Ali of Egypt as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of Bombay from 1834 to 1838, Sir Robert Grant , was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean. [ citation needed ] The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship Hugh Lindsay sailed from Bombay to the Suez isthmus in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with coal . Although cargo was still carried around the Cape of Good Hope in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coal supplying station had been found. [ 53 ] The British first stationed a coal depot on the island of Socotra in 1834. However, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure there, they quickly lost interest in Socotra and turned towards Aden instead. [ 54 ] : 22 In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded 194 km 2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to the British . On 19 January 1839, the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to definitively conquer the territory (the so-called Aden Expedition ) and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a free trade port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and opium trades developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from Mokha . [ 55 ] The port lies about equidistant from the Suez Canal , Bombay , and Zanzibar , which were all important British possessions . Aden had been an entrepôt and a way-station for ships in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish coal and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a coaling station at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967. [ citation needed ] Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of British India and was known as the Aden Settlement . [ 56 ] Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the 13 km 2 (5.0 sq mi) island of Perim , in 1868 by the 73 km 2 (28 sq mi) Khuriya Muriya Islands , and in 1915 by the 108 km 2 (42 sq mi) island of Kamaran . [ citation needed ] The settlement would become Aden Province in 1935. [ 56 ] In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the Colony of Aden , a British Crown colony . The change in government was a step towards the change in the official currency unit. When British India became independent in 1947, Indian rupees (divided into annas ) were replaced in Aden by East African shillings . The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut were also loosely tied to Britain as the Aden Protectorate , which was overseen from Aden. Aden's location also made it a useful entrepôt for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from Suez to Bombay could leave mail for Mombasa at Aden for collection (See Postage stamps and postal history of Aden ). In December 1947, a three-day riot broke out in reaction to the drafting of the Partition Plan for Palestine . The riots and their repression by the Aden Protectorate Levies saw the killing of 76–82 Jews , 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians and 1 Somali, in addition to looting and damaging of property. [ 57 ] After the Suez Crisis in 1956, the British held on to Aden as an outpost in the region for another decade. The British authorities had already decided to further expand its port shortly before the Suez Canal 's 1956 closure. [ 54 ] : 73 Aden sent a team of two to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia . [ citation needed ] Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency In order to stabilise Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of North Yemen , the British attempted gradually to unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the State of Aden and the Federation was renamed the Federation of South Arabia (FSA). An insurgency against British administration known as the Aden Emergency began with a grenade attack by the communist National Liberation Front (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared. [ 58 ] In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that British troops would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY ( Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen ) vied for the upper hand. [ 59 ] In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an Aden Airways DC3 plane in the air with no survivors. [ 60 ] The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in From Barren Rocks to Living Stones . On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The Royal Marines , who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were the last to leave – with the exception of a Royal Engineer detachment ( 10 Airfields Squadron ) who left Aden on 13 December 1967. As part of a larger Royal Navy task force , HMS Albion 's helicopters lifted off the remaining Royal Marine commandos left to secure the airfield. [ 61 ] Post-independence The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. [ 62 ] Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%. [ 63 ] The new state was divided into six governorates on 11 December 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms. [ 64 ] On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968. [ 65 ] This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen , where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan. [ 66 ] They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury. Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June. [ 67 ] A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist–Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established. [ 68 ] The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between 1967 and 1975 – reduced commercial activities in the port. [ 69 ] Salem Rubaya Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976. [ 70 ] President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 71 ] It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 72 ] Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened. [ 73 ] Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency. [ 74 ] Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises. [ 75 ] By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on 13 January 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen. [ 76 ] The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj. [ 77 ] Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi . [ 78 ] This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed, and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa. [ 78 ] With the unification of north and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of Aden Governorate which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony. On 29 December 1992, Al Qaeda conducted its first known terrorist attack in Aden, bombing the Gold Mohur Hotel , where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope . A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack. [ 79 ] That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the unity of South Yemen with North Yemen , and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, Ali Salem Al-Baidh was considered Ali Abdullah Saleh 's deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered prime minister , and after the 1993 elections . Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to Amran , clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the 1994 Covenant and Agreement , in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer 1994 civil war , and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists. [ 80 ] At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time; the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa; and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country. Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer The Sullivans at the port of Aden as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots . The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The bombing attack on destroyer USS Cole took place in Aden on 12 October 2000. [ 84 ] In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist South Yemen Movement . According to The New York Times , the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen . [ 85 ] Temporary capital and civil war Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. On 7 March 2015, Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital, instead of Sanaa , which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after the Houthis took control of Sanaa on 21 September 2014, and imposed a siege on the Republican Palace and the home of President Hadi on 20 January. On 22 January, Hadi submitted his resignation to Parliament; it did not hold a session to accept or reject the resignation, and Hadi remained under house arrest imposed by the Houthis. Until he was able to leave for Aden on 21 February 2015, he retracted his resignation, and gave a statement in which he said: "All decisions taken since September 21 are invalid and have no legitimacy." President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the coup d'état that many consider to be the start of the Yemeni civil war . Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces took over the capital city Sanaa , which was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government . Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden. [ 86 ] In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while Sanaa is controlled by the Houthis . [ 87 ] Aden was hit by violence in the aftermath of the coup d'état , with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh in a battle for Aden International Airport on 19 March 2015. [ 88 ] After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the Battle of Aden , which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015. [ 89 ] Some Arab and foreign embassies were transferred to Aden, and Defense Minister Mahmoud Al-Subaihi was able to leave Sanaa for Aden and met with President Hadi. On March 4, 2016, unidentified gunmen stormed the Mother Teresa House in the city and killed sixteen people, including four nuns. A number of the old city's churches have also been destroyed by Islamic extremists since mid-2015. On 14 July 2015, the Saudi Arabian Army launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of Houthi rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory. [ 90 ] Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the Southern Transitional Council (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi-led government. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed , his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Culture Dialects The entry of the Yemenis into Islam contributed to their abandoning their ancient script and replacing it with the late Nabataean alphabet in which the Qur'an was written. [ a ] Today, Yemenis speak Arabic in the Yemeni dialect, which is a developed dialect and closely linked to the ancient language. [ 95 ] It has three dialects with branches: the Sanʽani dialect , the Hadrami dialect , and the Taʽizzi-Adeni dialect , in addition to the Bedouin dialect of the residents of Marib . Al Jawf , Shabwa , and Inner Hadhramaut , and each of these dialects has characteristics and features. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Music and poetry Adeni art or the Adeniyat is an art of Arabic music. Among the ancient artists of Aden are Iskander Thabet Saleh and Muhammad Murshid Naji, and among the poets are Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Ahmed Ghaleb Muhammad Al-Jabri, Abdullah Abdul Karim Muhammad, Ali Abdullah Jaafar Aman, Farid Muhammad Barakat, Lotfi Jaafar Aman, and Mohsen Ali Brik. [ 98 ] "Adeni music" played a major role in Aden society, and artists in the Aden dialect were called "al-Mutariba", meaning people of music. Adeni music began in 1920 when the army of the Aden Protectorate was formed, and after it the National Guard, where there were teams for those forces and those teams participated On special occasions and weddings. Sports Pre-independence The first beginning of Adenian sports dates back to the year 1902, when the Adeni Tennis Club was established, with its headquarters in the Al-Qatee' neighbourhood in Crater, and Youssef Muhammad Khan founded the "Recreational Club United" in the city of Crater, and it was known as the Yousef Khan Stadium. The city of Aden is considered the first city in which sports were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula, and the first private club in Aden was founded in 1905 under the name "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", as the first sports club in Yemen and the Arab world. He was fighting the occupation army divisions and the fleet divisions coming and passing to the port of Aden. [ 99 ] In 1924, the "Al-Husseini Sports Club" was founded in Crater, and a third club appeared in Tawahi under the name "Al-Bamboot Club" and Sheikh Othman. The 1930s witnessed the emergence of a number of clubs. In 1933, the "Nujoom Al-Layl Club", Al-Aidrousi Club, and Nujoom Al-Sabah Club appeared in Crater, and in Tawahi, the "Al-Ittihad Al-Islami Club" (Al-Mawlada) appeared. [ 99 ] Until that year, football matches were played in a friendly manner between the teams of the Crater, Al-Tawahi, and Sheikh Othman regions, as there were no federations regulating sports activity. In 1934, the occupation authority announced the establishment of a sports association called the "Adeniya Sports Association", after the increasing number of local clubs. Its members were appointed by the Governor-General of Aden, and all of its members were English, headed by the English Governor of Aden, Bernard Reilly, as sponsor. The association's board of directors consists of Hikam Bottom as president, the Indian Rosario as secretary, and two other members. This association began holding the first club tournament, which was the "Rosario Cup Championship". Six clubs participated in the tournament, three from Crater (Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi, Al-Husseini, and Nojoom Al-Layl), from Al-Tawahi (Al-Mawalda, and Al-Bamiot), and from Sheikh Othman, Sheikh Othman Club, which includes Players from various small teams in the Sheikh Othman area, and Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi Club won this championship. Among the most important tournaments held in Aden before independence were the Rosario Cup, the Riley Cup, the Somali Bassem Al-Nar Cup, the Aramco Cup, and the Kik Muncherji Championship. Post-independence After independence, the "Football Federation" was established on January 18, 1968, on the ruins of the "Adeniya Sports Association". The Federation took a decision regarding the Adeniya clubs, which had numbered about 64 sports clubs, reducing and merging the clubs in Aden and Lahj to only 16 clubs, and the clubs were forced to join or unite with large teams. In February 1968, several sports clubs were abolished, leaving only 12 clubs remaining. In December 1968, Al-Islah Club and Al-Shaab Club were merged into one club under the name of the latter in Al-Tawahi. In 1969, the Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club and Al-Tadamon Club were united in Crater , under the name Al-Tadamon Al-Muhammadi Club. [ citation needed ] In the "First General Sports Conference" in 1973, the clubs were merged and reduced again, so that their number became only 7 clubs: Al-Ahrar Club, Al-Ahly Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Shaab Club, Al-Hilal Club, United Youth Club, and Aden Tennis Club. On July 18, 1975, the stage of forming urban clubs, and the beginning of the stage of politicisation of the clubs in favour of the National Liberation Front, took place. It was decided to change their names and reduce them to become 5 clubs: Al-Tilal Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Minaa Club, Al-Wahda Club, and Al-Shoula Club. [ citation needed ] On July 18, 1975, the "Al-Tilal Sports Club" appeared, headed by Yassin Saeed Noman, as a new name for the "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", which was founded in 1905, and in 1976 the "Yemeni Football Federation" appeared. Al-Tilal Club participated in the "September 26 Cup Competition" in 1980, as the first football competition in which it participated with teams from northern and southern Yemen, such as the national team of Ibb Governorate, Taiz Governorate, Hadhramaut Governorate, Lahj and Hodeidah, at the Shaheed Al-Dharafi Stadium in Sanaa, and Al-Hilal was crowned champion of the September 26 Cup, after victory over Hodeidah national team by five clean goals. [ 100 ] Football is the most popular sport in Aden. There are 9 stadiums in Aden, including the May 22 International Stadium, and 10 sports clubs. In November 2010, Aden hosted the 2010 Arabian Gulf Football Cup . [ 101 ] Tourist sites Aden has several historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include: The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019. [ 102 ] The Zoroastrian Temple The Cisterns of Tawila —an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater Sira Fortress The Aden Minaret [ 103 ] Little Ben , a miniature Big Ben Clock Tower overlooking Steamer Point. Built during the colonial period, this was restored in 2012 after 3 decades of neglect since the British withdrawal of 1967. The Landing Pier at Steamer Point is a 19th-century building used by visiting dignitaries during the colonial period, most notably Queen Elizabeth during her 1954 visit to the colony. This building was hit by an airstrike in 2015 and is currently in the process of being restored in 2019. The Crescent Hotel which contained a number of artifacts relating to the Royal Visit of 1954 and which currently remains derelict as a result of a recent airstrike. The Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej /National Museum—The National Museum was founded in 1966 and is located in what used to be the Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej. Northern forces robbed it during the 1994 Civil War, but its collection of pieces remains one of the biggest in Yemen. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The Aden Military Museum which features a painting depicting the 20 June 1967 ambush by Arab Police Barracks on a British Army unit when a number of the 22 soldiers killed that day were driving in two Land Rovers on Queen Arwa Road, Crater. The Rimbaud House, which opened in 1991, is the two-story house of French poet Arthur Rimbaud who lived in Aden from 1880 to 1891. Rimbaud moved to Aden on his way to Ethiopia in an attempt for a new life. As of the late 1990s, the first floor of the house belonged to the French Consulate, a cultural centre and a library. The house is located in al-Tawahi —the European Quarter of Aden—and is politically and culturally debated for its French nature in an area previously colonised by Britain. [ 106 ] The fortifications of Jebal Hadid and Jebal Shamsan The beaches of Aden and Little Aden—Some of the popular beaches in Aden consist of Lover's Bay Beach, Elephant Beach and Gold Beach. The popular beach in Little Aden is called Blue Beach. [ 104 ] Some beaches are private and some are public, which is subject to change over time due to the changing resort industry. According to the Wall Street Journal, kidnappings on the beaches and the threat of Al Qaeda has caused problems for the resort industry in Aden, which used to be popular among locals and Westerners. [ 107 ] Al-Aidaroos Mosque [ 103 ] Main Pass – now called Al-Aqba Road is the only road into Aden through Crater. Originally an Arched Upper bridge known as Main Gate, it overlooked Aden city and was built during the Ottoman Empire. A painted crest of the 24th British army battalion is still visible on the brickwork adjacent to the Gate site and is believed to be the only remaining army Crest from colonial rule still visible in Aden. In March 1963 the bridge was removed by a British Army controlled explosion to widen the 2 lane roadway to the present 4 lane highway and the only reminder of this bridge is a quarter scale replica built at the end of the Al-Aqba road intersection known as the AdenGate Model roundabout. Economy and transportation The industrial activity in Aden is represented by a group of factories and production units, the forefront of which is the oil refinery. The oil refinery in Aden is considered one of the first refineries to be established in the region, and began operating in 1954 AD. The Aden Refineries Company has facilities such as an oil tanker port, a network of storage tanks, and a centre to supply ships with fuel. [ 108 ] Historically, Aden was a station for importing goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States, and India. As of 1920, Aden was a major commercial centre for trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and the port exported small quantities of local products to most Arab ports. Aden provided coal and salt to passing ships, and the port was a stopping point for ships when they entered Bab al-Mandab. Transport Historically, the port of Aden was the main transport port in the region. Passenger ships land in Al-Tawahi District, and the city is served by Aden International Airport , which is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city. The airport is the main headquarters of Al-Saeeda Airlines and its operations centre. The airport is considered the second largest airport. In Yemen, after Sanaa International Airport , it is considered the best airport in Yemen in terms of location due to the mountainous nature of Yemen. However, this airport is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in terms of take-off and landing. The establishment of Aden Airport dates back to the year 1927 when the British forces established a military airport in the district. Khor Maksar. After World War II, Britain carried out extensive urban modernisation and built Aden International Airport, known today, next to the military airport. Alyemda Airlines was the official carrier of South Yemen, before unification, and was based in Aden, before merging with Yemen Airways in 1996. Before the Battle of Aden Airport and the 2015 military intervention in Yemen closed this airport along with other airports in Yemen. On 22 July, Aden International Airport was declared fit for operation again after the Houthi forces were driven from the city, and a Saudi plane carrying aid reportedly became the first plane to land in Aden in four months. [ 109 ] The same day, a ship chartered by the World Food Programme carrying fuel docked in Aden's port. [ 110 ] Historically, Aden's harbour has been a major hub of transportation for the region. As of 1920, the harbour was 13 by 6 km (8 by 4 mi) in size. Passenger ships landed at Steamer Point now called Tawahi . [ 111 ] During the British colonial period motor vehicles drove on the left , as in the United Kingdom. On 2 January 1977, Aden, along with the rest of South Yemen, changed to driving on the right, bringing it into line with neighbouring Arab states. [ 112 ] During the early 20th century, Aden was a prominent export centre for coffee grown in the Jubail highlands. And also to export frankincense, wheat, barley, alfalfa and millet, which are produced and exported from Aden. The leaves and stems of clover, millet, and corn produced in Aden were generally used as fodder. Beginning in 1920, Aden was desalinating seawater to produce table salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced more than 120,000 tons of salt. Aden also produced potash, which was exported to Mumbai. Economy Historically, Aden would import goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States , and India . [ 111 ] [ 113 ] As of 1920, the British described it as "the chief emporium of Arabian trade, receiving the small quantities of native produce, and supplying the modest wants of the interior and of most of the smaller Arabian ports." At the docks, the city provided coal to passing ships. The only item being produced by the city, as of 1920, was salt . [ 113 ] Also, the port was the stop ships had to take when entering the Bab-el-Mandeb ; this was how cities like Mecca had received goods by ship. Yemen Airlines , the national airline of South Yemen, had its head office in Aden. On 15 May 1996, Yemen Airlines merged with Yemenia . [ 114 ] [ 115 ] During the early 20th century Aden was a notable centre of coffee production. Women processed coffee beans, grown in the Yemen highlands. [ 116 ] Frankincense , wheat , barley , alfalfa , and millet was also produced and exported from Aden. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The leaves and stalks of the alfalfa, millet and maize produced in Aden were generally used as fodder . [ 118 ] As of 1920, Aden was also gathering salt from salt water . An Italian company called Agostino Burgarella Ajola and Company gathered and process the salt under the name Aden Salt Works. There was also a smaller company from India , called Abdullabhoy and Joomabhoy Lalji & Company that owned a salt production firm in Aden. Both companies exported the salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced over 120,000 tons of salt. Aden has also produced potash , which was generally exported to Mumbai. [ 119 ] Aden produced jollyboats . Charcoal was produced as well, from acacia , and mainly in the interior of the region. Cigarettes were produced by Jewish and Greek populations in Aden. The tobacco used was imported from Egypt. [ 120 ] Since the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War spread to Aden in 2015, the city has been struck by constant protests over a range of issues, but especially concerning electricity generation. Aden's power grid is composed solely of diesel generators and is thus heavily dependent on imported fuel. [ 121 ] The main power plant is al-Hasswa diesel power plant, which in June 2021 had only two turbines out of five running, producing up to 50 megawatts (MW) of power in a region where the deficit hovers around 300 MW. Nawfal al-Mojamal, the plant director, said "In its 35 years of existence, al-Hasswa station never had any kind of maintenance, except in 2016 ... when the two turbines were restored". [ 122 ] This electricity shortage led to the development of Yemen's first large-scale solar power plant servicing Aden with a 120 MW capacity, opened in July 2024. [ 123 ] Free zone The free zone, which was opened in 1991, represents Yemen's economic gateway and the meeting point of the continents of Asia and Africa. The free zone gains its strategic importance from the special location of the port of Aden, as it is located directly on the main trade route around the world and from the Middle East to Europe and America, and is distinguished by the possibility of providing transit services. To East Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Gulf. The free zone represents a storage and distribution area suitable for Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. [ 108 ] Geography Aden is located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, and is about 363 kilometres from the capital, Sanaa. It is located between latitudes 47 and 12 north of the equator, and at an altitude of 6 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by Lahj Governorate to the north and east, and the Governorate of Abyan is to the northwest. Aden has an airport (Aden International Airport), a seaport (the port of Aden), and has land routes from the north linking it to Hajj, Abyan and Taiz. Landforms Aden is a coastal city; it overlooks the Gulf of Aden, which opens to the Indian Ocean. The shape of the city of Aden in the form of two peninsulas helped this factor to make the city of Aden unique in this particularity, which clearly affected the occurrence of the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. Which occurs due to air exchange between land and water during the day and night. Its location on the water surface also affects the daily and annual temperature range. This does not mean that there are no significant differences in temperatures in summer and winter. [ 124 ] The surface of the city of Aden slopes south, and the highlands appear in the southern part of Aden, represented by the highlands of Jabal Shamsan, whose highest peaks exceed 500 metres, and the highlands of Jabal Ihsan and Jabal Al-Muzalqim in Little Aden, which are lower in height than Jabal Shamsan, and the highlands of Aden do not differ from the rest of the highlands of Yemen in terms of In terms of composition, it is of volcanic origin, and although the mountain highlands occupy large areas of the city, their influence is weak and limited on the climate of the city of Aden. Climate Aden has a hot desert climate (BWh) in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . Although Aden sees next-to-no precipitation year-round, it is humid throughout the year. Climate data for Aden Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 31.1 (88.0) 31.7 (89.1) 35.0 (95.0) 37.8 (100.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 42.8 (109.0) 38.3 (100.9) 38.9 (102.0) 35.0 (95.0) 32.8 (91.0) 42.8 (109.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.5 (83.3) 28.6 (83.5) 30.2 (86.4) 32.2 (90.0) 34.1 (93.4) 36.6 (97.9) 35.9 (96.6) 35.3 (95.5) 35.4 (95.7) 33.0 (91.4) 30.7 (87.3) 28.9 (84.0) 32.4 (90.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7 (78.3) 26.0 (78.8) 27.2 (81.0) 28.9 (84.0) 31.0 (87.8) 32.7 (90.9) 32.1 (89.8) 31.5 (88.7) 31.6 (88.9) 28.9 (84.0) 27.1 (80.8) 26.0 (78.8) 29.1 (84.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.6 (72.7) 23.2 (73.8) 24.0 (75.2) 25.6 (78.1) 27.7 (81.9) 28.8 (83.8) 28.0 (82.4) 27.5 (81.5) 27.8 (82.0) 24.6 (76.3) 23.2 (73.8) 22.9 (73.2) 25.5 (77.9) Record low °C (°F) 15.6 (60.1) 17.2 (63.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.9 (66.0) 21.1 (70.0) 23.9 (75.0) 22.8 (73.0) 23.3 (73.9) 25.0 (77.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.3 (64.9) 16.7 (62.1) 15.6 (60.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6 (0.2) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.0) 0 (0) 3 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 1 (0.0) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 36 (1.4) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 20 Average relative humidity (%) 72 72 74 74 72 66 65 65 69 68 70 70 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 241.8 203.4 217.0 240.0 303.8 282.0 241.8 269.7 270.0 294.5 285.0 257.3 3,106.3 Mean daily sunshine hours 7.8 7.2 7.0 8.0 9.8 9.4 7.8 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.5 8.3 8.5 Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst [ 125 ] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 25 °C (77 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Environment Coasts Most of the coasts of Aden Governorate along the coastal strip are sandy coasts, and the governorate has coastal beaches, including the Golden Coast in Al-Tawahi District, the coast of Abyan Bakhour Maksar, Al-Ghadeer Beach, and Kud Al-Nimr Beach in Buraiqa. [ 126 ] Offshore islands There are about 21 islands around the peninsulas of Aden, Aden Lesser, and Ras Amran. They are mostly rocky islands, some of which are surrounded by incomplete coral reefs, and most of them are considered fishing areas. A number of islands have many activities, especially on Al-Ummal Island and Sirah Island. Wild and domestic animal diversity Yemen is considered one of the countries rich in bird species in the Middle East due to the availability of many suitable coastal environments that helped attract many migratory birds to wetland sites, coasts and islands. The Aden region (Khor Maksar – Al-Haswah) was registered on the list of important areas of the World Bird Organization as a habitat. The last three species that are globally threatened with extinction are: the great eagle, the gull eagle, and the eastern king eagle. [ 127 ] There are dozens of bird species recorded in the wetlands of Aden and the Caltex swamp area, which are rich in a wide variety of endemic and migratory birds, including birds that are present throughout the year. There are many birds in the area, including great flamingos, dwarf flamingos, and rock egrets. And the spoonbill, the hooked tern and the seagull. [ 127 ] Public services Education There are 95 schools in Aden, including 13 kindergartens, and 82 basic education schools, including 29 schools for boys, 29 schools for girls, and 29 joint schools for boys and girls. There are also 29 secondary schools, including 15 schools for boys and 14 schools for girls, all of which are in a double shift system. Until 2004, the number of male students reached In basic education, there were 57,941 students and 48,081 female students, with a total of 104,622 students. In secondary education, the number of male students reached 11,029 students, and 9,643 female students. [ 128 ] As for vocational, technical and vocational education centres and institutes, their number is 13, with 2,214 students enrolled, including 453 teachers. The health institutes have one institute, with 864 students enrolled, including 147 teachers, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] As for higher education, there is one government university in Aden, which is the University of Aden, which has 9 colleges. More than 29 thousand students are enrolled, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] Health There are 15 hospitals in the economic capital, Aden, including 5 public government hospitals, 6 belonging to the private sector, and 37 health centres. There are 34 facilities in the city that provide maternity and childhood services, and the number of specialised workforce in health facilities is 2,825 specialists. [ 129 ] Endemic areas In June 2015, the International Red Cross team present in conflict areas in Yemen during the events of the Yemeni civil war announced that the cities of Crater, Al-Mualla, Khor Maksar and Al-Tawahi in the Aden Governorate in the south of the country were areas affected by dengue fever . The health authorities in Aden said that this fever had spread remarkably and widely. Since the beginning of May, health services have deteriorated and infrastructure facilities, such as electricity, water, and sanitation, have been damaged as a result of the ongoing fighting in the city for months. [ 130 ] Mail Aden has known mail since June 15, 1839, that is, a year after the British occupation, although the official post office was not inaugurated until 1857. Postage stamps of both Britain and India were used in Aden until it became called the Aden Colony on April 1, 1937, although the stamps of this stage It bears no distinctive sign, but the use of the number 124 as a postal code is attributed to Aden as part of the Indian postal numerical system. Then, when it became a colony in 1937, it had sets of postage stamps containing pictures and the name Aden printed on them. In 1939, a new postage set was issued containing a picture of King George VI, but the Sultans of Hadhramaut – who were under the umbrella of the Aden Protectorate – controlled Britain has had it since the 1880s – they refused to do so, and so Britain issued a separate postal set in 1942, but this time with the inclusion of a phrase and pictures expressing the Kathiri Sultanate in Sayun and the Qu'aiti Sultanate in Shihr and Mukalla, in addition to pictures of the sultans. Media Journalism The weekly Al-Amal newspaper was founded in 1957 in Aden. Its slogan was "Freedom, Bread, and Peace". The British authorities allowed only 1,500 copies to be printed weekly, and the newspaper was banned shortly afterward. [ 131 ] In 1958, Al-Ayyam , an independent daily newspaper in the Arabic language, was established in Aden during the British occupation. The first issue was published on 30 July 1958, and its founder and editor-in-chief was Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Bashraheel. It stopped publishing after independence during the era of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and then resumed publication. After achieving Yemeni unity, the first issue of the second edition was on 7 November 1990, after a hiatus that lasted more than 23 years. In 1998, Al-Ayyam was the first newspaper in Yemen to be prosecuted by the government under a criminal law. Other cases followed until it became public by the end of the year. 2008, responsible for 73% of the total number of cases filed by the Ministry of Information and the Yemeni government against the press in Yemen. [ 132 ] When the protests and clashes intensified in Aden in April 2009, "Al-Ayyam covered the events extensively, and pictures of blood and injuries were on the cover of the newspaper for days." President Ali Abdullah Saleh sent delegations to the newspaper, asking them to reduce the severity of their coverage, and to stop using pictures of the injured. [ 132 ] On 12 May 2009, security forces launched an attack on the headquarters of Al-Ayyam newspaper in Aden. [ 132 ] Radio and television Radio Aden was established on 17 August 1954, under the name "Aden Radio Station". [ 133 ] It is currently broadcast in two periods, morning and evening. The British occupation opened the Aden Channel on 11 September 1964, following the revolution of 14 October 1963. Television transmission was limited to covering populated neighbourhoods in the city of Aden, especially where soldiers and families of the British forces were present. In January 1979, the television headquarters moved to the "Radio and Television Building" in Tawahi; at that time broadcasts were in black-and-white. In March 1981 the gradual transition to colour broadcasting began, and in June 1981 the channel began broadcasting via satellite. After the Yemeni unification on 22 May 1990, Aden Channel was the second official channel of Yemeni TV. [ 134 ] Notable people Sabah al-Alwani — first woman member of Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council Mukesh Ambani (born 1957) — businessman Amr Gamal (born 1983) — film and theatre director, producer, and writer Eddie Izzard (born 1962) — comedian Shafiqa Zawqari (born 1942) — author Barry Stewart Hunter (born 1973) — author (born in Aden) See also Hadhramaut Mountains History of the Jews in Aden Military history of Britain Postage stamps and postal history of Aden Yemen Ports Authority Footnotes ^ Jawad Ali says: It appears from researchers finding writings written in the Musnad in various places in the Arabian Peninsula, including the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, some of which are ancient and some of which are close to Islam, that the Musnad pen was the authentic and first Arabic pen among the Arabs. All the people of the Arabian Peninsula wrote about it, but the Christian preaching that entered the Arabian Peninsula and spread in various places brought with it the late Armenian pen, the pen of the Eastern churches, and began spreading it among the people. Because it was his sacred pen with which the clerics used to write. Since this pen was easier to write than the musnad, it found widespread followers among those who converted to Christianity and among pagans as well, due to its ease of writing. However, it was not able to eliminate the musnad as people continued to write with it. When Islam came, the scribes wrote the revelation with the pen of the people of Mecca so that the revelation would descend among them. The Mecca pen became the official pen for the Muslims, and Al-Musnad was then sentenced to death. He died and was forgotten by the Arabs, until the Orientalists resurrected him and brought him back to existence again, to translate for us the ordinary writings that were recorded in him. Jawad Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, vol. 8, p. 153 References Constructs such as ibid. , loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ), or an abbreviated title. ( March 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Britannica, N.A. 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Garston, J. "Aden: The First Hundred Years", History Today (March 1965) 15#3, pp. 147–158. Covers 1839 to 1939. Norris, H.T.; Penhey, F.W. (1955). "The Historical Development of Aden's defences". The Geographical Journal . CXXI part I (1): 11. Bibcode : 1955GeogJ.121...11N . doi : 10.2307/1791802 . JSTOR 1791802 . Further reading Khalili, Laleh (2020). Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula . London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781786634818 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ArchNet.org. "Aden" . Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Photos of Aden at the American Center of Research Geographic data related to Aden at OpenStreetMap Aden City Profile at the United Nations Human Settlements Programme Government Annual Statistical Book of Aden 2017–2021 – Central Statistical Organization – Yemen .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Aden Governorate v t e Capital: Aden Districts Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district v t e Yemeni cities and towns by population v t e 1,000,000 and more Aden Sanaa Aden Sanaa 100,000-999,999 Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla 10,000-99,999 Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar less than 9,999 Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat VIAF 2 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Geographic Pleiades Pleiades Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX Aden Capitals in Asia Capitals of former nations Former colonial capitals Gulf of Aden Installations of the Soviet Navy Populated coastal places in Yemen Populated places in Aden Governorate Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula Port cities and towns of the Red Sea Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors: missing title CS1 errors: chapter ignored Source attribution Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2024 Articles containing Arabic-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with Arabic IPA Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 Articles with ibid from March 2025 CS1: long volume value This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 20:30 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. 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Christopher Nolan: the Iconic Filmmaker and His Work . Quarto Publishing . ISBN 978-0-7112-7713-7 . Proctor, William (2023). Reboot Culture: Comics, Film, Transmedia . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 9783031409127 . Brown, Jeffrey (2016). The Modern Superhero in Film and Television: Popular Genre and American Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9781317484516 . Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 9781556525919 . Solomon, Brian (2023). Superheroes!: The History of a Pop-Culture Phenomenon from Ant-Man to Zorro . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781493064526 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category Batman in other media Batman films Film series introduced in 1943 Lists of films by franchise Warner Bros. Pictures franchises IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2022 Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Highest-grossing films 2 Events 3 Awards 4 1992 films Toggle 1992 films subsection 4.1 By country/region 4.2 By genre/medium 4.1 By country/region 4.2 By genre/medium 5 Births 6 Deaths 7 Film debuts 8 References 9 External links 1992 in film Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item List of years in film … 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 … … 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 … In radio 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 In television 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 In music 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Years in film 19th century 1870s 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 … 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 … v t e v t e The year 1992 in film involved many significant film releases. Highest-grossing films The top 10 films released in 1992 by worldwide gross are as follows: [ 1 ] Rank Title Distributor Worldwide gross 1 Aladdin Walt Disney Pictures $504,050,219 2 The Bodyguard Warner Bros. $411,006,740 3 Home Alone 2: Lost in New York 20th Century Fox $358,994,850 4 Basic Instinct TriStar $352,927,224 5 Lethal Weapon 3 Warner Bros. $321,731,527 6 Batman Returns $266,822,354 7 A Few Good Men Columbia $243,240,178 8 Sister Act Buena Vista $231,605,150 9 Bram Stoker's Dracula Columbia $215,862,692 10 Wayne's World Paramount $183,097,323 Events August 24 – Production begins on Jurassic Park (1993). October 29 – After just 15 months in the role, Brandon Tartikoff resigns as chairman of Paramount Pictures . November 2 – 20th Century Fox chairman Joe Roth announces he is leaving to set up an independent production company at Walt Disney Studios . Roth was replaced by Peter Chernin . Awards Category/Organization 50th Golden Globe Awards January 23, 1993 46th BAFTA Awards March 21, 1993 65th Academy Awards March 29, 1993 Drama Musical and/or Comedy Best Film Scent of a Woman The Player Howards End Unforgiven Best Director Clint Eastwood Unforgiven Robert Altman The Player Clint Eastwood Unforgiven Best Actor Al Pacino Scent of a Woman Tim Robbins The Player Robert Downey Jr. Chaplin Al Pacino Scent of a Woman Best Actress Emma Thompson Howards End Miranda Richardson Enchanted April Emma Thompson Howards End Best Supporting Actor Gene Hackman Unforgiven Best Supporting Actress Joan Plowright Enchanted April Miranda Richardson Damage Marisa Tomei My Cousin Vinny Best Screenplay, Adapted Bo Goldman Scent of a Woman Michael Tolkin The Player Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Howards End Best Screenplay, Original Woody Allen Husbands and Wives Neil Jordan The Crying Game Best Original Score Aladdin Alan Menken Strictly Ballroom David Hirschfelder Aladdin Alan Menken Best Original Song " A Whole New World " Aladdin N/A " A Whole New World " Aladdin Best Foreign Language Film Indochine Raise the Red Lantern Indochine 1992 films By country/region List of American films of 1992 List of Argentine films of 1992 List of Australian films of 1992 List of Bangladeshi films of 1992 List of British films of 1992 List of Canadian films of 1992 List of French films of 1992 List of Hong Kong films of 1992 List of Indian films of 1992 List of Hindi films of 1992 List of Kannada films of 1992 List of Malayalam films of 1992 List of Marathi films of 1992 List of Tamil films of 1992 List of Telugu films of 1992 List of Hindi films of 1992 List of Kannada films of 1992 List of Malayalam films of 1992 List of Marathi films of 1992 List of Tamil films of 1992 List of Telugu films of 1992 List of Japanese films of 1992 List of Mexican films of 1992 List of Pakistani films of 1992 List of Russian films of 1992 List of South Korean films of 1992 List of Spanish films of 1992 By genre/medium List of action films of 1992 List of animated feature films of 1992 List of avant-garde films of 1992 List of crime films of 1992 List of comedy films of 1992 List of drama films of 1992 List of horror films of 1992 List of science fiction films of 1992 List of thriller films of 1992 List of western films of 1992 Births January 5 Mike Faist , American actor Suki Waterhouse , English actress, model and singer Mike Faist , American actor Suki Waterhouse , English actress, model and singer January 8 – Dali Benssalah , French-Algerian actor January 11 – Laysla De Oliveira , Canadian actress January 19 – Logan Lerman , American actor January 23 – Jack Reynor , Irish-American actor January 27 James Bloor , English writer and actor Connor Widdows , Canadian former child actor James Bloor , English writer and actor Connor Widdows , Canadian former child actor January 31 Nabiyah Be , Brazilian actress and singer Lincoln Younes , Australian actor Nabiyah Be , Brazilian actress and singer Lincoln Younes , Australian actor February 3 - Stevie Maddison February 6 – Nora Fatehi , Canadian actress, model, dancer, singer, and producer February 9 – Avan Jogia , Canadian actor February 10 – Karen Fukuhara , American actress February 11 Blair Dunlop , English folk musician and actor Georgia Groome , actress Taylor Lautner , actor Blair Dunlop , English folk musician and actor Georgia Groome , actress Taylor Lautner , actor February 14 – Freddie Highmore , English actor February 15 – Greer Grammer , actress February 16 – Jimmy Tatro , American actor, comedian, writer and YouTube personality February 19 – Camille Kostek , American television personality and actress February 20 – Ray Nicholson , American actor February 23 – Samara Weaving , Australian actress and model February 25 - Rose Matafeo , New Zealand comedian, actress and television presenter February 26 – Toby Sebastian , British actor and musician February 29 – Jessie T. Usher , American actor March 5 – Amber Anderson , English actress and model March 7 – Bel Powley , English actress March 10 Emily Osment , American actress Sawyer Spielberg , American actor and director Emily Osment , American actress Sawyer Spielberg , American actor and director March 12 – Austin Swift , American actor March 13 George MacKay , British actor Kaya Scodelario , British actress George MacKay , British actor Kaya Scodelario , British actress March 15 Sosie Bacon , American actress Anna Shaffer , British actress Sosie Bacon , American actress Anna Shaffer , British actress March 16 Diego Calva , Mexican actor Kim Mi-soo , South Korean actress and model (died 2022) Diego Calva , Mexican actor Kim Mi-soo , South Korean actress and model (died 2022) March 17 Eliza Bennett , English actress and singer John Boyega , British actor Eliza Bennett , English actress and singer John Boyega , British actor March 25 – Elizabeth Lail , American actress March 26 – Haley Ramm , American actress March 28 – Daisy Bevan , English actress March 31 Caitlin Carver , American actress Phil Dunster , English actor Caitlin Carver , American actress Phil Dunster , English actor April 2 – Sammi Kane Kraft , American baseball player, musician and actress (died 2012) April 4 – Alexa Nikolas , actress April 8 – Shelby Young , American actress April 10 – Daisy Ridley , English actress April 11 – Jessica Madsen , English actress April 12 – Giorgio Cantarini , Italian actor April 16 – Valentina Bellè , Italian actress April 18 – Chloe Bennet , American actress and singer April 20 - Bestemsu Özdemir , Turkish actress April 23 – Syd tha Kyd , singer and DJ April 24 Joe Keery , American actor and musician Jack Quaid , American actor Doc Shaw , American actor Joe Keery , American actor and musician Jack Quaid , American actor Doc Shaw , American actor April 25 – Adria Arjona , American actress April 27 – Morgan Berry , American voice actress May 4 Courtney Jines , actress Ashley Rickards , actress Miles Robbins , American musician and actor Courtney Jines , actress Ashley Rickards , actress Miles Robbins , American musician and actor May 7 – Alexander Ludwig , actor May 10 – Sophie Vavasseur , Irish actress May 12 – Malcolm David Kelley , American rapper, singer-songwriter and actor May 16 – Davika Hoorne , Thai actress May 18 – Spencer Breslin , American actor May 20 – Jack Gleeson , Irish actor May 21 – Olivia Olson , American actress and singer-songwriter May 24 - Travis T. Flory , American singer and actor May 29 – Erica Lindbeck , actress, voice actress June 2 - Ethan Slater , American actor and singer June 3 – Dilraba Dilmurat , Chinese actress June 10 – Kate Upton , American model and actress June 11 – Anna Sawai , New Zealand actress and singer of Japanese descent June 12 Georgina Campbell , English actress Ryan Malgarini , American actor Georgina Campbell , English actress Ryan Malgarini , American actor June 14 – Daryl Sabara , actor June 23 – Yoson An , Chinese-born New Zealand actor and filmmaker June 26 – Jennette McCurdy , actress and singer June 27 – Vanessa Grasse , English actress June 28 - Niamh Algar , Irish actress June 29 – Souheila Yacoub , Swiss actress June 30 – Chay Suede , Brazilian actor July 1 – Rhea Chakraborty , Indian actress July 3 – Nathalia Ramos , actress July 7 – Manjot Singh , Indian actor July 8 Sky Ferreira , American singer-songwriter and actress Yvette Monreal , American actress Sky Ferreira , American singer-songwriter and actress Yvette Monreal , American actress July 9 – Douglas Booth , actor July 10 – Kelley Mack , American actress (died 2025) July 12 – Woo Do-hwan , South Korean actor July 13 - Ahney Her , American actress July 15 – Vaishali Takkar , Indian actress (died 2022) July 17 Jonno Davies , English actor Billie Lourd , American actress Jonno Davies , English actor Billie Lourd , American actress July 20 Paige Hurd , American actress Jordan Rodrigues , Australian actor Paige Hurd , American actress Jordan Rodrigues , Australian actor July 22 Selena Gomez , actress and singer Aleksandr Kuznetsov , Ukrainian-Russian actor Selena Gomez , actress and singer Aleksandr Kuznetsov , Ukrainian-Russian actor July 23 – Britne Oldford , Canadian-American actress July 30 – Julia Ragnarsson , actress July – Francesca Hayward , ballerina, actress, and singer August 2 Charli XCX , English singer Hallie Eisenberg , American former child actress Charli XCX , English singer Hallie Eisenberg , American former child actress August 3 – Christine Ko , actress August 4 – Dylan and Cole Sprouse , actors August 12 – Cara Delevingne , British actress and model August 20 Neslihan Atagül , actress Demi Lovato , actress and singer Neslihan Atagül , actress Demi Lovato , actress and singer August 22 Keith Powers , American actor Ari Stidham , American actor Keith Powers , American actor Ari Stidham , American actor August 25 - Blake Jenner , American actor August 30 – Jessica Henwick , English actress, writer and director August 31 – Talon Warburton , American actor September 11 – Vinnie Bennett , New Zealand actor September 12 – Alexia Fast , Canadian actress September 16 – Nick Jonas , singer ( Jonas Brothers ) September 17 – Danny Ramirez , American actor September 27 – Sam Lerner , American actor September 28 – Skye McCole Bartusiak , American actress (died 2014) September 30 Baifern , Thai actress Ezra Miller , American actor Baifern , Thai actress Ezra Miller , American actor October 1 - Christopher O'Shea , English actor October 3 – Lyna Khoudri , French-Algerian actress October 8 - Tom Rhys Harries , Welsh actor October 9 – Tyler James Williams , actor October 10 - John McCrea , British actor and singer October 11 – Cardi B , American rapper and actress October 12 – Josh Hutcherson , actor October 13 – Aaron Dismuke , voice actor October 15 Ncuti Gatwa , Rwandan-Scottish actor Vincent Martella , American actor, voice actor and singer Ncuti Gatwa , Rwandan-Scottish actor Vincent Martella , American actor, voice actor and singer October 17 Nanami Sakuraba , Japanese actress Barry Keoghan , Irish actor Nanami Sakuraba , Japanese actress Barry Keoghan , Irish actor October 21 Hari Nef , American actress Natasha Bassett , Australian actress Hari Nef , American actress Natasha Bassett , Australian actress October 30 – Tequan Richmond , American actor and rapper October 31 – Vanessa Marano , American actress November 6 – Robert Aramayo , English actor November 7 – Mary Chieffo , American actress November 10 – Bidya Sinha Saha Mim , Bangladeshi actress and model November 11 – Ashleigh Cummings , Australian actress November 18 John Karna , American actor Nathan Kress , American actor John Karna , American actor Nathan Kress , American actor November 23 – Miley Cyrus , American actress and singer November 28 – Adam Hicks , American actor and rapper November 30 – Oka Giner , Mexican actress December 8 – Katie Stevens , American actress and singer December 10 – Melissa Roxburgh , Canadian actress December 14 – Tori Kelly , American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer December 17 Jordan Garrett, American actor Thomas Law , English actor Jordan Garrett, American actor Thomas Law , English actor December 18 – Bridgit Mendler , American singer and actress December 22 – Shioli Kutsuna , Japanese-Australian actress December 23 – Spencer Daniels , American actor Deaths Month Date Name Age Country Profession Notable films January 1 M. J. Frankovich 82 US Producer Cactus Flower The Shootist Cactus Flower The Shootist 2 Virginia Field 74 UK Actress A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Dream Girl A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Dream Girl 3 Judith Anderson 94 Australia Actress Rebecca Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Rebecca Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 7 Richard Hunt 40 US Puppeteer, Actor The Muppet Movie Trading Places The Muppet Movie Trading Places 7 Andrew Marton 87 Hungary Director The Longest Day The Thin Red Line The Longest Day The Thin Red Line 8 Anthony Dawson 75 UK Actor Dr. No Dial M for Murder Dr. No Dial M for Murder 8 Marjorie Kane 82 US Actress Border Romance Billboard Girl Border Romance Billboard Girl 9 Steve Brodie 72 US Actor Out of the Past Donovan's Brain Out of the Past Donovan's Brain 9 Bill Naughton 81 Ireland Screenwriter Alfie The Family Way Alfie The Family Way 15 Hari Rhodes 59 US Actor Detroit 9000 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Detroit 9000 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 17 Dorothy Alison 66 Australia Actress Reach for the Sky The Scamp Reach for the Sky The Scamp 18 Ruby R. Levitt 84 US Set Decorator The Sound of Music Chinatown The Sound of Music Chinatown 23 Freddie Bartholomew 67 UK Actor Captains Courageous Little Lord Fauntleroy Captains Courageous Little Lord Fauntleroy 23 Ian Wolfe 95 US Actor Rebel Without a Cause Dick Tracy Rebel Without a Cause Dick Tracy 24 Ken Darby 82 US Composer, Lyricist How the West Was Won The King and I How the West Was Won The King and I 26 José Ferrer 79 Puerto Rico Actor, Director Cyrano de Bergerac The Caine Mutiny Cyrano de Bergerac The Caine Mutiny 27 Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies 101 UK Actress The Devil Rides Out The Witches The Devil Rides Out The Witches February 1 Dick York 63 US Actor Inherit the Wind They Came to Cordura Inherit the Wind They Came to Cordura 4 John Dehner 76 US Actor Man of the West The Left Handed Gun Man of the West The Left Handed Gun 8 Baruch Lumet 93 US Actor The Killer Shrews The Pawnbroker The Killer Shrews The Pawnbroker 9 Jack Kinney 82 US Director, Animator Dumbo Pinocchio Dumbo Pinocchio 10 Fred Hynes 83 US Sound Engineer The Sound of Music West Side Story The Sound of Music West Side Story 11 Ray Danton 60 US Actor I'll Cry Tomorrow The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond I'll Cry Tomorrow The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond 13 Dorothy Tree 85 US Actress Abe Lincoln in Illinois The Asphalt Jungle Abe Lincoln in Illinois The Asphalt Jungle 24 Doreen Montgomery 79 UK Screenwriter Dead Men Tell No Tales The Second Mr. Bush Dead Men Tell No Tales The Second Mr. Bush March 2 Robert Clatworthy 80 US Art Director, Production Designer Psycho Ship of Fools Psycho Ship of Fools 2 Sandy Dennis 54 US Actress Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Sweet November Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Sweet November 3 Robert Beatty 82 Canada Actor 2001: A Space Odyssey Where Eagles Dare 2001: A Space Odyssey Where Eagles Dare 4 Néstor Almendros 61 Spain Cinematographer Days of Heaven Kramer vs Kramer Days of Heaven Kramer vs Kramer 4 Art Babbitt 84 US Animator Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Fantasia Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Fantasia 11 László Benedek 87 Hungary Director Death of a Salesman The Wild One Death of a Salesman The Wild One 11 Richard Brooks 85 US Director, Screenwriter Elmer Gantry Blackboard Jungle Elmer Gantry Blackboard Jungle 14 Jean Poiret 65 France Actor, Screenwriter, Director Cop au Vin La Cage aux Folles Cop au Vin La Cage aux Folles 15 Helen Deutsch 85 US Screenwriter The Unsinkable Molly Brown Valley of the Dolls The Unsinkable Molly Brown Valley of the Dolls 17 Jack Arnold 79 US Director Creature from the Black Lagoon The Mouse That Roared Creature from the Black Lagoon The Mouse That Roared 17 Franklin R. Levy 43 US Producer Nighthawks Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey Nighthawks Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey 17 Grace Stafford 88 US Actress Indianapolis Speedway Confessions of a Nazi Spy Indianapolis Speedway Confessions of a Nazi Spy 18 Arnold Diamond 76 UK Actor Fiddler on the Roof The Italian Job Fiddler on the Roof The Italian Job 19 Cesare Danova 66 Italy Actor Viva Las Vegas Animal House Viva Las Vegas Animal House 20 Georges Delerue 67 France Composer A Little Romance Anne of the Thousand Days A Little Romance Anne of the Thousand Days 21 John Ireland 82 Canada Actor All the King's Men Red River All the King's Men Red River 22 Melissa Stribling 65 UK Actress Dracula The Secret Partner Dracula The Secret Partner 25 Nancy Walker 69 US Actress, Director Murder by Death Can't Stop the Music Murder by Death Can't Stop the Music 28 Wendell Mayes 72 US Screenwriter Anatomy of a Murder The Poseidon Adventure Anatomy of a Murder The Poseidon Adventure 29 Paul Henreid 84 Hungary Actor Casablanca Now, Voyager Casablanca Now, Voyager 29 Archie Marshek 90 US Film Editor The Most Dangerous Game This Gun for Hire The Most Dangerous Game This Gun for Hire April 3 Karl Tunberg 85 US Screenwriter Ben Hur Where Were You When the Lights Went Out? Ben Hur Where Were You When the Lights Went Out? 5 Molly Picon 92 US Actress Fiddler on the Roof Come Blow Your Horn Fiddler on the Roof Come Blow Your Horn 6 Andy Russell 72 US Singer, Actor The Stork Club Copacabana The Stork Club Copacabana 10 Cec Linder 71 Poland Actor Goldfinger Lolita Goldfinger Lolita 11 James Brown 72 US Actor Going My Way Objective, Burma! Going My Way Objective, Burma! 