Datasets:

electricsheepafrica
/

african-mining-asm-operations

record_id stringlengths 12 12	site_id stringclasses 988 values	country stringclasses 8 values	mineral_type stringclasses 8 values	age int64 14 65	gender stringclasses 2 values	education_level stringclasses 4 values	years_in_mining float64 0 39	is_primary_income bool 2 classes	role stringclasses 7 values	hours_per_day int64 4 16	days_per_week int64 5 7	uses_ppe bool 2 classes	has_training bool 2 classes	site_size stringclasses 4 values	formalization_status stringclasses 4 values	uses_mercury bool 2 classes	has_water_access bool 2 classes	depth_meters float64 1 100	monthly_production_kg float64 0.01 99.3k	monthly_income_usd float64 25.1 1.87k	sells_to stringclasses 5 values	injury_past_year bool 2 classes	respiratory_symptoms bool 2 classes	mercury_exposure_symptoms bool 2 classes	survey_year int64 2.02k 2.02k
ASM-418B83A2	SITE-0089	ghana	diamond	15	male	primary	1	false	processor	5	6	false	false	individual	informal	false	false	6	0.11	50.29	licensed_buyer	false	true	true	2,024
ASM-DB802A75	SITE-0773	tanzania	coal	27	female	tertiary	2.9	true	site_owner	7	5	false	true	small_group	licensed	false	true	1	28.617	994.56	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,019
ASM-D1F90BEE	SITE-0654	burkina_faso	gold	23	male	primary	0.5	true	transporter	6	7	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	true	true	7.2	0.083	96.51	local_trader	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-F1