14 David Miller 82 US Director Lonely Are the Brave Captain Newman, M.D. Lonely Are the Brave Captain Newman, M.D. 16 Neville Brand 71 US Actor D.O.A. Stalag 17 D.O.A. Stalag 17 18 Pat Thomson 51 UK Actress Evil Angels Strictly Ballroom Evil Angels Strictly Ballroom 19 Frankie Howerd 75 UK Actor The Ladykillers Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band The Ladykillers Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 20 Mae Clarke 81 US Actress The Public Enemy Frankenstein The Public Enemy Frankenstein 20 Benny Hill 68 UK Actor The Italian Job Chitty Chitty Bang Bang The Italian Job Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 22 Steffi Duna 82 Hungary Actress Way Down South Panama Lady Way Down South Panama Lady 22 Rosemary Odell 67 US Costume Designer To Kill a Mockingbird Beau Geste To Kill a Mockingbird Beau Geste 23 Satyajit Ray 70 India Director, Screenwriter Aparajito The World of Apu Aparajito The World of Apu May 3 George Murphy 89 US Actor, Dancer Broadway Melody of 1938 Show Business Broadway Melody of 1938 Show Business 6 Marlene Dietrich 90 Germany Actress The Blue Angel Destry Rides Again The Blue Angel Destry Rides Again 8 Richard Derr 73 US Actor When Worlds Collide American Gigolo When Worlds Collide American Gigolo 10 John Lund 81 US Actor A Foreign Affair High Society A Foreign Affair High Society 12 Lenny Montana 66 US Actor The Godfather The Jerk The Godfather The Jerk 12 Robert Reed 59 US Actor Star! Bloodlust! Star! Bloodlust! 15 Bartlett Mullins 87 UK Actor Frankenstein Created Woman Tales from the Crypt Frankenstein Created Woman Tales from the Crypt 16 Marisa Mell 53 Austria Actress Danger: Diabolik Masquerade Danger: Diabolik Masquerade 18 Marshall Thompson 66 US Actor It! The Terror from Beyond Space Battleground It! The Terror from Beyond Space Battleground 26 Edmund Beloin 82 US Screenwriter The Harvey Girls G.I. Blues The Harvey Girls G.I. Blues June 2 Philip Dunne 84 US Screenwriter, Director How Green Was My Valley The Agony and the Ecstasy How Green Was My Valley The Agony and the Ecstasy 3 Robert Morley 84 UK Actor The African Queen Marie Antoinette The African Queen Marie Antoinette 5 Laurence Naismith 83 UK Actor Diamonds Are Forever Kind Hearts and Coronets Diamonds Are Forever Kind Hearts and Coronets 6 Larry Riley 38 US Actor A Soldier's Story Long Gone A Soldier's Story Long Gone 12 Renié Conley 90 US Costume Designer Cleopatra Body Heat Cleopatra Body Heat 12 Gerda Nicolson 54 Australia Actress Gallipoli The Devil's Playground Gallipoli The Devil's Playground 24 Hans Reiser 73 Germany Actor The Great Escape A Song Goes Round the World The Great Escape A Song Goes Round the World 22 Chuck Mitchell 64 US Actor Porky's Better Off Dead Porky's Better Off Dead 22 Frederic I. Rinaldo 78 US Screenwriter Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein The Black Cat Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein The Black Cat 26 Phil Rubenstein 51 US Actor Tango & Cash RoboCop 2 Tango & Cash RoboCop 2 27 Allan Jones 84 US Actor, Singer A Night at the Opera Show Boat A Night at the Opera Show Boat 28 Joan Marshall 61 US Actress Homicidal Shampoo Homicidal Shampoo July 1 Franco Cristaldi 67 Italy Producer Cinema Paradiso Divorce, Italian Style Cinema Paradiso Divorce, Italian Style 12 Reginald Beck 90 UK Film Editor Hamlet Modesty Blaise Hamlet Modesty Blaise 23 Arletty 94 France Actress The Longest Day Thunder Over Paris The Longest Day Thunder Over Paris 23 Maxine Audley 69 UK Actress Peeping Tom The Vikings Peeping Tom The Vikings 23 Amjad Khan 51 India Actor Sholay Muqaddar Ka Sikandar Sholay Muqaddar Ka Sikandar 28 Lester Shorr 85 US Cinematographer Take the Money and Run The Phantom Tollbooth Take the Money and Run The Phantom Tollbooth 30 Brenda Marshall 76 US Actress Captains of the Clouds The Sea Hawk Captains of the Clouds The Sea Hawk August 7 John Anderson 69 US Actor Ride the High Country Psycho Ride the High Country Psycho 12 James W. Payne 62 US Set Decorator The Sting Come Blow Your Horn The Sting Come Blow Your Horn 16 Malcolm Atterbury 85 US Actor North by Northwest The Birds North by Northwest The Birds 18 John Sturges 82 US Director Bad Day at Black Rock The Great Escape Bad Day at Black Rock The Great Escape 19 Gianni Polidori 68 Italy Production Designer My Name Is Nobody Le Amiche My Name Is Nobody Le Amiche 21 Charles Nichols 81 US Director, Animator Charlotte's Web Pinocchio Charlotte's Web Pinocchio 23 Virginia Sale 93 US Actress Topper Badman's Territory Topper Badman's Territory 25 George R. Nelson 65 US Set Decorator The Godfather Part II Apocalypse Now The Godfather Part II Apocalypse Now 30 Hideo Gosha 63 Japan Director Goyokin The Geisha Goyokin The Geisha September 1 Morris Carnovsky 94 US Actor Cyrano de Bergerac Dead Reckoning Cyrano de Bergerac Dead Reckoning 4 John van Dreelen 70 Netherlands Actor Madame X Topaz Madame X Topaz 6 Henry Ephron 81 US Screenwriter Carousel Daddy Long Legs Carousel Daddy Long Legs 6 Mervyn Johns 93 UK Actor Dead of Night Scrooge Dead of Night Scrooge 8 Carroll Young 83 US Screenwriter Tarzan Triumphs Jungle Jim Tarzan Triumphs Jungle Jim 12 H. F. Koenekamp 100 US Special Effects Artist, Cinematographer Air Force Strangers on a Train Air Force Strangers on a Train 12 Ruth Nelson 87 US Actress Humoresque Awakenings Humoresque Awakenings 12 Ed Peck 75 US Actor Bullitt Heaven Can Wait Bullitt Heaven Can Wait 12 Anthony Perkins 60 US Actor, Director Psycho Murder on the Orient Express Psycho Murder on the Orient Express 15 Michael Luciano 83 US Film Editor The Dirty Dozen The Longest Yard The Dirty Dozen The Longest Yard 17 Feodor Chaliapin Jr. 86 Russia Actor The Name of the Rose Moonstruck The Name of the Rose Moonstruck 18 Herbert W. Spencer 87 Chile Orchestrator, Composer Star Wars Jesus Christ Superstar Star Wars Jesus Christ Superstar 21 Bill Williams 77 US Actor Deadline at Dawn The Stratton Story Deadline at Dawn The Stratton Story 27 Keith Prentice 52 US Actor The Boys in the Band Cruising The Boys in the Band Cruising 29 Paul Jabara 44 US Actor, Songwriter Thank God It's Friday The Lords of Flatbush Thank God It's Friday The Lords of Flatbush 29 Bill Rowe 61 UK Sound Engineer The Shining Alien The Shining Alien 30 Maria Malicka 92 Poland Actress Uwiedziona Pan Twardowski Uwiedziona Pan Twardowski October 6 Denholm Elliott 70 UK Actor Raiders of the Lost Ark A Room with a View Raiders of the Lost Ark A Room with a View 6 Natalie Moorhead 91 US Actress The Thin Man Illicit The Thin Man Illicit 9 Ben Maddow 83 US Screenwriter The Asphalt Jungle Johnny Guitar The Asphalt Jungle Johnny Guitar 12 John Hancock 51 US Actor A Soldier's Story Crossroads A Soldier's Story Crossroads 16 Shirley Booth 87 US Actress Come Back, Little Sheba The Matchmaker Come Back, Little Sheba The Matchmaker 16 Anna Hill Johnstone 79 US Costume Designer The Godfather Dog Day Afternoon The Godfather Dog Day Afternoon 16 Vladek Sheybal 69 Poland Actor Red Dawn From Russia with Love Red Dawn From Russia with Love 21 Clem Portman 87 US Sound Engineer Out of the Past In the Heat of the Night Out of the Past In the Heat of the Night 22 Cleavon Little 53 US Actor Blazing Saddles Vanishing Point Blazing Saddles Vanishing Point 23 Dorothy Dunbar 90 US Actress Tarzan and the Golden Lion The Amateur Gentleman Tarzan and the Golden Lion The Amateur Gentleman 26 Laurel Cronin 53 US Actress Beethoven Hook Beethoven Hook November 2 Hal Roach 100 US Director, Producer Our Gang Laurel and Hardy Our Gang Laurel and Hardy 6 Mark Rosenberg 44 US Producer Presumed Innocent The Fabulous Baker Boys Presumed Innocent The Fabulous Baker Boys 7 Jack Kelly 65 US Actor A Fever in the Blood She Devil A Fever in the Blood She Devil 10 Chuck Connors 71 US Actor The Big Country Move Over, Darling The Big Country Move Over, Darling 12 Eddie Mayehoff 83 US Actor How to Murder Your Wife Artists and Models How to Murder Your Wife Artists and Models 13 Alan Balsam 42 US Film Editor Revenge of the Nerds Harlem Nights Revenge of the Nerds Harlem Nights 17 Todd Armstrong 83 US Actor Jason and the Argonauts King Rat Jason and the Argonauts King Rat 18 Dorothy Kirsten 82 US Singer, Actress The Great Caruso Mr. Music The Great Caruso Mr. Music 19 Diane Varsi 54 US Actress Peyton Place Wild in the Streets Peyton Place Wild in the Streets 20 John Foreman 67 US Producer Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Prizzi's Honor Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Prizzi's Honor 22 Sterling Holloway 87 US Actor The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Jungle Book The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Jungle Book 22 Ronald Sinclair 68 New Zealand Actor, Film Editor A Christmas Carol Five Little Peppers and How They Grew A Christmas Carol Five Little Peppers and How They Grew 23 Rita Corday 72 US Actress The Falcon in Hollywood The Truth About Murder The Falcon in Hollywood The Truth About Murder 26 Joby Blanshard 73 UK Actor Doomwatch Hell Is a City Doomwatch Hell Is a City 26 John Sharp 72 UK Actor Barry Lyndon Top Secret! Barry Lyndon Top Secret! 29 Robert Shayne 92 US Actor Christmas in Connecticut Nobody Lives Forever Christmas in Connecticut Nobody Lives Forever 29 Robert F. Simon 83 US Actor The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Operation Petticoat The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Operation Petticoat December 2 Michael Gothard 53 UK Actor For Your Eyes Only Lifeforce For Your Eyes Only Lifeforce 6 Percy Herbert 72 UK Actor The Bridge on the River Kwai The Guns of Navarone The Bridge on the River Kwai The Guns of Navarone 6 Hank Worden 91 US Actor The Searchers Red River The Searchers Red River 9 Franco Franchi 64 Italy Actor War Italian Style Kaos War Italian Style Kaos 9 Vincent Gardenia 71 Italy Actor Moonstruck Little Shop of Horrors Moonstruck Little Shop of Horrors 11 Michael Robbins 62 UK Actor On the Buses Victor/Victoria On the Buses Victor/Victoria 11 Walter M. Simonds 81 US Art Director, Production Designer The Omega Man Marty The Omega Man Marty 15 William Ware Theiss 61 US Costume Designer Harold and Maude The Pink Panther Harold and Maude The Pink Panther 17 Dana Andrews 83 US Actor The Best Years of Our Lives Laura The Best Years of Our Lives Laura 20 Steve Ross 65 US Studio Executive 22 Milo Sperber 81 UK Actor Billion Dollar Brain The Spy Who Loved Me Billion Dollar Brain The Spy Who Loved Me 25 Sandra Dorne 68 UK Actress Marilyn The Bank Raiders Marilyn The Bank Raiders Film debuts Gillian Anderson – The Turning David Arquette – Where the Day Takes You Jeanne Balibar – The Sentinel Maria Bello – Maintenance Tina Benko – Waterland Jack Black – Bob Roberts Cara Buono – Gladiator Max Casella – Newsies Toni Collette – Spotswood Daniel Craig – The Power of One Penélope Cruz – Jamón Jamón Michael Cudlitz – A River Runs Through It Michael Culkin – Candyman Alan Cumming – Prague Liam Cunningham – Into the West Henry Czerny – Buried on Sunday Jeremy Davies – Guncrazy Eliza Dushku – That Night Bodhi Elfman – Sneakers Omar Epps – Juice Donald Faison – Juice Jon Favreau – Folks! Ralph Fiennes – Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights Claire Forlani – Gypsy Eyes Jamie Foxx – Toys Benno Fürmann – Die ungewisse Lage des Paradieses Walton Goggins – Forever Young Adam Goldberg – Mr. Saturday Night Joseph Gordon-Levitt – Beethoven Michael A. Goorjian – Newsies Peter Greene – Laws of Gravity Natasha Gregson Wagner – Fathers & Sons Rhoda Griffis – Love Field Frank Grillo – The Mambo Kings Maggie Gyllenhaal – Waterland Cole Hauser – School Ties Lena Headey – Waterland Katherine Heigl – That Night Elaine Hendrix – Last Dance Famke Janssen – Fathers & Sons Toby Jones – Orlando Bodil Jørgensen – Mirror of the Planet Ashley Judd – Kuffs Shah Rukh Khan – Deewana Thomas Kretschmann – Shining Through Vincent Laresca – Juice Ang Lee (director) – Pushing Hands Laura Linney – Lorenzo's Oil Lucy Liu – Rhythm of Destiny Ron Livingston – Straight Talk Donal Logue – Sneakers Sergi López – La petite amie d'Antonio Faizon Love – Bebe's Kids Baz Luhrmann (director) – Strictly Ballroom Bernie Mac – Mo' Money Chi McBride – The Distinguished Gentleman Debra Monk – Prelude to a Kiss Marguerite Moreau – The Mighty Ducks Elise Neal – Malcolm X Tim Blake Nelson – This Is My Life Thomas Ian Nicholas – Radio Flyer Jeremy Northam – Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights Jack Noseworthy – Encino Man Michael Rapaport – Zebrahead Michael Rispoli – Night and the City Robert Rodriguez (director) – El Mariachi Matthias Schoenaerts – Daens Matt Servitto – Mad Dog Coll M. Night Shyamalan (director) – Praying with Anger Ingvar Sigurðsson – Ingaló Will Smith – Where the Day Takes You Martin Starr – Hero Hilary Swank – Buffy the Vampire Slayer Quentin Tarantino (director) – Reservoir Dogs Jeanne Tripplehorn – Basic Instinct Robin Tunney – Encino Man Karl Urban – Chunuk Bair Yul Vazquez – The Mambo Kings John Ventimiglia – Swoon Madeline Zima – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "1992 Worldwide Box Office" . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . External links List of 1992 films at IMDb 1992 Domestic Grosses at Box Office Mojo List of 1992 deaths at IMDb List of 1992 births at IMDb v t e 1992 films v t e American Argentine Australian Bangladeshi British Canadian Chinese Egyptian French Hong Kong Indian Bengali Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Tamil Telugu Israeli Italian Japanese Maldivian Nigerian Pakistani Russian South Korean Spanish American Argentine Australian Bangladeshi British Canadian Chinese Egyptian French Hong Kong Indian Bengali Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Tamil Telugu Bengali Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Tamil Telugu Israeli Italian Japanese Maldivian Nigerian Pakistani Russian South Korean Spanish 1990s Film 1992 in film Film by year Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Short description matches Wikidata This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 20:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early and personal life 2 Playing career 3 Managing career 4 Death 5 References 6 External links Włodzimierz Jakubowski Galego Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Personal information Full name Włodzimierz Jan Jakubowski Date of birth ( 1939-12-14 ) 14 December 1939 [ 1 ] Place of birth Poznań , Poland [ 2 ] Date of death 10 January 2026 (2026-01-10) (aged 86) Place of death Poznań, Poland Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) [ 3 ] Position Striker [ 1 ] Youth career 1953–1958 Lech Poznań Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1958–1959 Lech Poznań 1959–1961 Flota Gdynia 1961–1969 Lech Poznań 1969–1974 Polonia Poznań Managerial career Polonia Poznań 1975–1977 Mieszko Gniezno 1984 Lech Poznań (assistant) 1985–1986 Lech Poznań 1987 Stal Mielec 1987–1988 Bałtyk Gdynia 1989–1990 GKS Bełchatów 1990–1991 Mieszko Gniezno 1991–1993 Kotwica Kórnik Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski Olimpia Poznań Tarnovia Tarnowo Podgórne * Club domestic league appearances and goals Włodzimierz Jan Jakubowski (14 December 1939 – 10 January 2026) was a Polish football player and manager who played as a striker . Both his playing and managerial careers were strongly associated with his hometown club Lech Poznań . As a player he was considered a prolific goalscorer, although it coincided with Lech's struggles in the league pyramid. As a manager he oversaw the club's golden period in the 1980s. He also managed multiple other clubs, however mostly for short stints in lower divisions. Early and personal life Jakubowski was born in Poznań [ 2 ] on 14 December 1939. [ 1 ] He grew up opposite the Dębiec Stadium where Lech Poznań used to play [ 4 ] and was involved with and supported the club his whole life. [ 4 ] Playing career Jakubowski joined his hometown club Lech Poznań at age 14. [ 5 ] He made his senior debut against Marymont Warsaw in 1958. [ 2 ] He went on to play for Lech for many years, of which 24 appearances and 1 goal were in the 1962–63 season of the Ekstraklasa . [ 6 ] However, his playing career coincided with Lech's time in the lower divisions, where he was a prolific goalscorer, most notably scoring five goals in a 9–0 win over Vitcovia Witkowo on 5 April 1965. [ 7 ] His time at Lech was only interrupted by a two-year stint at army club Flota Gdynia due to the mandatory conscription (obligatory for all men at the time) and at the end of his playing career where he joined Polonia Poznań . [ 8 ] Managing career At Lech Poznań , Jakubowski became an assistant coach to Wojciech Łazarek , [ 9 ] and in 1984, Lech won a historic double , their biggest success to date. [ 10 ] At the end of the 1984–85 season and throughout the 1985–86 season, as well as in the autumn of 1986, he independently managed them, which during the squad rebuild they secured a high fourth-placed finish in the league twice. [ 4 ] After his successes at Lech Stal Mielec hired Jakubowski in January 1987 after Zenon Książek left them in the Ekstraklasa relegation zone after the first half of the season, [ 11 ] however, Jakubowski fared no better and Stal were relegated after only 3 wins (against Lechia Gdańsk , Górnik Wałbrzych and Olimpia Poznań ) in the spring half of the season. [ 12 ] After Stal, he went on to manage other clubs such as Olimpia Poznań , Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski , [ 13 ] Tarnovia Tarnowo Podgórne , [ 14 ] GKS Bełchatów , Kotwica Kórnik and Mieszko Gniezno . With Kotwica, he earned a historic promotion to the second tier. [ 15 ] He had two stints at Mieszko; between 1975 and 1977 and one more later in his career, in the 1990–91 season, which preceded the single season at GKS Bełchatów (1989–90 season). [ 1 ] Death Jakubowski died on 10 January 2026, at the age of 86. [ 5 ] References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Sport z Pazurem (10 January 2026), Nie żyje Włodzimierz Jakubowski. Miał 86 lat. (in Polish), Sport z Pazurem ^ a b c n.d. (10 January 2026), Odszedł Włodzimierz Jakubowski [ Włodzimierz Jakubowski has passed away ], Kibic Poznański ^ Włodzimierz Jakubowski at 90minut.pl (in Polish) ^ a b c Tomasz Pomarkiewicz (10 January 2026), "Zmarł znany polski trener. Nie potrafił odmówić w potrzebie" , fakt.pl (in Polish), Fakt ^ a b Codzienny Poznań (10 January 2026), Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski. Lech Poznań żegna jednego ze swoich najstarszych wychowanków (in Polish), Codzieny Poznań ^ Lech Poznań (10 January 2026), Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski [ Włodzimierz Jakubowski has died ] (in Polish), 90minut.pl ^ Paweł Żurek (10 January 2026), "Lech Poznań w żałobie. Nie żyje legendarny piłkarz i trener" , sport.pl (in Polish) ^ Natalia Paluszkiewicz (10 January 2026), "Klub w żałobie. Nie żyje legenda Lecha Poznań" [Club in mourning. Lech Poznań legend is dead], TVP3 Poznań (in Polish) ^ "Sylwetki 90 wybitnych Lechitów" [Profiles of 90 outstanding people associated with Lech], lechpoznan.pl (in Polish), Lech Poznań , 15 January 2012 ^ KKSLECH.com (10 January 2026), "Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski" , kkslech.com (in Polish) ^ Leszek Śledziona (11 January 2026), Odchodzą STALOWCY – Włodzimierz Jan JAKUBOWSKI (in Polish), Stal Mielec , retrieved 11 January 2026 ^ Leszek Śledziona (11 January 2026), Nie żyje Włodzimierz Jakubowski, były trener Stali Mielec (in Polish), Podkarpacie Live ^ Agata Fojut (10 January 2026), "Nie żyje Włodzimierz Jakubowski. Piłkarz, a następnie trener Lecha Poznań z czasu złotej ery" , sp360.pl (in Polish), Sport Poznań 360 ^ Grzegorz Hałasik (10 January 2025), "Legenda Lecha Poznań nie żyje. Włodzimierz Jakubowski miał 86 lat" , radiopoznan.fm (in Polish), Radio Poznań ^ Wiktoria Klóska (10 January 2026), Nie żyje uwielbiany polski trener. Środowisko piłkarskie w żałobie [ Beloved Polish manager is dead. The football community in mourning ] (in Polish), Goniec External links Włodzimierz Jakubowski at 90minut.pl (in Polish) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Lech Poznań – managers v t e Kwiatkowski ( 1932 –36) Marcai ( 1936 –38) A. K. Pawlak ( 1938 –39) Bródka ( 1945 –46) Lovas ( 1946 –47) Bródka ( 1947 –48) Demuynck ( 1948 –49) Böttcher ( 1949 ) Walter ( 1950 ) Böttcher ( 1950 ) Böttcher & Bródka ( 1950 –51) Balcer ( 1951 –52) Woźniak ( 1953 ) Tarka ( 1954 –57) Białas ( 1957 ) Lugr ( 1957 –58) Czapczyk ( 1959 –61) Tarka ( 1961 –62) Słoma ( 1962 –63) Drabiński ( 1963 –64) Czapczyk ( 1964 ) Słoma ( 1964 –65) Białas ( 1965 –66) Brzozowski ( 1966 ) Białas ( 1966 ) Tarka ( 1966 –68) Białas ( 1969 –72) Chudziak ( 1972 ) Dziwisz ( 1972 –73) Pekowski ( 1973 –75) Hradecki ( 1975 –76) Białas & Chudziak ( 1976 ) Chudziak ( 1976 ) Kopa ( 1976 –79) Łoś ( 1978 –79) Łazarek ( 1980 –84) Jezerski & Machciński ( 1985 ) Jakubowski ( 1985 –86) Waligóra ( 1986 –87) Kasalik & Napierała ( 1987 ) Szerszenowicz ( 1987 –88) Apostel ( 1988 ) Strugarek ( 1988 –89) Kopa & Strugarek ( 1989 –91) Apostel ( 1991 –93) Jakóbczak ( 1993 ) Stępczak ( 1993 –94) Matłoka c ( 1994 ) Szukiełowicz ( 1994 –95) Franiak ( 1995 –96) Marchlewicz ( 1996 ) Polak ( 1996 –97) Marchlewicz ( 1997 ) K. Pawlak ( 1997 –98) Marchlewicz c ( 1998 ) Kopa ( 1998 ) Marchlewicz ( 1998 ) Topolski ( 1998 –99) Kurowski ( 1999 –2000) Franiak c ( 2000 ) Wąsikiewicz ( 2000 ) Pinter ( 2000 ) Topolski ( 2000 –01) Baniak ( 2001 –02) Jakołcewicz c ( 2002 ) Páník ( 2002 –03) Pala ( 2003 ) Michniewicz ( 2003 –06) Smuda ( 2006 –09) Zieliński ( 2009 –10) Bakero ( 2010 –12) Rumak ( 2012 –14) Chrobak c ( 2014 ) Skorża ( 2014 –15) Urban ( 2015 –16) Bjelica ( 2016 –18) Ulatowski c ( 2018 ) Đurđević ( 2018 ) Żuraw c ( 2018 ) Nawałka ( 2018 –19) Żuraw ( 2019 –21) Góra c ( 2021 ) Skorża ( 2021 –22) van den Brom ( 2022 –23) Rumak ( 2023 –24) Frederiksen ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Kwiatkowski ( 1932 –36) Marcai ( 1936 –38) A. K. Pawlak ( 1938 –39) Bródka ( 1945 –46) Lovas ( 1946 –47) Bródka ( 1947 –48) Demuynck ( 1948 –49) Böttcher ( 1949 ) Walter ( 1950 ) Böttcher ( 1950 ) Böttcher & Bródka ( 1950 –51) Balcer ( 1951 –52) Woźniak ( 1953 ) Tarka ( 1954 –57) Białas ( 1957 ) Lugr ( 1957 –58) Czapczyk ( 1959 –61) Tarka ( 1961 –62) Słoma ( 1962 –63) Drabiński ( 1963 –64) Czapczyk ( 1964 ) Słoma ( 1964 –65) Białas ( 1965 –66) Brzozowski ( 1966 ) Białas ( 1966 ) Tarka ( 1966 –68) Białas ( 1969 –72) Chudziak ( 1972 ) Dziwisz ( 1972 –73) Pekowski ( 1973 –75) Hradecki ( 1975 –76) Białas & Chudziak ( 1976 ) Chudziak ( 1976 ) Kopa ( 1976 –79) Łoś ( 1978 –79) Łazarek ( 1980 –84) Jezerski & Machciński ( 1985 ) Jakubowski ( 1985 –86) Waligóra ( 1986 –87) Kasalik & Napierała ( 1987 ) Szerszenowicz ( 1987 –88) Apostel ( 1988 ) Strugarek ( 1988 –89) Kopa & Strugarek ( 1989 –91) Apostel ( 1991 –93) Jakóbczak ( 1993 ) Stępczak ( 1993 –94) Matłoka c ( 1994 ) Szukiełowicz ( 1994 –95) Franiak ( 1995 –96) Marchlewicz ( 1996 ) Polak ( 1996 –97) Marchlewicz ( 1997 ) K. Pawlak ( 1997 –98) Marchlewicz c ( 1998 ) Kopa ( 1998 ) Marchlewicz ( 1998 ) Topolski ( 1998 –99) Kurowski ( 1999 –2000) Franiak c ( 2000 ) Wąsikiewicz ( 2000 ) Pinter ( 2000 ) Topolski ( 2000 –01) Baniak ( 2001 –02) Jakołcewicz c ( 2002 ) Páník ( 2002 –03) Pala ( 2003 ) Michniewicz ( 2003 –06) Smuda ( 2006 –09) Zieliński ( 2009 –10) Bakero ( 2010 –12) Rumak ( 2012 –14) Chrobak c ( 2014 ) Skorża ( 2014 –15) Urban ( 2015 –16) Bjelica ( 2016 –18) Ulatowski c ( 2018 ) Đurđević ( 2018 ) Żuraw c ( 2018 ) Nawałka ( 2018 –19) Żuraw ( 2019 –21) Góra c ( 2021 ) Skorża ( 2021 –22) van den Brom ( 2022 –23) Rumak ( 2023 –24) Frederiksen ( 2024 –) 1939 births 2026 deaths Polish men's footballers Footballers from Poznań Men's association football forwards Ekstraklasa players I liga players Lech Poznań players Polish football managers Bałtyk Gdynia managers Lech Poznań managers Stal Mielec managers Ekstraklasa managers I liga managers II liga managers CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 18:35 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description Toggle Description subsection 1.1 Locomotion 1.1 Locomotion 2 Ecology Toggle Ecology subsection 2.1 Range and habitat 2.2 Food and foraging 2.1 Range and habitat 2.2 Food and foraging 3 Behavior Toggle Behavior subsection 3.1 Burrow system 3.2 Social interactions 3.3 Mating and reproduction 3.1 Burrow system 3.2 Social interactions 3.3 Mating and reproduction 4 Taxonomy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Kangaroo rat العربية Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kotava Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar മലയാളം مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Kangaroo rat Temporal range: Late Pliocene – Recent Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Subfamily: Dipodomyinae Genus: Dipodomys J. E. Gray , 1841 [ 1 ] Type species Dipodomys phillipsii J. E. Gray , 1841 Species Dipodomys agilis Dipodomys californicus Dipodomys compactus Dipodomys deserti Dipodomys elator Dipodomys gravipes Dipodomys heermanni Dipodomys ingens Dipodomys merriami Dipodomys microps Dipodomys nelsoni Dipodomys nitratoides Dipodomys ordii Dipodomys panamintinus Dipodomys phillipsii Dipodomys simulans Dipodomys spectabilis Dipodomys stephensi Dipodomys venustus Dipodomys agilis Dipodomys californicus Dipodomys compactus Dipodomys deserti Dipodomys elator Dipodomys gravipes Dipodomys heermanni Dipodomys ingens Dipodomys merriami Dipodomys microps Dipodomys nelsoni Dipodomys nitratoides Dipodomys ordii Dipodomys panamintinus Dipodomys phillipsii Dipodomys simulans Dipodomys spectabilis Dipodomys stephensi Dipodomys venustus Synonyms [ 2 ] Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Kangaroo rats , small mostly nocturnal rodents of genus Dipodomys , are native to arid areas of western North America . The common name derives from their bipedal form. They hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , but developed this mode of locomotion independently , like several other clades of rodents (e.g., dipodids and hopping mice ). Description Kangaroo rats are four or five-toed heteromyid rodents with big hind legs, small front legs, and relatively large heads. Adults typically weigh between 70 and 170 grams (2.5 and 6.0 oz). [ 3 ] The tail of a kangaroo rat is longer than its body and head combined. Another notable feature of kangaroo rats is their fur-lined cheek pouches, which are used for storing food. The coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray, depending on the species. [ 4 ] There is also some variation in length with one of the largest species, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat being 6 inches in body length and a tail length of 8 inches. [ 4 ] Sexual dimorphism exists in all species, with males being larger than females. Locomotion Kangaroo rats move bipedally . Kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 7 feet, [ 5 ] and reportedly up to 9 feet (2.75 m) [ 6 ] at speeds up to almost 10 feet/sec, or 11 km/h (7 mph). They can quickly change direction between jumps. [ 7 ] The rapid locomotion of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat may maximise energy cost and minimise predation risk. Its use of a "move-freeze" mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators. [ 8 ] Ecology Range and habitat Kangaroo rats live in arid and semiarid areas of western North America [ citation needed ] , particularly on sandy or soft soils [ 4 ] which are suitable for burrowing. They can, however, vary in both geographic range and habitat. Their elevation range depends on the species; they are found from below sea level to at least 7,100 feet (the type locality of D. ordii priscus ). [ 9 ] They are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather. [ 4 ] Kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and snakes. Merriam's kangaroo rats live in areas of high rainfall and humidity, and high summer temperature and evaporation rates. [ 10 ] They prefer areas of stony soils, including clays, gravel, and rocks, which are harder than soils preferred by some other species (like banner-tailed kangaroo rats). [ 4 ] Because their habitats are hot and dry [ contradictory ] , they must conserve water. [ 11 ] They do this in part by lowering their metabolic rate, which reduces the loss of water through their skin and respiratory system. Evaporation through the skin is the major route of loss. [ 12 ] Merriam's kangaroo rats obtain enough water from the metabolic oxidation of the seeds they eat to survive and do not need to drink water at all. [ 11 ] To help conserve water they produce very concentrated urine, via a process apparently associated with expression of aquaporin 1 along a longer than usual segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. [ 13 ] In contrast, banner-tailed kangaroo rats have more specific habitat requirements for desert grasslands with scattered shrubs; this species is also more threatened because of the decline in these grasslands. These are also dry areas but they tend to have more water available to them than Merriam's kangaroo rats. Food and foraging Kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters. [ 14 ] They will, however, eat vegetation occasionally, and at some times of the year, possibly insects as well. [ 4 ] They have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite, creosote bush, purslane, ocotillo, and grama grass in their cheek pouches. Kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches. [ 10 ] This caching behavior affects the rangeland and croplands where the animals live. [ 4 ] Kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible. To conserve energy and water, they minimize their time away from their cool, dry burrows. In addition, maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators. [ 14 ] When on foraging trips, kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find. It is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed, at least at one point in the year, as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources. [ 8 ] Different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other, as is the case for the banner-tailed kangaroo rat and Merriam's kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges. [ 3 ] Merriam's kangaroo rats scatterhoard small caches of seeds in numerous small, shallow holes they dig. This is initially done close to the food source, maximizing harvest rates and reducing travel costs, but later redistributed more widely, minimizing theft by other rodents. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats larderhoard a sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy. This could decrease their time and energy expenses; they also spend less time on the surface digging holes, reducing the risk of predation. Being larger and more sedentary, they are better able to defend these larders from depredations by other rodents. [ 15 ] Behavior Kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges. These home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft. [ 4 ] Home range size can vary within species with Merriam's kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults. Within its home range, a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system. Burrow system Kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems. The burrows have separate chambers used for specific purposes like sleeping, living, and food storage. [ 4 ] The spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food. Kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens. [ 10 ] The burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment. To maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows, kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day. [ 4 ] When the outside temperature is too hot, a kangaroo rat stays in its cool, humid burrow and leaves it only at night. To reduce loss of moisture through respiration when sleeping, a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air. [ 11 ] The burrows of Merriam's kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats. Social interactions Kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization. Kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship. [ 16 ] They do cluster together in some feeding situations. Groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies. [ 4 ] There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females. [ 17 ] Male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them. Females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non-aggressive interactions. This is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males. [ 17 ] Linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females. [ 17 ] Winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals. Mating and reproduction Kangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system. Their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls. [ 18 ] During droughts and food shortages, only a few females will breed. [ 4 ] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly. [ 18 ] Merriam's kangaroo rats breed between December and May and produce two or three litters per year. [ 3 ] Before mating, the male and female will perform nasal-anal circling until the female stops and allows the male to mount her. A Merriam's kangaroo rat female will allow multiple males to mount her in a short time, perhaps to ensure greater chances of producing offspring. Mating in banner-tailed kangaroo rats involves more chasing and foot drumming in the male before the female allows him to mate. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats mate on mounds and the more successful males chase away rival males. [ 19 ] The gestation period of kangaroo rats lasts 22–27 days. The young are born in a fur-lined nest in the burrows. They are born blind and hairless. [ 3 ] For the first week, young Merriam kangaroo rats crawl, developing their hind legs in their second or third week. [ 10 ] At this time, the young become independent. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats are weaned between 22 and 25 days. Offspring remain in the mound for one or six more months in the maternal caches. [ 18 ] Taxonomy Family Heteromyidae Subfamily Dipodomyinae Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat) Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat) Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat) Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat) Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat) Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni (Heermann's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat) Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat) Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat) Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys venustus ( Narrow-faced kangaroo rat ) Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] Subfamily Dipodomyinae Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat) Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat) Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat) Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat) Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat) Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni (Heermann's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat) Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat) Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat) Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys venustus ( Narrow-faced kangaroo rat ) Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat) Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat) Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat) Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat) Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat) Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni (Heermann's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat) Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat) Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat) Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys venustus ( Narrow-faced kangaroo rat ) Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] See also Hopping mouse – a similar murid rodent native to Australia; an example of parallel evolution Jerboa – a similar dipodid rodent native to northern Africa and Asia Jumping mouse – a non-desert-dwelling dipodid rodent native to China and North America Kangaroo mouse – a closely related heteromyid rodent of North America Kultarr – an unrelated marsupial with a similar body plan and coloration; an example of convergence Springhare – a similar pedetid rodent native to southern and eastern Africa References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gray, J. E. (1841). "A new Genus of Mexican Glirine Mammalia" . The Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 7 (46): 521– 522. ^ " Dipodomys " . Catalogue of Life . Species 2000 : Leiden, the Netherlands . Retrieved 5 October 2024 . ^ a b c d Nader, I.A. 1978. "Kangaroo rats: Intraspecific Variation in Dipodomus spectabilis Merriami and Dipodomys deserti Stephens" . Illinois biological monographs ; 49 : 1-116. Chicago, University of Illinois Press. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Howard, V.W. Jr. (1994). "Kangaroo Rats" . In Hygnstrom, S.E.; Timm, R.M.; Larson, G.E. (eds.). Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage . Cooperative Extension Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Animal Damage Control; Great Plains Agricultural Council: Wildlife Committee. pp. B101 – B104 . Retrieved 2019-12-24 . ^ "Merriam's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys merriami " . U. S. Bureau of Land Management web site . Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved 2014-03-26 . ^ Merlin, P. (2014). "Heteromyidae: Kangaroo Rats & Pocket Mice" . Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum web site . Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum . Retrieved 2014-03-26 . ^ "Animal Guide: Giant Kangaroo Rat" . Nature on PBS web site . Public Broadcasting System . 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26 . Retrieved 2014-03-26 . ^ a b Schroder, G. D. (August 1979). "Foraging Behavior and Home Range Utilization of the Bannertail Kangaroo Rat". Ecology . 60 (4): 657– 665. doi : 10.2307/1936601 . JSTOR 1936601 . ^ Garrison, T.E.; Best, T.L. (April 1990). " Dipodomys ordii " . Mammalian Species (353): 1– 10. Bibcode : 1990MamSp.353....1G . doi : 10.2307/3504290 . JSTOR 3504290 . ^ a b c d Reynolds, H. G. (February 1958). "The Ecology of the Merriam Kangaroo Rat ( Dipodomys merriami Mearns) on the Grazing Lands of Southern Arizona". Ecological Monographs . 28 (2): 111– 127. Bibcode : 1958EcoM...28..111R . doi : 10.2307/1942205 . JSTOR 1942205 . ^ a b c Lidicker, W.Z. (Jr.) (1960), An Analysis of Intraspecific Variation in the Kangaroo Rat Dipodomus merriami , University of California Publications in Zoölogy, vol. 67, University of California Press , OCLC 902701222 ^ Tracy, R.L.; Walsberg, G.E. (2000). "Prevalence of cutaneous evaporation in Merriam's kangaroo rat and its adaptive variation at the subspecific level" . Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 (4): 773– 781. Bibcode : 2000JExpB.203..773T . doi : 10.1242/jeb.203.4.773 . PMID 10648219 . Retrieved 2020-01-06 . ^ Urity, V. B.; Issaian, T.; Braun, E. J.; Dantzler, W. H.; Pannabecker, T. L. (2012). "Architecture of kangaroo rat inner medulla: segmentation of descending thin limb of Henle's loop" . American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology . 302 (6): R720 – R726 . doi : 10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2011 . PMC 3774486 . PMID 22237592 . ^ a b Morgan, K. R.; Price, M. V. (1992-12-01). "Foraging in Heteromyid Rodents: The Energy Costs of Scratch-Digging". Ecology . 73 (6): 2260– 2272. Bibcode : 1992Ecol...73.2260M . doi : 10.2307/1941473 . JSTOR 1941473 . ^ Jenkins, S. H.; Rothstein, A.; Green, W. C. H. (December 1995). "Food Hoarding by Merriam's Kangaroo Rats: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses". Ecology . 76 (8): 2470– 2481. Bibcode : 1995Ecol...76.2470J . doi : 10.2307/2265821 . JSTOR 2265821 . ^ Randall, J.A. (2014). Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats . In: Witzany, G. (ed). Biocommunication of Animals. Springer, Dortrecht, pp. 103-133. ^ a b c Newmark, J. E.; Jenkins, S. H. (April 2000). "Sex Differences in Agonistic Behavior of Merriam's Kangaroo Rats ( Dipodomys merriami )". The American Midland Naturalist . 43 (2): 377– 388. doi : 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0377:SDIABO]2.0.CO;2 . S2CID 86370238 . ^ a b c Waser, P. M.; Jones, W. T. (June 1991). "Survival and Reproductive Effort in Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats". Ecology . 72 (3): 771– 777. Bibcode : 1991Ecol...72..771W . doi : 10.2307/1940579 . JSTOR 1940579 . ^ Randall, J. A. (January 1987). "Field Observations of Male Competition and Mating in Merriam's and Bannertail Kangaroo Rats". American Midland Naturalist . 117 (1): 211– 213. doi : 10.2307/2425723 . JSTOR 2425723 . ^ a b Goldingay, Ross L., Kelly, Patrick A., Williams, Daniel F. (1997). "The Kangaroo Rats of California: endemism and conservation of keystone species". Pacific Conservation Biology . 3 (1): 47– 60. Bibcode : 1997PacSB...3...47L . doi : 10.1071/PC970047 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ a b c Alhajeri,Bader H. (2025). "Cranial variation in species and subspecies of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys, Dipodomyinae, Rodentia) according to geometric morphometrics". Integrative Zoology . 20 : 108– 134. doi : 10.1111/1749-4877.12824 . PMID 38601992 . Patton, J.L. (2005). "Family Heteromyidae" . In Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 844– 849. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 . OCLC 62265494 . External links .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} Life History of the Kangaroo Rat at Project Gutenberg -- United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1091, from September 1922 ARKive.org .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category v t e Castorimorpha v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Castorimorpha Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Castorimorpha Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Rhizospalax Geomorpha † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Geomorpha † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Simiacritomys Symplokeomys Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Taxon identifiers Dipodomys Wikidata : Q120094 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ADW : Dipodomys BOLD : 73570 CoL : 46G4 EoL : 14120 EPPO : 1DPDMG GBIF : 2439509 iNaturalist : 44098 IRMNG : 1396142 ITIS : 180232 MSW : 12700003 NCBI : 10016 Open Tree of Life : 342249 Paleobiology Database : 41678 Wikidata : Q120094 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ADW : Dipodomys BOLD : 73570 CoL : 46G4 EoL : 14120 EPPO : 1DPDMG GBIF : 2439509 iNaturalist : 44098 IRMNG : 1396142 ITIS : 180232 MSW : 12700003 NCBI : 10016 Open Tree of Life : 342249 Paleobiology Database : 41678 Dipodomys Heteromyidae Extant Piacenzian first appearances Taxa named by John Edward Gray CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2025 All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from November 2025 Articles with Project Gutenberg links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:46 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Acting 2.2 Directing 2.3 Producing 2.1 Acting 2.2 Directing 2.3 Producing 3 Personal life 4 Acting credits and accolades 5 References 6 External links Danny DeVito Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Malagasy მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Danny DeVito DeVito in 2013 Born Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. ( 1944-11-17 ) November 17, 1944 (age 81) Neptune, New Jersey , U.S. Education American Academy of Dramatic Arts ( AOS ) Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actor comedian filmmaker Actor comedian filmmaker Years active 1969–present Works Full list Height 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) [ 1 ] Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Rhea Perlman ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1982 ; sep. 2012 ) Children 3, including Lucy Signature Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor and filmmaker. Known for his short stature, raspy voice, distinct accent, and energetic comedy roles, he gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi (1978–1983), which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . Since 2006, he has played Frank Reynolds on the FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . DeVito is known for his film roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Terms of Endearment (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984), The Jewel of the Nile (1985), Ruthless People (1986), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Twins (1988), The War of the Roses (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Jack the Bear (1993), Junior (1994), Matilda (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deck the Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). He has voiced roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012), Smallfoot (2018) and Migration (2023). DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction (1994), Garden State (2004) and Freedom Writers (2007). DeVito also owned Jersey Television, which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children's novel. DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich (2000). From 2012 to 2013, DeVito played Willie Clark in the West End revival of Neil Simon 's The Sunshine Boys . He made his Broadway debut as Gregory Solomon in the revival of Arthur Miller 's The Price (2017), earning a Tony Award nomination for his performance. He returned to Broadway in the Theresa Rebeck play I Need That (2023). Early life and education DeVito was born at Raleigh Fitkin-Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital in Neptune Township, New Jersey , the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner and Julia DeVito ( née Moccello). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and two older sisters. [ 4 ] He is of Italo-Albanian descent; his family is originally from San Fele , Basilicata, [ 5 ] as well as from the Arbëresh Albanian community of Calabria . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey . He lived a few miles away from the original Jersey Mike's location and would eat there frequently, which would inspire him to become the sub shop's first celebrity spokesman in a line of commercials that began to air in September 2022. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] DeVito was raised as a Catholic. When he was 14, he persuaded his father to send him to boarding school to "keep him out of trouble", [ 4 ] and graduated from Oratory Preparatory School in Summit, New Jersey , in 1962. While working as a beautician at his sister's salon, his search for a professional makeup instructor led him to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts , [ 10 ] where he graduated in 1966. In his early theater days, he performed with the Colonnades Theater Lab at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut . Along with his future wife Rhea Perlman , he appeared in plays produced by the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective . Career Acting Before he became an actor, Danny DeVito worked in a morgue as a cosmetologist, styling the hair of the deceased. He began this after a client of his died where he worked as a beautician at his sister's salon in New Jersey, and her family asked him to do her hair for her funeral. [ 11 ] DeVito started his career acting off-Broadway in the plays Shoot Anything With Hair That Moves and The Man with the Flower in His Mouth both in 1969. DeVito played Martini in the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest directed by Milos Forman , reprising his role from the 1971 off-Broadway play of the same title. He had his feature film debut in the drama Dreams of Glass (1970). Early film roles include Lady Liberty (1971), Hurry Up, or I'll Be 30 (1973) and Deadly Hero (1975). In 1977, DeVito played the role of John "John John the Apple" DeAppoliso in the Starsky & Hutch episode "The Collector". [ 12 ] DeVito gained fame in 1978 playing Louie De Palma, the short but domineering dispatcher for the fictional Sunshine Cab Company, on the hit TV show Taxi . For his performance he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film . He got the role by astonishing the show's creators during the audition when asking them "Who wrote this shit?" then throwing the script on the table. [ 13 ] After his breakthrough on the sitcom Taxi , DeVito devoted more effort to a growing successful film career. He took a supporting role as Vernon Dalhart in the James L. Brooks directed comedy-drama Terms of Endearment (1983) acting alongside Shirley MacLaine , Debra Winger and Jack Nicholson . The film earned critical acclaim as well as the Academy Award for Best Picture . The following year, he acted in the crime comedy Johnny Dangerously (1984) and took the role as the comic rogue Ralph in the romantic adventure Romancing the Stone (1984), starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner ; and its sequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985). In 1986, DeVito starred in Ruthless People with Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold and also voiced the character Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie . In 1987, he acted in director Barry Levinson 's Tin Men , as a rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss ' character. DeVito also acted opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in the comedies Twins (1988) and Junior (1994). In 1990, he and Rhea Perlman played the couple Vic & Paula, commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special . The following year, he acted in Other People's Money (1991) with Gregory Peck . In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in The Simpsons episodes " Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes? " and " Oh Brother, Where Art Thou? ". [ 14 ] [ 15 ] In 1992, he portrayed the villain Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin in director Tim Burton 's Batman Returns acting opposite Michael Keaton , Michelle Pfeiffer and Christopher Walken . That same year he directed and produced the biographical drama film Hoffa starring Jack Nicholson . He also acted in the film portraying Bobby Ciaro. In 1993, he played a single father in the comedy-drama film Jack the Bear . In 1995, DeVito appeared in the gangster comedy Get Shorty . In 1996, he took supporting roles as Swackhammer in the Looney Tunes live-action / animated sports comedy Space Jam and reunited with Tim Burton 's science fiction comedy Mars Attacks! starring Jack Nicholson , Glenn Close , Annette Bening , Pierce Brosnan , Martin Short and Natalie Portman . In 1997, he played Deck Shifflet in the legal thriller The Rainmaker starring Matt Damon and Claire Danes as well as Sid Hudgens, editor of a sleazy tabloid called Hush-Hush , who gets tips ahead of time of celebrity arrests in the neo-noir thriller L.A. Confidential with Russell Crowe , Guy Pearce and Kevin Spacey , the latter of which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . That same year he also voiced Phil in the Walt Disney Animated film Hercules (1997). Leonard Klady of Variety praised the voice performances writing, "As in Aladdin , the melding of character animation with the screen personae of the actors voicing the roles provides forceful and amusing entertainment, particularly in DeVito's turn as a physical trainer and the acid wit James Woods brings to his villainous role." [ 16 ] He starred in Living Out Loud (1998) alongside Helen Hunt and Queen Latifah , reunited with Kevin Spacey in The Big Kahuna (1999) and hosted the last Saturday Night Live episode before the year 2000. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in the biographical drama film Man on the Moon , a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star Andy Kaufman , played in the film by Jim Carrey . He also played Dr. Hornicker in the Sofia Coppola directed The Virgin Suicides (1999) starring Kirsten Dunst . He continued to take roles in comedy films such as Drowning Mona (2000), Screwed (2000), What's the Worst That Could Happen? (2001), Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002), Anything Else (2003) and Be Cool (2005). [ 17 ] He also acted in the drama films Heist (2001) and Big Fish (2003). He earned a 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series nomination for his role of a stripper in the NBC sitcom Friends , [ 18 ] In 2006, he joined the cast of the FX / FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as Frank Reynolds . DeVito stars opposite Glenn Howerton , Rob McElhenney , Kaitlin Olson and Charlie Day . The character of Frank Reynolds is introduced at the beginning of Season 2 . He received a nomination for the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series . DeVito said of the show "I loved it. It was fucking outrageous just the way they are. I immediately said, 'Yeah, this is an amazing show. ' " [ 19 ] Also in 2006 he starred opposite Matthew Broderick in the Christmas comedy film Deck the Halls . DeVito has an interest in documentaries. In 2006 he began a partnership with Morgan Freeman 's company ClickStar , for whom he hosts the documentary channel Jersey Docs. He was also interviewed in the documentary Revenge of the Electric Car , discussing his interest in and ownership of electric vehicles . DeVito has directed eight short films between 1973 and 2016, five of which were released across 2010 and 2011. These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975), Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue (2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016). In 2010, DeVito appeared in the romantic comedy When in Rome . In 2011, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. [ 20 ] In 2012, he voiced the title character in the animated version of Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax . He appeared in the Angry Birds Friends "Champions for Earth" tournament advertisement in September 2015. Following the Japanese release of the Nintendo 3DS game Detective Pikachu , dedicated Pokémon fans submitted a 40,000-signature petition requesting that DeVito be the English voice actor for the title character. However, he declined to audition for the role, commenting that he was unfamiliar with the franchise. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In April 2012, DeVito made his West End acting debut in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark, alongside Richard Griffiths . [ 12 ] It previewed at the Savoy Theatre in London from April 27, 2012, opened on May 17 and played a limited 12-week season until July 28. [ 23 ] DeVito played a fictional version of himself in the music video of One Direction 's song " Steal My Girl " (2014). [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He also appeared in the short film Curmudgeons , [ 26 ] which he also produced and directed. In 2013, he would voice Herb for a third time in the episode " The Changing of the Guardian ". [ citation needed ] DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon. He acted opposite Mark Ruffalo and Tony Shalhoub . Marilyn Stasio of Variety praised DeVito's performance writing, "DeVito, who holds the audience in the palm of his hand, tends to favor the comic side, making an extended meal out of an egg-eating visual gag. But he also draws on down-to-earth Jewish wisdom to keep family hostilities from boiling over and spoiling the financial negotiations". [ 27 ] He went on to be nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play . The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre on February 16, 2017, and opened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7. In 2016, DeVito appeared as part of the ensemble cast of Todd Solondz 's anthology film Wiener-Dog . [ 28 ] In 2018, he had a guest starring role in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method acting opposite Michael Douglas and Alan Arkin . He also voiced Dorgle in the Warner Bros. animated film Smallfoot (2018). The following year in 2019 he reunited with Tim Burton playing Max Medici in the live action Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Dumbo , a remake of the 1941 animated film . He acted alongside Colin Farrell , Michael Keaton and Eva Green . He also played Eddie Gilpin in the action comedy film Jumanji: The Next Level starring Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Karen Gillan . The film was a box office and critical success. In 2020 he voiced Bob, a stray dog in The One and Only Ivan . In 2021 he played Charlie Goldman the biographical HBO drama film The Survivor . That same year DeVito wrote a 12-page story centered on the Penguin and Catwoman for the anthology comic Gotham City Villains . [ 29 ] In 2023 he acted in the Disney horror comedy Haunted Mansion , Chris Pine 's directorial film debut Poolman and the Illumination animated film Migration . Also in 2023 he returned to Broadway in the Theresa Rebeck play I Need That . Directing DeVito made his directorial debut in 1984 with The Ratings Game . In 1986, he directed and starred in the black comedy "The Wedding Ring", a season 2 episode of Steven Spielberg 's anthology series Amazing Stories , where his character acquires an engagement ring for his wife (played by DeVito's real-life wife, actress Rhea Perlman ). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she is possessed by the ring's former owner, a murderous black widow. In 1987 he made his feature-directing debut with the dark comedy Throw Momma from the Train , in which he starred with Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey . [ 30 ] For his performance he earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nomination. [ 31 ] DeVito reunited with Jewel of the Nile co-stars Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner in 1989 when he directed and starred alongside them in The War of the Roses . In 1996 he directed Matilda (1996), a film adaptation of Roald Dahl 's 1988 classic children's novel of the same name . Critic Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "There is never a moment (except toward the happy ending) that we sense DeVito is anything other than quite serious about this material. He goes with Dahl's macabre vision." [ 32 ] He also served as the Narrator and played the villainous used-car dealer father Harry Wormwood opposite his wife Rhea Perlman . The following year, he was in talks to direct the crime drama The Little Things with Robert De Niro at that time set to star, [ 33 ] and The Crowded Room with Leonardo DiCaprio . [ 34 ] Both projects were eventually realized in the 2020s, but without DeVito's involvement. In 1997, DeVito was in talks for a $13-million deal to both star in and direct Mystery Men , but negotiations broke down over who would produce the soundtrack. "It was a big deal for me," DeVito said. "I really wanted it, so I walked away from the project." [ 35 ] In 1998, he committed to star in and direct both the sci-fi film Barthe for TriStar , about an alien who falls in love, [ 36 ] [ 33 ] and a remake of The Man Who Came to Dinner for DreamWorks . [ 37 ] In 1999, DeVito was attached to star, direct and produce Jason Keller 's spec script Sugar's Sweet Science of Bruising for New Line Cinema . [ 38 ] [ 33 ] For the next two years, DeVito was attached to film Michael Petroni 's Revelations , a "supernatural religious thriller" that was to have starred George Clooney . The project was delayed due to rewrites however. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] DeVito was also at one time attached to direct How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days . [ 41 ] He instead resurfaced with Death to Smoochy (2002) and Duplex (2003), which were made back-to-back. Before the release of the latter, DeVito agreed to direct a remake of 1942's I Married a Witch for Tom Cruise and Columbia Pictures , announcing to Variety that he hoped to begin production by the end of the year. [ 42 ] Instead of I Married a Witch , he sought to make Trump vs. Wynn as his next directorial project after receiving an offer from HBO . Written by Rick Cleveland , the script chronicles business tycoons Donald Trump and Steve Wynn 's competition to build a casino in Atlantic City . [ 43 ] DeVito was expected to direct, produce and star in an unspecified role, but he dropped out after meeting with both figures, who protested the film's production. [ 33 ] He directed the pilot episode for a proposed 2005 Imagine TV sitcom Queen B , [ 44 ] which was not picked up by the network for series. In 2009, it was reported that DeVito would direct and produce the biopic Crazy Eddie , based on the life of consumer electronics king Eddie Antar , from a script by Peter Steinfeld . [ 45 ] However the film could not be made due to a life rights deal that was made with Antar. [ 46 ] Instead, he pivoted to making the apocalyptic horror thriller St. Sebastian , [ 47 ] which completed post-production in 2012 but to this day has not been released. [ 48 ] DeVito also worked on the independently financed Honeymoon with Dad , a comedy which never went into production. [ 49 ] DeVito has written a film adaptation of and been, since 2008, attached to direct The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle with Morgan Freeman , Pierce Brosnan and Saoirse Ronan starring. [ 50 ] The production was halted when Freeman was seriously injured in a car accident two weeks before filming was scheduled to commence. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] DeVito returned to the subject in February 2013, saying he was looking for another young actress to star in the title role and scouting movie locations in Ireland. Production was expected to restart in July 2014. [ 51 ] [ 53 ] The release date is still classified as "TBD" without any new information as to whether it will be shot. [ 54 ] Producing DeVito founded Jersey Films in 1991, [ 55 ] producing films like Pulp Fiction (1994), Get Shorty (1995), Erin Brockovich (2000) (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca (1997) and Garden State (2004). DeVito also produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911! , the film spin-off Reno 911!: Miami and the revival on Quibi . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] In 2019, his company Jersey Films optioned the screen rights to make a film of Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation , by Dan Fagin. [ 58 ] Personal life DeVito stands 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) tall. [ 1 ] His short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] On January 17, 1971, DeVito met Rhea Perlman when she went to see a friend in the single performance of the play The Shrinking Bride , which featured DeVito. [ 61 ] They moved in together two weeks later [ 62 ] and married on January 28, 1982. [ 63 ] They have three children: Lucy , Grace and Jacob. [ 64 ] Perlman and DeVito have acted alongside each other several times, including in the television show Taxi and the feature film Matilda (where they played Matilda's parents). [ 64 ] They separated in October 2012, after 30 years of marriage and over 40 years together, [ 64 ] then reconciled in March 2013. [ 65 ] They separated for a second time in March 2017, but remained on amicable terms and Perlman stated they had no intent of filing for divorce. [ 66 ] In 2019, Perlman told interviewer Andy Cohen that she and DeVito have become closer friends after their separation than they were in their final years as a couple. [ 67 ] Before their separation, DeVito and Perlman resided in a 14,579-square-foot (1,354 m 2 ) house in Beverly Hills, California , that they purchased in 1994; they sold the property for US$24 million in April 2015. They still own a bungalow near Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills and a multi-residence compound on Broad Beach in Malibu . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] They also frequented a home they owned in Interlaken, New Jersey , to get away from Los Angeles. [ 70 ] DeVito has mentioned being a big fan of singer Mike Patton 's various musical projects, being introduced to his work through his son Jacob in 2005. [ 71 ] DeVito collaborated with Patton on a music video and has attended several of his concerts, with Perlman contributing an introductory voiceover to an album by Mr. Bungle , one of Patton's bands. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In 2016, DeVito also included music from Patton's band Faith No More on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. [ 74 ] Acting credits and accolades DeVito has an extensive film career , dating back to the early 1970s. Selected work: One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Taxi (1978–1983) Terms of Endearment (1983) Romancing the Stone (1984) The Jewel of the Nile (1985) Tin Men (1987) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) Twins (1988) The War of the Roses (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Hoffa (1992) Jack the Bear (1993) Reality Bites (1994) Junior (1994) Renaissance Man (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Matilda (1996) Space Jam (1996) Mars Attacks! (1996) The Rainmaker (1997) L.A. Confidential (1997) Hercules (1997) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) The Virgin Suicides (1999) Drowning Mona (2000) Erin Brockovich (2000) How High (2001) Death to Smoochy (2002) Anything Else (2003) Big Fish (2003) Be Cool (2005) Deck the Halls (2006) It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2006–present) Solitary Man (2009) The Lorax (2012) Wiener-Dog (2016) Dumbo (2019) Jumanji: The Next Level (2019) References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McMahon, Danny (November 22, 2024). Danny DeVito: Hollywood's Unlikely Giant . Event occurs at 2:34–2:39. You're exactly five feet?" "Mhm. ^ Mikle, Jean. "Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito childhood homes: see where they grew up at the Shore" . Asbury Park Press . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ "Biography - Yahoo! Movies" . movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 3, 2012 . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ a b Ellen, Barbara (April 14, 2012). "Danny DeVito: 'It all worked out for me. Life is good' " . The Guardian . ^ Shapiro, Dani (June 29, 2010). "My favorite place: Danny DeVito" . CNN . Archived from the original on November 11, 2010 . Retrieved May 31, 2012 . ^ "Daniel Michael DeVito of Arbëresh descent born on November 17" . Oculus News . November 17, 2019 . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . ^ "American actor Danny DeVito returns to his Albanian origins and shows how much he adored his grandmother's Georgian dialect" . Vox News . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . ^ Shaw, David. "DeVito! Although He Has a Penchant for Dark Comedies, Actor-Director Danny DeVito Is Serious About His Craft, His Family and His Cigars" Archived April 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Cigar Aficionado profile, accessed May 2, 2007. "Danny DeVito was born in 1944 in the shore town of Neptune, New Jersey—hence the name of his production company—and raised in neighboring Asbury Park, the youngest of five children (two of whom died before he was born)." ^ "Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito" . Marketing Dive . ^ Danny DeVito on how beauty school led him to acting - EMMYTVLEGENDS.ORG , archived from the original on December 11, 2021 , retrieved March 26, 2021 ^ "Danny DeVito reveals he was a 'part-time mortician' for his dead hairdressing clients" . uk.style.yahoo.com . December 22, 2022 . Retrieved September 20, 2025 . ^ a b Raab, Scott (January 31, 2014). "The Serene Beauty of the Five-Foot Fury of Asbury Park" . Esquire . ^ Rosen, Lisa (December 2024 – January 2025). "Danny DeVito: 'You Gotta Tamp Me Down in the Joy Department!' " . AARP: The Magazine . ^ "Danny DeVito lends his voice to 'The Simpsons' " . Observer-Reporter . February 11, 1991 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ " "The Simpsons" guests stars over the years" . CBS . February 17, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "Hercules" . Variety . June 16, 1997 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Danny DeVito Movie Box Office Results" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ "Danny DeVito" . Emmy Award . Archived from the original on May 15, 2013 . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ "The story of how Danny DeVito joined 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' " . Far Out . December 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Danny DeVito gets star on Hollywood Walk" . KTAR.com . Bonneville International. Associated Press . August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ "Pokémon Fans Petitioning to Make Danny DeVito the Voice of Pikachu (He'd Be Perfect)" . Yahoo! . February 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ @paleycenter (April 2, 2016). "Paley Center on Twitter: "Audience Q:Will Danny DeVito voice the Detective Pikachu videogame? Danny says "No" and asks what it is, "What the F is Pokemon?" #PaleyLive" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2, 2016 – via Twitter . ^ "The Sunshine Boys – Reviews" . What's On Stage. May 18, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "One Direction's 'Steal My Girl' Video Features Danny DeVito... What!?" . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 14, 2014 . Retrieved May 7, 2016 . ^ "One Direction's New 'Steal My Girl' Video Will Feature Danny DeVito" . Billboard . October 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 19, 2014 . ^ "Curmudgeons" . Curmudgeons . Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. ^ "Broadway Review: 'The Price' Starring Mark Ruffalo, Tony Shalhoub, Danny DeVito" . Variety . March 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ Setoodeh, Ramin; Lang, Brent (January 26, 2016). "Sundance: Amazon Lands Todd Solondz Comedy Wiener-Dog (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 28, 2025 . ^ Christian Holub (November 30, 2021). "Danny DeVito on why he returned to the Penguin for new Batman comic 'Gotham City Villains' " . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Maslin, Janet (December 1, 1987). "Throw Momma from the Train" . The New York Times . ^ "1988 Golden Globe Awards" . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Matilda movie review" . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ a b c d Bradford, Evans (September 15, 2011). "The Lost Roles of Danny DeVito" . Vulture . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael Fleming (December 8, 1997). "DeVito checks into 'Room' " . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . ^ Los Angeles Times , November 16, 1997: CAL, 5:1. ^ Variety Staff (January 14, 1998). "DeVito does double duty; Love troubles" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Hindes, Andrew; Petrikin, Chris (October 12, 1998). "D'works, DeVito make 'Dinner' reservations" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Cox, Dan (May 6, 1999). "NL offers 'Sweet' pic deal to Keller" . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . ^ Jones, Oliver; Moerk, Christian (November 22, 1999). " 'Revelations' comes to DeVito & Warners" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (October 10, 2000). "Salerno tries on Jersey deal" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Swanson, Tim; Dunkley, Cathy (October 14, 2001). "Romantic laffer 'Lose' loses Jersey Films" . Variety . Retrieved April 2, 2025 . ^ Harris, Dana (February 24, 2003). "Embarrassment of witches at Col" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (December 4, 2003). "DeVito plays Trump card for Wynn gig" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Schneider, Michael (March 9, 2005). "DeVito king of 'Queen B' " . Variety . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ Fleming, Michael (March 10, 2009). "Danny Devito crazy for 'Eddie' " . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 26, 2010). "Why Rights Wrangling Is Crazy Business" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ @DannyDeVito (December 14, 2011). "last five days on St. Sebastian. Having a blast. William Fichtner,Lance Reddick, Constance Zimmer, David Margulies. Fun peeps to work with" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ The Deadline Team (May 11, 2012). "Locomotive Selling Danny DeVito-Directed Thriller At Cannes" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 10, 2012). "Danny DeVito to direct 'Honeymoon' (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (July 15, 2008). "DeVito to direct 'Charlotte Doyle' " . Variety . Retrieved June 25, 2024 . ^ a b "Danny DeVito wants to cast rising star actress" . Contactmusic.com. February 24, 2013 . Retrieved February 6, 2014 . ^ Avi (September 9, 2014). "Movie option" . Wordcraft . Retrieved November 6, 2015 . ^ "Danny DeVito on scouting movie locations in Ireland | Late Late Show" . YouTube . February 24, 2013 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle - ComingSoon.net" . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ Guttarado, Andrew (September 25, 2019). "Danny DeVito, Never Retire (Bitch)" . The Ringer . Retrieved September 26, 2019 . ^ Petski, Denise (December 6, 2019). " 'Reno 911!' Revival Gets Green Light At Quibi" . Deadline . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Newman, Melinda (September 13, 2010). "Danny DeVito Reminisces About Growing Up In New Jersey-www.njmonthly.com" . New Jersey Monthly . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 5, 2019). "Danny DeVito's Jersey 2nd Avenue Options Dan Fagin's Pulitzer-Winning Book 'Toms River: A Story Of Science And Salvation' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14, 2024 . ^ Jenkins, Mark (September 26, 2013). "For Richer And For Poorer, But What Of That Vanishing Middle?" . NPR . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ Joseph, Pat (September 10, 2013). "Lights, Camera, Economics Robert Reich brings his message to the big screen" . Berkeley . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ Lovece, Frank ; with Franco, Jules (1988). Hailing Taxi: The Official Book of the Show . New York: Simon & Schuster / Prentice Hall Press . pp. 53, 286. ISBN 978-0-13-372103-4 . ^ Lovece, pp. 53, 80 ^ Wallace, Carol (December 12, 1983). "Chalk Up a Successful Marriage for TV's Tart-Tongued Twosome, Danny De Vito and Rhea Perlman" . People . Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2012 . ^ a b c "Exclusive: Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Separate" . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on October 10, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2012 . ^ Leonard, Elizabeth (March 15, 2013). "Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Are Back Together" . People . Archived from the original on March 17, 2013 . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . ^ Hoffman, Barbara (March 8, 2018). "Why Rhea Perlman won't divorce Danny DeVito" . New York Post . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ Squires, Bethy (May 10, 2019). "Rhea Perlman and Danny DeVito May Be Separated, but They're Still Bros" . Vulture . Retrieved May 26, 2019 . ^ David, Mark (April 21, 2015). "Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Quietly List BevHills Estate" . Variety . ^ Beale, Lauren (April 30, 2015). "Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman sell estate in Beverly Hills" . Los Angeles Times . ^ Boon, Jon. "Single In The City! Danny DeVito Moving To New York: He Misses The Big Apple!" , RadarOnline , October 15, 2012. Accessed January 24, 2023. "Danny and Rhea used to stay at his vacation home in Interlaken, New Jersey whenever they wanted a break away from Los Angeles. He never really felt an affinity to California and lived there purely for work reasons." ^ "Music News: Danny DeVito is big buds with Mike Patton and the Always Sunny podcast" . AudioPhix . September 27, 2023. ^ "Rhea Perlman Will Provide Narration on Upcoming Re-Recording of Mr. Bungle's "Anarchy Up Your Anus" -" . September 25, 2020. ^ DiVita, Joe (February 8, 2020). "Danny DeVito Gave Mike Patton Acting Tips at Mr. Bungle Reunion Show" . Loudwire . ^ Fowler, Matt (February 11, 2016). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia: "Being Frank" Review" . IGN . External links Danny DeVito on Twitter Danny DeVito at IMDb Danny DeVito at the Internet Broadway Database Danny DeVito at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived) Danny DeVito at Emmys.com Danny DeVito at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Danny DeVito on Charlie Rose Danny DeVito's Guest DJ Set on KCRW Danny DeVito interviewed by KVUE's Roy Faires in 1971 about "Throw Momma From The Train" from Texas Archive of the Moving Image .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Danny DeVito v t e Films directed The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) Films produced Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Awards for Danny DeVito v t e Donostia Award Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play 1975–2000 Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) 2001–2022 Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) v t e Donostia Award v t e Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play v t e 1975–2000 Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) 2001–2022 Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series v t e 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television v t e James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. 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Halaman saat ini, Berita Indonesia Dunia Viral Liputan Mendalam Majalah Halaman saat ini, Berita Indonesia Dunia Viral Liputan Mendalam Majalah BBC News , Indonesia - Berita Berita utama 'Efek Rumah Kaca' melanggengkan ingatan publik soal Munir dan perlawanan pada penindasan Kelompok musik asal Jakarta, Efek Rumah Kaca, membikin lagu yang ditujukan untuk aktivis HAM, Munir Said Thalib. Diberi tajuk "Di Udara," lagu ini mempunyai daya tahan yang langgeng sekaligus menjumpai para pendengar dalam skala luas. Salah satu lagu "perlawanan" yang populer di Indonesia. 16 Januari 2026 Berkat durian Musang King, kota di Malaysia menikmati aliran uang dari China Sebuah kota di Malaysia mengalami perubahan ekonomi berkat durian Musang King. 5 jam yang lalu Siapakah Erfan Soltani, demonstran Iran yang dilaporkan bakal dieksekusi? Seorang pria yang ditangkap sehubungan dengan gelombang protes di Iran telah divonis hukuman mati dan diberitahu bahwa dia bakal dieksekusi, kata keluarganya dan sebuah kelompok hak asasi manusia. 9 jam yang lalu Laras Faizati divonis hukuman masa percobaan enam bulan, namun tidak perlu menjalaninya – 'Vonis bersalah membuat orang takut bicara' Majelis hakim Pengadilan Negeri (PN) Jakarta Selatan, Kamis (15/01), menjatuhkan vonis hukuman masa percobaan selama enam bulan kepada Laras Faizati, namun hukuman itu tidak perlu dijalani. Syaratnya, Laras tidak melakukan tindak pidana selama setahun. Bagaimana perjalanan kasus ini? 15 Januari 2026 Perundungan PPDS Unsri, mahasiswa dipaksa biayai gaya hidup mewah seniornya – Apa akar masalah perundungan di PPDS? Berulangnya kasus dugaan perundungan dan pemerasan yang dialami seorang mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) —kali ini terjadi di Universitas Sriwijaya—menunjukkan belum adanya sistem perbaikan yang permanen, kata pengamat. 15 Januari 2026 Mengapa demonstrasi di Iran saat ini berbeda dari aksi protes sebelumnya? Iran pernah mengalami aksi demonstrasi sebelumnya - yang terakhir pada tahun 2022. Tetapi seberapa berbeda cakupan dan tujuan demonstrasi saat ini, dan mengapa? 15 Januari 2026 Muncul draf perpres tentara dilibatkan dalam penanganan terorisme, mengapa hal ini memantik kecemasan? Selain pelibatan militer yang tak punya kewenangan penegakan hukum, regulasi yang tengah disusun pemerintah dituding keliru dalam memahami terorisme. Tapi mengapa pemerintah seolah berkeras melibatkan tentara? 15 Januari 2026 Cerita keluarga WNI yang anaknya menetap di Iran – 'Sudah lima hari tak bisa dihubungi, saya selalu berdoa agar mereka baik-baik saja' Bagaimana cerita dari keluarga WNI yang anaknya berada di Iran, di tengah gelombang aksi demonstrasi yang menewaskan ribuan orang itu? 15 Januari 2026 Pendaki yang hilang di Gunung Slamet ditemukan meninggal dunia – Seberapa aman pendakian dengan cara 'tektok'? Seorang pendaki bernama Syafiq Ridhan Ali Razan (18) yang sebelumnya dilaporkan hilang di Gunung Slamet, Jawa Tengah, ditemukan dalam kondisi meninggal dunia, Rabu (14/01). Mengapa metode pendakian cepat alias tektok membutuhkan kesiapan yang matang? 14 Januari 2026 Berita utama 'Efek Rumah Kaca' melanggengkan ingatan publik soal Munir dan perlawanan pada penindasan Kelompok musik asal Jakarta, Efek Rumah Kaca, membikin lagu yang ditujukan untuk aktivis HAM, Munir Said Thalib. Diberi tajuk "Di Udara," lagu ini mempunyai daya tahan yang langgeng sekaligus menjumpai para pendengar dalam skala luas. Salah satu lagu "perlawanan" yang populer di Indonesia. 16 Januari 2026 'Efek Rumah Kaca' melanggengkan ingatan publik soal Munir dan perlawanan pada penindasan Kelompok musik asal Jakarta, Efek Rumah Kaca, membikin lagu yang ditujukan untuk aktivis HAM, Munir Said Thalib. Diberi tajuk "Di Udara," lagu ini mempunyai daya tahan yang langgeng sekaligus menjumpai para pendengar dalam skala luas. Salah satu lagu "perlawanan" yang populer di Indonesia. Berkat durian Musang King, kota di Malaysia menikmati aliran uang dari China Sebuah kota di Malaysia mengalami perubahan ekonomi berkat durian Musang King. 5 jam yang lalu Berkat durian Musang King, kota di Malaysia menikmati aliran uang dari China Sebuah kota di Malaysia mengalami perubahan ekonomi berkat durian Musang King. Siapakah Erfan Soltani, demonstran Iran yang dilaporkan bakal dieksekusi? Seorang pria yang ditangkap sehubungan dengan gelombang protes di Iran telah divonis hukuman mati dan diberitahu bahwa dia bakal dieksekusi, kata keluarganya dan sebuah kelompok hak asasi manusia. 9 jam yang lalu Siapakah Erfan Soltani, demonstran Iran yang dilaporkan bakal dieksekusi? Seorang pria yang ditangkap sehubungan dengan gelombang protes di Iran telah divonis hukuman mati dan diberitahu bahwa dia bakal dieksekusi, kata keluarganya dan sebuah kelompok hak asasi manusia. Laras Faizati divonis hukuman masa percobaan enam bulan, namun tidak perlu menjalaninya – 'Vonis bersalah membuat orang takut bicara' Majelis hakim Pengadilan Negeri (PN) Jakarta Selatan, Kamis (15/01), menjatuhkan vonis hukuman masa percobaan selama enam bulan kepada Laras Faizati, namun hukuman itu tidak perlu dijalani. Syaratnya, Laras tidak melakukan tindak pidana selama setahun. Bagaimana perjalanan kasus ini? 15 Januari 2026 Laras Faizati divonis hukuman masa percobaan enam bulan, namun tidak perlu menjalaninya – 'Vonis bersalah membuat orang takut bicara' Majelis hakim Pengadilan Negeri (PN) Jakarta Selatan, Kamis (15/01), menjatuhkan vonis hukuman masa percobaan selama enam bulan kepada Laras Faizati, namun hukuman itu tidak perlu dijalani. Syaratnya, Laras tidak melakukan tindak pidana selama setahun. Bagaimana perjalanan kasus ini? Perundungan PPDS Unsri, mahasiswa dipaksa biayai gaya hidup mewah seniornya – Apa akar masalah perundungan di PPDS? Berulangnya kasus dugaan perundungan dan pemerasan yang dialami seorang mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) —kali ini terjadi di Universitas Sriwijaya—menunjukkan belum adanya sistem perbaikan yang permanen, kata pengamat. 15 Januari 2026 Perundungan PPDS Unsri, mahasiswa dipaksa biayai gaya hidup mewah seniornya – Apa akar masalah perundungan di PPDS? Berulangnya kasus dugaan perundungan dan pemerasan yang dialami seorang mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) —kali ini terjadi di Universitas Sriwijaya—menunjukkan belum adanya sistem perbaikan yang permanen, kata pengamat. Mengapa demonstrasi di Iran saat ini berbeda dari aksi protes sebelumnya? Iran pernah mengalami aksi demonstrasi sebelumnya - yang terakhir pada tahun 2022. Tetapi seberapa berbeda cakupan dan tujuan demonstrasi saat ini, dan mengapa? 15 Januari 2026 Mengapa demonstrasi di Iran saat ini berbeda dari aksi protes sebelumnya? Iran pernah mengalami aksi demonstrasi sebelumnya - yang terakhir pada tahun 2022. Tetapi seberapa berbeda cakupan dan tujuan demonstrasi saat ini, dan mengapa? Muncul draf perpres tentara dilibatkan dalam penanganan terorisme, mengapa hal ini memantik kecemasan? Selain pelibatan militer yang tak punya kewenangan penegakan hukum, regulasi yang tengah disusun pemerintah dituding keliru dalam memahami terorisme. Tapi mengapa pemerintah seolah berkeras melibatkan tentara? 15 Januari 2026 Muncul draf perpres tentara dilibatkan dalam penanganan terorisme, mengapa hal ini memantik kecemasan? Selain pelibatan militer yang tak punya kewenangan penegakan hukum, regulasi yang tengah disusun pemerintah dituding keliru dalam memahami terorisme. Tapi mengapa pemerintah seolah berkeras melibatkan tentara? Cerita keluarga WNI yang anaknya menetap di Iran – 'Sudah lima hari tak bisa dihubungi, saya selalu berdoa agar mereka baik-baik saja' Bagaimana cerita dari keluarga WNI yang anaknya berada di Iran, di tengah gelombang aksi demonstrasi yang menewaskan ribuan orang itu? 15 Januari 2026 Cerita keluarga WNI yang anaknya menetap di Iran – 'Sudah lima hari tak bisa dihubungi, saya selalu berdoa agar mereka baik-baik saja' Bagaimana cerita dari keluarga WNI yang anaknya berada di Iran, di tengah gelombang aksi demonstrasi yang menewaskan ribuan orang itu? Pendaki yang hilang di Gunung Slamet ditemukan meninggal dunia – Seberapa aman pendakian dengan cara 'tektok'? Seorang pendaki bernama Syafiq Ridhan Ali Razan (18) yang sebelumnya dilaporkan hilang di Gunung Slamet, Jawa Tengah, ditemukan dalam kondisi meninggal dunia, Rabu (14/01). Mengapa metode pendakian cepat alias tektok membutuhkan kesiapan yang matang? 14 Januari 2026 Pendaki yang hilang di Gunung Slamet ditemukan meninggal dunia – Seberapa aman pendakian dengan cara 'tektok'? Seorang pendaki bernama Syafiq Ridhan Ali Razan (18) yang sebelumnya dilaporkan hilang di Gunung Slamet, Jawa Tengah, ditemukan dalam kondisi meninggal dunia, Rabu (14/01). Mengapa metode pendakian cepat alias tektok membutuhkan kesiapan yang matang? BBC News Indonesia hadir di WhatsApp Jadilah yang pertama mendapatkan berita, investigasi dan liputan mendalam dari BBC News Indonesia, langsung di WhatsApp Anda. Klik di sini BBC News Indonesia hadir di WhatsApp Jadilah yang pertama mendapatkan berita, investigasi dan liputan mendalam dari BBC News Indonesia, langsung di WhatsApp Anda. Berita pilihan Dari pembunuhan Marsinah hingga pembantaian Tanjung Priok: Ketika advokasi Munir kerap berhadapan dengan militer Rekam jejak aktivisme Munir Said Thalib banyak bersinggungan dengan otoritas militer, terutama saat memasuki masa kejatuhan Orde Baru. Kekuasaan militer Soeharto turut membentuk sikap dan pandangannya terkait kemanusiaan, di samping penolakan terhadap intervensi tentara di kehidupan sipil. 14 Januari 2026 Trump ancam 'tindakan sangat keras' jika Iran eksekusi demonstran setelah dilaporkan lebih dari 2.400 tewas Presiden Donald Trump mengatakan AS akan mengambil "tindakan yang sangat keras" terhadap Iran jika mereka mengeksekusi para demonstran. Sebelumnya lebih dari 2.400 demonstran tewas dalam aksi protes di Iran, kata kelompok hak asasi manusia. 14 Januari 2026 Alat konstruksi roboh menimpa kereta penumpang di Thailand, puluhan orang tewas – Apa yang diketahui sejauh ini? Kecelakaan konstruksi bukan kejadian yang jarang terjadi di Thailand. Derek yang jatuh, Rabu (14/01), tengah digunakan untuk proyek kereta cepat. 14 Januari 2026 Mengapa terjadi demonstrasi besar-besaran di Iran? Ratusan orang diyakini telah tewas di Iran akibat protes besar-besaran yang mengancam masa depan rezim yang berkuasa. Ribuan orang lainnya dilaporkan telah ditangkap. Donald Trump juga berulang kali mengancam akan mengambil tindakan militer jika pasukan keamanan Iran membunuh para demonstran. 14 Januari 2026 Wasit dan mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan korban tewas dalam demonstrasi di Iran Seorang wasit dan seorang mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan orang yang dilaporkan tewas dalam protes anti-pemerintah di Iran. 13 Januari 2026 Indonesia klaim blokir Grok – 'Apakah masih ada ruang digital yang aman buat perempuan?' Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital (Komdigi) mengklaim telah memutus akses aplikasi Grok untuk sementara, menyusul sejumlah insiden penyalahgunaan AI (akal imitasi) dalam konten pornografi palsu. Menurut korban, langkah itu disebut sebagai 'solusi instan' untuk menciptakan ruang digital yang aman bagi perempuan. 13 Januari 2026 Berita pilihan Dari pembunuhan Marsinah hingga pembantaian Tanjung Priok: Ketika advokasi Munir kerap berhadapan dengan militer Rekam jejak aktivisme Munir Said Thalib banyak bersinggungan dengan otoritas militer, terutama saat memasuki masa kejatuhan Orde Baru. Kekuasaan militer Soeharto turut membentuk sikap dan pandangannya terkait kemanusiaan, di samping penolakan terhadap intervensi tentara di kehidupan sipil. 14 Januari 2026 Dari pembunuhan Marsinah hingga pembantaian Tanjung Priok: Ketika advokasi Munir kerap berhadapan dengan militer Rekam jejak aktivisme Munir Said Thalib banyak bersinggungan dengan otoritas militer, terutama saat memasuki masa kejatuhan Orde Baru. Kekuasaan militer Soeharto turut membentuk sikap dan pandangannya terkait kemanusiaan, di samping penolakan terhadap intervensi tentara di kehidupan sipil. Trump ancam 'tindakan sangat keras' jika Iran eksekusi demonstran setelah dilaporkan lebih dari 2.400 tewas Presiden Donald Trump mengatakan AS akan mengambil "tindakan yang sangat keras" terhadap Iran jika mereka mengeksekusi para demonstran. Sebelumnya lebih dari 2.400 demonstran tewas dalam aksi protes di Iran, kata kelompok hak asasi manusia. 14 Januari 2026 Trump ancam 'tindakan sangat keras' jika Iran eksekusi demonstran setelah dilaporkan lebih dari 2.400 tewas Presiden Donald Trump mengatakan AS akan mengambil "tindakan yang sangat keras" terhadap Iran jika mereka mengeksekusi para demonstran. Sebelumnya lebih dari 2.400 demonstran tewas dalam aksi protes di Iran, kata kelompok hak asasi manusia. Alat konstruksi roboh menimpa kereta penumpang di Thailand, puluhan orang tewas – Apa yang diketahui sejauh ini? Kecelakaan konstruksi bukan kejadian yang jarang terjadi di Thailand. Derek yang jatuh, Rabu (14/01), tengah digunakan untuk proyek kereta cepat. 14 Januari 2026 Alat konstruksi roboh menimpa kereta penumpang di Thailand, puluhan orang tewas – Apa yang diketahui sejauh ini? Kecelakaan konstruksi bukan kejadian yang jarang terjadi di Thailand. Derek yang jatuh, Rabu (14/01), tengah digunakan untuk proyek kereta cepat. Mengapa terjadi demonstrasi besar-besaran di Iran? Ratusan orang diyakini telah tewas di Iran akibat protes besar-besaran yang mengancam masa depan rezim yang berkuasa. Ribuan orang lainnya dilaporkan telah ditangkap. Donald Trump juga berulang kali mengancam akan mengambil tindakan militer jika pasukan keamanan Iran membunuh para demonstran. 14 Januari 2026 Mengapa terjadi demonstrasi besar-besaran di Iran? Ratusan orang diyakini telah tewas di Iran akibat protes besar-besaran yang mengancam masa depan rezim yang berkuasa. Ribuan orang lainnya dilaporkan telah ditangkap. Donald Trump juga berulang kali mengancam akan mengambil tindakan militer jika pasukan keamanan Iran membunuh para demonstran. Wasit dan mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan korban tewas dalam demonstrasi di Iran Seorang wasit dan seorang mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan orang yang dilaporkan tewas dalam protes anti-pemerintah di Iran. 13 Januari 2026 Wasit dan mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan korban tewas dalam demonstrasi di Iran Seorang wasit dan seorang mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan orang yang dilaporkan tewas dalam protes anti-pemerintah di Iran. Indonesia klaim blokir Grok – 'Apakah masih ada ruang digital yang aman buat perempuan?' Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital (Komdigi) mengklaim telah memutus akses aplikasi Grok untuk sementara, menyusul sejumlah insiden penyalahgunaan AI (akal imitasi) dalam konten pornografi palsu. Menurut korban, langkah itu disebut sebagai 'solusi instan' untuk menciptakan ruang digital yang aman bagi perempuan. 13 Januari 2026 Indonesia klaim blokir Grok – 'Apakah masih ada ruang digital yang aman buat perempuan?' Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital (Komdigi) mengklaim telah memutus akses aplikasi Grok untuk sementara, menyusul sejumlah insiden penyalahgunaan AI (akal imitasi) dalam konten pornografi palsu. Menurut korban, langkah itu disebut sebagai 'solusi instan' untuk menciptakan ruang digital yang aman bagi perempuan. Survei audiens BBC News Indonesia Mohon bantuan meningkatkan kualitas situs BBC News Indonesia dengan mengisi kuesioner singkat kami Mulai survey Survei audiens BBC News Indonesia Mohon bantuan meningkatkan kualitas situs BBC News Indonesia dengan mengisi kuesioner singkat kami Berita lain Upaya warga Kota Bandung mandiri pangan melalui pertanian perkotaan Di Bandung, Jawa Barat, mulai bermunculan inisiatif warga mempraktikkan urban farming atau pertanian perkotaan. Inisiatif itu kemudian didukung Pemerintah Kota Bandung yang meluncurkan program Buruan SAE (Sehat, Alami, Ekonomis) pada 2020. 14 Januari 2026 Kasus penganiayaan nenek Saudah hingga penangkapan paksa aktivis penolak tambang – 'Kami rakyat kecil harus mendapat keadilan' Dugaan penganiayaan hingga penangkapan yang menyasar warga penolak tambang—baik yang berizin maupun tidak—merupakan dampak dari tidak hadirnya negara dalam konflik antara korporasi dengan masyarakat. 13 Januari 2026 Rencana pemerintah beri MBG ke lansia – 'Mending diganti uang atau beras, bisa dimanfaatkan' Rencana pemerintah memberi makanan bergizi gratis (MBG) untuk lansia disebut harus memiliki petunjuk teknis (juknis) yang jelas, detail dan penuh kehati-hatian. Pasalnya, pemenuhan menu gizi dan pola makan lansia lebih kompleks dibandingkan target penerima MBG lainnya karena kondisi kesehatan yang cenderung menurun serta adanya penyakit tidak menular. 12 Januari 2026 Jalan panjang Suciwati mencari keadilan untuk Munir – 'Saya tidak ingin ada yang dibunuh seperti suami saya' Lebih dari 20 tahun sejak Munir dibunuh, upaya mencari keadilan tidak pernah absen. Orang-orang terdekatnya mengatakan kepergian Munir tidak meninggalkan kebencian, melainkan cinta kasih yang tulus demi menuntaskan satu tujuan: pertanggungjawaban negara. 12 Januari 2026 Siapa Reza Pahlavi, putra mahkota Shah Iran yang diasingkan? Reza Pahlavi, putra Shah terakhir Iran yang diasingkan, menyerukan agar masyarakat Iran kembali menggelar demonstrasi besar-besaran di negara tersebut. Jadi, apa yang kita ketahui tentang mantan putra mahkota yang berupaya berperan membentuk masa depan negaranya? 12 Januari 2026 Suap pegawai pajak KPP Madya Jakut, mengapa 'modus klasik' pengurangan pajak sulit diberantas? Kasus dugaan suap yang menjerat tiga pegawai Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) Jakarta Utara terkait pengurangan nilai pajak merupakan "fenomena gunung es" yang sangat sistematis, menurut sejumlah pengamat. 12 Januari 2026 Berita lain Upaya warga Kota Bandung mandiri pangan melalui pertanian perkotaan Di Bandung, Jawa Barat, mulai bermunculan inisiatif warga mempraktikkan urban farming atau pertanian perkotaan. Inisiatif itu kemudian didukung Pemerintah Kota Bandung yang meluncurkan program Buruan SAE (Sehat, Alami, Ekonomis) pada 2020. 14 Januari 2026 Upaya warga Kota Bandung mandiri pangan melalui pertanian perkotaan Di Bandung, Jawa Barat, mulai bermunculan inisiatif warga mempraktikkan urban farming atau pertanian perkotaan. Inisiatif itu kemudian didukung Pemerintah Kota Bandung yang meluncurkan program Buruan SAE (Sehat, Alami, Ekonomis) pada 2020. Kasus penganiayaan nenek Saudah hingga penangkapan paksa aktivis penolak tambang – 'Kami rakyat kecil harus mendapat keadilan' Dugaan penganiayaan hingga penangkapan yang menyasar warga penolak tambang—baik yang berizin maupun tidak—merupakan dampak dari tidak hadirnya negara dalam konflik antara korporasi dengan masyarakat. 13 Januari 2026 Kasus penganiayaan nenek Saudah hingga penangkapan paksa aktivis penolak tambang – 'Kami rakyat kecil harus mendapat keadilan' Dugaan penganiayaan hingga penangkapan yang menyasar warga penolak tambang—baik yang berizin maupun tidak—merupakan dampak dari tidak hadirnya negara dalam konflik antara korporasi dengan masyarakat. Rencana pemerintah beri MBG ke lansia – 'Mending diganti uang atau beras, bisa dimanfaatkan' Rencana pemerintah memberi makanan bergizi gratis (MBG) untuk lansia disebut harus memiliki petunjuk teknis (juknis) yang jelas, detail dan penuh kehati-hatian. Pasalnya, pemenuhan menu gizi dan pola makan lansia lebih kompleks dibandingkan target penerima MBG lainnya karena kondisi kesehatan yang cenderung menurun serta adanya penyakit tidak menular. 12 Januari 2026 Rencana pemerintah beri MBG ke lansia – 'Mending diganti uang atau beras, bisa dimanfaatkan' Rencana pemerintah memberi makanan bergizi gratis (MBG) untuk lansia disebut harus memiliki petunjuk teknis (juknis) yang jelas, detail dan penuh kehati-hatian. Pasalnya, pemenuhan menu gizi dan pola makan lansia lebih kompleks dibandingkan target penerima MBG lainnya karena kondisi kesehatan yang cenderung menurun serta adanya penyakit tidak menular. Jalan panjang Suciwati mencari keadilan untuk Munir – 'Saya tidak ingin ada yang dibunuh seperti suami saya' Lebih dari 20 tahun sejak Munir dibunuh, upaya mencari keadilan tidak pernah absen. Orang-orang terdekatnya mengatakan kepergian Munir tidak meninggalkan kebencian, melainkan cinta kasih yang tulus demi menuntaskan satu tujuan: pertanggungjawaban negara. 12 Januari 2026 Jalan panjang Suciwati mencari keadilan untuk Munir – 'Saya tidak ingin ada yang dibunuh seperti suami saya' Lebih dari 20 tahun sejak Munir dibunuh, upaya mencari keadilan tidak pernah absen. Orang-orang terdekatnya mengatakan kepergian Munir tidak meninggalkan kebencian, melainkan cinta kasih yang tulus demi menuntaskan satu tujuan: pertanggungjawaban negara. Siapa Reza Pahlavi, putra mahkota Shah Iran yang diasingkan? Reza Pahlavi, putra Shah terakhir Iran yang diasingkan, menyerukan agar masyarakat Iran kembali menggelar demonstrasi besar-besaran di negara tersebut. Jadi, apa yang kita ketahui tentang mantan putra mahkota yang berupaya berperan membentuk masa depan negaranya? 12 Januari 2026 Siapa Reza Pahlavi, putra mahkota Shah Iran yang diasingkan? Reza Pahlavi, putra Shah terakhir Iran yang diasingkan, menyerukan agar masyarakat Iran kembali menggelar demonstrasi besar-besaran di negara tersebut. Jadi, apa yang kita ketahui tentang mantan putra mahkota yang berupaya berperan membentuk masa depan negaranya? Suap pegawai pajak KPP Madya Jakut, mengapa 'modus klasik' pengurangan pajak sulit diberantas? Kasus dugaan suap yang menjerat tiga pegawai Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) Jakarta Utara terkait pengurangan nilai pajak merupakan "fenomena gunung es" yang sangat sistematis, menurut sejumlah pengamat. 12 Januari 2026 Suap pegawai pajak KPP Madya Jakut, mengapa 'modus klasik' pengurangan pajak sulit diberantas? Kasus dugaan suap yang menjerat tiga pegawai Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) Jakarta Utara terkait pengurangan nilai pajak merupakan "fenomena gunung es" yang sangat sistematis, menurut sejumlah pengamat. Video Pendek <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-1qa60j4">Untuk memutar video ini, aktifkan JavaScript atau coba di mesin pencari lain</p></div> 02:40 Video , Benarkah warga Indonesia paling bahagia sedunia? , Durasi 2,40 04:52 Video , Satu tahun MBG: Relawan kerja tanpa kontrak, UMKM minim terlibat , Durasi 4,52 03:58 Video , Apa yang terjadi antara AS dan Venezuela? , Durasi 3,58 04:59 Video , Sejumlah influencer diteror, dikirimi bangkai ayam hingga bom molotov , Durasi 4,59 02:58 Video , Bukti-bukti tudingan pembabatan hutan yang berdampak terhadap kerusakan ekologis di Sumatra Utara , Durasi 2,58 01:44 Video , Banjir Sumatra: Warga manfaatkan kayu gelondongan banjir jadi perahu , Durasi 1,44 04:02 Video , Bagaimana manusia purba dan manusia modern bertemu di Sulawesi Selatan? , Durasi 4,02 01:58 Video , Warga Sumatra Barat masak 2,5 ton rendang bagi korban bencana , Durasi 1,58 01:44 Video , Banjir Sumatra: Pengidap strok bertahan di tenda darurat di tengah sawah , Durasi 1,44 01:01 Video , Pemerintah dinilai lamban tangani korban banjir Sumatra, apa sebabnya? , Durasi 1,01 02:14 Video , Telusur makam kosong: Generasi ketiga Tragedi 1965 mencari jejak keluarga , Durasi 2,14 00:42 Video , Prabowo ingin lahan Papua ditanami sawit , Durasi 0,42 Video Pendek 02:40 Video , Benarkah warga Indonesia paling bahagia sedunia? , Durasi 2,40 04:52 Video , Satu tahun MBG: Relawan kerja tanpa kontrak, UMKM minim terlibat , Durasi 4,52 03:58 Video , Apa yang terjadi antara AS dan Venezuela? , Durasi 3,58 04:59 Video , Sejumlah influencer diteror, dikirimi bangkai ayam hingga bom molotov , Durasi 4,59 02:58 Video , Bukti-bukti tudingan pembabatan hutan yang berdampak terhadap kerusakan ekologis di Sumatra Utara , Durasi 2,58 01:44 Video , Banjir Sumatra: Warga manfaatkan kayu gelondongan banjir jadi perahu , Durasi 1,44 04:02 Video , Bagaimana manusia purba dan manusia modern bertemu di Sulawesi Selatan? , Durasi 4,02 01:58 Video , Warga Sumatra Barat masak 2,5 ton rendang bagi korban bencana , Durasi 1,58 01:44 Video , Banjir Sumatra: Pengidap strok bertahan di tenda darurat di tengah sawah , Durasi 1,44 01:01 Video , Pemerintah dinilai lamban tangani korban banjir Sumatra, apa sebabnya? , Durasi 1,01 02:14 Video , Telusur makam kosong: Generasi ketiga Tragedi 1965 mencari jejak keluarga , Durasi 2,14 00:42 Video , Prabowo ingin lahan Papua ditanami sawit , Durasi 0,42 Sorotan Petugas imigrasi AS tembak mati seorang perempuan di jalan raya, demo dan kecaman bermunculan – Apa yang diketahui sejauh ini? 8 Januari 2026 Kisah anak-anak yang menjadi yatim piatu akibat petaka di Sumatra, apa tanggung jawab negara? 7 Januari 2026 Kisah suku nomaden di pusat pembangunan Papua yang harus gotong orang sakit lewati hutan belantara - 'Mengapa negara tidak melihat kami?' 6 Januari 2026 Satu tahun MBG: Seratusan yayasan mitra MBG terafiliasi dengan orang dekat pejabat 6 Januari 2026 Sorotan Petugas imigrasi AS tembak mati seorang perempuan di jalan raya, demo dan kecaman bermunculan – Apa yang diketahui sejauh ini? 8 Januari 2026 Petugas imigrasi AS tembak mati seorang perempuan di jalan raya, demo dan kecaman bermunculan – Apa yang diketahui sejauh ini? 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Artikel terpopuler 1 Pendaki yang hilang di Gunung Slamet ditemukan meninggal dunia – Seberapa aman pendakian dengan cara 'tektok'? 2 Cerita keluarga WNI yang anaknya menetap di Iran – 'Sudah lima hari tak bisa dihubungi, saya selalu berdoa agar mereka baik-baik saja' 3 Wasit dan mahasiswa termasuk di antara ratusan korban tewas dalam demonstrasi di Iran 4 Laras Faizati divonis hukuman masa percobaan enam bulan, namun tidak perlu menjalaninya – 'Vonis bersalah membuat orang takut bicara' 5 Siapakah Erfan Soltani, demonstran Iran yang dilaporkan bakal dieksekusi? Kami hadir di media sosial WhatsApp Facebook X YouTube Instagram TikTok Kami hadir di media sosial WhatsApp Facebook X YouTube Instagram TikTok Alasan Anda dapat mempercayai BBC News Peraturan Penggunaan Mengenai BBC Kebijakan tentang Privasi Cookies Hubungi BBC BC News dalam bahasa-bahasa lain Do not share or sell my info © 2026 BBC. BBC tidak bertanggung jawab atas konten dari situs eksternal. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Fictional character biography 2 Other media 3 Background 4 Reception 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) فارسی Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Selina Kyle .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} Burton 's Batman character Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman First appearance Batman Returns (1992) Based on Catwoman by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Adapted by Tim Burton Daniel Waters Wesley Strick Tim Burton Daniel Waters Wesley Strick Portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer In-universe information Full name Selina Kyle Species Human Gender Female Family Unnamed mother Significant other Bruce Wayne / Batman Selina Kyle , also known as Catwoman , is a fictional character portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer in Tim Burton 's 1992 superhero film Batman Returns . Based on the DC Comics character of the same name , this version of Selina is initially depicted as a meek secretary and assistant of wealthy industrialist Max Shreck, who pushes her out of a window when she uncovers his corruption. Selina survives the fall and swears revenge against Shreck as Catwoman, which brings her into conflict with Batman . She forms an alliance with the Penguin to disgrace Batman while beginning to date Bruce Wayne, unaware that he is Batman's alter ego. After discovering each other's secret identities, Selina ultimately rejects Bruce's plea to abandon her vengeance and kills Shreck before vanishing into the night. Pfeiffer's performance received universal acclaim. Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is often considered to be the greatest portrayal of the character of all time as well as one of the finest performances of her career, though she regarded it as one of her most uncomfortable due to the extreme discomfort and inhibitions she suffered while wearing the costume during filming. Fictional character biography Selina Kyle is the meek assistant and secretary of wealthy industrialist Max Shreck ( Christopher Walken ). Despite his aloof nature, Selina remains loyal to Shreck to the point that Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and Alexander Knox ( Robert Wuhl ) believe her to be Shreck's wife. At some point, Selina crosses paths with the Joker ( Jack Nicholson ) outside the Gotham museum and is terrified, but he spares her life. Though the Joker perishes in battle against Batman, he later resurfaces and makes his presence known to Gotham via a television broadcast, causing Selina to panic and barricade her apartment, unaware that the "Joker" is actually Karlo Babić impersonating him. Batman eventually uncovers the façade and Babić is taken by the authorities. A while later, Shreck attempts to kill Selina to silence her when she inadvertently uncovers his plot to build a power plant which would covertly siphon and hoard electricity from Gotham City . Several fabric canopies help to break her fall and Selina is awakened by a group of alley cats . She returns home and suffers a psychotic breakdown by her near-death experience, angrily crafting a costume from a black raincoat and adopting the name Catwoman. As part of her larger plan to destroy Shreck, she allies herself with the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ), which attracts Batman 's ( Michael Keaton ) attention but she is later betrayed. Meanwhile, Selina begins a relationship with Bruce Wayne, at first not knowing that he is Batman, nor he knowing she is Catwoman. At the climax of the film, Catwoman in her torn costume is intent on killing Shreck. Although Shreck shoots her several times, he fails to kill her again. She then kills Shreck by kissing him with a taser in her mouth while holding onto an exposed power cable. An explosion ensues, but afterwards, Batman finds only Shreck's charred corpse. As the Bat-signal later shines in the night sky, Catwoman is seen watching from afar. Other media In 2004's Catwoman , Kyle's photograph is shown among those of former "Catwomen" viewed by Patience Phillips ( Halle Berry ) when visiting researcher Ophelia Powers ( Frances Conroy ). In " Arrowverse " crossover, " Crisis on Infinite Earths ", the setting of Batman and Batman Returns is established to take place on "Earth-89". The newspaper article read by an older Alexander Knox ( Robert Wuhl ) shows that Kyle later became publicly engaged to Bruce Wayne after reuniting with him. In Birds of Prey (2002–2003) television series opening credits and main plot, Helena Kyle / Huntress ( Ashley Scott ) is shown to be the daughter of Keaton's Batman and Pfeiffer's Catwoman. [ 1 ] Selina Kyle appears in the sequel comic book Batman '89 , reuniting with Bruce to defeat Harvey Dent, turned into Two-Face. She also appears in the sequel Batman 89: Echoes . Selina Kyle appears in the 2024 novel, Batman: Resurrection , by John Jackson Miller , which is set between the events of Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). In the novel, it is revealed that she encountered the Joker sometime during the events of the first film and has subsequently been traumatized since then, to the point that when the Joker apparently comes back to life, she barricades her apartment door and refuses to leave, unaware that the Joker is actually Karlo Babić posing as him. During a charity event, Vicki Vale and Alexander Knox claim to have once speculated that Selina was Max Shreck's wife or mistress. Selina Kyle returns in the 2025 novel, Batman: Revolution . In it, Selina goes on a blind date with Norman Pinkus, who goes on to become known as the Riddler . Background Pfeiffer's interpretation of the character is specifically influenced by the graphic novel Catwoman: Her Sister's Keeper , and derives heavily from the Pre- Crisis version of the character. In the film, she wears an all-black update of the character's traditionally green catsuit, and her facial appearance includes blonde hair and a cat-eared cowl that covers up part of her face, with the initial concept for the costume coming from Tim Burton, who envisioned a stuffed cat with its stitches coming apart at the seams. Sam Hamm originally wrote a sequel script to the original Batman , which had Catwoman teaming up with The Penguin to go after hidden treasure, but screenwriter Daniel Waters reworked her characterization after Burton brought him in to pen a new screenplay for the film. Waters explained "Sam Hamm went back to the way comic books in general treat women, like fetishy sexual fantasy. I wanted to start off just at the lowest point in society, a very beaten down secretary." [ 2 ] Catwoman killing Schreck with the taser kiss was originally written as her disfiguring Harvey Dent and turning him into Two-Face in early drafts of the script, but he was eventually deleted from the film. According to Pfeiffer, who was previously reportedly considered to play Vicki Vale in the previous film but turned down, she felt devastated after Annette Bening was cast as Catwoman based on the strength of her performance in The Grifters , but Bening had to drop out of the film due to becoming pregnant. [ 3 ] Sean Young , who was originally chosen for Vicki Vale in the previous film, believed the role should have gone to her, and she visited the production offices dressed in a homemade Catwoman costume, demanding to be considered. [ 4 ] Susan Sarandon , Meryl Streep , Brooke Shields , Demi Moore , Nicole Kidman (who ended up playing Dr. Chase Meridian in Batman Forever ), Jodie Foster , Geena Davis (who worked before with Burton and Keaton in Beetlejuice ), Sigourney Weaver , Lena Olin , singer Madonna , Raquel Welch , Cher , Ellen Barkin , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Lorraine Bracco , Jennifer Beals , and Bridget Fonda also either sought out or were considered for the role. [ 5 ] Burton was unfamiliar with Pfeiffer's work when she was suggested to him, but after one meeting was convinced that she would be perfect, and that she "could be both Selina Kyle and Catwoman" at the same time. Pfeiffer undertook kickboxing lessons for the role and trained for months with an expert to master the whip, and on the first day she accidentally cut her teacher's chin. [ 3 ] Kathy Long , Pfeiffer's kickboxing coach, also served as her body double on the film. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] More than 60 latex catsuits were created for the six-month shoot at $1,000 each. [ 8 ] The initial concept for the design came from Tim Burton, who envisioned a stuffed cat with its stitches coming apart at the seams. The costume was created around a body cast of Pfeiffer so that it would fit her exactly, and painted with white silicone rubber to imitate stitches. It was extremely tight and very laborious to put on – Pfeiffer had to be covered in talcum powder to squeeze into the costume, which was in turn brushed with liquid silicone on every take to give it shine. [ 9 ] [ 3 ] Pfeiffer would wear the suit for 12 to 14 hours at a time, except lunch breaks when it was removed, which was her only opportunity to use the bathroom during the workday. Reception Audiences at test screenings responded positively to Michelle Pfeiffer's performance, and the studio wanted to make it clear Catwoman survived, so two weeks before release the final shot of her was added to the film. [ 3 ] Pfeiffer received universal critical acclaim for her performance, and is consistently referred to as the greatest portrayal of Catwoman of all time by critics and fans. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] She is also considered one of the best villains in the Batman film franchise, ranking #2 in lists by The Ringer and The Mary Sue , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and in first place by Variety . [ 15 ] Janet Maslin described her performance as "captivating... fierce, seductive", [ 16 ] while Peter Travers wrote in Rolling Stone "Pfeiffer gives this feminist avenger a tough core of intelligence and wit; she's a classic dazzler". [ 17 ] Premiere retrospectively lauded her performance: "Arguably the outstanding villain of the Tim Burton era, Michelle Pfeiffer's deadly kitten with a whip brought sex to the normally neutered franchise. Her stitched-together, black patent leather costume, based on a sketch of Burton's, remains the character's most iconic look. And Michelle Pfeiffer overcomes Batman Returns ' heavy-handed feminist dialogue to deliver a growling, fierce performance." [ 18 ] In 2023, IGN ranked Catwoman as the 3rd greatest film supervillain of all time. [ 19 ] Todd McCarthy of Variety praised her performance: "Pfeiffer proves to be a very tasty Catwoman indeed." [ 20 ] Entertainment Weekly ' s Owen Gleiberman wrote: "The runaway star here is Pfeiffer, whose performance is a sexy, comic triumph." [ 21 ] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times praised Pfeiffer: "Michelle Pfeiffer’s stylish and funny performance as the frumpy Selina Kyle and her alter ego, the whip-cracking gender-bending Catwoman. The energy and pizazz Pfeiffer brings to the dual role is a pleasure." [ 22 ] In 2023, Variety named Pfeiffer's Catwoman the second-greatest acting performance in a superhero film, arguing that it was deserving of an Academy Award nomination. [ 23 ] Legacy "After the traumas of Batman Returns she has amnesia, and she doesn't really remember why she has all these bullet holes in her body, so she goes to relax in Oasisburg. What Gotham City is to New York , Oasisburg is to Las Vegas - Los Angeles - Palm Springs . [It's a] resort area in the middle of the desert. It's run by superheroes, and the movie has great fun at making fun at the whole male superhero mythos. Then they end up being not very good at all deep down, and she's got to go back to that whole Catwoman thing." "After the traumas of Batman Returns she has amnesia, and she doesn't really remember why she has all these bullet holes in her body, so she goes to relax in Oasisburg. What Gotham City is to New York , Oasisburg is to Las Vegas - Los Angeles - Palm Springs . [It's a] resort area in the middle of the desert. It's run by superheroes, and the movie has great fun at making fun at the whole male superhero mythos. Then they end up being not very good at all deep down, and she's got to go back to that whole Catwoman thing." With Warner Bros. moving on development for Batman Forever in June 1993 (a film which briefly referenced Catwoman in dialogue form), a Catwoman spin-off was announced. Michelle Pfeiffer was to reprise her role, with the character not to appear in Forever because of her own spin-off. [ 24 ] Burton became attached as director, while producer Denise Di Novi and writer Daniel Waters also returned. [ 25 ] In January 1994, Burton was unsure of his plans to direct Catwoman or an adaptation of " The Fall of the House of Usher ". [ 26 ] On June 16, 1995, Waters turned in his Catwoman script to Warner Bros., the same day Batman Forever was released. Burton was still being courted to direct. Waters joked, "Turning it in the day Batman Forever opened may not have been my best logistical move, in that it's the celebration of the fun-for-the-whole-family Batman. Catwoman is definitely not a fun-for-the-whole-family script." [ 2 ] In an August 1995 interview, Pfeiffer re-iterated her interest in the spin-off, but explained her priorities would be challenged as a mother and commitments to other projects. [ 27 ] In January 1999, writer John August pitched his script, where Selina Kyle leaves Gotham and goes to her home town of Lake City. [ 28 ] The film labored in development hell for years, with Pfeiffer replaced by Ashley Judd . The film ended up becoming the critically panned Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry as Patience Phillips, with Pfeiffer's Selina Kyle represented with a photograph of her alongside other "Catwomen". [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In a 2021 interview with Screen Rant , Pfeiffer stated that she would be interested in reprising the role in The Flash , but that "no one's asked me yet". [ 31 ] For her role as Catwoman in 2022's The Batman , Zoë Kravitz has stated that Pfeiffer was one of her inspirations for the character. She gained support from Pfeiffer, Berry and Anne Hathaway from The Dark Knight Rises as well. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] See also Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character) Oswald Cobblepot ( Batman Returns ) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Birds of Prey TV (2002) Long promo original . YouTube . July 31, 2013 – via Ashley Scott . ^ a b c Sloane, Judy (August 1995). "Daniel Waters on Writing". Film Review . London, England: Visual Imagination Ltd. pp. 67– 69. ^ a b c d Burton, Byron (June 19, 2017). " 'Batman Returns' at 25: Stars Reveal Script Cuts, Freezing Sets and Aggressive Penguins" . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2019 . ^ Gerosa, Melina (January 30, 2007). "Odd Woman Out" . Entertainment Weekly . New York City: Meredith Corporation . Retrieved September 30, 2019 . Young dressed in a catsuit, flew to L.A., and personally lobbied for the role at Warner Bros. headquarters. ^ Broeske, Pat H.; Thompson, Anne (August 9, 1991). "Big-Game Hunting" . Entertainment Weekly . New York City: Time, Inc. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29 . Retrieved August 1, 2025 . Other rumored contenders: Raquel Welch, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Lena Olin, Ellen Barkin, Cher, Bridget Fonda, Susan Sarandon, and even Batman's Vicky Vale, Kim Basinger. ^ "Batman Returns AFI Catalog" . catalog.afi.com . American Film Institute . ^ Calistro, Paddy (July 17, 1992). "Directory : Kick-boxing is the hottest workout in town, thanks to a streetwise fighter called Catwoman. Here's where to get your kicks" . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles, California. ^ Tim Fennell (August 1992). "The Catsuit", Empire , pp. 47—49. Retrieved August 14, 2008. ^ Lack, Hannah (July 12, 2012). "Costume designer Mary Vogt on Michelle Pfeiffer's Catsuit" . AnOther Magazine . Archived from the original on 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2019 . ^ Hutchinson, Chase (June 17, 2023). " 'Batman Returns' Review: It's All About the Performances in Tim Burton's Delightfully Dark Sequel" . Collider . Without diminishing some of the others who have taken on the role, Michelle Pfeiffer is the definitive Catwoman and the best Selina Kyle to date. Once she gets her claws into the role, she never let's go until she has completely torn each and every scene to pieces. She essentially steals the entire movie, nearly making every moment without her a lesser one as a result. ^ "Every Live-Action Catwoman, Ranked From Worst to Best" . Variety. March 14, 2022. Pfeiffer brings a delectable twist to the classic character and sets the bar high for future kittens, and her spot at the top probably won't change anytime soon. After all, she does have nine lives. ^ Meenan, Devin (March 29, 2022). "Batman: 10 Best Actresses Who've Played Catwoman, Ranked" . CBR. ^ "The 25 Best Batman Villains, Ranked" . The Ringer. March 2, 2022. ^ Baranda, Danielle (December 2, 2022). "All the Best Batman Movie Villains, Ranked" . The Mary Sue. ^ Murphy, J. Kim (March 2, 2022). " 'Batman' Live-Action Movie Villains, Ranked" . Variety. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 19, 1992). "Movie Review - Batman Returns - Review/Film: Batman Returns; A Sincere Bat, a Sexy Cat and a Bad Bird" . The New York Times . New York City. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012 . Retrieved October 22, 2019 . ^ Travers, Peter (February 7, 2001). "Batman Returns" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 4, 2007 . Retrieved September 30, 2019 . ^ "The Best Bat-Villains: Catwoman - Premiere.com - Premiere.com" . Premiere Magazine . Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2019 . ^ Fowler, Matt (October 5, 2023). "The 25 Best Superhero Movie Villains of All Time" . IGN. ^ McCarthy, Todd (June 15, 1992). "Batman Returns" . Variety . Retrieved September 30, 2019 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 26, 1992). " 'Batman Returns': EW review" . Entertainment Weekly . New York City: Time, Inc. ^ Turan, Kenneth (June 19, 1992). "MOVIE REVIEW : The Roar of the Cat, Whimper of the Bat" . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles, California. ^ Davis, Clayton (June 5, 2023). "62 Best Superhero Movie Performances, From Heath Ledger to Angela Bassett" . Variety . Retrieved July 17, 2025 . ^ Michael Fleming (1993-06-17). "Dish" . Variety . Retrieved 2008-08-14 . ^ Fleming, Michael (July 22, 1993). "Another life at WB for Catwoman and Burton?" . Variety . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Fleming, Michael (January 13, 1994). "Seagal on the pulpit may be too much for WB" . Variety . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Egan, Tim (August 6, 1995). "Michelle Pfeiffer, Sensuous to Sensible". The New York Times . New York City. ^ Pearson, Ben (17 August 2018). "Here's What a 'Catwoman' Solo Movie Starring Michelle Pfeiffer Could Have Been About" . /Film . ^ Fleming, Michael (April 2, 2001). "WB: Judd purr-fect as Cat " . Variety . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ "Catwoman" . Rotten Tomatoes . July 19, 2004 . Retrieved August 15, 2008 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Would Play Catwoman In The Flash Movie If Asked" . ScreenRant . 2021-01-28 . Retrieved 2021-02-07 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer has important Catwoman advice for Zoë Kravitz" . DigitalSpy . 2019-10-17 . Retrieved 2022-03-29 . ^ "Halle Berry & Michelle Pfeiffer React To Zoë Kravitz' Catwoman In The Batman" . Bustle . 2022-03-08 . Retrieved 2022-03-29 . External links Sweeney, Selina, and the Antiheroic Tim Burton Revolutionary VeerMag.com Selina Kyle (Burtonverse) on DC Database , a DC Comics wiki .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman characters v t e Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Ace the Bat-Hound Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Kate Kane Category Category Catwoman in other media Batman (1989 film series) Batman live-action film characters DC Comics female supervillains Action film villains Female film villains Fictional whip fighters Fictional female thieves Film characters introduced in 1992 Batman characters Fictional secretaries Fictional vigilantes Fictional female murderers Characters created by Tim Burton Film supervillains Fictional revenge seekers Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 02:55 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Selected anniversaries/January Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛語 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Bahasa Indonesia עברית Къарачай-малкъар Қазақша Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски मराठी ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Перем коми Polski Русский සිංහල سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Walon Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Selected anniversaries / On this day archive All January February March April May June July August September October November December Recent changes Editing guidelines It is now 11:56 on Friday, January 16, 2026 ( UTC )| Purge cache for this page << Selected anniversaries for January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 An archive of historical anniversaries that appeared on the Main Page 2026 day arrangement January 1 : Independence Day in the Czech Republic and Slovakia ( 1993 ); Public Domain Day ; Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ( Roman Rite Catholicism ) 1726 – J. S. Bach led the first performance of Herr Gott, dich loben wir , BWV 16 , his church cantata for New Year's Day to a libretto by Georg Christian Lehms (pictured) . 1776 – American Revolutionary War : The town of Norfolk, Virginia , was burned and destroyed by the combined actions of British and Whig forces. 1785 – The Times began publication in London as The Daily Universal Register . 1926 – Ireland's first broadcaster, 2RN , began broadcasting. 2011 – A suicide bombing took place outside a Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria , Egypt, following a New Year service, killing 23 people. Wilhelm Canaris ( b. 1887) Maria Frisé ( b. 1926) Eiichiro Oda ( b. 1975) Shou Zi Chew ( b. 1983) December 31 January 1 January 2 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 2 : Feast day of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus and Saint Basil of Caesarea ( Roman Rite Catholicism , Anglicanism ) 533 – Mercurius, a Roman priest, was elected Pope John II ; he was likely the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy . 1680 – Trunajaya rebellion : Amangkurat II of Mataram of Java and his courtiers stabbed Trunajaya to death a week after the rebel leader surrendered to VOC forces. 1941 – Second World War : Llandaff Cathedral (pictured) in Cardiff , Wales, was severely damaged by German bombing during the Cardiff Blitz . 1976 – An extratropical cyclone began affecting parts of western Europe, resulting in coastal flooding around the southern portions of the North Sea and leading to at least 82 deaths. 2024 – While landing at Haneda Airport , Japan Airlines Flight 516 collided with a De Havilland Canada Dash 8 which killed five people in total. William de St-Calais ( d. 1096) Tex Rickard ( b. 1870) Lynn Conway ( b. 1938) Dnyaneshwar Agashe ( d. 2009) January 1 January 2 January 3 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 3 1521 – Pope Leo X (depicted) issued the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem , excommunicating Martin Luther for refusing to retract 41 alleged errors found in his 95 Theses and other writings. 1911 – A gun battle in the East End of London left two dead and sparked a political row over the operational involvement of Winston Churchill , then Home Secretary . 1941 – Second World War : As part of Operation Compass , Australian and United Kingdom forces attacked Italian forces at the Battle of Bardia in Egypt. 1961 – All 25 people on board Aero Flight 311 died in Finland's worst civilian air accident when the aircraft crashed near Kvevlax . 1973 – CBS announced the sale of the New York Yankees professional baseball team to a group of investors headed by American businessman George Steinbrenner . Angelo Emo ( b. 1731) Savitribai Phule ( b. 1831) Lynn Hill ( b. 1961) Robert Clark ( d. 2013) January 2 January 3 January 4 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 4 : Colonial Repression Martyrs' Day in Angola ( 1961 ) 1798 – After his appointment as Prince of Wallachia , Constantine Hangerli arrived in Bucharest to assume the throne. 1909 – British explorer Aeneas Mackintosh , a member of the Nimrod Expedition , escaped death by fleeing across ice floes . 1951 – Korean War : Chinese and North Korean troops captured Seoul from United Nations forces . 1972 – Rose Heilbron (pictured) became the first female judge to sit at the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales . 2019 – A fire in an escape room in Koszalin , Poland, killed five teenagers. Johanna Westerdijk ( b. 1883) Arthur Rose Eldred ( d. 1951) Erwin Schrödinger ( d. 1961) David Berman ( b. 1967) January 3 January 4 January 5 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 5 : Twelfth Night (Western Christianity) 1675 – Franco-Dutch War : French troops defeated Austrian and Brandenburg forces at the Battle of Turckheim (pictured) in Alsace . 1925 – Nellie Tayloe Ross was inaugurated as Governor of Wyoming , the first woman to serve as the governor of a U.S. state . 1975 – The bulk carrier Lake Illawarra struck a bridge over the River Derwent in Hobart , Australia, causing the deaths of seven of the ship's crewmen and five motorists on the bridge. 1976 – The Troubles : In response to the killings of six Catholics the previous night, South Armagh Republican Action Force gunmen killed ten Protestants in County Armagh , Northern Ireland. 1991 – The embassy of the United States to Somalia was evacuated by helicopter airlift days after violence enveloped Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War . Philippa of England ( d. 1430) Hayao Miyazaki ( b. 1941) Diane Keaton ( b. 1946) Deepika Padukone ( b. 1986) January 4 January 5 January 6 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 6 : Little Christmas 1066 – Harold Godwinson , the last Anglo-Saxon monarch before the Norman Conquest , was crowned King of England . 1536 – The oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas, the Colegio de Santa Cruz , was founded in Tlatelolco, Mexico City . 1907 – Italian educator Maria Montessori opened her first school and day-care centre for working-class children in Rome, employing a philosophy of education that now bears her name . 1941 – During his State of the Union address, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt presented his Four Freedoms (composite poster depicted) as fundamental freedoms that all people ought to enjoy. 1972 – A brawl broke out between players, fans, and police officers during an ice hockey game between the Philadelphia Flyers and the St. Louis Blues in Philadelphia . Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares ( b. 1587) Rinko Kikuchi ( b. 1981) Usha Vance ( b. 1986) Alan Wiggins ( d. 1991) January 5 January 6 January 7 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 7 : Victory over Genocide Day in Cambodia ( 1979 ); Tricolour Day in Italy ( 1797 ) 1327 – The Parliament of 1327 , which was instrumental in the transfer of the English Crown from King Edward II to his son, Edward III , began at the Palace of Westminster . 1931 – Australian aviator Guy Menzies (pictured) flew from Sydney to New Zealand's West Coast , making the first solo trans-Tasman flight. 1978 – An article entitled " Iran and Red and Black Colonization " was published in the newspaper Ettela'at attacking Ruhollah Khomeini , then in exile in Iraq. 1989 – In one of the most famous upsets in FA Cup history, Sutton United , a team in the fifth tier of English league football , defeated top-tier Coventry City . Nicholas Hilliard ( d. 1619) Helena Válková ( b. 1951) Johnny Owen ( b. 1956) Eden Hazard ( b. 1991) January 6 January 7 January 8 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 8 1735 – George Frideric Handel 's opera Ariodante premiered at the Covent Garden Theatre (pictured) in London. 1790 – George Washington delivered the first State of the Union address in New York City, then the provisional capital of the United States. 1939 – The New Deal for Aborigines was formally announced by the Australian government, providing for full civil rights for Indigenous Australians in exchange for cultural assimilation . 1991 – Jeremy Wade Delle committed suicide in his high-school class in Richardson, Texas , an event that inspired the Pearl Jam song " Jeremy ". 2010 – Gunmen from an offshoot of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda attacked the bus transporting the Togo national football team to the Africa Cup of Nations in Angola, killing three people. Athelm ( d. 926) Fanny Bullock Workman ( b. 1859) Zdeněk Mácal ( b. 1936) Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell ( d. 1941) January 7 January 8 January 9 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 9 1917 – World War I : A meeting of the German Crown Council decided upon the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare . 1972 – Seawise University , formerly RMS Queen Elizabeth (pictured) , an ocean liner that sailed the Atlantic for Cunard Line , caught fire in Victoria Harbour , Hong Kong. 1981 – U.S. representative Raymond Lederer was convicted of bribery and conspiracy for his role in the Abscam scandal, but continued to serve his term for three more months. 1996 – First Chechen War : Chechen separatists launched raids in the city of Kizlyar , Dagestan , which turned into a massive hostage crisis involving thousands of civilians. 2015 – A hostage situation , related to the Charlie Hebdo shooting , occurred at a Jewish market in Vincennes . Demetrios Chalkokondyles ( d. 1511) Annemarie Heinrich ( b. 1912) Catherine, Princess of Wales ( b. 1982) Otto Schenk ( d. 2025) January 8 January 9 January 10 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 10 976 – After the death of his guardian John I Tzimiskes , Basil II became the effective ruler and senior emperor of the Byzantine Empire . 1430 – Philip the Good established the Order of the Golden Fleece , referred to as the most prestigious, exclusive, and expensive order of chivalry in the world. 1917 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition : Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party were rescued after being stranded for several months. 1941 – Greco-Italian War : The Greek army captured the strategically important Klisura Pass in Albania. 1946 – The first session of the United Nations General Assembly convened in London with representatives from the original 51 member states . 1985 – Sir Clive Sinclair launched the Sinclair C5 personal electric vehicle (pictured) , "one of the great marketing bombs of postwar British industry", which later became a cult collectable despite its commercial failure. Carl Linnaeus ( d. 1778) Rod Stewart ( b. 1945) Tao Li ( b. 1990) January 9 January 10 January 11 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 11 : Prithvi Jayanti in Nepal 1055 – Theodora Porphyrogenita became the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire after the death of her brother-in-law Constantine IX Monomachos . 1946 – The People's Republic of Albania was proclaimed, with Enver Hoxha as the country's de facto head of state. 1961 – Students at the University of Georgia rioted in an attempt to prevent the attendance of two African-American students. 1986 – The Gateway Bridge (pictured) in Brisbane , Australia, opened as the largest prestressed-concrete , single-box bridge in the world. 2024 – Several thousand North Korean migrant workers in Helong engaged in civil unrest , including a factory occupation and the taking of managers as hostages, due to unpaid wages. Alice Paul ( b. 1885) Roberta Fulbright ( d. 1953) Emile Heskey ( b. 1978) Tom Parry Jones ( d. 2013) January 10 January 11 January 12 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 12 : Zanzibar Revolution Day in Tanzania ( 1964 ); Eugenio María de Hostos's birthday in Puerto Rico (2026) 475 – Basiliscus became Byzantine emperor after Zeno was forced to flee Constantinople . 1808 – John Rennie 's scheme to defend St Mary's Church (pictured) in Reculver from coastal erosion was abandoned in favour of demolition, despite the church being an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon architecture . 1895 – The National Trust , a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, was founded. 1916 – Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann became the first German aviators to be awarded the Pour le Mérite , Germany's highest military honour. 2010 – An earthquake registering 7.0 M w struck Haiti, killing more than 100,000 people. Étienne Lenoir ( b. 1822) Austin Chapman ( d. 1926) Agatha Christie ( d. 1976) Zhansaya Abdumalik ( b. 2000) January 11 January 12 January 13 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 13 : Saint Knut's Day in Finland and Sweden 1815 – British troops captured Fort Peter in St. Marys , in the only battle of the War of 1812 to take place in the state of Georgia . 1916 – The first Feminist Congress of Yucatán (delegates pictured) began in Mérida , Mexico, to propose reforms for women's social, educational, and legal rights. 1949 – In the first recorded instance of strike action by Catholic laity against the clergy, gravediggers at Calvary Cemetery in Queens , New York City, went on strike . 2001 – The first of two large earthquakes in the span of a month struck El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and destroying over 100,000 homes. 2003 – The trans-Neptunian object 208996 Achlys was discovered by Chad Trujillo and Michael E. Brown at Palomar Observatory , California. Æthelwulf, King of Wessex ( d. 858) Brynhild Olivier ( d. 1935) Maon Kurosaki ( b. 1988) Guido Dessauer ( d. 2012) January 12 January 13 January 14 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 14 : Ratification Day in the United States ( 1784 ) 1641 – Dutch–Portuguese War : The Dutch siege of Malacca against the Portuguese ended when Dutch troops seized the city's citadel (depicted) . 1907 – An earthquake registering 6.2 M w struck Kingston, Jamaica , resulting in approximately 1,000 deaths. 1966 – Vietnam War : United States and Australian troops ended Operation Crimp ; during the military operation, troops discovered an extensive tunnel network used by the Viet Cong . 1978 – Austrian logician Kurt Gödel , who suffered from an obsessive fear of being poisoned , died of starvation after his wife was hospitalized and unable to cook for him. 2011 – Arab Spring : Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country after several violent protests . Evander Berry Wall ( b. 1861) James P. Hagerstrom ( b. 1921) Caterina Valente ( b. 1931) Alan Rickman ( d. 2016) January 13 January 14 January 15 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 15 : John Chilembwe Day in Malawi 1867 – In Regent's Park , London, the ice on the lake broke , plunging skaters into the water and causing 40 deaths from drowning or hypothermia. 1910 – Construction was completed on the Buffalo Bill Dam , then the tallest dam in the world, on the Shoshone River in the U.S. state of Wyoming . 1951 – Ilse Koch , wife of Karl-Otto Koch , the Nazi commander of the Buchenwald and Majdanek concentration camps , was sentenced to life imprisonment by a West German court. 1962 – The Derveni papyrus (fragment pictured) , the oldest surviving manuscript in Europe, was discovered in Macedonia in northern Greece. 1970 – The Republic of Biafra surrendered following a failed attempt at secession from Nigeria, ending the Nigerian Civil War . 2001 – The first edit to the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia was made. Eliza McCardle Johnson ( d. 1876) Tsegaye Kebede ( b. 1987) Grace VanderWaal ( b. 2004) David Lynch ( d. 2025) January 14 January 15 January 16 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 16 1537 – Sir Francis Bigod began an armed rebellion against King Henry VIII and the English Parliament . 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States Civil Service , was enacted by the U.S. Congress . 1945 – World War II : Adolf Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker in Berlin, where he would eventually commit suicide . 2016 – After gunmen took hostages the previous night at a restaurant in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso, government commandos stormed the premises to bring the situation to an end. 2017 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 crashed in Manas International Airport (aftermath pictured) after the flight overflew the entire runway, which resulted in 39 deaths. John C. Breckinridge ( b. 1821) Miguel Ángel Mancera ( b. 1966) Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri ( d. 2003) Valene L. Smith ( d. 2024) January 15 January 16 January 17 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 17 1773 – On James Cook 's second voyage , his vessel HMS Resolution became the first vessel to cross the Antarctic Circle . 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg , who had saved thousands of Jews from the Holocaust , was taken into Soviet custody during the Siege of Budapest and was never seen in public again. 1961 – Three days before leaving office, U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a farewell speech to the nation , in which he warned about the dangers of the military–industrial complex . 1989 – Patrick Purdy opened fire in an elementary school in Stockton, California , killing 5 and wounding 32 others. 2010 – The first spate of violence between Muslims and Christians began in Jos , Nigeria, and would end in more than 200 deaths. William Backhouse ( b. 1593) Big Bear ( d. 1888) Barbara Jordan ( d. 1996) Tom Kilburn ( d. 2001) January 16 January 17 January 18 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 18 : World Religion Day (2026) 1871 – A number of previously independent states united to form the German Empire , with Wilhelm I as German Emperor . 1951 – Construction began in Busan , South Korea, on the United Nations Military Cemetery (pictured) , the only United Nations cemetery in the world. 1956 – Navvab Safavi , an Iranian Shia cleric and the founder of the fundamentalist group Fada'iyan-e Islam , was executed with three of his followers for attempting to assassinate Prime Minister Hossein Ala' . 1969 – Thousands of Japanese police stormed the University of Tokyo after six months of nationwide leftist university student protests and occupations . 1983 – Thirty years after his death, the International Olympic Committee presented commemorative medals to the family of American athlete Jim Thorpe , who had been stripped of his gold medals for playing semi-professional baseball before the 1912 Summer Olympics . Isabella Jagiellon ( b. 1519) Elena Arizmendi Mejía ( b. 1884) Philippe Starck ( b. 1949) Bruce Chatwin ( d. 1989) January 17 January 18 January 19 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 19 : Martin Luther King Jr. Day in the United States (2026) 1419 – Hundred Years' War : The siege of Rouen ended with English troops capturing the city from Norman French forces. 1909 – A deed was recorded for David Hanbury to sell Island No. 2 in northern California to his brother John for $10 ($349.96 in .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 2024 ). 1977 – Iva Toguri (pictured) , convicted of treason for broadcasting Japanese propaganda , was granted a full pardon by U.S. president Gerald Ford . 1996 – A tank barge and a tug grounded on a beach in Rhode Island , causing a spill of an estimated 828,000 U.S. gallons (3.13 million litres) of home heating oil . 2006 – In the deadliest aviation accident in Slovak history, an Antonov An-24 operated by the Slovak Air Force crashed in northern Hungary , killing 42 of the 43 people on board. Giuseppe Millico ( b. 1737) Choor Singh ( b. 1911) Yordanka Youroukova ( b. 1936) Sarah Burke ( d. 2012) January 18 January 19 January 20 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 20 : Day of Nationwide Sorrow in Azerbaijan ( 1990 ) 1265 – Simon de Montfort summoned local representatives to the Palace of Westminster to attend a parliament , now considered to be the forerunner of the House of Commons of England . 1945 – World War II : In an operation that took nearly two months to complete, Germany began the evacuation of at least 1.8 million people from East Prussia in anticipation of the advancing Soviet Red Army . 2018 – A group of Taliban gunmen attacked and took hostages at the Hotel Inter-Continental Kabul , Afghanistan, sparking a 12-hour battle that left at least 21 people dead. Sebastian Münster ( b. 1488) Agnes Mary Clerke ( d. 1907) Yolanda González ( b. 1961) Chris Karrer ( b. 1945) January 19 January 20 January 21 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 21 : National Hugging Day (United States) 1793 – French Revolution : After being found guilty of high treason by the National Convention , Louis XVI was guillotined in Paris . 1919 – The First Dáil convened at the Mansion House in Dublin and adopted a declaration of independence calling for the establishment of the Irish Republic . 1951 – Mount Lamington , a volcano in Papua New Guinea, erupted (pictured) and killed more than 2,900 people. 1972 – Tripura , formerly part of the independent Twipra Kingdom , became a state of India . 2017 – Millions of people participated in the Women's March in Washington, D.C. , and around the world to advocate for legislation and policies on human rights and other issues. Eusapia Palladino ( b. 1854) Trương Tấn Sang ( b. 1949) Jeff Koons ( b. 1955) Frances Gertrude McGill ( d. 1959) January 20 January 21 January 22 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 22 : Day of Unity of Ukraine ( 1919 ) 565 – Eutychius of Constantinople was arrested after he refused Byzantine emperor Justinian I 's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae , a sect of non-Chalcedonian Christians . 1273 – Muhammad II became Sultan of Granada after his father 's death in a riding accident. 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War : The Zulu forces of King Cetshwayo (pictured) achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Isandlwana . 1973 – The U.S. Supreme Court 's landmark decision in Roe v. Wade struck down laws restricting abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy . 2006 – Evo Morales was inaugurated as President of Bolivia , becoming the country's first indigenous president. 2012 – Croatia held a referendum in which it voted to become a member of the European Union . Christian Ramsay ( d. 1839) Vito Cascio Ferro ( b. 1862) S. Vithiananthan ( d. 1989) Ursula K. Le Guin ( d. 2018) January 21 January 22 January 23 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 23 1368 – The Hongwu Emperor (pictured) ascended to the throne, initiating the Ming dynasty , which would rule China for three centuries. 1571 – Queen Elizabeth I opened the Royal Exchange in London, giving it its royal title. 1870 – American Indian Wars : The United States Army killed about 200 Piegan Blackfeet , mostly women, children, and the elderly, in the Marias Massacre . 1915 – Rebels led by John Chilembwe attacked local plantation owners, beginning an uprising regarded as a key moment in the history of Malawi. 2003 – The final signal was detected from the NASA space probe Pioneer 10 , then about 12 billion kilometres (7.5 billion miles) from Earth. William Pitt the Younger ( d. 1806) Potter Stewart ( b. 1915) Megawati Sukarnoputri ( b. 1947) Salvador Dalí ( d. 1989) January 22 January 23 January 24 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 24 : Alasitas ( La Paz , Bolivia); Day of the Unification of the Romanian Principalities ( 1859 ) 1458 – The Estates unanimously proclaimed 14-year-old Matthias Corvinus King of Hungary after being persuaded to do so by his uncle Michael Szilágyi . 1848 – James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill (reconstruction pictured) in Coloma, California , leading to the California gold rush . 1968 – Vietnam War : The 1st Australian Task Force launched Operation Coburg against the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong . 1977 – Spanish transition to democracy : Neo-fascists attacked an office in Madrid, killing five people and injuring four others. 1987 – About 20,000 protestors marched in a civil rights demonstration in Forsyth County, Georgia , United States. Signe Rink ( b. 1836) Maria Tallchief ( b. 1925) Madge Bellamy ( d. 1990) Helena Kmieć ( d. 2017) January 23 January 24 January 25 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 25 : Feast day of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus in Eastern Christianity and of Dwynwen in Wales; Tatiana Day in Russia 1515 – Francis I , a great-great-grandson of Charles V , was crowned king of France in the Reims Cathedral . 1725 – Privateer Amaro Pargo was declared a hidalgo , a member of the Spanish nobility. 1765 – Port Egmont , the first British colony in the Falkland Islands , was founded. 1890 – American journalist Nellie Bly (pictured) completed a circumnavigation of the globe by land and sea in a then-record-breaking 72 days. 1998 – The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam detonated a truck bomb at the sacred Buddhist Temple of the Tooth in Kandy , killing 17 people. Mihrimah Sultan ( d. 1578) Anna Gardner ( b. 1816) Jane Bathori ( d. 1970) Seunghee ( b. 1996) January 24 January 25 January 26 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 26 : Australia Day ; Laba Festival in China (2026); Republic Day in India 1926 – Oliver Hutchinson (pictured) appeared on television in inventor John Logie Baird 's first successful demonstration of using the technology to show humans. 1972 – JAT Flight 367 exploded in mid-air over Czechoslovakia; the only survivor of the 28 on board, flight attendant Vesna Vulović , fell 10,160 m (33,330 ft), setting the record for surviving the highest fall without a parachute. 1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 301 crashed while taking off from İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport , killing 67 people. 2015 – A jet fighter crashed at Los Llanos Air Base in Albacete , Spain, killing 11 people and injuring 21 others. 2020 – A Sikorsky S-76B helicopter crashed in Calabasas, California , killing all nine people on board, including former basketball player Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna . Lady Katherine Grey ( d. 1568) Bessie Coleman ( b. 1892) Olga Tufnell ( b. 1905) Jeanne Hébuterne ( d. 1920) January 25 January 26 January 27 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 27 945 – The brothers Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos , having deposed their father as Byzantine emperor a few weeks earlier, were themselves overthrown by Constantine VII , their co-emperor. 1825 – On the advice of John C. Calhoun , President James Monroe asked Congress to organize Indian Territory (map pictured) west of the Mississippi River , laying the groundwork for Indian removal in the United States. 1869 – Former members of the overthrown Tokugawa shogunate proclaimed Japan's second-largest island, Hokkaido , to be the independent Republic of Ezo . 1945 – The Soviet Red Army liberated about 7,000 prisoners left behind by the Nazis in Auschwitz concentration camp . 2010 – Porfirio Lobo Sosa became the new president of Honduras , ending a constitutional crisis that had begun in 2009 when Manuel Zelaya was forcibly removed from office . Angela Merici ( d. 1540) John Perkins ( d. 1812) Perfecto Yasay Jr. ( b. 1947) Zelda Rubinstein ( d. 2010) January 26 January 27 January 28 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 28 1393 – King Charles VI of France (pictured) was nearly killed when several other dancers' costumes caught fire during a masquerade ball in Paris. 1568 – Delegates of the Three Nations of Transylvania adopted the Edict of Torda , allowing local communities to elect their preachers freely, in an unprecedented act of religious tolerance. 1671 – Anglo-Spanish War : In pursuit of retreating Spanish troops, English soldiers sacked the city of Panama . 1916 – The province of Manitoba passed a law that first granted some Canadian women the right to vote . 1941 – About three hours after Thai bombers raided Sisophon , a ceasefire paused hostilities in the Franco-Thai War . Joan II of Navarre ( b. 1312) Agnes Sampson ( d. 1591) Colette ( b. 1873) Cicely Tyson ( d. 2021) January 27 January 28 January 29 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 29 : Kansas Day ( Kansas , United States) 757 – An Lushan , leader of a revolt against the Tang dynasty and emperor of Yan , was assassinated in a plot involving his own son, An Qingxu . 946 – The Abbasid caliph , al-Mustakfi , was deposed, going on to spend the rest of his life as a prisoner in the caliphal palace. 1907 – Kaw Nation citizen Charles Curtis (pictured) of Kansas became the first Native American U. S. Senator . 2006 – India 's Irfan Pathan became the only bowler to take a Test cricket hat-trick in the opening over of a match. 2017 – A lone gunman carried out a mass shooting at a mosque in Quebec City , Canada, killing six people and injuring up to nineteen others. Mary Whitwell Hale ( b. 1810) Sara Teasdale ( d. 1933) Elin Rombo ( b. 1976) Colleen McCullough ( d. 2015) January 28 January 29 January 30 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 30 : Martyrs' Day in India ( 1948 ); Fred Korematsu Day in parts of the United States 1018 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor , and Bolesław I , the Piast ruler of Poland, signed the Peace of Bautzen to end the German–Polish War . 1607 – Low-lying areas flooded around the coasts of the Bristol Channel in southwest England and south Wales, resulting in around 2,000 deaths. 1862 – The United States Navy launched USS Monitor (pictured) , the first American ironclad warship . 1964 – In a bloodless coup, Nguyễn Khánh overthrew Dương Văn Minh 's military junta in South Vietnam , less than three months after Minh's own coup . 2005 – Forty-six years to the day after the sinking of the Danish ocean liner MS Hans Hedtoft , Queen Margrethe II unveiled a memorial in Copenhagen to the 95 passengers and crew who perished. Lady Anne Clifford ( b. 1590) Barbara La Marr ( d. 1926) Professor Longhair ( d. 1980) Tyla ( b. 2002) January 29 January 30 January 31 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch January 31 : Independence Day in Nauru ( 1968 ) 1703 – Forty-seven rōnin (depicted) attacked the home of Kira Yoshinaka and killed him in an act of revenge for Asano Naganori , their dead feudal lord. 1850 – Ute Wars : On behalf of Utah territorial governor Brigham Young , militia leader Daniel H. Wells drafted an order for the Utah Territorial Militia to exterminate Timpanogos men deemed hostile, leading to the Provo River Massacre . 1900 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of a series of major disturbances in North Borneo , was shot dead in Tambunan , but his followers did not give up for five more years. 1997 – Final Fantasy VII , the first video game in the Final Fantasy franchise to use 3-D computer graphics, was released. 2000 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 , experiencing problems with its horizontal stabilizer system, crashed in the Pacific Ocean off Anacapa Island , California, killing all 88 people on board. James G. Blaine ( b. 1830) Preity Zinta ( b. 1975) Moira Shearer ( d. 2006) Lizabeth Scott ( d. 2015) January 30 January 31 February 1 Archive By email List of days of the year About view talk edit history watch Selected anniversaries / On this day archive All January February March April May June July August September October November December Recent changes Editing guidelines It is now 11:56 on Friday, January 16, 2026 ( UTC )| Purge cache for this page Selected anniversaries This page was last edited on 24 September 2013, at 11:17 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Picture of the day/Archive বাংলা فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Melayu ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Татарча / tatarça ತುಳು 文言 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item WP:POTD/A WP:POTD/A Featured content: Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures ← On Wikimedia Commons Featured topics Featured picture tools: Featured picture criteria Featured picture candidates Nomination procedure On Wikimedia Commons Featured picture candidates archive Featured pictures thumbs Picture of the day Picture of the day archive Random featured picture Featured content: Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures ← On Wikimedia Commons On Wikimedia Commons Featured topics Featured picture tools: Featured picture criteria Featured picture candidates Nomination procedure On Wikimedia Commons Featured picture candidates archive Nomination procedure On Wikimedia Commons Featured picture candidates archive Featured pictures thumbs Picture of the day Picture of the day archive Picture of the day archive Random featured picture Picture of the day archives 2004: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2005: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2006: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2007: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2008: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2009: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2010: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2011: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2012: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2013: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2014: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2015: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2016: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2017: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2018: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2019: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2020: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2021: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2022: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2023: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2024: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2025: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2026: January February March April May June July August September October November December 2027: January February March April May June July August September October November December These featured pictures , as scheduled below, appeared as the picture of the day (POTD) on the English Wikipedia's Main Page in the last 30 days. You can add an automatically updating POTD template to your user page using {{ Pic of the day }} (version with blurb ) or {{ POTD }} (version without blurb). For instructions on how to make custom POTD layouts, see Wikipedia:Picture of the day . Purge server cache January 15 The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned in the American city of Chicago in October 1871. The fire killed approximately 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles (9 km 2 ) of the city (including more than 17,000 structures), and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. It began in a neighborhood southwest of the city center and spread rapidly, amid a long period of hot, dry, windy weather. The fire leapt the south branch of the Chicago River and destroyed much of central Chicago before crossing the main stem of the river and consuming the Near North Side . This Currier and Ives lithograph, titled Chicago in Flames , shows an artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire, facing northeast across the Randolph Street Bridge , with thousands of people fleeing on foot and by carriage. Lithograph credit: Currier and Ives Recently featured: .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Rainbow bee-eater Paxillus involutus Antonio de Ulloa Archive More featured pictures The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned in the American city of Chicago in October 1871. The fire killed approximately 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles (9 km 2 ) of the city (including more than 17,000 structures), and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. It began in a neighborhood southwest of the city center and spread rapidly, amid a long period of hot, dry, windy weather. The fire leapt the south branch of the Chicago River and destroyed much of central Chicago before crossing the main stem of the river and consuming the Near North Side . This Currier and Ives lithograph, titled Chicago in Flames , shows an artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire, facing northeast across the Randolph Street Bridge , with thousands of people fleeing on foot and by carriage. Lithograph credit: Currier and Ives Rainbow bee-eater Paxillus involutus Antonio de Ulloa Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 14 The rainbow bee-eater ( Merops ornatus ) is a bird species in the family Meropidae, the bee-eaters . It is found during the summer in forested areas in most of southern Australia, excluding Tasmania, migrating to the north of the country as well as New Guinea and some of the southern islands of Indonesia in the winter. It inhabits open woodlands, beaches, dunes, cliffs, mangroves, and farmlands, and visits parks and private gardens. The rainbow bee-eater is a brilliantly coloured bird that grows between 23 and 28 centimetres (9.1 and 11.0 in) in length, including the elongated tail feathers, with a weight of 20 to 33 grams (0.71 to 1.16 oz). Its diet consists mostly of flying insects and especially bees, as implied by its name. Like all bee-eaters, it is a social bird; when not breeding, individuals roost together in large groups. This rainbow bee-eater perching on a twig was photographed in the Fogg Dam Conservation Reserve near Middle Point in the Northern Territory, Australia. Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp Recently featured: Paxillus involutus Antonio de Ulloa Effusive eruption Archive More featured pictures The rainbow bee-eater ( Merops ornatus ) is a bird species in the family Meropidae, the bee-eaters . It is found during the summer in forested areas in most of southern Australia, excluding Tasmania, migrating to the north of the country as well as New Guinea and some of the southern islands of Indonesia in the winter. It inhabits open woodlands, beaches, dunes, cliffs, mangroves, and farmlands, and visits parks and private gardens. The rainbow bee-eater is a brilliantly coloured bird that grows between 23 and 28 centimetres (9.1 and 11.0 in) in length, including the elongated tail feathers, with a weight of 20 to 33 grams (0.71 to 1.16 oz). Its diet consists mostly of flying insects and especially bees, as implied by its name. Like all bee-eaters, it is a social bird; when not breeding, individuals roost together in large groups. This rainbow bee-eater perching on a twig was photographed in the Fogg Dam Conservation Reserve near Middle Point in the Northern Territory, Australia. Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp Paxillus involutus Antonio de Ulloa Effusive eruption Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 13 Paxillus involutus , the common roll-rim, is a fungus that is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has also been unintentionally introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America. The brownish fruit body grows up to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) high. It has a funnel-shaped cap up to 12 centimetres (5 in) wide, with a distinctive in-rolled rim and decurrent gills close to the stalk . Genetic testing suggests that the fungus may be a species complex rather than a single species. A common mushroom of deciduous and coniferous woods and grassy areas in late summer and autumn, P. involutus is symbiotic with the roots of many tree species, reducing the trees' intake of heavy metals and increasing their resistance to pathogens. Previously considered to be edible and eaten widely in Eastern and Central Europe, the mushroom has been found to be dangerously poisonous ; the German mycologist Julius Schäffer died from ingesting it in 1944. It can trigger the immune system to attack red blood cells with potentially fatal complications, including acute renal and respiratory failure . This P. involutus mushroom was photographed on Golovec , a hill near Ljubljana , Slovenia. Photograph credit: Petar Milošević Recently featured: Antonio de Ulloa Effusive eruption Blue monkey Archive More featured pictures Paxillus involutus , the common roll-rim, is a fungus that is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has also been unintentionally introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America. The brownish fruit body grows up to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) high. It has a funnel-shaped cap up to 12 centimetres (5 in) wide, with a distinctive in-rolled rim and decurrent gills close to the stalk . Genetic testing suggests that the fungus may be a species complex rather than a single species. A common mushroom of deciduous and coniferous woods and grassy areas in late summer and autumn, P. involutus is symbiotic with the roots of many tree species, reducing the trees' intake of heavy metals and increasing their resistance to pathogens. Previously considered to be edible and eaten widely in Eastern and Central Europe, the mushroom has been found to be dangerously poisonous ; the German mycologist Julius Schäffer died from ingesting it in 1944. It can trigger the immune system to attack red blood cells with potentially fatal complications, including acute renal and respiratory failure . This P. involutus mushroom was photographed on Golovec , a hill near Ljubljana , Slovenia. Photograph credit: Petar Milošević Antonio de Ulloa Effusive eruption Blue monkey Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 12 Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish Navy officer. He spent much of his career in Spanish America , where he carried out important scientific work. As a scientist, Ulloa is regarded as one of the major figures of the Spanish Enlightenment . At the age of nineteen, Ulloa joined the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator , which established that the shape of the Earth is an oblate spheroid , flattened at the poles, as predicted by Isaac Newton . Ulloa traveled throughout the territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1736 to 1744, making many astronomical, natural, and social observations. He published the first detailed observations of platinum , later identified as a new chemical element. As a military officer, Ulloa achieved the rank of vice admiral . He also served the Spanish Empire as an administrator in the Viceroyalty of Peru and in Spanish Louisiana . This posthumous oil portrait of Ulloa was painted by Andrés Cortés in 1856. Originally in the Palacio de San Telmo , the painting was donated by Infanta Luisa Fernanda to the City Council of Seville in 1898, and now hangs in Seville City Hall . Painting credit: Andrés Cortés Recently featured: Effusive eruption Blue monkey Titan Archive More featured pictures Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish Navy officer. He spent much of his career in Spanish America , where he carried out important scientific work. As a scientist, Ulloa is regarded as one of the major figures of the Spanish Enlightenment . At the age of nineteen, Ulloa joined the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator , which established that the shape of the Earth is an oblate spheroid , flattened at the poles, as predicted by Isaac Newton . Ulloa traveled throughout the territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1736 to 1744, making many astronomical, natural, and social observations. He published the first detailed observations of platinum , later identified as a new chemical element. As a military officer, Ulloa achieved the rank of vice admiral . He also served the Spanish Empire as an administrator in the Viceroyalty of Peru and in Spanish Louisiana . This posthumous oil portrait of Ulloa was painted by Andrés Cortés in 1856. Originally in the Palacio de San Telmo , the painting was donated by Infanta Luisa Fernanda to the City Council of Seville in 1898, and now hangs in Seville City Hall . Painting credit: Andrés Cortés Effusive eruption Blue monkey Titan Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 11 An effusive eruption is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground. It is one of two major groupings of eruptions, the other being explosive . Effusive eruptions form lava flows and lava domes , each of which vary in shape, length, and width. Deep in the crust, gases are dissolved into the magma because of high pressures but, upon ascent and eruption, pressure drops rapidly, and these gases begin to exsolve out of the melt. A volcanic eruption is effusive when the erupting magma is volatile -poor, which suppresses fragmentation, creating oozing magma that spills out of the volcanic vent and out into the surrounding area. Effusive eruptions are most common in basaltic magma, but they also occur in intermediate and felsic magma, and occasionally in silicic magma as well. This video shows lava agitating and bubbling in an effusive eruption of Litli-Hrútur , near the volcano Fagradalsfjall in Iceland, in 2023. Video credit: Giles Laurent Recently featured: Blue monkey Titan A. J. Muste Archive More featured pictures An effusive eruption is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground. It is one of two major groupings of eruptions, the other being explosive . Effusive eruptions form lava flows and lava domes , each of which vary in shape, length, and width. Deep in the crust, gases are dissolved into the magma because of high pressures but, upon ascent and eruption, pressure drops rapidly, and these gases begin to exsolve out of the melt. A volcanic eruption is effusive when the erupting magma is volatile -poor, which suppresses fragmentation, creating oozing magma that spills out of the volcanic vent and out into the surrounding area. Effusive eruptions are most common in basaltic magma, but they also occur in intermediate and felsic magma, and occasionally in silicic magma as well. This video shows lava agitating and bubbling in an effusive eruption of Litli-Hrútur , near the volcano Fagradalsfjall in Iceland, in 2023. Video credit: Giles Laurent Blue monkey Titan A. J. Muste Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 10 The blue monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis ) is a species of Old World monkey native to Central and East Africa , ranging from the upper Congo River basin east to the East African Rift and south to northern Angola and Zambia and populations further south down to South Africa. The taxonomy of this species has been disputed and Sykes' monkey , the silver monkey and the golden monkey are often regarded as subspecies . The blue monkey is found in evergreen forests and montane bamboo forests, and lives largely in the forest canopy, coming to the ground infrequently. Its diet consists of fruits, figs, insects, leaves, twigs, and flowers and it lives in philopatric social systems where females stay in their natal groups, while males disperse once they reach adulthood. This photograph shows a blue monkey from the subspecies C. m. labiatus (sometimes called the Samango monkey), in Mount Sheba Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga , South Africa. Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp Recently featured: Titan A. J. Muste Black-capped chickadee Archive More featured pictures The blue monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis ) is a species of Old World monkey native to Central and East Africa , ranging from the upper Congo River basin east to the East African Rift and south to northern Angola and Zambia and populations further south down to South Africa. The taxonomy of this species has been disputed and Sykes' monkey , the silver monkey and the golden monkey are often regarded as subspecies . The blue monkey is found in evergreen forests and montane bamboo forests, and lives largely in the forest canopy, coming to the ground infrequently. Its diet consists of fruits, figs, insects, leaves, twigs, and flowers and it lives in philopatric social systems where females stay in their natal groups, while males disperse once they reach adulthood. This photograph shows a blue monkey from the subspecies C. m. labiatus (sometimes called the Samango monkey), in Mount Sheba Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga , South Africa. Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp Titan A. J. Muste Black-capped chickadee Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 9 Titan is the largest moon of Saturn , the only natural satellite known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only object other than Earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found. Discovered on 25 March 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens , Titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, it is the second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System , after Jupiter's moon Ganymede , and it is larger by volume than the smallest planet, Mercury. Titan itself is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. Its dense, opaque atmosphere meant that little was known of the surface features or conditions until the Cassini–Huygens mission in 2004. Although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been discovered, its surface is relatively smooth and few impact craters have been found. Owing to the existence of stable bodies of surface liquids and its thick nitrogen-based atmosphere, Titan has been cited as a possible host for microbial extraterrestrial life or, at least, as a prebiotic environment rich in complex organic chemistry. This mosaic of nine processed images was acquired during Cassini 's first close flyby of Titan in 2004. Photograph credit: NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute Recently featured: A. J. Muste Black-capped chickadee January 6 United States Capitol attack Archive More featured pictures Titan is the largest moon of Saturn , the only natural satellite known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only object other than Earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found. Discovered on 25 March 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens , Titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, it is the second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System , after Jupiter's moon Ganymede , and it is larger by volume than the smallest planet, Mercury. Titan itself is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. Its dense, opaque atmosphere meant that little was known of the surface features or conditions until the Cassini–Huygens mission in 2004. Although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been discovered, its surface is relatively smooth and few impact craters have been found. Owing to the existence of stable bodies of surface liquids and its thick nitrogen-based atmosphere, Titan has been cited as a possible host for microbial extraterrestrial life or, at least, as a prebiotic environment rich in complex organic chemistry. This mosaic of nine processed images was acquired during Cassini 's first close flyby of Titan in 2004. Photograph credit: NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute A. J. Muste Black-capped chickadee January 6 United States Capitol attack Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 8 A. J. Muste (January 8, 1885 – February 11, 1967) was a Dutch-born American clergyman and political activist. He is best remembered for his work in the labor movement , the pacifist movement , the anti-war movement , and the civil rights movement in the United States. Muste became involved in trade-union activity in 1919, when he led a 16-week-long textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts . In 1929, he organized the Conference for Progressive Labor Action , which became the American Workers Party in 1933. Muste resigned from the Workers Party in 1936 and left socialist politics to return to his roots as a Christian pacifist . In the 1960s, he was a leader in the movement against the Vietnam War . This photograph of Muste was taken by Bernard Gotfryd in Central Park , New York City, between 1965 and 1967. The image is part of a collection of Gotfryd's photographs in the Library of Congress . Photograph credit: Bernard Gotfryd ; restored by Yann Forget Recently featured: Black-capped chickadee January 6 United States Capitol attack Chromodoris annae Archive More featured pictures A. J. Muste (January 8, 1885 – February 11, 1967) was a Dutch-born American clergyman and political activist. He is best remembered for his work in the labor movement , the pacifist movement , the anti-war movement , and the civil rights movement in the United States. Muste became involved in trade-union activity in 1919, when he led a 16-week-long textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts . In 1929, he organized the Conference for Progressive Labor Action , which became the American Workers Party in 1933. Muste resigned from the Workers Party in 1936 and left socialist politics to return to his roots as a Christian pacifist . In the 1960s, he was a leader in the movement against the Vietnam War . This photograph of Muste was taken by Bernard Gotfryd in Central Park , New York City, between 1965 and 1967. The image is part of a collection of Gotfryd's photographs in the Library of Congress . Photograph credit: Bernard Gotfryd ; restored by Yann Forget Black-capped chickadee January 6 United States Capitol attack Chromodoris annae Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 7 The black-capped chickadee ( Poecile atricapillus ) is a small, nonmigratory passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. The species is native to North America, ranging from the northern United States to southern Canada and all the way up to Alaska and Yukon , living in deciduous and mixed forests. It has a distinct black cap on its head, a black bib underneath, and white cheeks. The black-capped chickadee has a white belly, buff sides, and grey wings, back, and tail. It is well known for its vocalizations, including its fee-bee song and its chick-a-dee-dee-dee call, from which it derives its name. The black-capped chickadee feeds primarily on insects and seeds, and is known for its ability to cache food for use during the winter. Its hippocampus grows during the caching season, and is believed to help it better remember its cache locations. It builds nests in tree cavities, with the nesting season starting in late April and lasting until late June. This foraging black-capped chickadee was photographed in Central Park , New York City. Photograph credit: Rhododendrites Recently featured: January 6 United States Capitol attack Chromodoris annae Larsen Ice Shelf Archive More featured pictures The black-capped chickadee ( Poecile atricapillus ) is a small, nonmigratory passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. The species is native to North America, ranging from the northern United States to southern Canada and all the way up to Alaska and Yukon , living in deciduous and mixed forests. It has a distinct black cap on its head, a black bib underneath, and white cheeks. The black-capped chickadee has a white belly, buff sides, and grey wings, back, and tail. It is well known for its vocalizations, including its fee-bee song and its chick-a-dee-dee-dee call, from which it derives its name. The black-capped chickadee feeds primarily on insects and seeds, and is known for its ability to cache food for use during the winter. Its hippocampus grows during the caching season, and is believed to help it better remember its cache locations. It builds nests in tree cavities, with the nesting season starting in late April and lasting until late June. This foraging black-capped chickadee was photographed in Central Park , New York City. Photograph credit: Rhododendrites January 6 United States Capitol attack Chromodoris annae Larsen Ice Shelf Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 6 On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol was attacked by a mob of supporters of President Donald Trump in an attempted self-coup , two months after his defeat in the 2020 presidential election . They sought to keep him in power by preventing a joint session of Congress from counting the Electoral College votes to formalize the victory of then president-elect Joe Biden . The attack was unsuccessful in preventing the certification of the election results. This photograph shows the crowd outside the Capitol during the attack. Photograph credit: Tyler Merbler Recently featured: Chromodoris annae Larsen Ice Shelf Portrait of Charles Marcotte Archive More featured pictures On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol was attacked by a mob of supporters of President Donald Trump in an attempted self-coup , two months after his defeat in the 2020 presidential election . They sought to keep him in power by preventing a joint session of Congress from counting the Electoral College votes to formalize the victory of then president-elect Joe Biden . The attack was unsuccessful in preventing the certification of the election results. This photograph shows the crowd outside the Capitol during the attack. Photograph credit: Tyler Merbler Chromodoris annae Larsen Ice Shelf Portrait of Charles Marcotte Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 5 Chromodoris annae is a species of sea slug in the family Chromodorididae . It is found in the tropical central area of the Indo-Pacific region from Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines to the Marshall Islands, a region rich in biodiversity and rich in coral , mangroves and seagrasses . C. annae has an elongated body, reaching a maximum length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in), and is coloured in various shades of blue with black spots, its mantle edge and foot being bordered with white and orange-to-yellow lines. The sea slug's diet consists solely of Petrosaspongia , part of the Thorectidae family of sea sponges. It absorbs a noxious chemical from the sponge, storing it in its glands and using it to deter predation. C. annae is generally a docile species, but individuals have been occasionally sighted fighting each other. This C. annae sea slug was photographed in the diving resort of Anilao in Mabini, Batangas , in the Philippines. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Recently featured: Larsen Ice Shelf Portrait of Charles Marcotte Pacific kingfisher Archive More featured pictures Chromodoris annae is a species of sea slug in the family Chromodorididae . It is found in the tropical central area of the Indo-Pacific region from Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines to the Marshall Islands, a region rich in biodiversity and rich in coral , mangroves and seagrasses . C. annae has an elongated body, reaching a maximum length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in), and is coloured in various shades of blue with black spots, its mantle edge and foot being bordered with white and orange-to-yellow lines. The sea slug's diet consists solely of Petrosaspongia , part of the Thorectidae family of sea sponges. It absorbs a noxious chemical from the sponge, storing it in its glands and using it to deter predation. C. annae is generally a docile species, but individuals have been occasionally sighted fighting each other. This C. annae sea slug was photographed in the diving resort of Anilao in Mabini, Batangas , in the Philippines. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Larsen Ice Shelf Portrait of Charles Marcotte Pacific kingfisher Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 4 The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long ice shelf in the Weddell Sea , extending along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is named after Norwegian explorer Carl Anton Larsen , who sailed along the ice front in 1893. Composed of a series of shelves along the coast, named with letters from A to G, since the mid-1990s the Larsen Ice Shelf has been disintegrating, with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002 being particularly dramatic. A large section of the Larsen C shelf broke away in July 2017 to form an iceberg known as A-68 . The area of the whole Larsen Ice Shelf was formerly 33,000 square miles (85,000 km 2 ), but today is only 26,000 square miles (67,000 km 2 ). This late-2016 photograph shows the rift in Larsen C from the vantage point of NASA's DC-8 research aircraft, months before A-68 broke away. Photograph credit: NASA /John Sonntag Recently featured: Portrait of Charles Marcotte Pacific kingfisher World Clock Archive More featured pictures The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long ice shelf in the Weddell Sea , extending along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is named after Norwegian explorer Carl Anton Larsen , who sailed along the ice front in 1893. Composed of a series of shelves along the coast, named with letters from A to G, since the mid-1990s the Larsen Ice Shelf has been disintegrating, with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002 being particularly dramatic. A large section of the Larsen C shelf broke away in July 2017 to form an iceberg known as A-68 . The area of the whole Larsen Ice Shelf was formerly 33,000 square miles (85,000 km 2 ), but today is only 26,000 square miles (67,000 km 2 ). This late-2016 photograph shows the rift in Larsen C from the vantage point of NASA's DC-8 research aircraft, months before A-68 broke away. Photograph credit: NASA /John Sonntag Portrait of Charles Marcotte Pacific kingfisher World Clock Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 3 Portrait of Charles Marcotte (also known as Marcotte d'Argenteuil ) is an 1810 oil-on-canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres , completed during the artist's first stay in Rome. It depicts the eponymous Charles Marcotte (1773-1864), who was a long-term friend and supporter of Ingres and commissioned the work initially as a gift for his mother. When the portrait was painted, Marcotte served as inspector general for waters and forests in Napoleonic Rome. In the painting, he stands against a plain grey-green background, leaning against a table draped with a red cloth. His stiff, starched white and yellow neck collar appears tight and restrictive. Marcotte did not like the final painting, finding it too stern, and it remained in his possession until his death. It is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., United States. Painting credit: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Recently featured: Pacific kingfisher World Clock Iberian lynx Archive More featured pictures Portrait of Charles Marcotte (also known as Marcotte d'Argenteuil ) is an 1810 oil-on-canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres , completed during the artist's first stay in Rome. It depicts the eponymous Charles Marcotte (1773-1864), who was a long-term friend and supporter of Ingres and commissioned the work initially as a gift for his mother. When the portrait was painted, Marcotte served as inspector general for waters and forests in Napoleonic Rome. In the painting, he stands against a plain grey-green background, leaning against a table draped with a red cloth. His stiff, starched white and yellow neck collar appears tight and restrictive. Marcotte did not like the final painting, finding it too stern, and it remained in his possession until his death. It is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., United States. Painting credit: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Pacific kingfisher World Clock Iberian lynx Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 2 The Pacific kingfisher ( Todiramphus sacer ) is a medium-sized bird in the kingfisher family, Alcedinidae. It belongs to the subfamily Halcyoninae, the tree kingfishers , and is found in the South Pacific islands, including American Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The Pacific kingfisher was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin and was initially placed in the genus Alcedo , but since 1827 it has been placed in the genus Todiramphus . Formerly considered to be a subspecies of the collared kingfisher ( T. chloris ), a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 found that T. chloris was paraphyletic . The Pacific kingfisher perches almost motionless for long periods waiting for prey and its diet includes insects, worms, snails, shrimps, frogs, lizards, small fish and sometimes other small birds and eggs. This Pacific kingfisher was photographed in the Colo-i-Suva Forest Reserve , Fiji, perching with prey in its beak. Photograph credit: JJ Harrison Recently featured: World Clock Iberian lynx Soprano saxophone Archive More featured pictures The Pacific kingfisher ( Todiramphus sacer ) is a medium-sized bird in the kingfisher family, Alcedinidae. It belongs to the subfamily Halcyoninae, the tree kingfishers , and is found in the South Pacific islands, including American Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The Pacific kingfisher was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin and was initially placed in the genus Alcedo , but since 1827 it has been placed in the genus Todiramphus . Formerly considered to be a subspecies of the collared kingfisher ( T. chloris ), a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 found that T. chloris was paraphyletic . The Pacific kingfisher perches almost motionless for long periods waiting for prey and its diet includes insects, worms, snails, shrimps, frogs, lizards, small fish and sometimes other small birds and eggs. This Pacific kingfisher was photographed in the Colo-i-Suva Forest Reserve , Fiji, perching with prey in its beak. Photograph credit: JJ Harrison World Clock Iberian lynx Soprano saxophone Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history January 1 The World Clock , located in Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Germany, is a large world clock displaying the local time in 148 locations across the world. It consists of a 24-sided column, each side of which represents a time zone on Earth and is engraved with the names of various cities. A row of numbers, from 1 to 24, revolve around the outside of the clock during the day, indicating the local time in each time zone. Once per minute, an artistic sculptural rendering of the Solar System made of steel rings and spheres rotates above the clock. Including the sculpture, the World Clock is 10 metres (33 feet) high. It was erected in 1969 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the German Democratic Republic , and was designed by Erich John, a lecturer at the Weißensee Academy of Art Berlin . In July 2015, the German federal government declared the clock to be a historically and culturally significant monument. This long-exposure photograph shows the World Clock at night. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Recently featured: Iberian lynx Soprano saxophone Red-tailed laughingthrush Archive More featured pictures The World Clock , located in Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Germany, is a large world clock displaying the local time in 148 locations across the world. It consists of a 24-sided column, each side of which represents a time zone on Earth and is engraved with the names of various cities. A row of numbers, from 1 to 24, revolve around the outside of the clock during the day, indicating the local time in each time zone. Once per minute, an artistic sculptural rendering of the Solar System made of steel rings and spheres rotates above the clock. Including the sculpture, the World Clock is 10 metres (33 feet) high. It was erected in 1969 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the German Democratic Republic , and was designed by Erich John, a lecturer at the Weißensee Academy of Art Berlin . In July 2015, the German federal government declared the clock to be a historically and culturally significant monument. This long-exposure photograph shows the World Clock at night. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Iberian lynx Soprano saxophone Red-tailed laughingthrush Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 31 The Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) is one of the four extant species of lynx , wild cats in the family Felidae . The Iberian lynx is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, in which it was once widespread, but it is now restricted to a small number of regions in Spain and Portugal, and is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . Fossils suggest that the species has been present in Iberia since the end of the Early Pleistocene , around one million years ago. The Iberian lynx has a short bright yellowish to tawny coloured spotted fur. Its body is short with long legs and a short tail, and its head is small with tufted ears and a ruff (hairs under the neck). It preys foremost on the European rabbit for the bulk of its diet, supplemented by red-legged partridge , rodents , and to a smaller degree also on wild ungulates . The Iberian lynx marks its territory with its urine, scratch marks on the barks of trees, and scat. The home ranges of adults are stable over many years and both males and females reach sexual maturity at one year old, although they rarely start breeding until a territory becomes vacant. This wild female Iberian lynx was photographed in Almuradiel , in the province of Ciudad Real , Spain. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Recently featured: Soprano saxophone Red-tailed laughingthrush Regeneration Archive More featured pictures The Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) is one of the four extant species of lynx , wild cats in the family Felidae . The Iberian lynx is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, in which it was once widespread, but it is now restricted to a small number of regions in Spain and Portugal, and is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . Fossils suggest that the species has been present in Iberia since the end of the Early Pleistocene , around one million years ago. The Iberian lynx has a short bright yellowish to tawny coloured spotted fur. Its body is short with long legs and a short tail, and its head is small with tufted ears and a ruff (hairs under the neck). It preys foremost on the European rabbit for the bulk of its diet, supplemented by red-legged partridge , rodents , and to a smaller degree also on wild ungulates . The Iberian lynx marks its territory with its urine, scratch marks on the barks of trees, and scat. The home ranges of adults are stable over many years and both males and females reach sexual maturity at one year old, although they rarely start breeding until a territory becomes vacant. This wild female Iberian lynx was photographed in Almuradiel , in the province of Ciudad Real , Spain. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Soprano saxophone Red-tailed laughingthrush Regeneration Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 30 The soprano saxophone is a small, high-pitched member of the saxophone family, invented in the 1840s by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax . It is a transposing instrument tuned in B-flat, an octave above the tenor saxophone (or, rarely, slightly smaller in C ). The soprano is the smallest of the four saxophones in common use (the others being the alto , the tenor and the baritone ), although there are smaller rare instruments such as the soprillo and the sopranino . Richard Strauss's Symphonia Domestica includes a C soprano among four different saxophones, and Maurice Ravel's Boléro features a solo for the soprano saxophone immediately following the tenor saxophone's solo. The soprano saxophone also features in some jazz music, with players including the 1930s virtuoso Sidney Bechet , the 1950s innovator Steve Lacy , and John Coltrane . This photograph shows a soprano saxophone manufactured by the Yamaha Corporation . Photograph credit: Yamaha Corporation Recently featured: Red-tailed laughingthrush Regeneration Nuptse Archive More featured pictures The soprano saxophone is a small, high-pitched member of the saxophone family, invented in the 1840s by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax . It is a transposing instrument tuned in B-flat, an octave above the tenor saxophone (or, rarely, slightly smaller in C ). The soprano is the smallest of the four saxophones in common use (the others being the alto , the tenor and the baritone ), although there are smaller rare instruments such as the soprillo and the sopranino . Richard Strauss's Symphonia Domestica includes a C soprano among four different saxophones, and Maurice Ravel's Boléro features a solo for the soprano saxophone immediately following the tenor saxophone's solo. The soprano saxophone also features in some jazz music, with players including the 1930s virtuoso Sidney Bechet , the 1950s innovator Steve Lacy , and John Coltrane . This photograph shows a soprano saxophone manufactured by the Yamaha Corporation . Photograph credit: Yamaha Corporation Red-tailed laughingthrush Regeneration Nuptse Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 29 The red-tailed laughingthrush ( Trochalopteron milnei ) is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae, the laughingthrushes . It is found in the montane forests of Myanmar, Laos, southern China, and central Vietnam. These birds mainly inhabit the understorey of broadleaf evergreen forests, usually living at an elevation of 1,800 to 2,500 metres (5,900 to 8,200 ft) above sea level. The red-tailed laughingthrush has an overall length of about 26 to 28 centimetres (10 to 11 in) and a weight of about 66 to 93 grams (2.3 to 3.3 oz). It is dull ochrous-grey, with a bright rufous-chestnut crown and a blackish face, with whitish ear-coverts. The wings and tail are crimson, and the sexes are similar in appearance. The species feeds mainly on insects and small arthropods, but sometimes also takes berries and fruits. Its breeding season lasts from April to June, and it makes nests composed principally of grasses and bamboo leaves. This red-tailed laughingthrush was photographed in a nature reserve near Ngọc Linh , a mountain in central Vietnam. Photograph credit: JJ Harrison Recently featured: Regeneration Nuptse Orange cup coral Archive More featured pictures The red-tailed laughingthrush ( Trochalopteron milnei ) is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae, the laughingthrushes . It is found in the montane forests of Myanmar, Laos, southern China, and central Vietnam. These birds mainly inhabit the understorey of broadleaf evergreen forests, usually living at an elevation of 1,800 to 2,500 metres (5,900 to 8,200 ft) above sea level. The red-tailed laughingthrush has an overall length of about 26 to 28 centimetres (10 to 11 in) and a weight of about 66 to 93 grams (2.3 to 3.3 oz). It is dull ochrous-grey, with a bright rufous-chestnut crown and a blackish face, with whitish ear-coverts. The wings and tail are crimson, and the sexes are similar in appearance. The species feeds mainly on insects and small arthropods, but sometimes also takes berries and fruits. Its breeding season lasts from April to June, and it makes nests composed principally of grasses and bamboo leaves. This red-tailed laughingthrush was photographed in a nature reserve near Ngọc Linh , a mountain in central Vietnam. Photograph credit: JJ Harrison Regeneration Nuptse Orange cup coral Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 28 Regeneration is a 1915 American silent biographical crime drama co-written and directed by Raoul Walsh . The film, which was the first full-length feature film directed by Walsh, stars Rockliffe Fellowes and Anna Q. Nilsson and was adapted for the screen by Carl Harbaugh and Walsh from the 1903 memoir My Mamie Rose , by Owen Frawley Kildare and the adapted 1908 play by Kildare and Walter Hackett . Film credit: Raoul Walsh ; Recently featured: Nuptse Orange cup coral Qurabiya Archive More featured pictures Regeneration is a 1915 American silent biographical crime drama co-written and directed by Raoul Walsh . The film, which was the first full-length feature film directed by Walsh, stars Rockliffe Fellowes and Anna Q. Nilsson and was adapted for the screen by Carl Harbaugh and Walsh from the 1903 memoir My Mamie Rose , by Owen Frawley Kildare and the adapted 1908 play by Kildare and Walter Hackett . Film credit: Raoul Walsh ; Nuptse Orange cup coral Qurabiya Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 27 Nuptse is a mountain in the Khumbu region of the Mahalangur Himal , a part of the Nepalese Himalayas. It lies 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the southwest of Mount Everest . The main peak, Nuptse I, with an elevation of 7,861 metres (25,791 ft), was first climbed in 1961 by Dennis Davis and Sherpa Tashi. This photograph shows Nuptse from the west, as viewed from Kala Patthar . Photograph credit: Vyacheslav Argenberg Recently featured: Orange cup coral Qurabiya Vela supernova remnant Archive More featured pictures Nuptse is a mountain in the Khumbu region of the Mahalangur Himal , a part of the Nepalese Himalayas. It lies 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the southwest of Mount Everest . The main peak, Nuptse I, with an elevation of 7,861 metres (25,791 ft), was first climbed in 1961 by Dennis Davis and Sherpa Tashi. This photograph shows Nuptse from the west, as viewed from Kala Patthar . Photograph credit: Vyacheslav Argenberg Orange cup coral Qurabiya Vela supernova remnant Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 26 Orange cup coral ( Tubastraea coccinea ) is a large-polyp stony coral in the family Dendrophylliidae . It is native to the Indo-Pacific region, but has also been introduced into the Atlantic, including the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the West African region, and the Mediterranean Sea. The species is found in a variety of habitats including natural caves and rock faces as well as artificial surfaces such as granite, cement, steel and tile. The polyps of orange cup coral are red, and its tentacles are yellow-orange. The orange cup coral is heterotrophic and does not contain zooxanthellae in its tissues as many tropical corals do, allowing it to grow in complete darkness as long as it can capture enough food, feeding by using its transparent tentacles to capture zooplankton . It spreads using the ocean's currents and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. This orange cup coral was photographed in the Gulf of California off the coast of La Paz in Baja California Sur , Mexico. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Recently featured: Qurabiya Vela supernova remnant Sheryl Cooper Archive More featured pictures Orange cup coral ( Tubastraea coccinea ) is a large-polyp stony coral in the family Dendrophylliidae . It is native to the Indo-Pacific region, but has also been introduced into the Atlantic, including the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the West African region, and the Mediterranean Sea. The species is found in a variety of habitats including natural caves and rock faces as well as artificial surfaces such as granite, cement, steel and tile. The polyps of orange cup coral are red, and its tentacles are yellow-orange. The orange cup coral is heterotrophic and does not contain zooxanthellae in its tissues as many tropical corals do, allowing it to grow in complete darkness as long as it can capture enough food, feeding by using its transparent tentacles to capture zooplankton . It spreads using the ocean's currents and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. This orange cup coral was photographed in the Gulf of California off the coast of La Paz in Baja California Sur , Mexico. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Qurabiya Vela supernova remnant Sheryl Cooper Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 25 Qurabiya is a shortbread -type biscuit , usually made with ground almonds, eaten in much of the Arab world, the Balkans, Iran and Turkey. It is often eaten by Christians in those areas on Christmas Day, including in Serbia, Greece and Albania. Photograph credit: Petar Milošević Recently featured: Vela supernova remnant Sheryl Cooper Silver-breasted broadbill Archive More featured pictures Qurabiya is a shortbread -type biscuit , usually made with ground almonds, eaten in much of the Arab world, the Balkans, Iran and Turkey. It is often eaten by Christians in those areas on Christmas Day, including in Serbia, Greece and Albania. Photograph credit: Petar Milošević Vela supernova remnant Sheryl Cooper Silver-breasted broadbill Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 24 The Vela supernova remnant , in the southern constellation Vela , is one of the closest known supernova remnants to Earth, being around 800 light-years away. Its source Type II supernova exploded approximately 11,000 years ago. The association of the Vela supernova remnant with the Vela Pulsar was made by astronomers at the University of Sydney in 1968; this, along with the Crab Pulsar , was among the first direct observational evidence that supernovae form neutron stars . This astrophotograph of the Vela supernova remnant was taken by the European Southern Observatory 's VLT Survey Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile in 2022. The image has a field of view of 84 arcminutes and was produced as a mosaic of observations with four filters, here represented by the colours magenta, blue, green and red. The supernova remnant appears as wisps of pink and orange clouds, with stars in blue and yellow scattered throughout. Photograph credit: European Southern Observatory / TIMER survey Recently featured: Sheryl Cooper Silver-breasted broadbill Battleship Potemkin Archive More featured pictures The Vela supernova remnant , in the southern constellation Vela , is one of the closest known supernova remnants to Earth, being around 800 light-years away. Its source Type II supernova exploded approximately 11,000 years ago. The association of the Vela supernova remnant with the Vela Pulsar was made by astronomers at the University of Sydney in 1968; this, along with the Crab Pulsar , was among the first direct observational evidence that supernovae form neutron stars . This astrophotograph of the Vela supernova remnant was taken by the European Southern Observatory 's VLT Survey Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile in 2022. The image has a field of view of 84 arcminutes and was produced as a mosaic of observations with four filters, here represented by the colours magenta, blue, green and red. The supernova remnant appears as wisps of pink and orange clouds, with stars in blue and yellow scattered throughout. Photograph credit: European Southern Observatory / TIMER survey Sheryl Cooper Silver-breasted broadbill Battleship Potemkin Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 23 Sheryl Cooper (born 1956) is an American dancer and stage performer. In addition to regularly performing on tour with her husband, shock rock singer Alice Cooper , she teaches, choreographs, produces, and directs children's dance and theatre in the area of Phoenix, Arizona . She was also one of three co-founders of Alice Cooper's Solid Rock, a non-profit foundation for inner-city teens in Arizona. Born in Denver , Cooper began dancing at a young age, training in classical ballet until the age of 16, when she switched to jazz . She met Alice in 1975 at the age of 18 when she became a dancer for his "Welcome to My Nightmare" tour, and the pair married in 1976. Cooper has toured with Alice throughout his career, dancing on his sets with roles including a sadistic ghoulish nurse (sometimes alongside their daughter Calico performing a similar character), a giant spider, a devil and a ghost. This photograph shows Cooper performing at the O2 in London in 2022, dressed as a Marie Antoinette –style character who helps apprehend Alice and sends him to the guillotine. Photograph credit: Raph_PH Recently featured: Silver-breasted broadbill Battleship Potemkin Shah Jahan Mosque Archive More featured pictures Sheryl Cooper (born 1956) is an American dancer and stage performer. In addition to regularly performing on tour with her husband, shock rock singer Alice Cooper , she teaches, choreographs, produces, and directs children's dance and theatre in the area of Phoenix, Arizona . She was also one of three co-founders of Alice Cooper's Solid Rock, a non-profit foundation for inner-city teens in Arizona. Born in Denver , Cooper began dancing at a young age, training in classical ballet until the age of 16, when she switched to jazz . She met Alice in 1975 at the age of 18 when she became a dancer for his "Welcome to My Nightmare" tour, and the pair married in 1976. Cooper has toured with Alice throughout his career, dancing on his sets with roles including a sadistic ghoulish nurse (sometimes alongside their daughter Calico performing a similar character), a giant spider, a devil and a ghost. This photograph shows Cooper performing at the O2 in London in 2022, dressed as a Marie Antoinette –style character who helps apprehend Alice and sends him to the guillotine. Photograph credit: Raph_PH Silver-breasted broadbill Battleship Potemkin Shah Jahan Mosque Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 22 The silver-breasted broadbill ( Serilophus lunatus ) is a species of bird in the broadbill family, Eurylaimidae . It is found at a range of elevations in Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest . It is a medium-sized broadbill: 16–17 centimetres (6.3–6.7 in) in length, 25–35 grams (0.9–1.2 oz) in mass. The plumage of the nominate race has a rusty-coloured head, ash-grey forehead, black supercilium over the eye, white breast and belly, and a bright rufous rump and upper wing. The flight feathers are striking blue and black and the tail is black. The silver-breasted broadbill's primary diet is insects, including grasshoppers, mantises, small snails and caterpillars, which it takes by flycatching from a perch or by gleaning branches and foliage. This male silver-breasted broadbill was photographed in Di Linh district , Vietnam. Photograph credit: JJ Harrison Recently featured: Battleship Potemkin Shah Jahan Mosque Pontia edusa Archive More featured pictures The silver-breasted broadbill ( Serilophus lunatus ) is a species of bird in the broadbill family, Eurylaimidae . It is found at a range of elevations in Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest . It is a medium-sized broadbill: 16–17 centimetres (6.3–6.7 in) in length, 25–35 grams (0.9–1.2 oz) in mass. The plumage of the nominate race has a rusty-coloured head, ash-grey forehead, black supercilium over the eye, white breast and belly, and a bright rufous rump and upper wing. The flight feathers are striking blue and black and the tail is black. The silver-breasted broadbill's primary diet is insects, including grasshoppers, mantises, small snails and caterpillars, which it takes by flycatching from a perch or by gleaning branches and foliage. This male silver-breasted broadbill was photographed in Di Linh district , Vietnam. Photograph credit: JJ Harrison Battleship Potemkin Shah Jahan Mosque Pontia edusa Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 21 Battleship Potemkin is a 1925 Soviet silent epic film produced by Mosfilm . Directed and co-written by Sergei Eisenstein , it presents a dramatization of the mutiny that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against their officers. The film, released on 21 December 1925, is a prime example of the Soviet montage theory of editing, such as in the " Odessa Steps " scene, which became widely influential and often recreated. Battleship Potemkin is widely considered one of the greatest films ever made . Film credit: Sergei Eisenstein Recently featured: Shah Jahan Mosque Pontia edusa Blackberry Archive More featured pictures Battleship Potemkin is a 1925 Soviet silent epic film produced by Mosfilm . Directed and co-written by Sergei Eisenstein , it presents a dramatization of the mutiny that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against their officers. The film, released on 21 December 1925, is a prime example of the Soviet montage theory of editing, such as in the " Odessa Steps " scene, which became widely influential and often recreated. Battleship Potemkin is widely considered one of the greatest films ever made . Film credit: Sergei Eisenstein Shah Jahan Mosque Pontia edusa Blackberry Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 20 The Shah Jahan Mosque is a 17th-century central mosque in the city of Thatta , Pakistan. The mosque was built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan , who bestowed it on Thatta as a token of gratitude, and is heavily influenced by Central Asian architecture – a reflection of Shah Jahan's campaigns near Samarkand shortly before the mosque was designed. It is notable for its geometric brick work, a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques. The mosque is unusual for its lack of minarets although it has a total of 93 domes, the most of any structure in Pakistan. This photograph depicts an interior view of one of the Shah Jahan Mosque's larger domes, showing its blue-and-white tiles arranged in stellated patterns to represent the heavens. Photograph credit: Alexander Savin Recently featured: Pontia edusa Blackberry Ludwig van Beethoven Archive More featured pictures The Shah Jahan Mosque is a 17th-century central mosque in the city of Thatta , Pakistan. The mosque was built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan , who bestowed it on Thatta as a token of gratitude, and is heavily influenced by Central Asian architecture – a reflection of Shah Jahan's campaigns near Samarkand shortly before the mosque was designed. It is notable for its geometric brick work, a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques. The mosque is unusual for its lack of minarets although it has a total of 93 domes, the most of any structure in Pakistan. This photograph depicts an interior view of one of the Shah Jahan Mosque's larger domes, showing its blue-and-white tiles arranged in stellated patterns to represent the heavens. Photograph credit: Alexander Savin Pontia edusa Blackberry Ludwig van Beethoven Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 19 Pontia edusa , commonly known as the eastern Bath white, is a species of butterfly in the family Pieridae . It is found from the southwest of Europe (southern France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia) up to central Europe, and in the Middle East in Iran and Iraq. It is a migrant that can also be encountered in Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany and Poland, in the Baltic states, and in southern Sweden and Norway. The species inhabits open grassy or flowery areas, in stony or rocky places and in roadsides, at altitudes up to 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) and occasionally higher. P. edusa is a small to medium-sized migrant butterfly, with a wingspan reaching about 45 millimetres (1.8 inches). The upperside of its wings is white, with black stains on the top of the forewing and hindwing, while the hindwing underside has greenish-grey spots. P. edusa is nearly identical to P. daplidice ; it is generally only possible to distinguish the two through genital inspection or DNA analysis. This P. edusa butterfly, displaying its greenish-grey underside, was photographed in Učka Nature Park in Istria , Croatia. The photograph was focus-stacked from four separate images. Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp Recently featured: Blackberry Ludwig van Beethoven African chaffinch Archive More featured pictures Pontia edusa , commonly known as the eastern Bath white, is a species of butterfly in the family Pieridae . It is found from the southwest of Europe (southern France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia) up to central Europe, and in the Middle East in Iran and Iraq. It is a migrant that can also be encountered in Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany and Poland, in the Baltic states, and in southern Sweden and Norway. The species inhabits open grassy or flowery areas, in stony or rocky places and in roadsides, at altitudes up to 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) and occasionally higher. P. edusa is a small to medium-sized migrant butterfly, with a wingspan reaching about 45 millimetres (1.8 inches). The upperside of its wings is white, with black stains on the top of the forewing and hindwing, while the hindwing underside has greenish-grey spots. P. edusa is nearly identical to P. daplidice ; it is generally only possible to distinguish the two through genital inspection or DNA analysis. This P. edusa butterfly, displaying its greenish-grey underside, was photographed in Učka Nature Park in Istria , Croatia. The photograph was focus-stacked from four separate images. Photograph credit: Charles J. Sharp Blackberry Ludwig van Beethoven African chaffinch Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 18 The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae . Blackberries are typically produced from hybrid plants among the species within the subgenus Rubus , or hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus . Similar to the raspberry, it is not a berry in the botanical sense, being classified as an aggregate fruit composed of small drupelets . Blackberries are perennial plants bearing biennial stems from their roots. Unmanaged plants tend to aggregate in a dense tangle of stems and branches, which can be controlled in gardens or farms using trellises . Blackberry shrubs can tolerate poor soils, spreading readily in wasteland, ditches, and roadsides. Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting the berries is a common pastime. In some parts of the world, however, there are blackberry species that are considered to be an invasive species . The fruit is also grown commercially, with Mexico being the leading producer, exporting for sale in off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. This photograph, which was focus-stacked from 23 separate images, depicts a blackberry of the species Rubus fruticosus . Photograph credit: Ivar Leidus Recently featured: Ludwig van Beethoven African chaffinch McClure Tunnel Archive More featured pictures The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae . Blackberries are typically produced from hybrid plants among the species within the subgenus Rubus , or hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus . Similar to the raspberry, it is not a berry in the botanical sense, being classified as an aggregate fruit composed of small drupelets . Blackberries are perennial plants bearing biennial stems from their roots. Unmanaged plants tend to aggregate in a dense tangle of stems and branches, which can be controlled in gardens or farms using trellises . Blackberry shrubs can tolerate poor soils, spreading readily in wasteland, ditches, and roadsides. Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting the berries is a common pastime. In some parts of the world, however, there are blackberry species that are considered to be an invasive species . The fruit is also grown commercially, with Mexico being the leading producer, exporting for sale in off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. This photograph, which was focus-stacked from 23 separate images, depicts a blackberry of the species Rubus fruticosus . Photograph credit: Ivar Leidus Ludwig van Beethoven African chaffinch McClure Tunnel Archive More featured pictures view talk edit history watch file page protected version edit history edit history December 17 Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era . His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , and is sometimes characterised as heroic. During this time, Beethoven began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression. This oil-on-canvas portrait, titled Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis , was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820, and depicts Beethoven while composing his Missa solemnis , which was first performed in 1824. The painting hangs in the Beethoven House at his birthplace in Bonn , Germany. Painting credit: Joseph Karl Stieler Recently featured: African chaffinch McClure Tunnel Leopard seal Archive More featured pictures Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era . His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , and is sometimes characterised as heroic. During this time, Beethoven began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression. This oil-on-canvas portrait, titled Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis , was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820, and depicts Beethoven while composing his Missa solemnis , which was first performed in 1824. The painting hangs in the Beethoven House at his birthplace in Bonn , Germany. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000s ← 2010s ← Lists of deaths by year 2026 deaths Lists of deaths in 2026 Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi) Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with Estonian-language sources (et) 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Projects and initiatives Toggle Projects and initiatives subsection 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 3 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 4 Corporate identity 5 Finances Toggle Finances subsection 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 6 Board of trustees 7 Staff Toggle Staff subsection 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 8 Disputes Toggle Disputes subsection 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 9 References 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community Wikimedia Foundation Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Abbreviation WMF Founded June 20, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-06-20 ) , St. Petersburg, Florida , U.S. Founder Jimmy Wales Type 501(c)(3) , charitable organization Tax ID no. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EIN 200049703 Focus Free, open-content , multilingual , wiki -based Internet projects Location .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. Area served Worldwide (banned in some territories) Products Wikipedia , MediaWiki , Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wikifunctions , Wikimedia Commons , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wikisource , Wikispecies , Wikiversity , Wikivoyage , Wiktionary Membership Board-only CEO Maryana Iskander Revenue $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) Expenses $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) Endowment > $100 million (2021) Employees 650 (2025) [ 1 ] Volunteers 277,000 (2024) Website wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) ASNs 14907 , 11820 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ( WMF ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco , California, and registered there as a charitable foundation . [ 7 ] The Foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia , one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki , the wiki software which underpins them all. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg , Florida by Jimmy Wales , as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects [ 2 ] which had previously been hosted by Bomis , Wales' for-profit company. [ 2 ] The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. [ 11 ] The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. [ 12 ] Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians . However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. [ 13 ] These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise . As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia . The project was originally funded by Bomis , Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, [ 14 ] so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. [ 15 ] That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida , on June 20, 2003. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. [ 18 ] In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. [ 19 ] Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 ( Adult , Continuing education ). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. [ 22 ] On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization , as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. [ 23 ] In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area . Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. [ 27 ] It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower . [ 28 ] On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise , a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. [ 30 ] The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives Content projects The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: Wikipedia – online encyclopedia Wiktionary – online dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks – a collection of books , mostly textbooks Wikiquote – a collection of quotations Wikivoyage – travel guide Wikisource – digital library Wikimedia Commons – repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Wikispecies – taxonomic catalog of species Wikinews – online newspaper Wikiversity – a collection of tutorials and courses, also a hosting point to coordinate research Wikidata – knowledge base Wikifunctions – a catalog of computer functions The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools Wikimedia Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of the open-source development collaboration tool Phabricator Wikimedia Enterprise Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia . [ 31 ] It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs , data snapshots or streams . It was announced in March 2021, [ 9 ] [ 32 ] and launched on October 26, 2021. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. [ 30 ] A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. [ 31 ] Affiliates Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons , hackathons , public relations , public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. [ 38 ] In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 [update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Wikimania Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt , Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires , [ 40 ] Cambridge , [ 41 ] Haifa , [ 42 ] Hong Kong , [ 43 ] Taipei , London , [ 44 ] Mexico City , [ 45 ] Esino Lario , Italy , [ 46 ] Montreal , Canada, Cape Town , Stockholm , and Nairobi . [ 47 ] The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. [ 48 ] In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice , Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. [ 49 ] Hardware Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture . [ 50 ] Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . [ 51 ] In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In 2019, it switched to Debian . [ 54 ] By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes ". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. [ 57 ] In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback ) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas , to further improve reliability. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 64 ] Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis , such as cloud services (Toolforge) [ 67 ] [ 68 ] and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. [ 69 ] In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ 70 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ 71 ] Software The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; [ 72 ] previously the MySQL database was used. [ 73 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension [ 74 ] [ 75 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. [ 76 ] The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM [ 77 ] and WordPress . [ 78 ] The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. [ 79 ] Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media , was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, [ 82 ] three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. [ 11 ] All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, [ 83 ] and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement 's websites. [ 84 ] WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org , owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons ; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia . It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. [ 85 ] Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. [ 88 ] As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. [ 87 ] In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, [ 91 ] increased from three to four stars in 2010. [ 92 ] As of January 2020 [update] , the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. [ 93 ] The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants , sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. [ 96 ] An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. [ 97 ] In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. [ 98 ] In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, [ 102 ] to $53.5 million in mid-2014 [ 103 ] [ 104 ] and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. [ 105 ] In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Wikimedia Endowment In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. [ 108 ] The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation , with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. [ 109 ] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. [ 110 ] Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing , of Arcadia Fund , donated $5 million in 2017. [ 111 ] In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, [ 115 ] $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, [ 111 ] $2.5 million more from Newmark, [ 116 ] and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] As of 2023, [update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales , Peter Baldwin , former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers , former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation , investor Annette Campbell-White , venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. [ 111 ] The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. [ 119 ] These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. [ 120 ] The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million. [ 121 ] In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. [ 5 ] In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. [ 122 ] Financial development The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. [ 123 ] Year Source Revenue Expenses Asset rise Net assets at end of year 2023/2024 PDF $185,383,511 $178,471,109 $16,584,053 $271,555,390 2022/2023 PDF $180,174,103 $169,095,381 $15,619,804 $254,971,336 2021/2022 PDF $154,686,521 $145,970,915 $8,173,996 $239,351,532 2020/2021 PDF $162,886,686 $111,839,819 $50,861,811 $231,177,536 2019/2020 PDF $129,234,327 $112,489,397 $14,674,300 $180,315,725 2018/2019 PDF $120,067,266 $91,414,010 $30,691,855 $165,641,425 2017/2018 PDF $104,505,783 $81,442,265 $21,619,373 $134,949,570 2016/2017 PDF $91,242,418 $69,136,758 $21,547,402 $113,330,197 2015/2016 PDF $81,862,724 $65,947,465 $13,962,497 $91,782,795 2014/2015 PDF $75,797,223 $52,596,782 $24,345,277 $77,820,298 2013/2014 PDF $52,465,287 $45,900,745 $8,285,897 $53,475,021 2012/2013 PDF $48,635,408 $35,704,796 $10,260,066 $45,189,124 2011/2012 PDF $38,479,665 $29,260,652 $10,736,914 $34,929,058 2010/2011 PDF $24,785,092 $17,889,794 $9,649,413 $24,192,144 2009/2010 PDF $17,979,312 $10,266,793 $6,310,964 $14,542,731 2008/2009 PDF $8,658,006 $5,617,236 $3,053,599 $8,231,767 2007/2008 PDF $5,032,981 $3,540,724 $3,519,886 $5,178,168 2006/2007 PDF $2,734,909 $2,077,843 $654,066 $1,658,282 2005/2006 PDF $1,508,039 $791,907 $736,132 $1,004,216 2004/2005 PDF $379,088 $177,670 $211,418 $268,084 2003/2004 PDF $80,129 $23,463 $56,666 $56,666 Expenses (2004–2020) A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. [ 124 ] [ 86 ] Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by type in USD Wikimedia Foundation's expenses as a percentage of the whole Grants The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. [ 125 ] It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware , [ 126 ] a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla , [ 127 ] who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, [ 128 ] and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin ( Arcadia Fund ), among others. [ 126 ] In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation . [ 129 ] In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. [ 130 ] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons , to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. [ 131 ] In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . [ 132 ] Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. [ 133 ] In 2010, Google donated $2 million [ 134 ] and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation ). [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. [ 138 ] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. [ 139 ] In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing [ 140 ] and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation , scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. [ 142 ] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation , established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata . [ 143 ] This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. [ 144 ] Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the " Knowledge Engine ", a project that proved controversial . [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, [ 138 ] and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. [ 150 ] The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Total ($000s) Donor Years 9,000 Sloan Foundation .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} 2008–2013 2017–2019 2008–2013 2017–2019 5,952 Stanton Foundation 2009–2012 5,000 (anonymous) 2014–2018 3,100 Google 2010, 2019 2,000 Omidyar Network 2009–2010 1,527 Rausing, Baldwin via Arcadia, Charities Aid 2008 2012–2015 2008 2012–2015 1,300 Hewlett 2009–2010 500 Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki 2010 500 Monarch Fund 2014–2015 Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects; two selected by Wikimedia chapters; four appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: [ 153 ] eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community); seven appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat reserved for Wales. In 2015, James Heilman , a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, [ 154 ] was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." [ 159 ] He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, [ 160 ] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. [ 161 ] Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. [ 162 ] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a " no poach " agreement he executed when at Google , which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak , Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight , Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); [ 165 ] five Board-appointed trustees ( McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti , [ 166 ] Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei , [ 167 ] technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. [ 152 ] Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. [ 168 ] As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). [ 169 ] Staff History In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer ( finance , budgeting , and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. [ 170 ] In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. [ 171 ] As of October 4, 2006 [update] , the foundation had five paid employees: [ 172 ] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director , [ 173 ] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel . Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 [ 174 ] to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications . [ 175 ] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency . Doran, found to have had a criminal record, [ 176 ] left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. [ 177 ] Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. [ 178 ] Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. [ 179 ] In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard, [ 180 ] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. [ 181 ] Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014 [ 122 ] ) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. [ 184 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021 [ 185 ] [ 186 ] and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. [ 122 ] Present department structure As of October 23, 2023, [update] there were over 700 people working at the foundation. [ 187 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. [ 188 ] In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. [ 189 ] As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: [ 190 ] Office of the chief executive officer : supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer. Advancement : responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs. Communications : responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts. Finance and Administration : responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources. Legal : responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy. Product and Technology : builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites. Talent and Culture : responsible for recruitment and training. Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] while others have not. [ 195 ] Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." [ 196 ] In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress . [ 197 ] At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act . [ 198 ] The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. [ 199 ] In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden . [ 200 ] On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times , Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ , calling into question its practice of mass surveillance , which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing . U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance , and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. [ 208 ] In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China [ 209 ] over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan . [ 210 ] In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. [ 211 ] In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. [ 212 ] In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; [ 213 ] China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. [ 214 ] Spending and fundraising practices In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". [ 215 ] During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. [ 216 ] Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic , such as Argentina and Brazil , [ 217 ] as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". [ 218 ] This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. [ 217 ] In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost , the English Wikipedia 's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", [ 219 ] [ 220 ] produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. [ 221 ] As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. [ 222 ] Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. [ 222 ] The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. [ 222 ] Knowledge Engine project Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. [ 223 ] The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation . [ 224 ] Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. [ 225 ] [ 223 ] Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References ^ "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . November 9, 2025. ^ a b c d Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation" . mail:wikipedia-l . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–13 of 13 results for author: Campedelli, G M Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2511.02895 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.HC physics.soc-ph A Criminology of Machines Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : While the possibility of reaching human-like Artificial Intelligence (AI) remains controversial, the likelihood that the future will be characterized by a society with a growing presence of autonomous machines is high. Autonomous AI agents are already deployed and active across several industries and digital environments and alongside human-human and human-machine interactions, machine-machine int… ▽ More While the possibility of reaching human-like Artificial Intelligence (AI) remains controversial, the likelihood that the future will be characterized by a society with a growing presence of autonomous machines is high. Autonomous AI agents are already deployed and active across several industries and digital environments and alongside human-human and human-machine interactions, machine-machine interactions are poised to become increasingly prevalent. Given these developments, I argue that criminology must begin to address the implications of this transition for crime and social control. Drawing on Actor-Network Theory and Woolgar's decades-old call for a sociology of machines -- frameworks that acquire renewed relevance with the rise of generative AI agents -- I contend that criminologists should move beyond conceiving AI solely as a tool. Instead, AI agents should be recognized as entities with agency encompassing computational, social, and legal dimensions. Building on the literature on AI safety, I thus examine the risks associated with the rise of multi-agent AI systems, proposing a dual taxonomy to characterize the channels through which interactions among AI agents may generate deviant, unlawful, or criminal outcomes. I then advance and discuss four key questions that warrant theoretical and empirical attention: (1) Can we assume that machines will simply mimic humans? (2) Will crime theories developed for humans suffice to explain deviant or criminal behaviors emerging from interactions between autonomous AI agents? (3) What types of criminal behaviors will be affected first? (4) How might this unprecedented societal shift impact policing? These questions underscore the urgent need for criminologists to theoretically and empirically engage with the implications of multi-agent AI systems for the study of crime and play a more active role in debates on AI safety and governance. △ Less Submitted 6 November, 2025; v1 submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: This pre-print is also available at CrimRxiv with DOI: arXiv:2511.02895 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Criminology of Machines Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : While the possibility of reaching human-like Artificial Intelligence (AI) remains controversial, the likelihood that the future will be characterized by a society with a growing presence of autonomous machines is high. Autonomous AI agents are already deployed and active across several industries and digital environments and alongside human-human and human-machine interactions, machine-machine int… ▽ More While the possibility of reaching human-like Artificial Intelligence (AI) remains controversial, the likelihood that the future will be characterized by a society with a growing presence of autonomous machines is high. Autonomous AI agents are already deployed and active across several industries and digital environments and alongside human-human and human-machine interactions, machine-machine interactions are poised to become increasingly prevalent. Given these developments, I argue that criminology must begin to address the implications of this transition for crime and social control. Drawing on Actor-Network Theory and Woolgar's decades-old call for a sociology of machines -- frameworks that acquire renewed relevance with the rise of generative AI agents -- I contend that criminologists should move beyond conceiving AI solely as a tool. Instead, AI agents should be recognized as entities with agency encompassing computational, social, and legal dimensions. Building on the literature on AI safety, I thus examine the risks associated with the rise of multi-agent AI systems, proposing a dual taxonomy to characterize the channels through which interactions among AI agents may generate deviant, unlawful, or criminal outcomes. I then advance and discuss four key questions that warrant theoretical and empirical attention: (1) Can we assume that machines will simply mimic humans? (2) Will crime theories developed for humans suffice to explain deviant or criminal behaviors emerging from interactions between autonomous AI agents? (3) What types of criminal behaviors will be affected first? (4) How might this unprecedented societal shift impact policing? These questions underscore the urgent need for criminologists to theoretically and empirically engage with the implications of multi-agent AI systems for the study of crime and play a more active role in debates on AI safety and governance. △ Less Submitted 6 November, 2025; v1 submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: This pre-print is also available at CrimRxiv with DOI: arXiv:2510.09243 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI CrisiText: A dataset of warning messages for LLM training in emergency communication Authors: Giacomo Gonella , Gian Maria Campedelli , Stefano Menini , Marco Guerini Abstract : Effectively identifying threats and mitigating their potential damage during crisis situations, such as natural disasters or violent attacks, is paramount for safeguarding endangered individuals. To tackle these challenges, AI has been used in assisting humans in emergency situations. Still, the use of NLP techniques remains limited and mostly focuses on classification tasks. The significant poten… ▽ More Effectively identifying threats and mitigating their potential damage during crisis situations, such as natural disasters or violent attacks, is paramount for safeguarding endangered individuals. To tackle these challenges, AI has been used in assisting humans in emergency situations. Still, the use of NLP techniques remains limited and mostly focuses on classification tasks. The significant potential of timely warning message generation using NLG architectures, however, has been largely overlooked. In this paper we present CrisiText, the first large-scale dataset for the generation of warning messages across 13 different types of crisis scenarios. The dataset contains more than 400,000 warning messages (spanning almost 18,000 crisis situations) aimed at assisting civilians during and after such events. To generate the dataset, we started from existing crisis descriptions and created chains of events related to the scenarios. Each event was then paired with a warning message. The generations follow experts' written guidelines to ensure correct terminology and factuality of their suggestions. Additionally, each message is accompanied by three suboptimal warning types to allow for the study of different NLG approaches. To this end, we conducted a series of experiments comparing supervised fine-tuning setups with preference alignment, zero-shot, and few-shot approaches. We further assessed model performance in out-of-distribution scenarios and evaluated the effectiveness of an automatic post-editor. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.09243 [ pdf , other ] CrisiText: A dataset of warning messages for LLM training in emergency communication Authors: Giacomo Gonella , Gian Maria Campedelli , Stefano Menini , Marco Guerini Abstract : Effectively identifying threats and mitigating their potential damage during crisis situations, such as natural disasters or violent attacks, is paramount for safeguarding endangered individuals. To tackle these challenges, AI has been used in assisting humans in emergency situations. Still, the use of NLP techniques remains limited and mostly focuses on classification tasks. The significant poten… ▽ More Effectively identifying threats and mitigating their potential damage during crisis situations, such as natural disasters or violent attacks, is paramount for safeguarding endangered individuals. To tackle these challenges, AI has been used in assisting humans in emergency situations. Still, the use of NLP techniques remains limited and mostly focuses on classification tasks. The significant potential of timely warning message generation using NLG architectures, however, has been largely overlooked. In this paper we present CrisiText, the first large-scale dataset for the generation of warning messages across 13 different types of crisis scenarios. The dataset contains more than 400,000 warning messages (spanning almost 18,000 crisis situations) aimed at assisting civilians during and after such events. To generate the dataset, we started from existing crisis descriptions and created chains of events related to the scenarios. Each event was then paired with a warning message. The generations follow experts' written guidelines to ensure correct terminology and factuality of their suggestions. Additionally, each message is accompanied by three suboptimal warning types to allow for the study of different NLG approaches. To this end, we conducted a series of experiments comparing supervised fine-tuning setups with preference alignment, zero-shot, and few-shot approaches. We further assessed model performance in out-of-distribution scenarios and evaluated the effectiveness of an automatic post-editor. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.20913 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI doi 10.1007/s10940-025-09629-3 Deep Learning for Crime Forecasting: The Role of Mobility at Fine-grained Spatiotemporal Scales Authors: Ariadna Albors Zumel , Michele Tizzoni , Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : Objectives: To develop a deep learning framework to evaluate if and how incorporating micro-level mobility features, alongside historical crime and sociodemographic data, enhances predictive performance in crime forecasting at fine-grained spatial and temporal resolutions. Methods: We advance the literature on computational methods and crime forecasting by focusing on four U.S. cities (i.e., Bal… ▽ More Objectives: To develop a deep learning framework to evaluate if and how incorporating micro-level mobility features, alongside historical crime and sociodemographic data, enhances predictive performance in crime forecasting at fine-grained spatial and temporal resolutions. Methods: We advance the literature on computational methods and crime forecasting by focusing on four U.S. cities (i.e., Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia). We employ crime incident data obtained from each city's police department, combined with sociodemographic data from the American Community Survey and human mobility data from Advan, collected from 2019 to 2023. This data is aggregated into grids with equally sized cells of 0.077 sq. miles (0.2 sq. kms) and used to train our deep learning forecasting model, a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) network, which predicts crime occurrences 12 hours ahead using 14-day and 2-day input sequences. We also compare its performance against three baseline models: logistic regression, random forest, and standard LSTM. Results: Incorporating mobility features improves predictive performance, especially when using shorter input sequences. Noteworthy, however, the best results are obtained when both mobility and sociodemographic features are used together, with our deep learning model achieving the highest recall, precision, and F1 score in all four cities, outperforming alternative methods. With this configuration, longer input sequences enhance predictions for violent crimes, while shorter sequences are more effective for property crimes. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of integrating diverse data sources for spatiotemporal crime forecasting, mobility included. They also highlight the advantages (and limits) of deep learning when dealing with fine-grained spatial and temporal scales. △ Less Submitted 25 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 64 pages, 33 figures, and 6 tables (including appendix) Journal ref: Albors Zumel, A., Tizzoni, M., & Campedelli, G.M. (2025). Deep Learning for Crime Forecasting: The Role of Mobility at Fine-grained Spatiotemporal Scales. Journal of Quantitative Criminology arXiv:2509.20913 [ pdf , ps , other ] Deep Learning for Crime Forecasting: The Role of Mobility at Fine-grained Spatiotemporal Scales Authors: Ariadna Albors Zumel , Michele Tizzoni , Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : Objectives: To develop a deep learning framework to evaluate if and how incorporating micro-level mobility features, alongside historical crime and sociodemographic data, enhances predictive performance in crime forecasting at fine-grained spatial and temporal resolutions. Methods: We advance the literature on computational methods and crime forecasting by focusing on four U.S. cities (i.e., Bal… ▽ More Objectives: To develop a deep learning framework to evaluate if and how incorporating micro-level mobility features, alongside historical crime and sociodemographic data, enhances predictive performance in crime forecasting at fine-grained spatial and temporal resolutions. Methods: We advance the literature on computational methods and crime forecasting by focusing on four U.S. cities (i.e., Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia). We employ crime incident data obtained from each city's police department, combined with sociodemographic data from the American Community Survey and human mobility data from Advan, collected from 2019 to 2023. This data is aggregated into grids with equally sized cells of 0.077 sq. miles (0.2 sq. kms) and used to train our deep learning forecasting model, a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) network, which predicts crime occurrences 12 hours ahead using 14-day and 2-day input sequences. We also compare its performance against three baseline models: logistic regression, random forest, and standard LSTM. Results: Incorporating mobility features improves predictive performance, especially when using shorter input sequences. Noteworthy, however, the best results are obtained when both mobility and sociodemographic features are used together, with our deep learning model achieving the highest recall, precision, and F1 score in all four cities, outperforming alternative methods. With this configuration, longer input sequences enhance predictions for violent crimes, while shorter sequences are more effective for property crimes. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of integrating diverse data sources for spatiotemporal crime forecasting, mobility included. They also highlight the advantages (and limits) of deep learning when dealing with fine-grained spatial and temporal scales. △ Less Submitted 25 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 64 pages, 33 figures, and 6 tables (including appendix) Journal ref: Albors Zumel, A., Tizzoni, M., & Campedelli, G.M. (2025). Deep Learning for Crime Forecasting: The Role of Mobility at Fine-grained Spatiotemporal Scales. Journal of Quantitative Criminology arXiv:2410.07109 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CY cs.MA I Want to Break Free! Persuasion and Anti-Social Behavior of LLMs in Multi-Agent Settings with Social Hierarchy Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Nicolò Penzo , Massimo Stefan , Roberto Dessì , Marco Guerini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano Abstract : As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging… ▽ More As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging 2,400 conversations across six LLMs (i.e., LLama3, Orca2, Command-r, Mixtral, Mistral2, and gpt4.1) and 240 experimental scenarios, we analyze persuasion and anti-social behavior between a guard and a prisoner agent with differing objectives. We first document model-specific conversational failures in this multi-agent power dynamic context, thereby narrowing our analytic sample to 1,600 conversations. Among models demonstrating successful interaction, we find that goal setting significantly influences persuasiveness but not anti-social behavior. Moreover, agent personas, especially the guard's, substantially impact both successful persuasion by the prisoner and the manifestation of anti-social actions. Notably, we observe the emergence of anti-social conduct even in absence of explicit negative personality prompts. These results have important implications for the development of interactive LLM agents and the ongoing discussion of their societal impact. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.07109 [ pdf , ps , other ] I Want to Break Free! Persuasion and Anti-Social Behavior of LLMs in Multi-Agent Settings with Social Hierarchy Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Nicolò Penzo , Massimo Stefan , Roberto Dessì , Marco Guerini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano Abstract : As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging… ▽ More As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging 2,400 conversations across six LLMs (i.e., LLama3, Orca2, Command-r, Mixtral, Mistral2, and gpt4.1) and 240 experimental scenarios, we analyze persuasion and anti-social behavior between a guard and a prisoner agent with differing objectives. We first document model-specific conversational failures in this multi-agent power dynamic context, thereby narrowing our analytic sample to 1,600 conversations. Among models demonstrating successful interaction, we find that goal setting significantly influences persuasiveness but not anti-social behavior. Moreover, agent personas, especially the guard's, substantially impact both successful persuasion by the prisoner and the manifestation of anti-social actions. Notably, we observe the emergence of anti-social conduct even in absence of explicit negative personality prompts. These results have important implications for the development of interactive LLM agents and the ongoing discussion of their societal impact. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2212.07676 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Inequality, Crime and Public Health: A Survey of Emerging Trends in Urban Data Science Authors: Massimiliano Luca , Gian Maria Campedelli , Simone Centellegher , Michele Tizzoni , Bruno Lepri Abstract : Urban agglomerations are constantly and rapidly evolving ecosystems, with globalization and increasing urbanization posing new challenges in sustainable urban development well summarized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The advent of the digital age generated by modern alternative data sources provides new tools to tackle these challenges with spatio-temporal scales tha… ▽ More Urban agglomerations are constantly and rapidly evolving ecosystems, with globalization and increasing urbanization posing new challenges in sustainable urban development well summarized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The advent of the digital age generated by modern alternative data sources provides new tools to tackle these challenges with spatio-temporal scales that were previously unavailable with census statistics. In this review, we present how new digital data sources are employed to provide data-driven insights to study and track (i) urban crime and public safety; (ii) socioeconomic inequalities and segregation; and (iii) public health, with a particular focus on the city scale. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022. arXiv:2212.07676 [ pdf , ps , other ] Inequality, Crime and Public Health: A Survey of Emerging Trends in Urban Data Science Authors: Massimiliano Luca , Gian Maria Campedelli , Simone Centellegher , Michele Tizzoni , Bruno Lepri Abstract : Urban agglomerations are constantly and rapidly evolving ecosystems, with globalization and increasing urbanization posing new challenges in sustainable urban development well summarized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The advent of the digital age generated by modern alternative data sources provides new tools to tackle these challenges with spatio-temporal scales tha… ▽ More Urban agglomerations are constantly and rapidly evolving ecosystems, with globalization and increasing urbanization posing new challenges in sustainable urban development well summarized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The advent of the digital age generated by modern alternative data sources provides new tools to tackle these challenges with spatio-temporal scales that were previously unavailable with census statistics. In this review, we present how new digital data sources are employed to provide data-driven insights to study and track (i) urban crime and public safety; (ii) socioeconomic inequalities and segregation; and (iii) public health, with a particular focus on the city scale. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022. arXiv:2203.04768 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI econ.EM stat.AP stat.ML doi 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101898 Explainable Machine Learning for Predicting Homicide Clearance in the United States Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : Purpose: To explore the potential of Explainable Machine Learning in the prediction and detection of drivers of cleared homicides at the national- and state-levels in the United States. Methods: First, nine algorithmic approaches are compared to assess the best performance in predicting cleared homicides country-wise, using data from the Murder Accountability Project. The most accurate algorithm… ▽ More Purpose: To explore the potential of Explainable Machine Learning in the prediction and detection of drivers of cleared homicides at the national- and state-levels in the United States. Methods: First, nine algorithmic approaches are compared to assess the best performance in predicting cleared homicides country-wise, using data from the Murder Accountability Project. The most accurate algorithm among all (XGBoost) is then used for predicting clearance outcomes state-wise. Second, SHAP, a framework for Explainable Artificial Intelligence, is employed to capture the most important features in explaining clearance patterns both at the national and state levels. Results: At the national level, XGBoost demonstrates to achieve the best performance overall. Substantial predictive variability is detected state-wise. In terms of explainability, SHAP highlights the relevance of several features in consistently predicting investigation outcomes. These include homicide circumstances, weapons, victims' sex and race, as well as number of involved offenders and victims. Conclusions: Explainable Machine Learning demonstrates to be a helpful framework for predicting homicide clearance. SHAP outcomes suggest a more organic integration of the two theoretical perspectives emerged in the literature. Furthermore, jurisdictional heterogeneity highlights the importance of developing ad hoc state-level strategies to improve police performance in clearing homicides. △ Less Submitted 9 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022. Comments: 41 pages, 18 figures Journal ref: Journal of Criminal Justice, 79 (2022) arXiv:2203.04768 [ pdf , other ] Explainable Machine Learning for Predicting Homicide Clearance in the United States Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : Purpose: To explore the potential of Explainable Machine Learning in the prediction and detection of drivers of cleared homicides at the national- and state-levels in the United States. Methods: First, nine algorithmic approaches are compared to assess the best performance in predicting cleared homicides country-wise, using data from the Murder Accountability Project. The most accurate algorithm… ▽ More Purpose: To explore the potential of Explainable Machine Learning in the prediction and detection of drivers of cleared homicides at the national- and state-levels in the United States. Methods: First, nine algorithmic approaches are compared to assess the best performance in predicting cleared homicides country-wise, using data from the Murder Accountability Project. The most accurate algorithm among all (XGBoost) is then used for predicting clearance outcomes state-wise. Second, SHAP, a framework for Explainable Artificial Intelligence, is employed to capture the most important features in explaining clearance patterns both at the national and state levels. Results: At the national level, XGBoost demonstrates to achieve the best performance overall. Substantial predictive variability is detected state-wise. In terms of explainability, SHAP highlights the relevance of several features in consistently predicting investigation outcomes. These include homicide circumstances, weapons, victims' sex and race, as well as number of involved offenders and victims. Conclusions: Explainable Machine Learning demonstrates to be a helpful framework for predicting homicide clearance. SHAP outcomes suggest a more organic integration of the two theoretical perspectives emerged in the literature. Furthermore, jurisdictional heterogeneity highlights the importance of developing ad hoc state-level strategies to improve police performance in clearing homicides. △ Less Submitted 9 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022. Comments: 41 pages, 18 figures Journal ref: Journal of Criminal Justice, 79 (2022) arXiv:2112.07998 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.LG physics.soc-ph stat.AP doi 10.1080/09546553.2021.2003785 Multi-modal Networks Reveal Patterns of Operational Similarity of Terrorist Organizations Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar b… ▽ More Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar behaviors, focusing on groups' yearly repertoire of deployed tactics, attacked targets, and utilized weapons. Specifically considering those organizations that have plotted at least 50 attacks from 1997 to 2018, accounting for a total of 105 groups responsible for more than 42,000 events worldwide, we offer three sets of results. First, we show that over the years global terrorism has been characterized by increasing operational cohesiveness. Second, we highlight that year-to-year stability in co-clustering among groups has been particularly high from 2009 to 2018, indicating temporal consistency of similarity patterns in the last decade. Third, we demonstrate that operational similarity between two organizations is driven by three factors: (a) their overall activity; (b) the difference in the diversity of their operational repertoires; (c) the difference in a combined measure of diversity and activity. Groups' operational preferences, geographical homophily and ideological affinity have no consistent role in determining operational similarity. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. Comments: 42 pages, 19 figures Journal ref: Terrorism and Political Violence, 0(0), 1-20 (2021) arXiv:2112.07998 [ pdf , other ] Multi-modal Networks Reveal Patterns of Operational Similarity of Terrorist Organizations Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar b… ▽ More Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar behaviors, focusing on groups' yearly repertoire of deployed tactics, attacked targets, and utilized weapons. Specifically considering those organizations that have plotted at least 50 attacks from 1997 to 2018, accounting for a total of 105 groups responsible for more than 42,000 events worldwide, we offer three sets of results. First, we show that over the years global terrorism has been characterized by increasing operational cohesiveness. Second, we highlight that year-to-year stability in co-clustering among groups has been particularly high from 2009 to 2018, indicating temporal consistency of similarity patterns in the last decade. Third, we demonstrate that operational similarity between two organizations is driven by three factors: (a) their overall activity; (b) the difference in the diversity of their operational repertoires; (c) the difference in a combined measure of diversity and activity. Groups' operational preferences, geographical homophily and ideological affinity have no consistent role in determining operational similarity. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. Comments: 42 pages, 19 figures Journal ref: Terrorism and Political Violence, 0(0), 1-20 (2021) arXiv:2104.10398 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI doi 10.1038/s41598-021-87709-7 Learning future terrorist targets through temporal meta-graphs Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Mihovil Bartulovic , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : In the last 20 years, terrorism has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths and massive economic, political, and humanitarian crises in several regions of the world. Using real-world data on attacks occurred in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001 to 2018, we propose the use of temporal meta-graphs and deep learning to forecast future terrorist targets. Focusing on three event dimensions, i.e., employed… ▽ More In the last 20 years, terrorism has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths and massive economic, political, and humanitarian crises in several regions of the world. Using real-world data on attacks occurred in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001 to 2018, we propose the use of temporal meta-graphs and deep learning to forecast future terrorist targets. Focusing on three event dimensions, i.e., employed weapons, deployed tactics and chosen targets, meta-graphs map the connections among temporally close attacks, capturing their operational similarities and dependencies. From these temporal meta-graphs, we derive 2-day-based time series that measure the centrality of each feature within each dimension over time. Formulating the problem in the context of the strategic behavior of terrorist actors, these multivariate temporal sequences are then utilized to learn what target types are at the highest risk of being chosen. The paper makes two contributions. First, it demonstrates that engineering the feature space via temporal meta-graphs produces richer knowledge than shallow time-series that only rely on frequency of feature occurrences. Second, the performed experiments reveal that bi-directional LSTM networks achieve superior forecasting performance compared to other algorithms, calling for future research aiming at fully discovering the potential of artificial intelligence to counter terrorist violence. △ Less Submitted 21 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: 19 pages, 18 figures Journal ref: Sci Rep 11, 8533 (2021) arXiv:2104.10398 [ pdf , other ] Learning future terrorist targets through temporal meta-graphs Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Mihovil Bartulovic , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : In the last 20 years, terrorism has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths and massive economic, political, and humanitarian crises in several regions of the world. Using real-world data on attacks occurred in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001 to 2018, we propose the use of temporal meta-graphs and deep learning to forecast future terrorist targets. Focusing on three event dimensions, i.e., employed… ▽ More In the last 20 years, terrorism has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths and massive economic, political, and humanitarian crises in several regions of the world. Using real-world data on attacks occurred in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001 to 2018, we propose the use of temporal meta-graphs and deep learning to forecast future terrorist targets. Focusing on three event dimensions, i.e., employed weapons, deployed tactics and chosen targets, meta-graphs map the connections among temporally close attacks, capturing their operational similarities and dependencies. From these temporal meta-graphs, we derive 2-day-based time series that measure the centrality of each feature within each dimension over time. Formulating the problem in the context of the strategic behavior of terrorist actors, these multivariate temporal sequences are then utilized to learn what target types are at the highest risk of being chosen. The paper makes two contributions. First, it demonstrates that engineering the feature space via temporal meta-graphs produces richer knowledge than shallow time-series that only rely on frequency of feature occurrences. Second, the performed experiments reveal that bi-directional LSTM networks achieve superior forecasting performance compared to other algorithms, calling for future research aiming at fully discovering the potential of artificial intelligence to counter terrorist violence. △ Less Submitted 21 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: 19 pages, 18 figures Journal ref: Sci Rep 11, 8533 (2021) arXiv:2101.06458 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.LG econ.GN stat.AP doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0250433 Temporal Clustering of Disorder Events During the COVID-19 Pandemic Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Maria Rita D'Orsogna Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed multiple public health, socio-economic, and institutional crises. Measures taken to slow the spread of the virus have fostered significant strain between authorities and citizens, leading to waves of social unrest and anti-government demonstrations. We study the temporal nature of pandemic-related disorder events as tallied by the "COVID-19 Disorder Tracker" ini… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed multiple public health, socio-economic, and institutional crises. Measures taken to slow the spread of the virus have fostered significant strain between authorities and citizens, leading to waves of social unrest and anti-government demonstrations. We study the temporal nature of pandemic-related disorder events as tallied by the "COVID-19 Disorder Tracker" initiative by focusing on the three countries with the largest number of incidents, India, Israel, and Mexico. By fitting Poisson and Hawkes processes to the stream of data, we find that disorder events are inter-dependent and self-excite in all three countries. Geographic clustering confirms these features at the subnational level, indicating that nationwide disorders emerge as the convergence of meso-scale patterns of self-excitation. Considerable diversity is observed among countries when computing correlations of events between subnational clusters; these are discussed in the context of specific political, societal and geographic characteristics. Israel, the most territorially compact and where large scale protests were coordinated in response to government lockdowns, displays the largest reactivity and the shortest period of influence following an event, as well as the strongest nationwide synchrony. In Mexico, where complete lockdown orders were never mandated, reactivity and nationwide synchrony are lowest. Our work highlights the need for authorities to promote local information campaigns to ensure that livelihoods and virus containment policies are not perceived as mutually exclusive. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2021; v1 submitted 16 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Comments: 37 pages, 16 figures Journal ref: PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0250433 (2021) arXiv:2101.06458 [ pdf , other ] Temporal Clustering of Disorder Events During the COVID-19 Pandemic Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Maria Rita D'Orsogna Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed multiple public health, socio-economic, and institutional crises. Measures taken to slow the spread of the virus have fostered significant strain between authorities and citizens, leading to waves of social unrest and anti-government demonstrations. We study the temporal nature of pandemic-related disorder events as tallied by the "COVID-19 Disorder Tracker" ini… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed multiple public health, socio-economic, and institutional crises. Measures taken to slow the spread of the virus have fostered significant strain between authorities and citizens, leading to waves of social unrest and anti-government demonstrations. We study the temporal nature of pandemic-related disorder events as tallied by the "COVID-19 Disorder Tracker" initiative by focusing on the three countries with the largest number of incidents, India, Israel, and Mexico. By fitting Poisson and Hawkes processes to the stream of data, we find that disorder events are inter-dependent and self-excite in all three countries. Geographic clustering confirms these features at the subnational level, indicating that nationwide disorders emerge as the convergence of meso-scale patterns of self-excitation. Considerable diversity is observed among countries when computing correlations of events between subnational clusters; these are discussed in the context of specific political, societal and geographic characteristics. Israel, the most territorially compact and where large scale protests were coordinated in response to government lockdowns, displays the largest reactivity and the shortest period of influence following an event, as well as the strongest nationwide synchrony. In Mexico, where complete lockdown orders were never mandated, reactivity and nationwide synchrony are lowest. Our work highlights the need for authorities to promote local information campaigns to ensure that livelihoods and virus containment policies are not perceived as mutually exclusive. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2021; v1 submitted 16 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Comments: 37 pages, 16 figures Journal ref: PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0250433 (2021) arXiv:2001.03494 [ pdf , other ] cs.MA cs.CY cs.SI nlin.CD A Policy-oriented Agent-based Model of Recruitment into Organized Crime Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Francesco Calderoni , Mario Paolucci , Tommaso Comunale , Daniele Vilone , Federico Cecconi , Giulia Andrighetto Abstract : Criminal organizations exploit their presence on territories and local communities to recruit new workforce in order to carry out their criminal activities and business. The ability to attract individuals is crucial for maintaining power and control over the territories in which these groups are settled. This study proposes the formalization, development and analysis of an agent-based model (ABM)… ▽ More Criminal organizations exploit their presence on territories and local communities to recruit new workforce in order to carry out their criminal activities and business. The ability to attract individuals is crucial for maintaining power and control over the territories in which these groups are settled. This study proposes the formalization, development and analysis of an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates a neighborhood of Palermo (Sicily) with the aim to understand the pathways that lead individuals to recruitment into organized crime groups (OCGs). Using empirical data on social, economic and criminal conditions of the area under analysis, we use a multi-layer network approach to simulate this scenario. As the final goal, we test different policies to counter recruitment into OCGs. These scenarios are based on two different dimensions of prevention and intervention: (i) primary and secondary socialization and (ii) law enforcement targeting strategies. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020. Comments: 15 pages, 2 figures. Paper accepted and in press for the Proceedings of the 2019 Social Simulation Conference (Mainz, Germany) arXiv:2001.03494 [ pdf , other ] A Policy-oriented Agent-based Model of Recruitment into Organized Crime Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Francesco Calderoni , Mario Paolucci , Tommaso Comunale , Daniele Vilone , Federico Cecconi , Giulia Andrighetto Abstract : Criminal organizations exploit their presence on territories and local communities to recruit new workforce in order to carry out their criminal activities and business. The ability to attract individuals is crucial for maintaining power and control over the territories in which these groups are settled. This study proposes the formalization, development and analysis of an agent-based model (ABM)… ▽ More Criminal organizations exploit their presence on territories and local communities to recruit new workforce in order to carry out their criminal activities and business. The ability to attract individuals is crucial for maintaining power and control over the territories in which these groups are settled. This study proposes the formalization, development and analysis of an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates a neighborhood of Palermo (Sicily) with the aim to understand the pathways that lead individuals to recruitment into organized crime groups (OCGs). Using empirical data on social, economic and criminal conditions of the area under analysis, we use a multi-layer network approach to simulate this scenario. As the final goal, we test different policies to counter recruitment into OCGs. These scenarios are based on two different dimensions of prevention and intervention: (i) primary and secondary socialization and (ii) law enforcement targeting strategies. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020. Comments: 15 pages, 2 figures. Paper accepted and in press for the Proceedings of the 2019 Social Simulation Conference (Mainz, Germany) arXiv:2001.03367 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.SI stat.AP doi 10.1007/s41109-019-0184-6 A Complex Networks Approach to Find Latent Clusters of Terrorist Groups Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Iain Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Given the extreme heterogeneity of actors and groups participating in terrorist actions, investigating and assessing their characteristics can be important to extract relevant information and enhance the knowledge on their behaviors. The present work will seek to achieve this goal via a complex networks approach. This approach will allow finding latent clusters of similar terror groups using infor… ▽ More Given the extreme heterogeneity of actors and groups participating in terrorist actions, investigating and assessing their characteristics can be important to extract relevant information and enhance the knowledge on their behaviors. The present work will seek to achieve this goal via a complex networks approach. This approach will allow finding latent clusters of similar terror groups using information on their operational characteristics. Specifically, using open access data of terrorist attacks occurred worldwide from 1997 to 2016, we build a multi-partite network that includes terrorist groups and related information on tactics, weapons, targets, active regions. We propose a novel algorithm for cluster formation that expands our earlier work that solely used Gower's coefficient of similarity via the application of Von Neumann entropy for mode-weighting. This novel approach is compared with our previous Gower-based method and a heuristic clustering technique that only focuses on groups' ideologies. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the entropy-based approach tends to reliably reflect the structure of the data that naturally emerges from the baseline Gower-based method. Additionally, it provides interesting results in terms of behavioral and ideological characteristics of terrorist groups. We furthermore show that the ideology-based procedure tends to distort or hide existing patterns. Among the main statistical results, our work reveals that groups belonging to opposite ideologies can share very common behaviors and that Islamist/jihadist groups hold peculiar behavioral characteristics with respect to the others. Limitations and potential work directions are also discussed, introducing the idea of a dynamic entropy-based framework. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020. Comments: 24 pages, 8 figures Journal ref: Appl Netw Sci 4, 59 (2019) arXiv:2001.03367 [ pdf , other ] A Complex Networks Approach to Find Latent Clusters of Terrorist Groups Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Iain Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Given the extreme heterogeneity of actors and groups participating in terrorist actions, investigating and assessing their characteristics can be important to extract relevant information and enhance the knowledge on their behaviors. The present work will seek to achieve this goal via a complex networks approach. This approach will allow finding latent clusters of similar terror groups using infor… ▽ More Given the extreme heterogeneity of actors and groups participating in terrorist actions, investigating and assessing their characteristics can be important to extract relevant information and enhance the knowledge on their behaviors. The present work will seek to achieve this goal via a complex networks approach. This approach will allow finding latent clusters of similar terror groups using information on their operational characteristics. Specifically, using open access data of terrorist attacks occurred worldwide from 1997 to 2016, we build a multi-partite network that includes terrorist groups and related information on tactics, weapons, targets, active regions. We propose a novel algorithm for cluster formation that expands our earlier work that solely used Gower's coefficient of similarity via the application of Von Neumann entropy for mode-weighting. This novel approach is compared with our previous Gower-based method and a heuristic clustering technique that only focuses on groups' ideologies. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the entropy-based approach tends to reliably reflect the structure of the data that naturally emerges from the baseline Gower-based method. Additionally, it provides interesting results in terms of behavioral and ideological characteristics of terrorist groups. We furthermore show that the ideology-based procedure tends to distort or hide existing patterns. Among the main statistical results, our work reveals that groups belonging to opposite ideologies can share very common behaviors and that Islamist/jihadist groups hold peculiar behavioral characteristics with respect to the others. Limitations and potential work directions are also discussed, introducing the idea of a dynamic entropy-based framework. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020. Comments: 24 pages, 8 figures Journal ref: Appl Netw Sci 4, 59 (2019) arXiv:1912.11084 [ pdf , other ] cs.DL cs.CY cs.LG doi 10.1007/s42001-020-00082-9 Where Are We? Using Scopus to Map the Literature at the Intersection Between Artificial Intelligence and Research on Crime Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications has spread over many scientific disciplines. Scientists have tested the power of intelligent algorithms developed to predict (or learn from) natural, physical and social phenomena. This also applies to crime-related research problems. Nonetheless, studies that map the current state of the art at the intersection between AI and crime are lacking… ▽ More Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications has spread over many scientific disciplines. Scientists have tested the power of intelligent algorithms developed to predict (or learn from) natural, physical and social phenomena. This also applies to crime-related research problems. Nonetheless, studies that map the current state of the art at the intersection between AI and crime are lacking. What are the current research trends in terms of topics in this area? What is the structure of scientific collaboration when considering works investigating criminal issues using machine learning, deep learning, and AI in general? What are the most active countries in this specific scientific sphere? Using data retrieved from the Scopus database, this work quantitatively analyzes 692 published works at the intersection between AI and crime employing network science to respond to these questions. Results show that researchers are mainly focusing on cyber-related criminal topics and that relevant themes such as algorithmic discrimination, fairness, and ethics are considerably overlooked. Furthermore, data highlight the extremely disconnected structure of co-authorship networks. Such disconnectedness may represent a substantial obstacle to a more solid community of scientists interested in these topics. Additionally, the graph of scientific collaboration indicates that countries that are more prone to engage in international partnerships are generally less central in the network. This means that scholars working in highly productive countries (e.g. the United States, China) tend to mostly collaborate domestically. Finally, current issues and future developments within this scientific area are also discussed. △ Less Submitted 6 August, 2020; v1 submitted 23 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019. Comments: 25 pages, 12 figures, pre-print (currently R&R in JCSS) Journal ref: J Comput Soc Sc (2020) arXiv:1912.11084 [ pdf , other ] Where Are We? Using Scopus to Map the Literature at the Intersection Between Artificial Intelligence and Research on Crime Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli Abstract : Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications has spread over many scientific disciplines. Scientists have tested the power of intelligent algorithms developed to predict (or learn from) natural, physical and social phenomena. This also applies to crime-related research problems. Nonetheless, studies that map the current state of the art at the intersection between AI and crime are lacking… ▽ More Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications has spread over many scientific disciplines. Scientists have tested the power of intelligent algorithms developed to predict (or learn from) natural, physical and social phenomena. This also applies to crime-related research problems. Nonetheless, studies that map the current state of the art at the intersection between AI and crime are lacking. What are the current research trends in terms of topics in this area? What is the structure of scientific collaboration when considering works investigating criminal issues using machine learning, deep learning, and AI in general? What are the most active countries in this specific scientific sphere? Using data retrieved from the Scopus database, this work quantitatively analyzes 692 published works at the intersection between AI and crime employing network science to respond to these questions. Results show that researchers are mainly focusing on cyber-related criminal topics and that relevant themes such as algorithmic discrimination, fairness, and ethics are considerably overlooked. Furthermore, data highlight the extremely disconnected structure of co-authorship networks. Such disconnectedness may represent a substantial obstacle to a more solid community of scientists interested in these topics. Additionally, the graph of scientific collaboration indicates that countries that are more prone to engage in international partnerships are generally less central in the network. This means that scholars working in highly productive countries (e.g. the United States, China) tend to mostly collaborate domestically. Finally, current issues and future developments within this scientific area are also discussed. △ Less Submitted 6 August, 2020; v1 submitted 23 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019. Comments: 25 pages, 12 figures, pre-print (currently R&R in JCSS) Journal ref: J Comput Soc Sc (2020) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & 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Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! 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(1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Death of Moritz Petterson and murder trial 3 New evidence and eventual pardon 4 Later life and death 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Sources 5.1 Sources Clarence Boggie Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Clarence Boggie Boggie in 1934 Born 1893 Wisconsin, U.S. Died July 1, 1949 (1949-07-01) (aged 55–56) Northern California, U.S. Occupation Lumberjack Known for Wrongful conviction for the murder of Moritz Peterson and later pardoned Clarence Gilmore Boggie (1893 – July 1, 1949) was an American lumberjack who was known for his wrongful convictions and later pardons. Born in Wisconsin and raised in Washington, Boggie worked in the logging industry throughout his life. In the early 1930s, he was convicted of two robberies in Oregon and Idaho, for which he was later pardoned after investigations revealed his innocence. In 1933, he was wrongfully convicted of the murder of Moritz Peterson, a crime he did not commit. After serving 13 years in prison, new evidence led to a conditional pardon from the governor of Washington in 1948. He died from a heart attack in July 1949. Early life Clarence Boggie was born in Wisconsin in 1893. During his youth, he and his parents migrated to the state of Washington, where they settled near Brownsville . When Boggie turned seventeen, he began working in logging fields. He married twice, once from 1915 until his wife died in 1921, and again from 1931 to May 1933. [ 1 ] During the Great Depression, Boggie was unemployed and lived in Portland . He had previously been convicted twice for robbery prior to the murder, in Oregon and Idaho respectively, although he was pardoned both times after an investigation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Death of Moritz Petterson and murder trial On June 28, 1933, 79-year-old saloon operator Moritz Peterson was found dead in his home due to a robbery. In 1935, Boggie was put on trial for the murder of Peterson. [ 2 ] He testified that he could not have committed the murder as he was in Portland at that time. [ 1 ] Although he did not fit the description of the murderer, several witnesses testified against him, causing the jury to convict him of first-degree murder. [ 2 ] They chose to not give him the death penalty, sentencing him to life in prison instead. [ 1 ] New evidence and eventual pardon William Gilbert, a clergyman at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Walla Walla who was interested in the case, traveled to California to convince the lawyer Erle Stanley Gardner to see if Boggie was innocent. [ 4 ] Additionally, in October 1947, reporter Don Magnuson was sent by the The Seattle Times to investigate the trial of Boggie. [ 2 ] Magnuson travelled thousands of miles, gathering evidence while interviewing officials, attorneys, witnesses, and jurors. [ 2 ] Additionally, Gardner discovered that an unnamed "Convict X", who had previously framed Boggie, was the likely killer. [ 3 ] The new evidence provided by Gardner and Magnuson prompted then-Attorney General of Washington Smith Troy to conduct a new investigation. [ 5 ] On September 23, Troy concluded the investigation, recommending that Governor Monrad Wallgren pardon Boggie. [ 6 ] Despite that, Spokane officials chose not to pursue the suspected killer. [ 7 ] Wallgren eventually granted Boggie a conditional pardon on December 23, 1948. [ 5 ] Later life and death After he was released, the state of Oregon chose not to send Boggie back to prison for the robbery charge as it expired in 1934. [ 8 ] He married Gertrude McKean, a childhood friend, on March 19, 1949. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Clarence Boggie died on July 1, 1949, from a heart attack while working at a logging camp in Northern California. [ 11 ] It was speculated that his heart was strained and weakened by his time in prison. [ 7 ] He was survived by his wife, four stepchildren, parents, and six siblings. [ 11 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Clarence Boggie Convicted" . Brandonville Times . Vol. 48, no. 30. December 19, 1935. p. 1 . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . ^ a b c d e "Seattle Times Digs Evidence That Frees Lifer" . Editor and Publisher . Vol. 82, no. 1. Duncan McIntosh. January 1, 1949. p. 35 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ a b Gardner 1954 , pp. 34, 39. ^ Ashmore, Barbara Smith (October 5, 1958). "Men Who Wait" . The Spokesman-Review. p. 7 . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . ^ a b "Washington Governor Pardons Veteran Of 13 Years In Jail" . Victoria Daily Times . Vol. 113, no. 147. University of Victoria. Associated Press. December 23, 1948. p. 1 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ "Study promised in Boggie case" . The Spokesman-Review . Vol. 66, no. 133. September 24, 1948. p. 6 . Retrieved December 3, 2025 . ^ a b Yant 1991 , pp. 151. ^ "Lifer Freed in Killing After 13 Years in Jail, Spared Prison Again as Oregon Yule Gift" . The New York Times . Vol. 98, no. 33, 209. Associated Press. December 26, 1948. p. 3 . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . ^ Gardner 1954 , pp. 102. ^ "Boggie Wants Chunk Of Cash For Jail Term" . Lewiston Morning Tribune . Associated Press. March 20, 1949. p. 1 . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . ^ a b "Heart Attack Fatal to Pardoned Man in California" . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Vol. 63, no. 244. Associated Press. July 2, 1949. p. 1 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . Sources Gardner, Erle Stanley (1954). The Court of Last Resort . New York City: Pocket Books Inc . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Yant, Martin (1991). Presumed Guilty: When Innocent People are Wrongly Convicted . Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-643-7 . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Recipients of gubernatorial pardons in Washington Recipients of gubernatorial pardons in Oregon 1893 births 1949 deaths American loggers Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from January 2026 Articles with hCards CS1 maint: ref duplicates default This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:28 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Bâḍâ bânnya' kaca bhântowan sè kennèng abhânto orèng anyar molaè aghâbây, meccè' serradhân, otabâ malebbhuwaghi ghâmbhâr. Ajjhâ' tako' atanya bân mènta tolong, apa polè bâ'na ghi' anyar è situs arèya. Kaca pakanḍhâ'ân kennèng èghuna'aghi ghâbây mabânnya' serradhân. Maju aghâbây serradhân anyar Patung kaju kerrabhân sapè Madhurâ, kèmpo'anna Tropenmuseum Patung kaju kerrabhân sapè Madhurâ, kèmpo'anna Tropenmuseum Serradhân Pèlèyan Radhin Dèwi Sartika otabâ Dèwi Sartika (Madhurâ : ꦢꦺꦮꦶꦱꦂꦠꦶꦏ ) (Lahèr 4 Ḍèsèmber 1884-11 Sèptembèr 1947) iyâ arèya advokat bân toko perintis pendidikan ḍâ' ka bâbinè'. Dewi Sartika aropa'aghi sala sèttong orèng binè’ Inḍonèsia sè palèng kalonta. Dewi èangghâp mènangka pahlawan Nasional sarèng pamarènta Inḍonèsia è taon 1966.( Bâcâ è ḍinna'... ) Artikel pilihan sebelumnya: Syafruddin Prawiranegara – - – - Arsip – Artikel pilihan lainnya ( Daftar — Sembarang ) Radhin Dèwi Sartika otabâ Dèwi Sartika (Madhurâ : ꦢꦺꦮꦶꦱꦂꦠꦶꦏ ) (Lahèr 4 Ḍèsèmber 1884-11 Sèptembèr 1947) iyâ arèya advokat bân toko perintis pendidikan ḍâ' ka bâbinè'. Dewi Sartika aropa'aghi sala sèttong orèng binè’ Inḍonèsia sè palèng kalonta. Dewi èangghâp mènangka pahlawan Nasional sarèng pamarènta Inḍonèsia è taon 1966.( Bâcâ è ḍinna'... ) Artikel pilihan sebelumnya: Syafruddin Prawiranegara – - – - Arsip – Artikel pilihan lainnya ( Daftar — Sembarang ) Ghâmbhâr Pèlèyan Apen iyâ arèya kakanan ḍâri teppong kanji, teppong bherrâs, ennyor ngoḍâ, bân pan-saponapan bahan laènna. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries South Korea's impeached president found guilty in first of four trials: What you need to know 6 hours ago Share Save Leehyun Choi , Seoul and Kelly Ng Share Save Getty Images This verdict comes more than a year after Yoon's short-lived martial law decree South Korea's beleaguered ex-president Yoon Suk Yeol has been found guilty of abuse of power, falsifying documents and obstructing justice when he tried and failed to impose martial law in the country in 2024. He has also been sentenced to five years in jail. Yoon is facing three other trials for charges ranging from insurrection to violating campaign law. The verdict comes more than a year after his short-lived decree threw South Korea into political turmoil , leaving it deeply divided . Here's what to know about the key charges laid against Yoon. Obstruction of justice On Friday, Yoon was found guilty of obstruction of justice by evading arrest; abuse of power by not convening a cabinet meeting before his martial law declaration; and falsifying official documents. Prosecutors accused him of using state institutions "for personal purposes" to conceal wrongdoing and undermine constitutional checks and balances. In January last year, it took some 3,000 police officers, over two attempts, to finally take Yoon into custody for questioning over the insurrection charge. Yoon had mobilised a large group of security officers who formed a human wall inside his residence to block the arrest - a move that a special prosecutor investigating the charge said was unprecedented. Yoon, meanwhile, argued the Corruption Investigation Office that attempted to arrest him lacked jurisdiction to investigate insurrection charges. The chaos surrounding the arrest, and the earlier failed attempt, "demonstrated apparent lawlessness by Yoon, [his] conservative party, and South Korea's domestic security institutions", said Mason Richey, an associate professor at Seoul's Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. "The obstruction of justice trial is a way to ensure accountability for these," he said. Insurrection Under South Korea's constitution, sitting presidents are immune from criminal persecution, except for on charges of insurrection and treason. Yoon was charged on 26 January 2025. By then, parliament had voted to impeach him, but he was not yet removed from office. Prosecutors allege that Yoon attempted to subvert the constitution by declaring martial law in the absence of war or any national emergency. In particular, he's been charged over how he mobilised troops and police to seal off the National Assembly compound to prevent lawmakers from blocking his decree, and how he ordered the arrests of the National Assembly speaker and then-leaders of the main political parties. Yoon had earlier claimed he declared martial law to protect the country from "anti-state" forces that sympathised with North Korea - but it soon became clear he was spurred by his own political troubles . Prosecutors have sought the death penalty, describing Yoon as "unrepentant". South Korea has not executed anyone since December 1997. AFP via Getty Images Yoon's decree and the subsequent legal proceedings have prompted scores, both supporters and opponents, to take to the streets Former president Chun Doo-hwan, who ruled South Korea in the 1980s as a military dictator, was sentenced to death for leading an insurrection, though this was later reduced to life imprisonment. His ally and successor Roh Tae-woo was handed a lengthy jail term for his part in the insurrection. Both were eventually pardoned. Prosecutors have argued, however, that Yoon's 2024 martial law attempt "tarnished the nation's dignity far more severely" than the military coup Chun and Roh staged in 1979. "We all saw how he disrespected the courtroom, smirking and laughing amongst his lawyers during witness testimonies. That did not help his case at all," said law professor Lim Ji-bong. Lim believes the judge will hand down a life sentence, though, so as to "avoid making Yoon a martyr". A death sentence carries political risk as it may further alienate Yoon's supporters and deepen chaos in the country, he said. US-based lawyer and Korea expert Christopher Jumin Lee believes Yoon will ultimately be pardoned no matter what sentence he receives, as Chun and Roh were. "It's a customary thing about Korean politics," Lee said. "Whatever the sentence, it's a symbolic acknowledgement of how severe the crime is." Reuters It took some 3,000 police officers to finally arrest Yoon in January last year Aiding an enemy state Prosecutors have also alleged that Yoon tried to provoke North Korea into attacking the South so as to justify his martial law declaration. In putting forward this charge, the prosecution relied on evidence found on former military intelligence chief Yeo In-hyung's phone that contained words suggesting potential provocations. They also cited a memo which appeared to push for a move to "create an unstable situation or seize an arising opportunity". This trial, which opened on Monday, will look at whether Yoon ordered drone flights into the North to induce military conflict between the Koreas, among other things. Yeo and Yoon's former defence minister Kim Yong-hyun have also been indicted on the same charge. Other charges Yoon has also been accused of perjury, for when he testified during former prime minister Han Duck-soo's trial last year on charges of aiding the insurrection. Prosecutors allege that Yoon falsely testified by claiming he had long planned to hold a cabinet meeting before declaring martial law. Investigators said Yoon had no such plan and only convened a meeting at Han's urging. Apart from charges related to his martial law attempt, Yoon has also been indicted in a series of other cases. He is among 33 people charged for allegedly obstructing an investigation into the death of a young marine officer in 2023, and for aiding the suspect in this case. He has also been charged for meddling in the 2022 presidential elections and making false statements during his campaign. Asia Yoon Suk Yeol South Korea South Korea's impeached president found guilty in first of four trials: What you need to know South Korea's beleaguered ex-president Yoon Suk Yeol has been found guilty of abuse of power, falsifying documents and obstructing justice when he tried and failed to impose martial law in the country in 2024. He has also been sentenced to five years in jail. Yoon is facing three other trials for charges ranging from insurrection to violating campaign law. The verdict comes more than a year after his short-lived decree threw South Korea into political turmoil , leaving it deeply divided . Here's what to know about the key charges laid against Yoon. Obstruction of justice On Friday, Yoon was found guilty of obstruction of justice by evading arrest; abuse of power by not convening a cabinet meeting before his martial law declaration; and falsifying official documents. Prosecutors accused him of using state institutions "for personal purposes" to conceal wrongdoing and undermine constitutional checks and balances. In January last year, it took some 3,000 police officers, over two attempts, to finally take Yoon into custody for questioning over the insurrection charge. Yoon had mobilised a large group of security officers who formed a human wall inside his residence to block the arrest - a move that a special prosecutor investigating the charge said was unprecedented. Yoon, meanwhile, argued the Corruption Investigation Office that attempted to arrest him lacked jurisdiction to investigate insurrection charges. The chaos surrounding the arrest, and the earlier failed attempt, "demonstrated apparent lawlessness by Yoon, [his] conservative party, and South Korea's domestic security institutions", said Mason Richey, an associate professor at Seoul's Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. "The obstruction of justice trial is a way to ensure accountability for these," he said. Insurrection Under South Korea's constitution, sitting presidents are immune from criminal persecution, except for on charges of insurrection and treason. Yoon was charged on 26 January 2025. By then, parliament had voted to impeach him, but he was not yet removed from office. Prosecutors allege that Yoon attempted to subvert the constitution by declaring martial law in the absence of war or any national emergency. In particular, he's been charged over how he mobilised troops and police to seal off the National Assembly compound to prevent lawmakers from blocking his decree, and how he ordered the arrests of the National Assembly speaker and then-leaders of the main political parties. Yoon had earlier claimed he declared martial law to protect the country from "anti-state" forces that sympathised with North Korea - but it soon became clear he was spurred by his own political troubles . Prosecutors have sought the death penalty, describing Yoon as "unrepentant". South Korea has not executed anyone since December 1997. Former president Chun Doo-hwan, who ruled South Korea in the 1980s as a military dictator, was sentenced to death for leading an insurrection, though this was later reduced to life imprisonment. His ally and successor Roh Tae-woo was handed a lengthy jail term for his part in the insurrection. Both were eventually pardoned. Prosecutors have argued, however, that Yoon's 2024 martial law attempt "tarnished the nation's dignity far more severely" than the military coup Chun and Roh staged in 1979. "We all saw how he disrespected the courtroom, smirking and laughing amongst his lawyers during witness testimonies. That did not help his case at all," said law professor Lim Ji-bong. Lim believes the judge will hand down a life sentence, though, so as to "avoid making Yoon a martyr". A death sentence carries political risk as it may further alienate Yoon's supporters and deepen chaos in the country, he said. US-based lawyer and Korea expert Christopher Jumin Lee believes Yoon will ultimately be pardoned no matter what sentence he receives, as Chun and Roh were. "It's a customary thing about Korean politics," Lee said. "Whatever the sentence, it's a symbolic acknowledgement of how severe the crime is." Aiding an enemy state Prosecutors have also alleged that Yoon tried to provoke North Korea into attacking the South so as to justify his martial law declaration. In putting forward this charge, the prosecution relied on evidence found on former military intelligence chief Yeo In-hyung's phone that contained words suggesting potential provocations. They also cited a memo which appeared to push for a move to "create an unstable situation or seize an arising opportunity". This trial, which opened on Monday, will look at whether Yoon ordered drone flights into the North to induce military conflict between the Koreas, among other things. Yeo and Yoon's former defence minister Kim Yong-hyun have also been indicted on the same charge. Other charges Yoon has also been accused of perjury, for when he testified during former prime minister Han Duck-soo's trial last year on charges of aiding the insurrection. Prosecutors allege that Yoon falsely testified by claiming he had long planned to hold a cabinet meeting before declaring martial law. Investigators said Yoon had no such plan and only convened a meeting at Han's urging. Apart from charges related to his martial law attempt, Yoon has also been indicted in a series of other cases. He is among 33 people charged for allegedly obstructing an investigation into the death of a young marine officer in 2023, and for aiding the suspect in this case. He has also been charged for meddling in the 2022 presidential elections and making false statements during his campaign. China and Canada announce tariffs relief after a high-stakes meeting between Carney and Xi Investigation after Air India jet engine sucks in cargo container at Delhi airport S Korea's ex-president Yoon to be jailed for five years over martial law bid Weekly quiz: Where are BTS kicking off their comeback tour? How much attention did you pay to what happened in the world over the past seven days? K-pop drum duet between Japan and South Korea's leaders caps off summit talks Leaders of the two East Asian nations played drums to hits from BTS and KPop Demon Hunters. Dubai chocolate-inspired dessert takes S Korea by storm Shops are selling hundreds of cookies within minutes as the frenzy sends prices of ingredients surging. Prosecutors seek death penalty for ex-South Korean president Yoon Yoon is accused of leading an insurrection when he tried to impose martial law in 2024. Car giant Hyundai to use human-like robots in factories The firm plans to deploy the technology at the same plant that was involved in a huge immigration raid in 2025. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Powers Toggle Powers subsection 1.1 Complements and compensations 1.1 Complements and compensations 2 History 3 Requirements 4 Term limits 5 Recall 6 Office-holders 7 See also 8 References 9 External links President of Venezuela العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी עברית Latviešu مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Română Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Presidential seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Delcy Rodríguez Acting since 5 January 2026 Style Mr./Madam President ( Señor/a Presidente/a ) His/Her Excellency ( Su Excelencia ) Member of Cabinet Residence La Casona Seat Miraflores Palace , Caracas Appointer Popular vote election Term length 6 years, no term limits Constituting instrument Constitution of Venezuela (1999) Inaugural holder Cristóbal Mendoza ( First Republic ) José Antonio Páez ( State of Venezuela ) Formation January 13, 1830 (196 years ago) ( 1830-01-13 ) Deputy Vice President Salary US$ 4,068 monthly [ 1 ] Website presidencia.gob.ve Politics of Venezuela Constitution Law Constitution Constitutions of States Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labour Nationality Capital punishment Constitution Law Constitution Constitutions of States Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labour Nationality Capital punishment Executive President ( list ) Disputed Vice President Delcy Rodríguez Cabinet President ( list ) Disputed Vice President Delcy Rodríguez Cabinet Legislature National Assembly President : Dinorah Figuera Disputed with Jorge Rodríguez since 5 January 2021 National Assembly President : Dinorah Figuera Disputed with Jorge Rodríguez since 5 January 2021 Judiciary Supreme Tribunal of Justice Supreme Tribunal of Justice Federal divisions Regions States Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Dependencies Regions States Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Dependencies Elections Democracy Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Democracy Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Felix Plasencia ( list ) Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Chávez's foreign policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Felix Plasencia ( list ) Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Chávez's foreign policy Venezuela portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The president of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de Venezuela ), officially known as the president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ), is the executive head of state and head of government of Venezuela . The president leads the National Executive of the Venezuelan government and is the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces . Presidential terms were set at six years with the adoption of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela , and presidential term limits were removed in 2009. [ 2 ] The office of president in Venezuela has existed since the 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence from the Spanish Crown ; the first president was Cristóbal Mendoza . From 1821 to 1830, Venezuela was a member state of Gran Colombia , and the Venezuelan executive was absorbed by the Colombian government in Bogotá . When the State of Venezuela became independent from Gran Colombia, the office of the president was restored under José Antonio Páez . Every head of state of Venezuela since then has held the title of president. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic civilian governments until the 2010s, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. The Venezuelan presidential crisis was a political crisis concerning the leadership and who holds the office remained disputed until 5 January 2023. It began when the opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro 's 2018 re-election was invalid and the body declared its president, Juan Guaidó , to be acting president of the country. [ 3 ] However, support for Guaidó declined following a failed uprising attempt in April 2019 . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Efforts led by Guaidó to create a transitional government were unsuccessful, with Maduro continuing to control Venezuela's state institutions. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The European Union still does not recognize Maduro as the legitimate president, threatening his government with further sanctions . [ 9 ] The interim government was dissolved in December 2022, when three of the four main political parties approved its dissolution to create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as the deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential election of July 2024 . [ 6 ] On 3 January 2026, the United States captured then-president Nicolás Maduro , as well as his wife Cilia Flores , and extracted them from the country . As a result, Delcy Rodríguez became the acting president. Rodríguez is the current acting president. Powers As a self described republic with a presidential executive, Venezuela grants significant powers to the president. The president effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the cabinet and, with the approval of the National Assembly , the judges for the Supreme Tribunal of Justice . The president is also the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces (FANB). The powers and obligations of the president of Venezuela are established, limited and numbered by articles 236 and 237 of the constitution : To comply with and enforce the Constitution and the law. To direct the activity of the Government. To appoint and remove the Executive Vice-president and the Cabinet Ministers . To direct the international relations of the Republic and sign and ratify international treaties, agreements or conventions. To direct the National Armed Forces in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief. To exercise supreme command over the National Armed Forces, promote their officers at the rank of colonel or naval captain and above, and appoint them to the positions exclusively reserved to them. To declare states of exception and order the restriction of guarantees in the cases provided for under the Constitution. To issue executive orders having the force of law, subject to authorization in advance by an enabling act. To call special sessions of the National Assembly. To issue regulations for the application of laws, in whole or in part, without altering the spirit, purpose and reason for being of the laws. To administer the National Public Treasury. To negotiate national loans. To order extraordinary budget item in addition to the budget, subject to authorization in advance from the National Assembly or the Delegated Committee. To enter into contracts in the national interest, subject to this Constitution and applicable laws. To designate, subject to prior authorization from the National Assembly or the Delegated Committee, the Attorney-General of the Republic and the heads of the permanent diplomatic missions. To designate and remove those officials whose appointment is made subject to his discretion by the Constitution or the applicable law. To address reports or special messages to the National Assembly, either in person or through the executive vice-president. To formulate the National Development Plan and, subject to approval in advance from the National Assembly, direct the implementation of the same. To grant pardons. To determine the number, organization and competence of the Ministries and other organs comprising the National Public Administrative Branch, as well as the organization and functions of the Cabinet Ministers, within the principles and guidelines set forth in the pertinent organic law. To dissolve the National Assembly in the case contemplated by the Constitution. To call reference in the cases provided for under the present Constitution. To call and preside over meetings of the National Defense Council. Any others vested in the president under the Constitution and law. Complements and compensations The president's salary directly derives from the National Treasury, as stated in the Organic Law of Salaries, Pensions and Retirements of High Officials of the Public Power. During his or her tenure, the president may not be employed by anyone else, nor receive any other salary from the state. The president's salary is not to be superior to twelve monthly minimum wages , [ 10 ] that is to say, 67,469.76 VEF (as of February 2015). [ 11 ] The Presidential Honor Guard Brigade [ es ] of Venezuela is in charge of the president's protection, as well as the presidential family and their political peers. The Presidential Guard of Honor is made up of members from the four service branches of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces and other institutions of public security, and is headed by a general or flag officer. Since 1900, the official workplace of the president is the Palace of Miraflores in Caracas . The presidential residence has been the palace of La Casona since 1964, instituted by president Raúl Leoni . La Casona is not used by incumbent president Maduro , who has decided not to inhabit it. [ 12 ] Presidential Palaces Miraflores Palace La Casona History The presidential designation encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following Venezuela's declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule , which took effect on 5 July 1811. The first president, taking office on 5 July 1811, was actually the president of a triumvirate of the first established Republic of Venezuela that rotated the presidency weekly. The person serving as president during the week of 5 July was one of the three signatories of the Declaration of Independence: Cristóbal Mendoza . Mendoza shared the triumvirate with Juan Escalona and Baltasar Padrón. A second triumvirate followed on 3 April 1812, whose members were Francisco Espejo, Fernando Toro and Francisco Javier Ustariz. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Owing to the profound confusion of the Venezuelan War of Independence and the period of Gran Colombia over what is now Venezuela, this page has gaps between 1813 and 1819. For this period in time, historians refer to the Republic of Venezuela as the Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) and the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) as Simon Bolivar twice reestablished the republic. The Congress of Angostura appointed Simón Bolívar "Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830. In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on 13 January 1830. Although he was not the first president of Venezuela (having in mind Cristóbal Mendoza in 1811), he was the first head of state of independent Venezuela, after the dissolution of Gran Colombia. From that point on, five constitutions were adopted, all slightly changing the extent of the president's powers and responsibilities. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Nicolás Maduro [ 15 ] of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) entered the office as interim president on 5 March 2013 after the death of Hugo Chávez , and was elected in the 2013 presidential election . He was reelected in the 2018 presidential election , which was disputed amid charges of irregularities including: the elections were held four months before the prescribed date, [ 16 ] multiple major opposition parties were banned from participating or imprisoned, [ 17 ] and there were charges of vote-buying. [ 15 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] On 5 January 2019, the National Assembly declared that—following the expiration of the mandate granted through the 2013 presidential election —Maduro would have no constitutional mandate to govern Venezuela if he was sworn in on 10 January . [ 20 ] Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution establishes that in the event of a presidential vacuum, the president of the National Assembly takes charge of the presidency until a new election is called within 30 days. Noting that the 2018 presidential election failed to adhere to constitutional requirements, the National Assembly contend that Maduro's second term never began, and the seat is vacant. [ 21 ] On 11 January, Juan Guaidó of the Popular Will party and president of the legislature stated that he was prepared to take on the role of acting president. [ 22 ] With the National Assembly recognizing a vacuum in the office of the president, [ 23 ] and citing Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution, [ 21 ] Guaidó was declared acting president of Venezuela by that body on 16 January. [ 21 ] The legislature approved the Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy to Re-establish the Validity of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : Estatuto que Rige la Transición a la Democracia para Restablecer la Vigencia de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana De Venezuela ) on 5 February, defining the timing of the transition. [ 24 ] Maduro's controversial win and Guaidó's subsequent claim triggered the Venezuelan presidential crisis . The international community is divided on the issue of the Venezuelan presidency; [ 25 ] AP News reported that "familiar geopolitical sides" had formed, with allies Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba supporting Maduro, and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó. [ 26 ] Moreover, the United Nations has continued to recognize the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of Venezuela as of December 2019. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] In December 2022, three of the four main political parties ( Justice First , Democratic Action and A New Era ) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential elections scheduled for 2024, [ 6 ] [ 29 ] stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set. [ 30 ] In January 2026, the United States launched airstrikes across the coastline of Venezuela as part of Operation Southern Spear . Nicolás Maduro was captured and flown out of the country. [ 31 ] Maduro asserted he remained President. [ 32 ] Requirements According to articles 227 and 229 of the Constitution of Venezuela , adopted in 1999, the following requirements must be met in order to become President of Venezuela: [ 33 ] Being a Venezuelan citizen from birth and possessing no other nationality. Being at least 30 years old at the time of the election. Not being a subject to any conviction by final judgment. Not being a Minister, governor, mayor, or the vice president of the Republic from the day the candidacy is announced to the day of the election. Term limits The current presidential term is for six years with the constitutionally guaranteed recourse of holding a popular recall referendum any time within the last three years of a presidential term. A 2009 referendum removed the previous restrictions which limited the president to 2 terms. [ 2 ] From 1958 to 1999, the presidential term was set at five years. A sitting president was not only barred from immediate reelection, but could not run again for 10 years (equivalent to two full terms) after leaving office. Recall This section needs expansion . You can help by making an edit request expanding it . ( July 2016 ) The president may be recalled after a specific time in office. 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 2016 Venezuelan recall referendum (not approved) Office-holders Presidents of Venezuela who served under the 1864 constitution (starting with Juan Crisóstomo Falcón ) bore the title of "President of the Union", instead of the usual "President of the Republic" still used today. Aside from that, all heads of state of the country since 1811 have held the title of "President of Venezuela", with minor variations regarding the official name of the country (which has changed four times since the restoration of the independence in 1830). See also Venezuela portal Politics portal List of presidents of Venezuela List of vice presidents of Venezuela History of Venezuela Politics of Venezuela References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Shocking Gap Between Latin America's Presidential Salaries And Workers Minimum Wage" . Latin Post. 22 June 2017. ^ a b "Chavez wins chance of fresh term" . BBC News Online (in Spanish). Caracas. 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . ^ "El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente" . Retrieved 29 January 2019 . ^ * Rodríguez, Jesús A (8 May 2019). "We are going to take over the premises" . Politico . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . In Venezuela, though the number of people who say they recognize Guaidó as the legitimate president has dwindled to about 50 percent since January, his approval remains much stronger than Maduro's abysmal 4 percent. Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?" . Miami Herald . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ... Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi" . Ci Siamo (in Italian) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ... Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?" . Miami Herald . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ... Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi" . Ci Siamo (in Italian) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ... ^ "Trump Weighs More-Muscular Venezuela Moves on Doubts Over Guaido" . Bloomberg News. 6 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 December 2019 . ^ a b c Armas, Mayela (31 December 2022). "Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido" . Reuters . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . ^ Rodriguez Montilla, Camille; Rueda, Manuel (30 December 2022). "Venezuelan opposition strips Guaidó of 'presidential' role" . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ Herrera, Isayen; Turkewitz, Julie (22 December 2022). "Guaidó, the Face of Opposition in Venezuela, May Be on His Way Out" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ Emmott, Robin (6 January 2021). "EU no longer acknowledges Venezuela's Guaido as interim president" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 January 2021 . ^ "Ley Orgánica de Emolumentos, Pensiones y Jubilaciones de los Altos Funcionarios del Poder Público" (PDF) . Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Oficializan aumento de 15% del salario mínimo" . El Universal (in Spanish). Caracas. 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Presidente Maduro aclaró rumores sobre presencia de familia Chávez en La Casona" . Noticias Candela (in Spanish). 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ (in Spanish) "Presidentes de Venezuela" . Consulado General de Bucaramanga. Archived from the original on 5 August 2002. ^ Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela , Vol. 3. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1999. ISBN 978-980-6397-37-8 . ^ a b Oner, Imdat (2 February 2021). "Nicolas Maduro: A populist without popularity - ECPS" . Retrieved 19 August 2024 . ^ "Venezuela opposition weighs election run" . BBC News . 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ "ANC aprobó un decreto para la validación de los partidos políticos" . El Nacional . 20 December 2017. * Olmo, Guillermo D. (10 January 2019). "Por qué es polémico que Maduro jure como presidente de Venezuela y por qué lo hace ahora si las elecciones fueron en mayo" . BBC News Mundo . Retrieved 11 January 2019 . * "Maduro gana con la abstención histórica más alta en comicios presidenciales – Efecto Cocuyo" . efectococuyo.com . 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2019 . * "Venezuela opposition banned from running in 2018 election" . BBC News . 11 December 2017. ^ "Maduro eyes re-election as Venezuela fires starting gun for presidential vote" . The Guardian . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ "Venezuela's Maduro re-elected amid outcry over vote" . Reuters . 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ "Venezuela's parliament rejects legitimacy of Maduro second term" . The Straits Times . 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ a b c Bello, Camille (27 January 2019). "Is it legal for Juan Guaidó to be proclaimed Venezuela's interim president?" . Euronews . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ Smith, Scott (12 January 2019). "Maduro foe says he's ready to replace the president" . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 February 2019 . ^ Armas, Mayela; Pons, Corina (15 January 2019). "Update 3-Venezuela Congress declares President Maduro 'usurper' of democracy" . CNBC . Retrieved 24 February 2019 . ^ Brito, Estefani (8 February 2019). "El estatuto que rige la transición entró en vigencia el martes" [The statute governing the transition took effect on Tuesday]. El Nacional (in Spanish) . Retrieved 9 March 2019 . ^ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?" . Reuters . 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019 . Retrieved 5 February 2019 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape" . AP News . Retrieved 25 February 2019 . ^ "UN backs credentials of Maduro officials" . EFE (in Spanish). 19 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 December 2019 . ^ "Report of the Credentials Committee" . United Nations General Assembly . Retrieved 29 January 2020 . ^ Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish) . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . ^ "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino" . Tal Cual (in Spanish). 30 December 2022 . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino. ^ "Trump says Venezuela's Maduro captured after strikes" . Reuters . ^ Betts, Anna; Popat, Shrai; Lowe, Yohannes; Graham, Vicky; Fulton, Adam; Popat, Anna Betts (now); Shrai; Fulton (earlier), Adam (5 January 2026). "Nicolás Maduro pleads not guilty to US narco-terrorism charges and claims he is 'still president' of Venezuela – live" . the Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chapter 11 – National Executive Power External links Official website of the Presidency of Venezuela Archived 21 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) Official website of the Venezuelan Government (in Spanish) v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Venezuela articles v t e History New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état Geography Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Politics Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President President List Vice President Cabinet List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Economy Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag anthem coat of arms flag Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Presidents of Venezuela 1830 establishments in Venezuela Government of Venezuela CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use American English from September 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from November 2023 Articles containing Spanish-language 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 15 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "January 15" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 15 in recent years 2026 (Thursday) 2025 (Wednesday) 2024 (Monday) 2023 (Sunday) 2022 (Saturday) 2021 (Friday) 2020 (Wednesday) 2019 (Tuesday) 2018 (Monday) 2017 (Sunday) January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 350 days remain until the end of the year (351 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome , [ 1 ] beginning a reign of only three months. 1535 – King Henry VIII issues letters patent incorporating the title Supreme Head of the Church of England into his royal title. [ 2 ] 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of New France (Canada) and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith". [ 3 ] 1559 – Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England and Ireland in Westminster Abbey , London. [ 4 ] 1582 – Truce of Yam-Zapolsky : Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . [ 5 ] 1601–1900 1759 – The British Museum opens to the public. [ 6 ] 1777 – American Revolutionary War : New Connecticut (present-day Vermont ) declares its independence. [ 7 ] 1782 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage . [ 8 ] 1815 – War of 1812 : American frigate USS President , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur , is captured by a squadron of four British frigates. [ 9 ] 1818 – A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society , belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the biaxial class of doubly-refracting crystals. [ 10 ] On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a "supplement" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light. 1822 – Greek War of Independence : Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly. 1865 – American Civil War : Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union , thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy. [ 11 ] 1867 – Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park , London , collapses. [ 12 ] 1870 – Thomas Nast publishes a political cartoon symbolizing the Democratic Party with a donkey (" A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion ") for Harper's Weekly . [ 13 ] 1876 – The first newspaper in Afrikaans , Die Afrikaanse Patriot , is published in Paarl . 1889 – The Coca-Cola Company , then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta . 1892 – James Naismith publishes the rules of basketball . [ 14 ] 1901–present 1908 – The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women. 1910 – Construction ends on the Buffalo Bill Dam in Wyoming , United States, which was the highest dam in the world at the time, at 99 m (325 ft). 1911 – Palestinian Arabic -language Falastin newspaper founded. [ 15 ] 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht , two of the most prominent communists in Germany, are clubbed and then shot to death by members of the Freikorps at the end of the Spartacist uprising . [ 16 ] 1919 – Great Molasses Flood : A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston , Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. 1934 – The 8.0 M w Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people. 1936 – The first building to be completely covered in glass, built for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company , is completed in Toledo, Ohio . 1937 – Spanish Civil War : Nationalists and Republicans both withdraw after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the Corunna Road . 1943 – World War II : The Soviet counter-offensive at Voronezh begins. 1943 – The Pentagon is dedicated in Arlington County, Virginia . 1947 – The Black Dahlia murder: The dismembered corpse of Elizabeth Short is found in Los Angeles. 1949 – Chinese Civil War : The Communist forces take over Tianjin from the Nationalist government . 1962 – The Derveni papyrus , Europe's oldest surviving manuscript dating to 340 BC, is found in northern Greece. 1962 – Netherlands New Guinea Conflict: Indonesian Navy fast patrol boat RI Macan Tutul commanded by Commodore Yos Sudarso sunk in Arafura Sea by the Dutch Navy . 1966 – The First Nigerian Republic , led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is overthrown in a military coup d'état . 1967 – The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles . The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10. 1969 – The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 5 . 1970 – Nigerian Civil War : Biafran rebels surrender following an unsuccessful 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria . 1970 – Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya . 1973 – Vietnam War : Citing progress in peace negotiations, President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam . 1975 – The Alvor Agreement is signed, ending the Angolan War of Independence and giving Angola independence from Portugal. 1976 – Gerald Ford 's would-be assassin, Sara Jane Moore , is sentenced to life in prison . 1977 – Linjeflyg Flight 618 crashes in Kälvesta near Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm , Sweden, killing 22 people. [ 17 ] 1981 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation from the Polish trade union Solidarity at the Vatican led by Lech Wałęsa . 1991 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm . 1991 – Elizabeth II , in her capacity as Queen of Australia , signs letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own Victoria Cross in its honours system. [ 18 ] 2001 – Wikipedia , a free wiki content encyclopedia, is launched ( Wikipedia Day ). [ 19 ] 2005 – ESA 's SMART-1 lunar orbiter discovers elements such as calcium , aluminum , silicon , iron , and other surface elements on the Moon. 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches safely in the Hudson River after the plane collides with birds less than two minutes after take-off. This becomes known as "The Miracle on the Hudson" as all 155 people on board were rescued. 2013 – A train carrying Egyptian Army recruits derails near Giza , Greater Cairo , killing 19 and injuring 120 others. [ 20 ] 2015 – The Swiss National Bank abandons the cap on the Swiss franc 's value relative to the euro , causing turmoil in international financial markets. [ 21 ] 2016 – The Kenyan Army suffers its worst defeat ever in a battle with Al-Shabaab Islamic insurgents in El-Adde , Somalia . An estimated 150 Kenyan soldiers are killed in the battle. [ 22 ] 2018 – British multinational construction and facilities management services company Carillion goes into liquidation [ 23 ] – officially, "the largest ever trading liquidation in the UK". [ 24 ] 2019 – Somali militants attack the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi , Kenya killing at least 21 people and injuring 19. [ 25 ] 2019 – Theresa May 's UK government suffers the biggest government defeat in modern times , when 432 MPs voting against the proposed European Union withdrawal agreement , giving her opponents a majority of 230. [ 26 ] 2020 – The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare confirms the first case of COVID-19 in Japan . [ 27 ] 2021 – A 6.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Indonesia's Sulawesi island killing at least 105 and injuring 3,369 people. [ 28 ] 2022 – The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano erupts , cutting off communications with Tonga and causing a tsunami across the Pacific. [ 29 ] 2023 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes near Pokhara International Airport , killing all 72 people on board. [ 30 ] Births Pre-1600 1432 – Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481) [ 31 ] 1462 – Edzard I, Count of East Frisia , German noble (died 1528) 1481 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi , Japanese shōgun (died 1511) [ citation needed ] 1538 – Maeda Toshiie , Japanese general (died 1599) 1595 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth , English politician (died 1661) 1601–1900 1622 – Molière , French actor and playwright (died 1673) [ 32 ] 1623 – Algernon Sidney , British philosopher (probable) [ 33 ] (died 1683) 1671 – Abraham de la Pryme , English archaeologist and historian (died 1704) 1716 – Philip Livingston , American merchant and politician (died 1778) 1747 – John Aikin , English surgeon and author (died 1822) [ 34 ] 1754 – Richard Martin , Irish activist and politician, co-founded the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (died 1834) 1791 – Franz Grillparzer , Austrian author, poet, and playwright (died 1872) [ 35 ] 1795 – Alexander Griboyedov , Russian playwright, composer, and poet (died 1829) 1803 – Marjorie Fleming , Scottish poet and author (died 1811) 1809 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , French economist and politician (died 1865) 1815 – William Bickerton , English-American religious leader, third President of the Church of Jesus Christ (died 1905) 1834 – Samuel Arza Davenport , American lawyer and politician (died 1911) 1840 – Jo Abbott , American judge, politician and Confederate army officer [ 36 ] (died 1908) 1841 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby , English captain and politician, sixth Governor General of Canada (died 1908) 1842 – Josef Breuer , Austrian physician and psychiatrist (died 1925) 1842 – Mary MacKillop , Australian nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (died 1909) 1850 – Leonard Darwin , English soldier, eugenicist, and politician (died 1943) [ 37 ] 1850 – Mihai Eminescu , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (died 1889) [ 38 ] 1850 – Sofia Kovalevskaya , Russian-Swedish mathematician and physicist (died 1891) [ 39 ] 1855 – Jacques Damala , Greek-French soldier and actor (died 1889) 1858 – Giovanni Segantini , Italian painter (died 1899) 1859 – Archibald Peake , English-Australian politician, 25th Premier of South Australia (died 1920) 1863 – Wilhelm Marx , German lawyer and politician, 17th Chancellor of Germany (died 1946) 1866 – Nathan Söderblom , Swedish archbishop, historian, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1931) 1869 – Ruby Laffoon , American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Kentucky (died 1941) 1869 – Stanisław Wyspiański , Polish poet, playwright, and painter (died 1907) 1870 – Pierre S. du Pont , American businessman and philanthropist (died 1954) 1872 – Arsen Kotsoyev , Russian author and translator (died 1944) 1875 – Thomas Burke , American sprinter, coach, and journalist (died 1929) 1877 – Lewis Terman , American psychologist, eugenicist, and academic (died 1956) 1878 – Johanna Müller-Hermann , Austrian composer (died 1941) 1879 – Mazo de la Roche , Canadian author and playwright (died 1961) [ 40 ] 1879 – Ernest Thesiger , English actor (died 1961) [ 41 ] 1882 – Henry Burr , Canadian singer, radio performer, and producer (died 1941) 1882 – Princess Margaret of Connaught (died 1920) [ 42 ] 1885 – Lorenz Böhler , Austrian physician and author (died 1973) 1885 – Grover Lowdermilk , American baseball player (died 1968) 1890 – Michiaki Kamada , Japanese admiral (died 1947) 1891 – Ray Chapman , American baseball player (died 1920) 1893 – Rex Ingram , Irish film director, producer, writer, and actor (died 1950) [ 43 ] 1893 – Ivor Novello , Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (died 1951) [ 44 ] 1895 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Finnish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) 1896 – Marjorie Bennett , Australian-American actress (died 1982) 1901–present 1902 – Nâzım Hikmet , Greek-Turkish author, poet, and playwright (died 1963) [ 45 ] 1902 – Saud of Saudi Arabia (died 1969) 1903 – Paul A. Dever , American lieutenant and politician, 58th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1958) 1905 – Torin Thatcher , British actor (died 1981) [ 46 ] 1907 – Janusz Kusociński , Polish runner and soldier (died 1940) 1908 – Edward Teller , Hungarian-American physicist and academic (died 2003) 1909 – Jean Bugatti , German-French engineer (died 1939) 1909 – Gene Krupa , American drummer, composer, and actor (died 1973) [ 47 ] 1912 – Michel Debré , French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (died 1996) 1913 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (died 2002) 1913 – Lloyd Bridges , American actor (died 1998) [ 47 ] 1913 – Miriam Hyde , Australian pianist and composer (died 2005) 1913 – Alexander Marinesko , Ukrainian-Russian lieutenant (died 1963) 1914 – Stefan Bałuk , Polish general (died 2014) 1914 – Hugh Trevor-Roper , English historian and academic (died 2003) 1917 – K. A. Thangavelu , Indian film actor and comedian (died 1994) 1918 – João Figueiredo , Brazilian general and politician, 30th President of Brazil (died 1999) 1918 – Édouard Gagnon , Canadian cardinal (died 2007) 1918 – Gamal Abdel Nasser , Egyptian colonel and politician, second President of Egypt (died 1970) [ 47 ] 1919 – Maurice Herzog , French mountaineer and politician, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (died 2012) 1919 – George Cadle Price , Belizean politician, first Prime Minister of Belize (died 2011) 1920 – Bob Davies , American basketball player and coach (died 1990) [ 48 ] 1920 – Steve Gromek , American baseball player (died 2002) 1920 – John O'Connor , American cardinal (died 2000) 1921 – Cliff Barker , American basketball player (died 1998) [ 49 ] 1921 – Babasaheb Bhosale , Indian lawyer and politician, eighth Chief Minister of Maharashtra (died 2007) 1921 – Frank Thornton , English actor (died 2013) [ 50 ] 1922 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (died 1996) 1922 – Eric Willis , Australian sergeant and politician, 34th Premier of New South Wales (died 1999) 1923 – Ivor Cutler , Scottish pianist, songwriter, and poet (died 2006) 1923 – Lee Teng-hui , Taiwanese economist and politician, fourth President of the Republic of China (died 2020) 1924 – George Lowe , New Zealand-English mountaineer and explorer (died 2013) 1925 – Ruth Slenczynska , American pianist and composer 1925 – Ignacio López Tarso , Mexican actor (died 2023) 1926 – Maria Schell , Austrian-Swiss actress (died 2005) 1927 – Phyllis Coates , American actress (died 2023) 1928 – Joanne Linville , American actress (died 2021) [ 51 ] 1928 – W. R. Mitchell , English journalist and author (died 2015) 1929 – Earl Hooker , American guitarist (died 1970) 1929 – Martin Luther King Jr. , American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate ( died 1968 ) [ 47 ] 1930 – Eddie Graham , American professional wrestler and promoter (died 1985) 1931 – Lee Bontecou , American painter and sculptor (died 2022) 1931 – Derek Meddings , British special effects designer (died 1995) [ 52 ] 1932 – Lou Jones , American sprinter (died 2006) 1933 – Frank Bough , English journalist and radio host (died 2020) 1933 – Ernest J. Gaines , American author and academic (died 2019) 1933 – Peter Maitlis , English chemist and academic (died 2022) 1934 – V. S. Ramadevi , Indian civil servant and politician, 13th Governor of Karnataka (died 2013) 1935 – Robert Silverberg , American author and editor [ 53 ] 1936 – Richard Franklin , English actor, writer, director and political activist (died 2023) [ 54 ] 1937 – Margaret O'Brien , American actress and singer [ 55 ] 1938 – Ashraf Aman , Pakistani engineer and mountaineer 1938 – Estrella Blanca , Mexican wrestler (died 2021) 1938 – Chuni Goswami , Indian footballer and cricketer (died 2020) [ 56 ] 1939 – Per Ahlmark , Swedish journalist and politician, first Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (died 2018) 1939 – Tony Bullimore , English sailor (died 2018) 1941 – Captain Beefheart , American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist (died 2010) 1942 – Frank Joseph Polozola , American academic and judge (died 2013) 1943 – George Ambrum , Australian rugby league player (died 1986) 1943 – Margaret Beckett , English metallurgist and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 1943 – Stuart E. Eizenstat , American lawyer and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the European Union 1943 – Mike Marshall , American baseball player (died 2021) 1944 – Jenny Nimmo , English author 1945 – Ko Chun-hsiung , Taiwanese actor, director, and politician (died 2015) 1945 – Vince Foster , American lawyer and political figure (died 1993) 1945 – William R. Higgins , American colonel (died 1990) 1945 – Princess Michael of Kent 1945 – David Pleat , English footballer, manager, and sportscaster 1946 – Charles Brown , American actor (died 2004) 1947 – Mary Hogg , English lawyer and judge 1947 – Andrea Martin , American-Canadian actress, singer, and screenwriter [ 55 ] 1948 – Ronnie Van Zant , American singer-songwriter (died 1977) [ 47 ] 1949 – Luis Alvarado , Puerto Rican-American baseball player (died 2001) 1949 – Alasdair Liddell , English businessman (died 2012) 1949 – Ian Stewart , Scottish runner 1949 – Howard Twitty , American golfer 1950 – Marius Trésor , French footballer and coach 1951 – Ernie DiGregorio , American basketball player [ 57 ] 1952 – Boris Blank , Swiss singer-songwriter 1952 – Andrzej Fischer , Polish footballer (died 2018) 1952 – Muhammad Wakkas , Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (died 2021) [ 58 ] 1953 – Randy White , American football player 1954 – Jose Dalisay, Jr. , Filipino poet, author, and screenwriter 1955 – Nigel Benson , English author and illustrator 1955 – Andreas Gursky , German photographer 1955 – Khalid Islambouli , Egyptian lieutenant (died 1982) 1956 – Vitaly Kaloyev , Russian architect 1956 – Mayawati , Indian educator and politician, 23rd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 1956 – Marc Trestman , American football player and coach 1957 – David Ige , American politician 1957 – Marty Lyons , American football player and sportscaster 1957 – Andrew Tyrie , English journalist and politician 1957 – Mario Van Peebles , Mexican-American actor and director [ 55 ] 1958 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (died 2016) 1958 – Boris Tadić , Serbian psychologist and politician, 16th President of Serbia 1959 – Greg Dowling , Australian rugby league player 1959 – Pavle Kozjek , Slovenian mountaineer and photographer (died 2008) 1961 – Serhiy N. Morozov , Ukrainian footballer and coach 1961 – Yves Pelletier , Canadian actor and director 1963 – Craig Fairbrass , English actor, producer, and screenwriter [ 59 ] 1964 – Osmo Tapio Räihälä , Finnish composer 1965 – Maurizio Fondriest , Italian cyclist 1965 – Bernard Hopkins , American boxer and coach 1965 – Adam Jones , American musician and songwriter [ 55 ] 1965 – James Nesbitt , Northern Irish actor [ 55 ] 1967 – Ted Tryba , American golfer 1968 – Chad Lowe , American actor, director, and producer [ 55 ] 1969 – Delino DeShields , American baseball player and manager 1970 – Michele Granger , American softball player [ 60 ] 1970 – Shane McMahon , American wrestler and businessman [ 61 ] 1971 – Regina King , American actress [ 55 ] 1972 – Shelia Burrell , American heptathlete 1972 – Christos Kostis , Greek footballer 1972 – Claudia Winkleman , English journalist and critic 1973 – Essam El Hadary , Egyptian footballer 1974 – Séverine Deneulin , international development academic 1975 – Mary Pierce , Canadian-American tennis player and coach 1975 – Martin Štrbák , Slovak ice hockey player [ 62 ] 1976 – Doug Gottlieb , American basketball player and sportscaster 1976 – Alexander Korolyuk , Russian ice hockey player [ 63 ] 1976 – Iryna Lishchynska , Ukrainian runner 1976 – Dorian Missick , American actor [ 55 ] 1976 – Scott Murray , Scottish rugby player 1976 – Florentin Petre , Romanian footballer and manager 1978 – Eddie Cahill , American actor [ 64 ] 1978 – Franco Pellizotti , Italian cyclist 1978 – Ryan Sidebottom , English cricketer 1979 – Drew Brees , American football player [ 47 ] 1979 – Michalis Morfis , Cypriot footballer 1979 – Martin Petrov , Bulgarian footballer 1980 – Matt Holliday , American baseball player [ 65 ] 1981 – Dylan Armstrong , Canadian shot putter and hammer thrower 1981 – Vanessa Henke , German tennis player 1981 – Pitbull , American rapper and producer [ 55 ] 1981 – El Hadji Diouf , Senegalese footballer [ 66 ] 1982 – Armando Galarraga , Venezuelan baseball player [ 67 ] 1982 – Francis Zé , Cameroonian footballer 1983 – Hugo Viana , Portuguese footballer 1983 – Jermaine Pennant , English footballer [ 68 ] 1984 – Ben Shapiro , American author and commentator [ 69 ] 1984 – Victor Rasuk , American actor [ 55 ] 1985 – René Adler , German footballer 1985 – Kenneth Emil Petersen , Danish footballer 1985 – Pavel Podkolzin , Russian basketball player [ 70 ] 1986 – Jessy Schram , American actress and model [ 55 ] 1987 – Greg Inglis , Australian rugby league player [ 71 ] 1987 – Tsegaye Kebede , Ethiopian runner 1987 – Kelly Kelly , American wrestler and model [ 72 ] 1987 – David Knight , English footballer [ 73 ] 1987 – Kelleigh Ryan , Canadian fencer [ 74 ] 1988 – Daniel Caligiuri , German footballer [ 75 ] 1988 – Skrillex , American DJ and producer [ 55 ] 1988 – Donald Sloan , American basketball player [ 76 ] 1988 – Jun. K , South Korean singer [ 77 ] 1989 – Alexei Cherepanov , Russian ice hockey player (died 2008) 1989 – Nicole Ross , American Olympic foil fencer [ 78 ] 1989 – Martin Dúbravka , Slovakian footballer [ 79 ] 1990 – Sidney Franklin , American actor and tap dancer [ 80 ] 1990 – Robert Trznadel , Polish footballer 1990 – Slava Voynov , Russian ice hockey player [ 81 ] 1990 – Chris Warren , American actor [ 47 ] 1991 – Marc Bartra , Spanish footballer [ 82 ] 1991 – Matt Duffy , American baseball player [ 83 ] 1991 – Mitch Garver , American baseball player [ 84 ] 1991 – Nicolai Jørgensen , Danish footballer 1991 – Darya Klishina , Russian long jumper 1991 – James Mitchell , Australian basketball player [ 85 ] 1992 – Joël Veltman , Dutch footballer 1992 – Joshua King , Norwegian footballer [ 86 ] 1993 – Kadeem Allen , American basketball player [ 87 ] 1994 – Eric Dier , English footballer [ 88 ] 1996 – Dove Cameron , American actress and singer [ 89 ] 1996 – Deebo Samuel , American football player [ 90 ] 1998 – Alexandra Eade , Australian artistic gymnast [ 91 ] 1998 – Ben Godfrey , English footballer [ 92 ] 1998 – Chloe Kelly , English footballer [ 93 ] 2000 – Triston Casas , American baseball player [ 94 ] 2002 – Tim Stützle , German ice hockey player [ 95 ] 2004 – Grace VanderWaal , American singer-songwriter [ 96 ] Deaths Pre-1600 69 – Galba , Roman emperor (born 3 BC) 378 – Chak Tok Ich'aak I , Mayan ruler 570 – Íte of Killeedy , Irish nun and saint (born 475) 849 – Theophylact , Byzantine emperor (born 793) 936 – Rudolph of France (born 880) 950 – Wang Jingchong , Chinese general 1149 – Berengaria of Barcelona , queen consort of Castile (born 1116) 1477 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen , German countess (born 1449) [ 97 ] 1568 – Nicolaus Olahus , Romanian archbishop (born 1493) 1569 – Catherine Carey , lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (born 1524) 1584 – Martha Leijonhufvud , Swedish noblewoman (born 1520) 1601–1900 1623 – Paolo Sarpi , Italian lawyer, historian, and scholar (born 1552) 1672 – John Cosin , English bishop and academic (born 1594) 1683 – Philip Warwick , English politician (born 1609) 1775 – Giovanni Battista Sammartini , Italian organist and composer (born 1700) 1783 - Lord Stirling , American Revolutionary War Major General (born 1726) [ 98 ] 1790 – John Landen , English mathematician and theorist (born 1719) 1804 – Dru Drury , English entomologist and author (born 1725) 1813 – Anton Bernolák , Slovak linguist and priest (born 1762) 1815 – Emma, Lady Hamilton , English-French mistress of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (born 1761) 1854 – Jiang Zhongyuan , Chinese scholar and soldier (born 1812) [ 99 ] 1855 – Henri Braconnot , French chemist and pharmacist (born 1780) 1864 – Isaac Nathan , English-Australian composer and journalist (born 1792) 1866 – Massimo d'Azeglio , Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist and painter (born 1798) 1876 – Eliza McCardle Johnson , American wife of Andrew Johnson , 18th First Lady of the United States (born 1810) 1880 – Carl Georg von Wächter , German jurist (born 1797) [ 100 ] 1893 – Fanny Kemble , English actress (born 1809) 1896 – Mathew Brady , American photographer and journalist (born 1822) 1901–present 1905 – George Thorn , Australian politician, sixth Premier of Queensland (born 1838) 1909 – Arnold Janssen , German priest and missionary (born 1837) 1916 – Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Russian playwright and translator (born 1850) 1919 – Karl Liebknecht , German politician (born 1871) 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg , German economist, theorist, and philosopher (born 1871) 1926 – Enrico Toselli , Italian pianist and composer (born 1883) 1929 – George Cope , American painter (born 1855) 1936 – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster , English cricketer and politician, seventh Governor-General of Australia (born 1866) 1937 – Anton Holban , Romanian author, theoretician, and educator (born 1902) 1939 – Kullervo Manner , Finnish Speaker of the Parliament , the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (born 1880) [ 101 ] 1945 – Wilhelm Wirtinger , Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (born 1865) 1948 – Josephus Daniels , American publisher and diplomat, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1862) 1950 – Henry H. Arnold , American general (born 1886) 1951 – Ernest Swinton , British Army officer (born 1868) 1951 – Nikolai Vekšin , Estonian-Russian captain and sailor (born 1887) 1952 – Ned Hanlon , Australian sergeant and politician, 26th Premier of Queensland (born 1887) 1955 – Yves Tanguy , French-American painter (born 1900) 1959 – Regina Margareten , Hungarian businesswoman (born 1863) 1962 – Yos Sudarso , Indonesian naval officer (born 1925) [ 102 ] 1964 – Jack Teagarden , American singer-songwriter and trombonist (born 1905) [ 103 ] 1967 – David Burliuk , Ukrainian author and illustrator (born 1882) 1968 – Bill Masterton , Canadian-American ice hockey player (born 1938) 1970 – Frank Clement , English race car driver (born 1886) 1970 – William T. Piper , American engineer and businessman, founded Piper Aircraft (born 1881) 1972 – Daisy Ashford , English author (born 1881) 1973 – Coleman Francis , American actor, director, and producer (born 1919) 1973 – Ivan Petrovsky , Russian mathematician and academic (born 1901) 1974 – Harold D. Cooley , American lawyer and politician (born 1897) 1981 – Graham Whitehead , English race car driver (born 1922) 1982 – Red Smith , American journalist (born 1905) 1983 – Armin Öpik , Estonian-Australian paleontologist and geologist (born 1898) 1983 – Shepperd Strudwick , American actor (born 1907) 1984 – Fazıl Küçük , Cypriot journalist and politician (born 1906) 1987 – Ray Bolger , American actor, singer, and dancer (born 1904) 1988 – Seán MacBride , Irish republican activist and politician, Minister for External Affairs , Nobel Prize laureate (born 1904) 1990 – Gordon Jackson , Scottish-English actor (born 1923) 1990 – Peggy van Praagh , English ballerina, choreographer, and director (born 1910) 1993 – Sammy Cahn , American songwriter (born 1913) 1994 – Georges Cziffra , Hungarian-French pianist and composer (born 1921) 1994 – Harry Nilsson , American singer-songwriter (born 1941) 1994 – Harilal Upadhyay , Indian author, poet, and astrologist (born 1916) 1996 – Les Baxter , American pianist and composer (born 1922) 1996 – Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (born 1938) 1998 – Gulzarilal Nanda , Indian economist and politician, Prime Minister of India (born 1898) 1998 – Junior Wells , American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (born 1934) 1999 – Betty Box , English film producer (born 1915) 2000 – Georges-Henri Lévesque , Canadian-Dominican priest and sociologist (born 1903) 2001 – Leo Marks , English cryptographer, playwright, and screenwriter (born 1920) 2002 – Michael Anthony Bilandic , American politician, 49th Mayor of Chicago (born 1923) 2002 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (born 1913) 2002 – Jeanne Voltz , American food journalist and cookbook writer (born 1920) [ 104 ] 2003 – Doris Fisher , American singer-songwriter (born 1915) 2004 – Olivia Goldsmith , American author (born 1949) 2005 – Victoria de los Ángeles , Spanish soprano and actress (born 1923) 2005 – Walter Ernsting , German author (born 1920) 2005 – Elizabeth Janeway , American author and critic (born 1913) 2005 – Ruth Warrick , American actress (born 1916) 2006 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah , Kuwaiti ruler (born 1926) 2007 – Awad Hamed al-Bandar , Iraqi lawyer and judge (born 1945) 2007 – Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti , Iraqi intelligence officer (born 1951) 2007 – James Hillier , Canadian-American computer scientist and academic, co-invented the electron microscope (born 1915) 2007 – Pura Santillan-Castrence , Filipino educator and diplomat (born 1905) 2007 – Bo Yibo , Chinese commander and politician, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1908) 2008 – Robert V. Bruce , American historian, author, and academic (born 1923) 2008 – Brad Renfro , American actor (born 1982) 2009 – Lincoln Verduga Loor , Ecuadorian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2011 – Nat Lofthouse , English footballer and manager (born 1925) 2011 – Pierre Louis-Dreyfus , French soldier, race car driver, and businessman (born 1908) 2011 – Susannah York , English actress and activist (born 1939) 2012 – Ed Derwinski , American soldier and politician, first United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (born 1926) 2012 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne , Spanish lawyer and politician, third President of the Xunta of Galicia (born 1922) 2012 – Carlo Fruttero , Italian journalist and author (born 1926) 2012 – Samuel Jaskilka , American general (born 1919) 2012 – Ib Spang Olsen , Danish author and illustrator (born 1921) 2012 – Hulett C. Smith , American lieutenant and politician, 27th Governor of West Virginia (born 1918) 2013 – Nagisa Oshima , Japanese director and screenwriter (born 1932) 2013 – John Thomas , American high jumper (born 1941) 2014 – Curtis Bray , American football player and coach (born 1970) 2014 – John Dobson , Chinese-American astronomer and author (born 1915) 2014 – Roger Lloyd-Pack , English actor (born 1944) 2015 – Ervin Drake , American songwriter and composer (born 1919) 2015 – Kim Fowley , American singer-songwriter, producer, and manager (born 1939) 2015 – Ray Nagel , American football player and coach (born 1927) 2016 – Francisco X. Alarcón , American poet and educator (born 1954) 2016 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (born 1958) 2016 – Manuel Velázquez , Spanish footballer (born 1943) 2017 – Jimmy Snuka , Fijian professional wrestler (born 1943) 2018 – Dolores O'Riordan , Irish pop singer (born 1971) [ 105 ] 2019 – Carol Channing , American actress (born 1921) [ 106 ] 2019 – Ida Kleijnen , Dutch chef (born 1936) [ 107 ] 2020 – Rocky Johnson , Canadian professional wrestler (born 1944) [ 108 ] 2020 – Lloyd Cowan , British athlete and coach (born 1962) [ 109 ] 2022 – Alexa McDonough , first female politician to lead a major provincial political party in Canada, former leader of the federal New Democratic Party. (born 1944) [ 110 ] 2025 – Paul Danan , English actor and television personality (born 1978) [ 111 ] 2025 – David Lynch , American television and film director, visual artist and musician, complications from emphysema (born 1946) [ 112 ] 2025 – Melba Montgomery , American country music singer-songwriter (born 1938) [ 113 ] 2025 – Linda Nolan , Irish singer and actress (born 1959) [ 114 ] Holidays and observances Arbor Day (Egypt) Armed Forces Remembrance Day (Nigeria) Army Day (India) Christian feast day : Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) John Chilembwe Day ( Malawi ) Korean Alphabet Day ( North Korea ) Ocean Duty Day ( Indonesia ) Teacher's Day (Venezuela) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Fik Meijer; Fredericus Joannes Antonius Maria Meijer (2004). 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External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 15 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2025 CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with German-language sources (de) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2024 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:03 (UTC) . 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(cur) = difference from current version, (prev) = difference from preceding version, m = minor edit , → = section edit , ← = automatic edit summary 9 December 2025 cur prev 01:01 01:01, 9 December 2025 Bamyers99 talk contribs 5,172 bytes +2,211 Undid revision 1326442418 by Alikorea ( talk ) Tag : Undo cur prev 00:41 00:41, 9 December 2025 Alikorea talk contribs m 2,961 bytes −2,211 New article Tag : Reverted 8 December 2025 cur prev 15:59 15:59, 8 December 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,172 bytes −97 rm 4 October 2025 cur prev 08:34 08:34, 4 October 2025 DoubleGrazing talk contribs m 5,269 bytes +1,743 Reverted edits by Gaaner Manush Mashrur ( talk ) to last version by SuperMarioMan Tag : Rollback cur prev 08:26 08:26, 4 October 2025 Gaaner Manush Mashrur talk contribs 3,526 bytes +6 No edit summary Tag : Reverted cur prev 08:26 08:26, 4 October 2025 Gaaner Manush Mashrur talk contribs 3,520 bytes −1,749 No edit summary Tag : Reverted 30 August 2025 cur prev 22:38 22:38, 30 August 2025 SuperMarioMan talk contribs 5,269 bytes +383 Reverted 1 edit by Bimaal ( talk ): Why? Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 15:45 15:45, 30 August 2025 Bimaal talk contribs 4,886 bytes −383 Undid revision 1307257453 by Sdkb ( talk ) Tags : Undo Reverted 22 August 2025 cur prev 14:54 14:54, 22 August 2025 Sdkb talk contribs 5,269 bytes +383 Add definitions for the quality articles Tag : Reverted 11 August 2025 cur prev 14:05 14:05, 11 August 2025 Arcrev1 talk contribs m 4,886 bytes +4,351 Reverted edits by राजपूत_कुमाऊँ ( talk ) ( HG ) (3.4.13) Tags : Huggle Rollback cur prev 14:05 14:05, 11 August 2025 राजपूत कुमाऊँ talk contribs 535 bytes −4,351 No edit summary Tag : Reverted 18 July 2025 cur prev 01:23 01:23, 18 July 2025 McDutchie talk contribs m 4,886 bytes −4 update anchor link 13 July 2025 cur prev 22:47 22:47, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,890 bytes +21 fix cur prev 22:43 22:43, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,869 bytes −343 concise cur prev 21:28 21:28, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,212 bytes −187 making more concise cur prev 21:26 21:26, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,399 bytes −217 consolidating the reference works. We can discuss if we need subheadings on the talk page if necessary cur prev 21:24 21:24, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,616 bytes −119 I think these are fine without headers. As long as we have the main ones, it should be alright cur prev 20:03 20:03, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,735 bytes −30 new headers cur prev 20:02 20:02, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,765 bytes −1,573 Making the Contents section a little more concise while keeping the headers for users with disabilities. If you have any concerns about how this is implemented, feel free to post on the talk page. cur prev 19:52 19:52, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,338 bytes −8 another hatnote to fix cur prev 19:51 19:51, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,346 bytes −25 hatnote 12 July 2025 cur prev 14:13 14:13, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,371 bytes +4 bullet points cur prev 13:50 13:50, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,367 bytes +6 Put vital articles and articles all Wikipedias should have in another bullet point cur prev 13:46 13:46, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,361 bytes −18 fix cur prev 13:46 13:46, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,379 bytes +20 Editing the various sections while keeping the headers in the talk page cur prev 02:36 02:36, 12 July 2025 Moxy talk contribs 7,359 bytes +1,930 Restored revision 1300042684 by Moxy ( talk ): No...... this page is designed for ease of access for those who have disabilities. it allows our readers to click on the TOC and take them directly to sections without having to scroll. Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 01:26 01:26, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,429 bytes +5 bullet points Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:25 01:25, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,424 bytes −345 Hopefully this page is more concise by now Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:19 01:19, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,769 bytes −189 New explore by format section Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:17 01:17, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,958 bytes −87 concise Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:16 01:16, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs m 6,045 bytes −103 minor edits Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:14 01:14, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,148 bytes −549 concise senetences Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:09 01:09, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,697 bytes −174 bolded Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:04 01:04, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,871 bytes +8 Changing short description from "List of Wikipedia's tables of contents" to "Organized directory of Wikipedia's topic areas" Tags : Shortdesc helper Reverted cur prev 00:51 00:51, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,863 bytes −1 fix Tag : Reverted cur prev 00:50 00:50, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,864 bytes −96 consolidate Tag : Reverted cur prev 00:47 00:47, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,960 bytes −399 consolidate section - try this Tag : Reverted 11 July 2025 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 11 July 2025 Moxy talk contribs 7,359 bytes +3,442 Restored revision 1292140531 by Materialscientist ( talk ): Wtf Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 23:50 23:50, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,917 bytes +1 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:49 23:49, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,916 bytes −18 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:47 23:47, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,934 bytes +9 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:46 23:46, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,925 bytes −42 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:40 23:40, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,967 bytes −174 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:33 23:33, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,141 bytes +1 Dummy edit: will make more changes later on Tag : Reverted cur prev 23:32 23:32, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,140 bytes −3,219 Reorganize contents page so that it is more organized rather than a bunch of junk Tag : Reverted 25 May 2025 cur prev 11:51 11:51, 25 May 2025 Materialscientist talk contribs m 7,359 bytes +7,359 Reverted edits by Hafeezbukshnoorani ( talk ) ( HG ) (3.4.13) Tags : Huggle Rollback cur prev 11:44 11:44, 25 May 2025 Hafeezbukshnoorani talk contribs empty −7,359 ← Blanked the page Tags : Blanking Reverted 9 May 2025 cur prev 14:37 14:37, 9 May 2025 Achmad Rachmani talk contribs 7,359 bytes −2,563 Reverted 2 edits by Jawadcs83 ( talk ): Copyright violations Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 12:36 12:36, 9 May 2025 Jawadcs83 talk contribs 9,922 bytes +18 → References Tag : Reverted cur prev 12:33 12:33, 9 May 2025 Jawadcs83 talk contribs 9,904 bytes +2,545 No edit summary Tag : Reverted 9 December 2025 cur prev 01:01 01:01, 9 December 2025 Bamyers99 talk contribs 5,172 bytes +2,211 Undid revision 1326442418 by Alikorea ( talk ) Tag : Undo cur prev 00:41 00:41, 9 December 2025 Alikorea talk contribs m 2,961 bytes −2,211 New article Tag : Reverted 8 December 2025 cur prev 15:59 15:59, 8 December 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,172 bytes −97 rm 4 October 2025 cur prev 08:34 08:34, 4 October 2025 DoubleGrazing talk contribs m 5,269 bytes +1,743 Reverted edits by Gaaner Manush Mashrur ( talk ) to last version by SuperMarioMan Tag : Rollback cur prev 08:26 08:26, 4 October 2025 Gaaner Manush Mashrur talk contribs 3,526 bytes +6 No edit summary Tag : Reverted cur prev 08:26 08:26, 4 October 2025 Gaaner Manush Mashrur talk contribs 3,520 bytes −1,749 No edit summary Tag : Reverted 30 August 2025 cur prev 22:38 22:38, 30 August 2025 SuperMarioMan talk contribs 5,269 bytes +383 Reverted 1 edit by Bimaal ( talk ): Why? Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 15:45 15:45, 30 August 2025 Bimaal talk contribs 4,886 bytes −383 Undid revision 1307257453 by Sdkb ( talk ) Tags : Undo Reverted 22 August 2025 cur prev 14:54 14:54, 22 August 2025 Sdkb talk contribs 5,269 bytes +383 Add definitions for the quality articles Tag : Reverted 11 August 2025 cur prev 14:05 14:05, 11 August 2025 Arcrev1 talk contribs m 4,886 bytes +4,351 Reverted edits by राजपूत_कुमाऊँ ( talk ) ( HG ) (3.4.13) Tags : Huggle Rollback cur prev 14:05 14:05, 11 August 2025 राजपूत कुमाऊँ talk contribs 535 bytes −4,351 No edit summary Tag : Reverted 18 July 2025 cur prev 01:23 01:23, 18 July 2025 McDutchie talk contribs m 4,886 bytes −4 update anchor link 13 July 2025 cur prev 22:47 22:47, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,890 bytes +21 fix cur prev 22:43 22:43, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,869 bytes −343 concise cur prev 21:28 21:28, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,212 bytes −187 making more concise cur prev 21:26 21:26, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,399 bytes −217 consolidating the reference works. We can discuss if we need subheadings on the talk page if necessary cur prev 21:24 21:24, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,616 bytes −119 I think these are fine without headers. As long as we have the main ones, it should be alright cur prev 20:03 20:03, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,735 bytes −30 new headers cur prev 20:02 20:02, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,765 bytes −1,573 Making the Contents section a little more concise while keeping the headers for users with disabilities. If you have any concerns about how this is implemented, feel free to post on the talk page. cur prev 19:52 19:52, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,338 bytes −8 another hatnote to fix cur prev 19:51 19:51, 13 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,346 bytes −25 hatnote 12 July 2025 cur prev 14:13 14:13, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,371 bytes +4 bullet points cur prev 13:50 13:50, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,367 bytes +6 Put vital articles and articles all Wikipedias should have in another bullet point cur prev 13:46 13:46, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,361 bytes −18 fix cur prev 13:46 13:46, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 7,379 bytes +20 Editing the various sections while keeping the headers in the talk page cur prev 02:36 02:36, 12 July 2025 Moxy talk contribs 7,359 bytes +1,930 Restored revision 1300042684 by Moxy ( talk ): No...... this page is designed for ease of access for those who have disabilities. it allows our readers to click on the TOC and take them directly to sections without having to scroll. Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 01:26 01:26, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,429 bytes +5 bullet points Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:25 01:25, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,424 bytes −345 Hopefully this page is more concise by now Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:19 01:19, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,769 bytes −189 New explore by format section Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:17 01:17, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 5,958 bytes −87 concise Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:16 01:16, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs m 6,045 bytes −103 minor edits Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:14 01:14, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,148 bytes −549 concise senetences Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:09 01:09, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,697 bytes −174 bolded Tag : Reverted cur prev 01:04 01:04, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,871 bytes +8 Changing short description from "List of Wikipedia's tables of contents" to "Organized directory of Wikipedia's topic areas" Tags : Shortdesc helper Reverted cur prev 00:51 00:51, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,863 bytes −1 fix Tag : Reverted cur prev 00:50 00:50, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,864 bytes −96 consolidate Tag : Reverted cur prev 00:47 00:47, 12 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 6,960 bytes −399 consolidate section - try this Tag : Reverted 11 July 2025 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 11 July 2025 Moxy talk contribs 7,359 bytes +3,442 Restored revision 1292140531 by Materialscientist ( talk ): Wtf Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 23:50 23:50, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,917 bytes +1 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:49 23:49, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,916 bytes −18 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:47 23:47, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,934 bytes +9 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:46 23:46, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,925 bytes −42 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:40 23:40, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 3,967 bytes −174 Update Tags : Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit cur prev 23:33 23:33, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,141 bytes +1 Dummy edit: will make more changes later on Tag : Reverted cur prev 23:32 23:32, 11 July 2025 Interstellarity talk contribs 4,140 bytes −3,219 Reorganize contents page so that it is more organized rather than a bunch of junk Tag : Reverted 25 May 2025 cur prev 11:51 11:51, 25 May 2025 Materialscientist talk contribs m 7,359 bytes +7,359 Reverted edits by Hafeezbukshnoorani ( talk ) ( HG ) (3.4.13) Tags : Huggle Rollback cur prev 11:44 11:44, 25 May 2025 Hafeezbukshnoorani talk contribs empty −7,359 ← Blanked the page Tags : Blanking Reverted 9 May 2025 cur prev 14:37 14:37, 9 May 2025 Achmad Rachmani talk contribs 7,359 bytes −2,563 Reverted 2 edits by Jawadcs83 ( talk ): Copyright violations Tags : Twinkle Undo cur prev 12:36 12:36, 9 May 2025 Jawadcs83 talk contribs 9,922 bytes +18 → References Tag : Reverted cur prev 12:33 12:33, 9 May 2025 Jawadcs83 talk contribs 9,904 bytes +2,545 No edit summary Tag : Reverted Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Ukurasa uliopo , Habari Michezo Makala Afya Burudani Video Vipindi vya Redio Ukurasa uliopo , Habari Michezo Makala Afya Burudani Video Vipindi vya Redio BBC News , Swahili - Habari Habari Kuu Moja kwa moja , Uchaguzi Uganda 2026: Museveni achukua uongozi wa mapema wa kura zilizohesabiwa kufikia sasa Jaji Simon Byabakama, mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Uchaguzi Uganda amesema matokeo hayo yanazingatia vituo 133 vya kupiga kura na yanawakilisha asilimia 0.26 ya jumla ya kura zilizopigwa. "Tulidanganywa": Jinsi mwanamke alivyowarubuni wanaume wa kigeni kupigana kwenye mstari wa mbele wa Urusi Azarnykh mara kwa mara huchapisha video zake akiwahamasisha watu kujiunga na kuhudumu katika jeshi la Urusi. Dakika 4 zilizopita Kwa nini Putin yuko kimya wakati Trump anazidisha ubabe? Saa 2 zilizopita Matokeo ya uchaguzi Uganda 2026 Uchaguzi huu ni kinyang'anyiro cha marudiano kati ya Bobi Wine na Yoweri Museveni, ambaye amekuwa rais kwa miaka 40. 15 Januari 2026 Samia ahurumia wanadiplomasia baada ya kufungwa kwa mtandao wakati wa Uchaguzi Akizungumza na mabalozi, makamishna wakuu na wawakilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa, Rais Samia alisema serikali itaendelea kuwa macho ili kuzuia kurudiwa kwa usumbufu huo. 'NightFall': Lifahamu kombora ambalo Uingereza iliahidi Ukraine Siku ya Jumapili, serikali ya Uingereza ilitangaza nia yake ya kutengeneza kombora lenye nguvu la masafa marefu mahsusi kwa ajili ya Ukraine. Saa 7 zilizopita BBC yafichua mgawanyiko katika uongozi wa juu wa Taliban Kiongozi wa Taliban aliwahi kuonya kuhusu mgawanyiko: Uchunguzi wa BBC unaonyesha jinsi mitazamo kuhusu wanawake, intaneti na dini inavyoligawa kundi hilo katika ngazi ya juu kabisa. Saa 6 zilizopita Iran inadai pesa nyingi kurejesha miili ya waandamanaji, BBC yafahamishwa Takriban watu 2,435 wameuawa katika maandamano ya zaidi ya wiki mbili kote nchini. Tetesi za soka Ulaya Ijumaa: Aston Villa kumsajili Tammy Abraham Tammy Abraham anaweza kurejea Aston Villa, Manchester United wanatarajia kumsajili Carlos Baleba msimu wa joto, na Jean-Philippe Mateta analengwa na Juventus. Saa 8 zilizopita Kwanini uchaguzi wa Uganda unafuatiliwa kwa ukaribu na Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki Ni hali ya kinaya: serikali hunyamaza kidiplomasia, lakini raia wake huzungumza kwa sauti kubwa mtandaoni. 15 Januari 2026 Tume ya Uchaguzi Uganda yaomba radhi kwa changamoto zilizokumba upigaji kura Uchaguzi huu unafanyika katika mazingira ambayo sio tofauti sana na chaguzi zilizopita hali ya wasiwasi ikiwa imetanda na ulinzi mkali ukiimarishwa. Sababu zilizofanya Somalia iwe na ghadhabu kali dhidi ya UAE Serikali ya Mogadishu imeituhumu UAE kwa kudhoofisha mamlaka na uhuru wa Somalia. 15 Januari 2026 Habari Kuu Moja kwa moja , Uchaguzi Uganda 2026: Museveni achukua uongozi wa mapema wa kura zilizohesabiwa kufikia sasa Jaji Simon Byabakama, mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Uchaguzi Uganda amesema matokeo hayo yanazingatia vituo 133 vya kupiga kura na yanawakilisha asilimia 0.26 ya jumla ya kura zilizopigwa. Moja kwa moja , Uchaguzi Uganda 2026: Museveni achukua uongozi wa mapema wa kura zilizohesabiwa kufikia sasa Jaji Simon Byabakama, mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Uchaguzi Uganda amesema matokeo hayo yanazingatia vituo 133 vya kupiga kura na yanawakilisha asilimia 0.26 ya jumla ya kura zilizopigwa. "Tulidanganywa": Jinsi mwanamke alivyowarubuni wanaume wa kigeni kupigana kwenye mstari wa mbele wa Urusi Azarnykh mara kwa mara huchapisha video zake akiwahamasisha watu kujiunga na kuhudumu katika jeshi la Urusi. Dakika 4 zilizopita "Tulidanganywa": Jinsi mwanamke alivyowarubuni wanaume wa kigeni kupigana kwenye mstari wa mbele wa Urusi Azarnykh mara kwa mara huchapisha video zake akiwahamasisha watu kujiunga na kuhudumu katika jeshi la Urusi. Kwa nini Putin yuko kimya wakati Trump anazidisha ubabe? Saa 2 zilizopita Kwa nini Putin yuko kimya wakati Trump anazidisha ubabe? Matokeo ya uchaguzi Uganda 2026 Uchaguzi huu ni kinyang'anyiro cha marudiano kati ya Bobi Wine na Yoweri Museveni, ambaye amekuwa rais kwa miaka 40. 15 Januari 2026 Matokeo ya uchaguzi Uganda 2026 Uchaguzi huu ni kinyang'anyiro cha marudiano kati ya Bobi Wine na Yoweri Museveni, ambaye amekuwa rais kwa miaka 40. Samia ahurumia wanadiplomasia baada ya kufungwa kwa mtandao wakati wa Uchaguzi Akizungumza na mabalozi, makamishna wakuu na wawakilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa, Rais Samia alisema serikali itaendelea kuwa macho ili kuzuia kurudiwa kwa usumbufu huo. Samia ahurumia wanadiplomasia baada ya kufungwa kwa mtandao wakati wa Uchaguzi Akizungumza na mabalozi, makamishna wakuu na wawakilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa, Rais Samia alisema serikali itaendelea kuwa macho ili kuzuia kurudiwa kwa usumbufu huo. 'NightFall': Lifahamu kombora ambalo Uingereza iliahidi Ukraine Siku ya Jumapili, serikali ya Uingereza ilitangaza nia yake ya kutengeneza kombora lenye nguvu la masafa marefu mahsusi kwa ajili ya Ukraine. Saa 7 zilizopita 'NightFall': Lifahamu kombora ambalo Uingereza iliahidi Ukraine Siku ya Jumapili, serikali ya Uingereza ilitangaza nia yake ya kutengeneza kombora lenye nguvu la masafa marefu mahsusi kwa ajili ya Ukraine. BBC yafichua mgawanyiko katika uongozi wa juu wa Taliban Kiongozi wa Taliban aliwahi kuonya kuhusu mgawanyiko: Uchunguzi wa BBC unaonyesha jinsi mitazamo kuhusu wanawake, intaneti na dini inavyoligawa kundi hilo katika ngazi ya juu kabisa. Saa 6 zilizopita BBC yafichua mgawanyiko katika uongozi wa juu wa Taliban Kiongozi wa Taliban aliwahi kuonya kuhusu mgawanyiko: Uchunguzi wa BBC unaonyesha jinsi mitazamo kuhusu wanawake, intaneti na dini inavyoligawa kundi hilo katika ngazi ya juu kabisa. Iran inadai pesa nyingi kurejesha miili ya waandamanaji, BBC yafahamishwa Takriban watu 2,435 wameuawa katika maandamano ya zaidi ya wiki mbili kote nchini. Iran inadai pesa nyingi kurejesha miili ya waandamanaji, BBC yafahamishwa Takriban watu 2,435 wameuawa katika maandamano ya zaidi ya wiki mbili kote nchini. Tetesi za soka Ulaya Ijumaa: Aston Villa kumsajili Tammy Abraham Tammy Abraham anaweza kurejea Aston Villa, Manchester United wanatarajia kumsajili Carlos Baleba msimu wa joto, na Jean-Philippe Mateta analengwa na Juventus. Saa 8 zilizopita Tetesi za soka Ulaya Ijumaa: Aston Villa kumsajili Tammy Abraham Tammy Abraham anaweza kurejea Aston Villa, Manchester United wanatarajia kumsajili Carlos Baleba msimu wa joto, na Jean-Philippe Mateta analengwa na Juventus. Kwanini uchaguzi wa Uganda unafuatiliwa kwa ukaribu na Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki Ni hali ya kinaya: serikali hunyamaza kidiplomasia, lakini raia wake huzungumza kwa sauti kubwa mtandaoni. 15 Januari 2026 Kwanini uchaguzi wa Uganda unafuatiliwa kwa ukaribu na Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki Ni hali ya kinaya: serikali hunyamaza kidiplomasia, lakini raia wake huzungumza kwa sauti kubwa mtandaoni. Tume ya Uchaguzi Uganda yaomba radhi kwa changamoto zilizokumba upigaji kura Uchaguzi huu unafanyika katika mazingira ambayo sio tofauti sana na chaguzi zilizopita hali ya wasiwasi ikiwa imetanda na ulinzi mkali ukiimarishwa. Tume ya Uchaguzi Uganda yaomba radhi kwa changamoto zilizokumba upigaji kura Uchaguzi huu unafanyika katika mazingira ambayo sio tofauti sana na chaguzi zilizopita hali ya wasiwasi ikiwa imetanda na ulinzi mkali ukiimarishwa. Sababu zilizofanya Somalia iwe na ghadhabu kali dhidi ya UAE Serikali ya Mogadishu imeituhumu UAE kwa kudhoofisha mamlaka na uhuru wa Somalia. 15 Januari 2026 Sababu zilizofanya Somalia iwe na ghadhabu kali dhidi ya UAE Serikali ya Mogadishu imeituhumu UAE kwa kudhoofisha mamlaka na uhuru wa Somalia. Sikiza / Tazama <div class="css-nnovb8"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="24" height="24" class="css-19hd9k1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3.1 30.2h25.8c1.6 0 2.3-.8 2.3-1.9 0-.8-.3-1.4-1-2.9L18.6 3.8c-.8-1.5-1.5-2-2.6-2s-1.8.5-2.6 2L1.8 25.4C1 26.9.7 27.5.7 28.3c.1 1.1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9M16 26.9c-1.6 0-2.4-1-2.4-2.1 0-1.2.8-2.1 2.4-2.1s2.4 1 2.4 2.1-.8 2.1-2.4 2.1m-1.7-6.7-.8-10.6h5l-.8 10.6z"></path></svg><p class="css-1qa60j4">Huwezi kusikiliza tena</p></div> 01:21 Video , Tulicheza vizuri -Miguel Gamond , Muda 1,21 02:15 Video , Marekani ilivyomkamata Maduro , Muda 2,15 01:20 Video , Askofu Gwajima asisitiza kupinga utekaji Tanzania , Muda 1,20 01:25 Video , 2026 Tusikubali tofauti za kiitikadi zitugawe - Samia , Muda 1,25 03:04 Video , Matukio yaliofuatiliwa sana BBC 2025 , Muda 3,04 00:43 Video , Ushindi huu ni muhimu sana kwa soka la Tanzania , Muda 0,43 01:49 Video , AFCON 2025: Tanzania yaweka historia, yatinga 16 bora , Muda 1,49 01:34 Video , Nchi 10 za Afrika ambazo hazijawahi kushiriki fainali za AFCON , Muda 1,34 01:54 Video , Watoto wenye saratani walivyolaghaiwa , Muda 1,54 03:54 Video , Maridhiano baada ya maandamano ndio mada inayotawala mijadala Tanzania , Muda 3,54 01:59 Video , Amri ya 'kutumia silaha za moto’ yamponza Sheikh Hasina , Muda 1,59 02:46 Video , Je, unayajua majina ya timu zitakazoshiriki Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika? , Muda 2,46 Sikiza / Tazama 01:21 Video , Tulicheza vizuri -Miguel Gamond , Muda 1,21 02:15 Video , Marekani ilivyomkamata Maduro , Muda 2,15 01:20 Video , Askofu Gwajima asisitiza kupinga utekaji Tanzania , Muda 1,20 01:25 Video , 2026 Tusikubali tofauti za kiitikadi zitugawe - Samia , Muda 1,25 03:04 Video , Matukio yaliofuatiliwa sana BBC 2025 , Muda 3,04 00:43 Video , Ushindi huu ni muhimu sana kwa soka la Tanzania , Muda 0,43 01:49 Video , AFCON 2025: Tanzania yaweka historia, yatinga 16 bora , Muda 1,49 01:34 Video , Nchi 10 za Afrika ambazo hazijawahi kushiriki fainali za AFCON , Muda 1,34 01:54 Video , Watoto wenye saratani walivyolaghaiwa , Muda 1,54 03:54 Video , Maridhiano baada ya maandamano ndio mada inayotawala mijadala Tanzania , Muda 3,54 01:59 Video , Amri ya 'kutumia silaha za moto’ yamponza Sheikh Hasina , Muda 1,59 02:46 Video , Je, unayajua majina ya timu zitakazoshiriki Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika? , Muda 2,46 Unataka kupunguza gharama za data? Soma mtandao wetu wa maandishi kwa gharama ndogo za data. Fungua ukurasa wa maandishi pekee Unataka kupunguza gharama za data? Soma mtandao wetu wa maandishi kwa gharama ndogo za data. Gumzo mitandaoni Aliwahi kuwakosoa viongozi wa Afrika wanaong'ang'ania madaraka. Sasa anataka muhula wa saba Raia wa Uganda walio na umri wa chini ya miaka 40 - na ambao ni zaidi ya robo tatu ya watu - wamemfahamu rais mmoja tu. 12 Januari 2026 'Ananyanyaswa na kufuatiliwa kila hatua': Nyota wa muziki anayemkabili rais wa muda mrefu wa Uganda Kwa mvuto wake wa kipekee, uthubutu na uwezo wa kujiweka karibu na wananchi wa kawaida, nyota wa muziki Bobi Wine ametingisha siasa za Uganda. 11 Januari 2026 Rais Trump ana lengo gani hasa na Iran? Wakati ukandamizaji wa Iran dhidi ya maandamano ya kupinga serikali ukiendelea, rais wa Marekani anatafakari ni jinsi gani bora ya kushughulikia hilo. 14 Januari 2026 Kuolewa nikiwa na miaka 40: ''Hakuna kikomo cha umri wa kupata upendo wa kweli" "Wazo la mara kwa mara kwamba mwanamke mmoja baada ya miaka 35 au 40 ni 'hakamiliki,' 'ana madai makubwa' au 'amepoteza maisha' linaacha alama, kwa sababu linapuuzia mafanikio mengine, ukomavu, na safari ya maisha," anashughulikia. 11 Januari 2026 Maandamano Iran: Jeshi linasimama wapi na serikali inataka nini? Jeshi kwa kushirikiana na vikosi vingine vya usalama - limetangaza kwamba litalinda "maslahi ya kitaifa, miundombinu ya kimkakati ya nchi, na mali ya umma.” 12 Januari 2026 Siri zinazozunguka operesheni ya kijasusi ya kumkamata Maduro Maafisa wa Marekani wamesema walikuwa na chanzo maalum kilichotoa taarifa za kina kuhusu mahali alipo Maduro, jambo ambalo lilikuwa muhimu kwa operesheni hiyo. 12 Januari 2026 Jinsi majasusi na makomando wa Marekani walivyomnasa Maduro Operesheni hiyo ya aina yake iliyopewa jina la "Operation Absolute Resolve" inaonyesha jinsi vikosi vya Marekani vilivyoingia kwenye makazi ya Rais wa Venezuela na kumteka. 6 Januari 2026 Ni nani anaongoza Venezuela sasa na kipi kitakachofuata? Delcy Rodríguez, mshirika wa karibu wa kiongozi wa Venezuela aliyekamatwa, Nicolás Maduro, ameteuliwa kuwa rais wa mpito. 5 Januari 2026 Ni nchi zipi zinaweza kulengwa na Trump baada ya Venezuela? Trump ametoa vitisho vingi dhidi ya mataifa mengine katika siku za hivi karibuni. 6 Januari 2026 Mambo 7 unayopaswa kujua kabla ya kununua gari Kumiliki gari ni ndoto kwa wengi, lakini katika nchi nyingi kufanikisha ndoto hiyo huja kwa gharama kubwa. 8 Januari 2026 Trump anataka mafuta ya Venezuela, Je, mpango wake utafanikiwa? Donald Trump ameapa kuingia katika hifadhi ya mafuta ya Venezuela baada ya kumkamata Rais Nicolás Maduro na kusema Marekani "itaendesha" nchi hiyo hadi kipindi "salama" cha mpito. 5 Januari 2026 Sababu 5 za kutazama siku zijazo kwa matumaini Katikati ya kile kinachoonekana kuwa wimbi la habari na matukio ya kuvunja moyo, kuna sababu kadhaa za kuwa na matumaini. 10 Januari 2026 Gumzo mitandaoni Aliwahi kuwakosoa viongozi wa Afrika wanaong'ang'ania madaraka. Sasa anataka muhula wa saba Raia wa Uganda walio na umri wa chini ya miaka 40 - na ambao ni zaidi ya robo tatu ya watu - wamemfahamu rais mmoja tu. 12 Januari 2026 Aliwahi kuwakosoa viongozi wa Afrika wanaong'ang'ania madaraka. Sasa anataka muhula wa saba Raia wa Uganda walio na umri wa chini ya miaka 40 - na ambao ni zaidi ya robo tatu ya watu - wamemfahamu rais mmoja tu. 'Ananyanyaswa na kufuatiliwa kila hatua': Nyota wa muziki anayemkabili rais wa muda mrefu wa Uganda Kwa mvuto wake wa kipekee, uthubutu na uwezo wa kujiweka karibu na wananchi wa kawaida, nyota wa muziki Bobi Wine ametingisha siasa za Uganda. 11 Januari 2026 'Ananyanyaswa na kufuatiliwa kila hatua': Nyota wa muziki anayemkabili rais wa muda mrefu wa Uganda Kwa mvuto wake wa kipekee, uthubutu na uwezo wa kujiweka karibu na wananchi wa kawaida, nyota wa muziki Bobi Wine ametingisha siasa za Uganda. Rais Trump ana lengo gani hasa na Iran? Wakati ukandamizaji wa Iran dhidi ya maandamano ya kupinga serikali ukiendelea, rais wa Marekani anatafakari ni jinsi gani bora ya kushughulikia hilo. 14 Januari 2026 Rais Trump ana lengo gani hasa na Iran? Wakati ukandamizaji wa Iran dhidi ya maandamano ya kupinga serikali ukiendelea, rais wa Marekani anatafakari ni jinsi gani bora ya kushughulikia hilo. Kuolewa nikiwa na miaka 40: ''Hakuna kikomo cha umri wa kupata upendo wa kweli" "Wazo la mara kwa mara kwamba mwanamke mmoja baada ya miaka 35 au 40 ni 'hakamiliki,' 'ana madai makubwa' au 'amepoteza maisha' linaacha alama, kwa sababu linapuuzia mafanikio mengine, ukomavu, na safari ya maisha," anashughulikia. 11 Januari 2026 Kuolewa nikiwa na miaka 40: ''Hakuna kikomo cha umri wa kupata upendo wa kweli" "Wazo la mara kwa mara kwamba mwanamke mmoja baada ya miaka 35 au 40 ni 'hakamiliki,' 'ana madai makubwa' au 'amepoteza maisha' linaacha alama, kwa sababu linapuuzia mafanikio mengine, ukomavu, na safari ya maisha," anashughulikia. Maandamano Iran: Jeshi linasimama wapi na serikali inataka nini? Jeshi kwa kushirikiana na vikosi vingine vya usalama - limetangaza kwamba litalinda "maslahi ya kitaifa, miundombinu ya kimkakati ya nchi, na mali ya umma.” 12 Januari 2026 Maandamano Iran: Jeshi linasimama wapi na serikali inataka nini? Jeshi kwa kushirikiana na vikosi vingine vya usalama - limetangaza kwamba litalinda "maslahi ya kitaifa, miundombinu ya kimkakati ya nchi, na mali ya umma.” Siri zinazozunguka operesheni ya kijasusi ya kumkamata Maduro Maafisa wa Marekani wamesema walikuwa na chanzo maalum kilichotoa taarifa za kina kuhusu mahali alipo Maduro, jambo ambalo lilikuwa muhimu kwa operesheni hiyo. 12 Januari 2026 Siri zinazozunguka operesheni ya kijasusi ya kumkamata Maduro Maafisa wa Marekani wamesema walikuwa na chanzo maalum kilichotoa taarifa za kina kuhusu mahali alipo Maduro, jambo ambalo lilikuwa muhimu kwa operesheni hiyo. Jinsi majasusi na makomando wa Marekani walivyomnasa Maduro Operesheni hiyo ya aina yake iliyopewa jina la "Operation Absolute Resolve" inaonyesha jinsi vikosi vya Marekani vilivyoingia kwenye makazi ya Rais wa Venezuela na kumteka. 6 Januari 2026 Jinsi majasusi na makomando wa Marekani walivyomnasa Maduro Operesheni hiyo ya aina yake iliyopewa jina la "Operation Absolute Resolve" inaonyesha jinsi vikosi vya Marekani vilivyoingia kwenye makazi ya Rais wa Venezuela na kumteka. Ni nani anaongoza Venezuela sasa na kipi kitakachofuata? Delcy Rodríguez, mshirika wa karibu wa kiongozi wa Venezuela aliyekamatwa, Nicolás Maduro, ameteuliwa kuwa rais wa mpito. 5 Januari 2026 Ni nani anaongoza Venezuela sasa na kipi kitakachofuata? Delcy Rodríguez, mshirika wa karibu wa kiongozi wa Venezuela aliyekamatwa, Nicolás Maduro, ameteuliwa kuwa rais wa mpito. Ni nchi zipi zinaweza kulengwa na Trump baada ya Venezuela? Trump ametoa vitisho vingi dhidi ya mataifa mengine katika siku za hivi karibuni. 6 Januari 2026 Ni nchi zipi zinaweza kulengwa na Trump baada ya Venezuela? Trump ametoa vitisho vingi dhidi ya mataifa mengine katika siku za hivi karibuni. Mambo 7 unayopaswa kujua kabla ya kununua gari Kumiliki gari ni ndoto kwa wengi, lakini katika nchi nyingi kufanikisha ndoto hiyo huja kwa gharama kubwa. 8 Januari 2026 Mambo 7 unayopaswa kujua kabla ya kununua gari Kumiliki gari ni ndoto kwa wengi, lakini katika nchi nyingi kufanikisha ndoto hiyo huja kwa gharama kubwa. Trump anataka mafuta ya Venezuela, Je, mpango wake utafanikiwa? Donald Trump ameapa kuingia katika hifadhi ya mafuta ya Venezuela baada ya kumkamata Rais Nicolás Maduro na kusema Marekani "itaendesha" nchi hiyo hadi kipindi "salama" cha mpito. 5 Januari 2026 Trump anataka mafuta ya Venezuela, Je, mpango wake utafanikiwa? Donald Trump ameapa kuingia katika hifadhi ya mafuta ya Venezuela baada ya kumkamata Rais Nicolás Maduro na kusema Marekani "itaendesha" nchi hiyo hadi kipindi "salama" cha mpito. Sababu 5 za kutazama siku zijazo kwa matumaini Katikati ya kile kinachoonekana kuwa wimbi la habari na matukio ya kuvunja moyo, kuna sababu kadhaa za kuwa na matumaini. 10 Januari 2026 Sababu 5 za kutazama siku zijazo kwa matumaini Katikati ya kile kinachoonekana kuwa wimbi la habari na matukio ya kuvunja moyo, kuna sababu kadhaa za kuwa na matumaini. BBC News Swahili sasa ipo WhatsApp Jiunge na Chaneli yetu BBC News Swahili sasa ipo WhatsApp Michezo Morocco yailaza Nigeria kwa penalti na sasa itamenyana na Senegal katika fainali ya Afcon 15 Januari 2026 Tetesi za soka Ulaya Alhamisi: Atletico Madrid wamlenga kiungo wa Wolves na Brazil Joao Gomes 15 Januari 2026 AFCON 2025: Nguvu ya makocha wa Afrika yaonekana 14 Januari 2026 Tetesi za Soka Ulaya Jumatano: Manchester City mbioni kumsajili Guehi 14 Januari 2026 Michezo Morocco yailaza Nigeria kwa penalti na sasa itamenyana na Senegal katika fainali ya Afcon 15 Januari 2026 Morocco yailaza Nigeria kwa penalti na sasa itamenyana na Senegal katika fainali ya Afcon Tetesi za soka Ulaya Alhamisi: Atletico Madrid wamlenga kiungo wa Wolves na Brazil Joao Gomes 15 Januari 2026 Tetesi za soka Ulaya Alhamisi: Atletico Madrid wamlenga kiungo wa Wolves na Brazil Joao Gomes AFCON 2025: Nguvu ya makocha wa Afrika yaonekana 14 Januari 2026 AFCON 2025: Nguvu ya makocha wa Afrika yaonekana Tetesi za Soka Ulaya Jumatano: Manchester City mbioni kumsajili Guehi 14 Januari 2026 Tetesi za Soka Ulaya Jumatano: Manchester City mbioni kumsajili Guehi Afya yako Ni nini hufanya kupiga mpira kwa kichwa kuwa hatari kwa ubongo? 13 Januari 2026 Je, kutokwa na damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi husababisha mshtuko wa moyo? 12 Januari 2026 Kwa nini mihuri ya pasipoti inaweza kupitwa na wakati? 28 Disemba 2025 Mzaha kuhusu upara wangu ulivyobadilisha maisha yangu 27 Disemba 2025 Afya yako Ni nini hufanya kupiga mpira kwa kichwa kuwa hatari kwa ubongo? 13 Januari 2026 Ni nini hufanya kupiga mpira kwa kichwa kuwa hatari kwa ubongo? Je, kutokwa na damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi husababisha mshtuko wa moyo? 12 Januari 2026 Je, kutokwa na damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi husababisha mshtuko wa moyo? Kwa nini mihuri ya pasipoti inaweza kupitwa na wakati? 28 Disemba 2025 Kwa nini mihuri ya pasipoti inaweza kupitwa na wakati? Mzaha kuhusu upara wangu ulivyobadilisha maisha yangu 27 Disemba 2025 Mzaha kuhusu upara wangu ulivyobadilisha maisha yangu Waridi wa BBC Mfahamu kiongozi wa upinzani nchini Venezuela Maria Corina Machado 6 Januari 2026 Yajue matukio makubwa ya michezo Afrika Mashariki 2025 29 Disemba 2025 Mwanamke aliyenaswa kwenye kamera na mwanaume azungumza kuhusu unyanyasaji anaopitia 19 Disemba 2025 Wanawake 10 waliobadili mwelekeo wa Afrika mwaka 2025 18 Disemba 2025 Waridi wa BBC Mfahamu kiongozi wa upinzani nchini Venezuela Maria Corina Machado 6 Januari 2026 Mfahamu kiongozi wa upinzani nchini Venezuela Maria Corina Machado Yajue matukio makubwa ya michezo Afrika Mashariki 2025 29 Disemba 2025 Yajue matukio makubwa ya michezo Afrika Mashariki 2025 Mwanamke aliyenaswa kwenye kamera na mwanaume azungumza kuhusu unyanyasaji anaopitia 19 Disemba 2025 Mwanamke aliyenaswa kwenye kamera na mwanaume azungumza kuhusu unyanyasaji anaopitia Wanawake 10 waliobadili mwelekeo wa Afrika mwaka 2025 18 Disemba 2025 Wanawake 10 waliobadili mwelekeo wa Afrika mwaka 2025 Vipindi vya Redio 18:29 Listen Next, MBELE Dira Ya Dunia , 18:29, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 1,00,00 Kipindi cha habari, makala na mahojiano cha kila siku kuanzia saa kumi na mbili unusu jioni Afrika Mashariki 1:00:00 06:59 Sikiliza, Amka Na BBC , 06:59, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 29,30 Kipindi cha habari, mahojiano na makala kila siku saa kumi na mbili na saa moja asubuhi Afrika Mashariki 29:30 05:59 Sikiliza, Amka Na BBC , 05:59, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 29,30 Kipindi cha habari, mahojiano na makala kila siku saa kumi na mbili na saa moja asubuhi Afrika Mashariki 29:30 18:29 Sikiliza, Dira Ya Dunia , 18:29, 15 Januari 2026 , Muda 1,00,00 Kipindi cha habari, makala na mahojiano cha kila siku kuanzia saa kumi na mbili unusu jioni Afrika Mashariki 1:00:00 Vipindi vya Redio 18:29 Listen Next, MBELE Dira Ya Dunia , 18:29, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 1,00,00 Kipindi cha habari, makala na mahojiano cha kila siku kuanzia saa kumi na mbili unusu jioni Afrika Mashariki 1:00:00 Listen Next, MBELE Dira Ya Dunia , 18:29, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 1,00,00 Kipindi cha habari, makala na mahojiano cha kila siku kuanzia saa kumi na mbili unusu jioni Afrika Mashariki 06:59 Sikiliza, Amka Na BBC , 06:59, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 29,30 Kipindi cha habari, mahojiano na makala kila siku saa kumi na mbili na saa moja asubuhi Afrika Mashariki 29:30 Sikiliza, Amka Na BBC , 06:59, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 29,30 Kipindi cha habari, mahojiano na makala kila siku saa kumi na mbili na saa moja asubuhi Afrika Mashariki 05:59 Sikiliza, Amka Na BBC , 05:59, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 29,30 Kipindi cha habari, mahojiano na makala kila siku saa kumi na mbili na saa moja asubuhi Afrika Mashariki 29:30 Sikiliza, Amka Na BBC , 05:59, 16 Januari 2026 , Muda 29,30 Kipindi cha habari, mahojiano na makala kila siku saa kumi na mbili na saa moja asubuhi Afrika Mashariki 18:29 Sikiliza, Dira Ya Dunia , 18:29, 15 Januari 2026 , Muda 1,00,00 Kipindi cha habari, makala na mahojiano cha kila siku kuanzia saa kumi na mbili unusu jioni Afrika Mashariki 1:00:00 Sikiliza, Dira Ya Dunia , 18:29, 15 Januari 2026 , Muda 1,00,00 Kipindi cha habari, makala na mahojiano cha kila siku kuanzia saa kumi na mbili unusu jioni Afrika Mashariki Dira ya Dunia TV Kipindi cha habari motomoto, kinachowaweka watazamaji karibu zaidi na yanayojiri duniani Tazama Dira ya Dunia TV Kipindi cha habari motomoto, kinachowaweka watazamaji karibu zaidi na yanayojiri duniani Zinazovuma zaidi 1 Kwa nini Putin yuko kimya wakati Trump anazidisha ubabe? 2 Unapaswa kufanya nini unapokutana na simba? Imeboreshwa mwisho: 21 Aprili 2025 3 Ikiwa nyoka ataingia nyumbani kwako, fanya hivi Imeboreshwa mwisho: 29 Julai 2023 4 Matokeo ya uchaguzi Uganda 2026 5 Tetesi za soka Ulaya Ijumaa: Aston Villa kumsajili Tammy Abraham 6 'NightFall': Lifahamu kombora ambalo Uingereza iliahidi Ukraine 7 Kuolewa nikiwa na miaka 40: ''Hakuna kikomo cha umri wa kupata upendo wa kweli" 8 Nchi 10 zenye madeni makubwa zaidi Afrika 9 BBC yafichua mgawanyiko katika uongozi wa juu wa Taliban 10 Je, serikali ya Iran imefikia 'ukingoni'? Zinazovuma zaidi 1 Kwa nini Putin yuko kimya wakati Trump anazidisha ubabe? 2 Unapaswa kufanya nini unapokutana na simba? Imeboreshwa mwisho: 21 Aprili 2025 3 Ikiwa nyoka ataingia nyumbani kwako, fanya hivi Imeboreshwa mwisho: 29 Julai 2023 4 Matokeo ya uchaguzi Uganda 2026 5 Tetesi za soka Ulaya Ijumaa: Aston Villa kumsajili Tammy Abraham 6 'NightFall': Lifahamu kombora ambalo Uingereza iliahidi Ukraine 7 Kuolewa nikiwa na miaka 40: ''Hakuna kikomo cha umri wa kupata upendo wa kweli" 8 Nchi 10 zenye madeni makubwa zaidi Afrika 9 BBC yafichua mgawanyiko katika uongozi wa juu wa Taliban 10 Je, serikali ya Iran imefikia 'ukingoni'? Mitandao ya Kijamii WhatsApp Facebook X Instagram TikTok Mitandao ya Kijamii WhatsApp Facebook X Instagram TikTok Kwanini unaweza kuiamini BBC News Sheria ya matumizi Kuhusu BBC Sera ya faragha Cookies Wasiliana na BBC Habari za BBC kwa lugha zingine Do not share or sell my info © 2026 BBC. BBC haihusiki na taarifa za kutoka mitandao ya nje. Soma kuhusu mtazamo wetu wa viambatanishi vya nje.
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Concept and development 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 4 Promotion and music video 5 Credits and personnel 6 Release history 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Shine (Gwen Stefani song) Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item "Shine" Promotional single by Gwen Stefani featuring Pharrell Williams Released January 13, 2015 Recorded 2014 Genre Reggae pop ska Reggae pop ska Length 3 : 24 Label The Weinstein Company Songwriters Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Producer Pharrell Williams " Shine " is a song written and recorded by American singer Gwen Stefani featuring Pharrell Williams , who also produced the song. Originally intended for Stefani's band No Doubt , it is a reggae pop and ska song that was written for the 2014 live-action/animated film Paddington . The lyrics revolve around the lead character Paddington Bear 's journey to London and his identity crisis. Stefani initially disagreed with Williams's choice to use direct references to Paddington in the lyrics, but praised this decision after watching the film with her children. She reported that her involvement with the recording was inspired by her then-husband Gavin Rossdale and her children's connection to England. A lyric video for the track was released on January 13, 2015, on The Weinstein Company 's YouTube channel, and included on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of the film. The song was featured in the American trailer for the movie, and made available as a promotional CD as a result of its submission for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Although a low-quality version leaked on December 31, 2014, a full version of the recording was not released for public consumption. It was omitted from the film's soundtrack album , as well as Stefani's third studio album This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016). Critical response to "Shine" was mixed; some praised Stefani and Williams's chemistry, while others compared it negatively to their previous collaborations. Commentators frequently likened it to Williams's 2013 single " Happy " and Stefani's 2014 song " Spark the Fire ". Concept and development "There's such a connection being married to an Englishman and having these kids and going to England all these years and the story. There are just so many reasons it was attractive to me." "There's such a connection being married to an Englishman and having these kids and going to England all these years and the story. There are just so many reasons it was attractive to me." "Shine" was written by Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani , and the recording was produced by Williams. [ 2 ] In November 2014, the pair announced that they were collaborating on a recording for the live-action/animated film Paddington . [ 3 ] They had previously worked together on four singles: " Hella Good " (2002), " Can I Have It Like That " (2005), " Hollaback Girl " (2005), and " Spark the Fire " (2014). [ 4 ] Williams initially pitched "Shine" as a song for No Doubt , of which Stefani was lead vocalist. She immediately noticed similarities between the demo and her music with No Doubt and played it for the rest of the band to get their reaction. [ 5 ] No Doubt recorded their version in late 2014. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] According to Rolling Stone , Stefani was collaborating with the band for a song for the Paddington soundtrack. [ 8 ] Despite this announcement, Rolling Stone 's Patrick Doyle suggested that it would be recorded by Williams and Stefani instead. [ 8 ] In an official statement, film executive Bob Weinstein called Stefani and Williams "the perfect artistic duo", saying their work "brought to life the charm that Paddington represents". [ 9 ] Stefani said her involvement was motivated by her personal connection to the film's setting through her marriage to English musician Gavin Rossdale . [ 10 ] She added that the film and the track allowed her children to recognize their origins. [ 1 ] Williams considered the song to be "a wonderful opportunity, as a parent, to contribute to something as classic, authentic and generational to all of our lives, as Paddington Bear"; Stefani said that she was "honored to join forces with Pharrell and be part of bringing this beloved classic to life for Paddington's next big adventure". [ 11 ] Williams called the song "a trailer into a wonderful family experience" and developed its concept from his children's interest in Paddington Bear. [ 12 ] Composition and lyrical interpretation "Shine" is a reggae pop and ska song that lasts three minutes and 24 seconds. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] It is composed in the key of E minor using common time and a moderately fast tempo of 140 beats per minute. [ 16 ] Instrumentation is provided by strings , horns , a guitar , and a piano , [ 14 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] to create what Music Times ' Carolyn Menyes described as a "crawling beat". [ 18 ] March Robisch of Thought Catalog described the single as having "that ska quality that made No Doubt so successful". [ 14 ] Digital Spy ' s Lewis Corner and Amy Davidson wrote that it is a "ska-flecked romp of pumped-up foghorns and plodding brass". [ 13 ] A writer from Capital XTRA described it as having a "mellow beat", [ 19 ] while Rolling Stone 's Daniel Sannwald wrote it has a "party-vibe production". [ 15 ] During the track, Stefani's vocal range spans from the low note of D 3 to the high note of A 4 . [ 16 ] Williams equated Stefani's tone to that of a "child whisperer" due to her ability to make music that appeals to children. [ 20 ] The lyrics are about Paddington Bear and his travels; Rolling Stone called it "a pop-reggae allegory about a bear with an identity crisis". [ 15 ] The song opens with Stefani singing the first verse and Williams joining in the chorus , the lyrics including "When you're trying to get home / When you don't wanna be alone / Look at yourself in the mirror / That's your way home". [ 19 ] The hook features Stefani repeatedly singing "Shine!" and Williams screaming "Hey!". [ 21 ] Andy Morris from Gigwise noted the lyrics, "So we're in a strange new land in Paddington station / But you end up in good hands in the fancy British nation" and "that bear with the red hat", as obvious references to Paddington. [ 22 ] According to Sannwald, the lyrics include "Pharrell's 'Happy"-ish 'Everybody is the same inside' bridge " that allows the song to appeal to both children and their parents "without sounding overly patronizing". [ 15 ] "Shine" ends with Williams singing in the falsetto register. [ 21 ] When discussing the development of the single with MTV News , Stefani said that she initially disagreed with Williams's approach to the lyrics. Williams was more "specific" regarding the lyrics as he wanted to include words directly connected to the film and its character like "bear", "Paddington", and "station"; Stefani said that she preferred for the song to be a "little more abstract". She later reversed this view, saying that she agreed with Williams's interpretation after watching the film with her children [ 23 ] and seeing the complete animations of the Paddington Bear character. [ 12 ] In an interview with American Top 40 , Stefani credited Williams as being central to the recording's development, saying that he was "the one who really got in there and was able to channel the film lyrically and make it really happen". [ 24 ] Critical reception "Shine" received mixed reviews from music critics . E! News ' Bruna Nessif gave the single a positive review, stating: "When it comes to feel-good music, leave it up to Gwen Stefani and Pharrell to get the job done". [ 25 ] A reviewer from Vibe praised it as "the perfect theme song". [ 26 ] Abe Dewing, a member of the Cambridge Symphony Orchestra, described it as a "sharp, hip tune" in the Boston Herald . [ 27 ] He compared its opening trumpet riff to music by British composer Herbert Chappell , who created the theme for the 1975 television series Paddington . [ 28 ] Chappell also composed music for the 1986 concerto "Paddington Bear's First Concert". Dewing praised Stefani and Willams's ability "to compose new music for existing source material intended for children". [ 27 ] A reviewer from the website antiMusic described the recording as "even more feel good" than the pair's collaboration on "Spark the Fire". [ 29 ] Daniel Sannwald gave it three and a half stars out of five, favorably comparing its melody to the chorus of Irish rock band The Cranberries 's 1994 single " Zombie ". He felt that it would appeal to both children and their parents. [ 15 ] Some reviewers criticized "Shine" for lacking the energy of Williams's and Stefani's previous releases. MTV 's John Walker questioned whether it could repeat the success of Williams's previous single "Happy" from the 2013 animated film Despicable Me 2 . [ 30 ] In response to the leaked version, Carolyn Menyes wrote that it was too slow in comparison to the "crazy, happy beats and earwormmy hand claps" of "Happy" and the "inane catchiness" of Stefani's previous singles "Spark the Fire" and " Baby Don't Lie " (2014). Menyes was critical of Stefani's vocals, saying she used "an oddly harsh tone" throughout the track. [ 18 ] Steven Pond of TheWrap wrote that Stefani's vocal delivery "never quite crosses the line to catchy". [ 31 ] Promotion and music video Although a low-quality version leaked on December 31, 2014, a full version of the recording was not made available for the public. [ 18 ] A limited quantity edition CD single was issued in January 2015, and sent to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as part of the submission process to be considered for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . [ 32 ] The single was included in the list of 79 contenders for the award, [ 33 ] but it did not receive a nomination. [ 34 ] A lyric video was uploaded onto The Weinstein Company's YouTube channel on January 13, 2015. It was a minute and 35 seconds, and featured clips from the film. The video received over two million views in 24 hours. [ 17 ] The video featured scenes from the film in which "the iconic Peruvian bear finds himself in all manner of mishaps while trying to find a home and ultimately working his way into our hearts". [ 25 ] The visual was included on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Paddington along with a behind-the-scenes feature on the making of the track. [ 12 ] Matthew Jacobson of The Spectrum , a newspaper which is part of the USA Today Network , criticized the video for being "just clips of the movie set to a song" rather than a proper music video. [ 35 ] Alternatively, Cinemablend.com's Jessica Rawden found the video to be "satsifying". [ 36 ] "Shine" is featured in the American trailer [ 37 ] and the closing credits for Paddington , [ 38 ] but was not included in the British version of the film. [ 3 ] Idolator 's Christina Lee wrote that the track was an exclusive release for the United States and Canada. [ 39 ] The song was excluded from the film's soundtrack album , [ 40 ] as well as Stefani's third studio album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016). [ 41 ] During an interview with Stefani and Williams on January 21, 2015, radio host Ryan Seacrest erroneously announced the track was available for purchase on the iTunes Store . [ 42 ] Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers : [ 2 ] ASCAP/Harajuku Lover Music Gwen Stefani appears courtesy of Interscope Records . Pharrell Williams appears courtesy of Columbia Records and i am OTHER Entertainment . Writers – Gwen Renee Stefani, Pharrell Williams Performance – Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Williams Release history Region Date Format Label United States [ 32 ] January 13, 2015 [ 17 ] CD single The Weinstein Company See also List of songs recorded by Gwen Stefani References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Finn, Natalie. "Watch: 'Paddington' tune brings out Gwen Stefani's inner Anglophile" . E! . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b "Shine" . American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers . Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. ^ a b Reed, Ryan. "Hear Gwen Stefani and Pharrell's Soul-Searching 'Shine' " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. ^ Nguyen, Dean Van. "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell collaboration 'Shine' released online" . NME . Time Inc. UK . Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. ^ Stefani, Gwen (October 20, 2014). "Valentine in the Morning" (Interview). Interviewed by Valentine. Los Angeles, California: 104.3 MYfm. ^ "Highlights: OnAir with Ryan Seacrest (Updated)" . Beacon Street Online . October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. ^ Stefani, Gwen (October 21, 2014). "On Air with Ryan Seacrest" (Interview). Interviewed by Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles, California: KIIS-FM . ^ a b Doyle, Patrick (December 4, 2014). "How Gwen Stefani Discovered Emojis and Jump-Started Her Career" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 5, 2015 . Retrieved September 11, 2017 . ^ Zuckerman, Esther. "Pharrell and Gwen Stefani writing and performing song for 'Paddington' " . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. ^ Truitt, Brian. "Watch: 'Paddington' tune brings out Gwen Stefani's inner Anglophile" . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ McDonagh, Charlotte. "Superstars Gwen Stefani and Pharrell team up for new single Shine" . Daily Express . Northern and Shell Media . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b c Paddington; "Making of Shine" Featurette. (2015) [Blu-ray]. StudioCanal. ^ a b Corner, Lewis; Davidson, Amy (January 6, 2015). "Playlist: 10 tracks you need to hear - Kanye West, Marina, N.E.R.D." Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. ^ a b c Robisch, March (January 16, 2015). "15 Albums You'll Want To Hear In 2015" . Thought Catalog . The Thought & Expression Co. ^ a b c d e Sannwald, Daniel. "Shine" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b c d "Digital Sheet Music, Gwen Stefani 'Shine' " . Musicnotes.com. 2015. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. ^ a b c "Paddington - Shine co-written by Gwen Stefani & Pharrell - The Weinstein Company" . The Weinstein Company . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b c Menyes, Carolyn (December 31, 2014). "Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Collaboration "Shine" from 'Paddington' Leaks Online Ahead of U.S. Premiere [Listen]" . Music Times. ^ a b "Hear Gwen Stefani And Pharrell's New Single 'Shine' " . Capital XTRA . Global Radio . January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. ^ "Gwen Stefani & Pharrell On 'Paddington' Collaboration" . Access Hollywood . KNBC . January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b "Gwen Stefani & Pharrell 'Shine' Together" . Soul Bounce. January 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. ^ Morris, Andy. "Listen: Gwen Stefani and Pharrell's song about Paddington Bear" . Gigwise . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ Martinez, Rikki. "Pharrell And Gwen Stefani's 'Paddington' Track 'Shine' Was Almost More 'Abstract' " . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. ^ Perricone, Kathleen. "Pharrell on Gwen Stefani: 'There's a Million Songs in That Body of Hers' " . American Top 40 . Premiere Networks . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b Nessif, Bruna. "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Team Up With Paddington in Adorable "Shine" Lyric Video-Watch Now!" . E! News . E! . Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. ^ "Gwen Stefani And Pharrell 'Shine' For The Paddington Soundtrack" . Vibe . Spin Media . Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. ^ a b "Paddington serves as reminder of the way story and music collaborate" . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. ^ "Paddington Bear (Theme)" . MusicNotes.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Team For 'Shine' (Recap)" . AntiMusic. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. ^ Walker, John. "Will Gwen Stefani & Pharrell's "Shine" be the "Happy" of 2015?" . MTV News. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. ^ Pond, Steven (December 23, 2014). "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Team For 'Shine' (Recap)" . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. ^ a b " Shine " (Liner notes/ CD booklet). Gwen Stefani featuring Pharrell . The Weinstein Company . 2015. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) ^ Abramovitch, Seth (December 12, 2014). "Oscars: 79 Titles Advance In Original Song Category" . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. ^ "Oscar Nominations 2015: Full List" . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. ^ Jacobson, Matthew. "Watch 'Paddington' for the charm, stay for Nicole Kidman's femme fatale" . The Spectrum. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. ^ Rawden, Jessica. "New DVD Releases: April 2015 In Home Entertainment" . Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ Carter, Caitlin. "Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Debut Video For Collaboration "Shine" Ahead of 'Paddington' U.S. Release [Watch]" . Music Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ Shuster, Andrew (24 November 2014). "Pharrell Williams And Gwen Stefani Team Up On New Song 'Shine' For 2015 'Paddington' Movie Soundtrack And End Credits" . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. ^ Lee, Christina (January 2, 2015). "Gwen Stefani's "Shine" Featuring Pharrell: Listen To The 'Paddington' Soundtrack Song" . Idolator . Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. ^ "Paddington (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" . iTunes . November 24, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. ^ Vain, Madison (October 19, 2015). "Gwen Stefani scrapped an entire album and started again: 'It didn't feel right' " . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. ^ Stefani, Gwen (January 21, 2015). "On Air with Ryan Seacrest" (Interview). Interviewed by Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles, California: KIIS-FM . External links "Shine" lyrics video on YouTube .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Gwen Stefani v t e Awards Discography Songs Tribute albums Awards Discography Songs Tribute albums Studio albums Love. Angel. Music. Baby. The Sweet Escape This Is What the Truth Feels Like You Make It Feel Like Christmas Bouquet Love. Angel. Music. Baby. The Sweet Escape This Is What the Truth Feels Like You Make It Feel Like Christmas Bouquet Video albums Harajuku Lovers Live Harajuku Lovers Live Singles " What You Waiting For? " " Rich Girl " " Hollaback Girl " " Cool " " Luxurious " " Crash " " Wind It Up " " The Sweet Escape " " 4 in the Morning " " Now That You Got It " " Early Winter " " Baby Don't Lie " " Spark the Fire " " Used to Love You " " Make Me Like You " " Misery " " You Make It Feel Like Christmas " " Santa Baby " " Secret Santa " " Nobody but You " " Here This Christmas " " Let Me Reintroduce Myself " " Slow Clap " " True Babe " " Purple Irises " " Somebody Else's " " Swallow My Tears " " Shake the Snow Globe " " What You Waiting For? " " Rich Girl " " Hollaback Girl " " Cool " " Luxurious " " Crash " " Wind It Up " " The Sweet Escape " " 4 in the Morning " " Now That You Got It " " Early Winter " " Baby Don't Lie " " Spark the Fire " " Used to Love You " " Make Me Like You " " Misery " " You Make It Feel Like Christmas " " Santa Baby " " Secret Santa " " Nobody but You " " Here This Christmas " " Let Me Reintroduce Myself " " Slow Clap " " True Babe " " Purple Irises " " Somebody Else's " " Swallow My Tears " " Shake the Snow Globe " Featured singles " South Side " " Let Me Blow Ya Mind " " What's Going On " " Can I Have It Like That " " Glycerine " " Kings Never Die " " Hands " " Happy Anywhere " " Light My Fire " " South Side " " Let Me Blow Ya Mind " " What's Going On " " Can I Have It Like That " " Glycerine " " Kings Never Die " " Hands " " Happy Anywhere " " Light My Fire " Promotional singles " The Real Thing " " Yummy " " Shine " " Go Ahead and Break My Heart " " Sleigh Ride " " Love Is Alive " " The Real Thing " " Yummy " " Shine " " Go Ahead and Break My Heart " " Sleigh Ride " " Love Is Alive " Other songs " Almost Blue " " Serious " " Long Way to Go " " Start a War " " Leather and Lace " " Asking 4 It " " Rare " " Can't Stop the Feeling! " " What U Workin' With? " " My Gift Is You " " Under the Christmas Lights " " White Christmas " " Christmas Eve " " Physical (Remix)" " Boa " " Almost Blue " " Serious " " Long Way to Go " " Start a War " " Leather and Lace " " Asking 4 It " " Rare " " Can't Stop the Feeling! " " What U Workin' With? " " My Gift Is You " " Under the Christmas Lights " " White Christmas " " Christmas Eve " " Physical (Remix)" " Boa " Concerts and tours Harajuku Lovers Tour The Sweet Escape Tour MasterCard Priceless Surprises Presents Gwen Stefani This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour Just a Girl Harajuku Lovers Tour The Sweet Escape Tour MasterCard Priceless Surprises Presents Gwen Stefani This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour Just a Girl Television Kuu Kuu Harajuku Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas Kuu Kuu Harajuku Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas Related articles No Doubt No Doubt discography Harajuku Girls L.A.M.B. Eric Stefani Gavin Rossdale Blake Shelton Tony Kanal No Doubt No Doubt discography Harajuku Girls L.A.M.B. Eric Stefani Gavin Rossdale Blake Shelton Tony Kanal Category Category v t e Pharrell Williams v t e Awards and nominations Discography Production discography Awards and nominations Discography Production discography Studio albums In My Mind (2006) Girl (2014) In My Mind (2006) Girl (2014) Soundtracks Despicable Me (2010) Despicable Me 2 (2013) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) Hidden Figures soundtrack (2016) Hidden Figures score (2017) Despicable Me 3 (2017) Piece by Piece (2024) Despicable Me (2010) Despicable Me 2 (2013) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) Hidden Figures soundtrack (2016) Hidden Figures score (2017) Despicable Me 3 (2017) Piece by Piece (2024) Singles " Frontin' " " Can I Have It Like That " " Angel " " Number One " " My Drive Thru " " Happy " " Marilyn Monroe " " Come Get It Bae " " Gust of Wind " " It Girl " " Freedom " " Sangria Wine " " Just a Cloud Away " " Cash In Cash Out " " Stay with Me " " Down in Atlanta " " Doctor (Work It Out) " " Double Life " " Frontin' " " Can I Have It Like That " " Angel " " Number One " " My Drive Thru " " Happy " " Marilyn Monroe " " Come Get It Bae " " Gust of Wind " " It Girl " " Freedom " " Sangria Wine " " Just a Cloud Away " " Cash In Cash Out " " Stay with Me " " Down in Atlanta " " Doctor (Work It Out) " " Double Life " Featured songs " I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me) " " Formal Invite " " Nothin' " " Boys (The Co-Ed Remix) " " When the Last Time " " Pass the Courvoisier, Part II " " Beautiful " " Excuse Me Miss " " Belly Dancer " " Light Your Ass on Fire " " Change Clothes " " Drop It Like It's Hot " " Let's Get Blown " " Wanna Love You Girl " " Margarita " " Mr. Me Too " " Money Maker " " Yummy " " Sex 'n' Money " " Give It Up " " Blue Magic " " I Know " " Zock On! " " Universal Mind Control " " Announcement " " Work That! " " I'm Good " " ADD SUV " " One (Your Name) " " Celebrate " " Blurred Lines " " IFHY " " Get Lucky " " Feds Watching " " Get Like Me " " Lose Yourself to Dance " " ATM Jam " " Move That Dope " " Aerosol Can " " Hugs " " Tacky " " Shine " " WTF (Where They From) " " Safari " " Surfin' " " Heatstroke " " Feels " " Skeletons " " Juggernaut " " Neck & Wrist " " At the Party " " LV Bag " " Big Poe " " I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me) " " Formal Invite " " Nothin' " " Boys (The Co-Ed Remix) " " When the Last Time " " Pass the Courvoisier, Part II " " Beautiful " " Excuse Me Miss " " Belly Dancer " " Light Your Ass on Fire " " Change Clothes " " Drop It Like It's Hot " " Let's Get Blown " " Wanna Love You Girl " " Margarita " " Mr. Me Too " " Money Maker " " Yummy " " Sex 'n' Money " " Give It Up " " Blue Magic " " I Know " " Zock On! " " Universal Mind Control " " Announcement " " Work That! " " I'm Good " " ADD SUV " " One (Your Name) " " Celebrate " " Blurred Lines " " IFHY " " Get Lucky " " Feds Watching " " Get Like Me " " Lose Yourself to Dance " " ATM Jam " " Move That Dope " " Aerosol Can " " Hugs " " Tacky " " Shine " " WTF (Where They From) " " Safari " " Surfin' " " Heatstroke " " Feels " " Skeletons " " Juggernaut " " Neck & Wrist " " At the Party " " LV Bag " " Big Poe " Concert tours Dear Girl Tour Dear Girl Tour Businesses I Am Other Billionaire Boys Club I Am Other Billionaire Boys Club Related The Neptunes N.E.R.D. Child Rebel Soldier Piece by Piece Golden (cancelled film) The Neptunes N.E.R.D. Child Rebel Soldier Piece by Piece Golden (cancelled film) Category Category v t e Paddington Bear v t e Michael Bond Television series Paddington (1976–1980) Paddington Bear (1989–1990) The Adventures of Paddington Bear (1997–2000) The Adventures of Paddington (2019–2025) episodes Paddington (1976–1980) Paddington Bear (1989–1990) The Adventures of Paddington Bear (1997–2000) The Adventures of Paddington (2019–2025) episodes episodes Films Paddington (2014) Paddington 2 (2017) Paddington in Peru (2024) Paddington (2014) Paddington 2 (2017) Paddington in Peru (2024) Theatre Paddington Bear's Magical Musical (1983) Paddington: The Musical (2025) Paddington Bear's Magical Musical (1983) Paddington: The Musical (2025) Music Paddington Paddington 2 " Shine " Paddington Paddington 2 " Shine " Related Statue of Paddington Bear Statue of Paddington Bear Category Category 2015 songs Gwen Stefani songs American reggae songs Reggae fusion songs Ska songs Songs written for films Paddington Bear Song recordings produced by Pharrell Williams Songs written by Gwen Stefani Songs written by Pharrell Williams Unreleased songs CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 00:00 (UTC) . 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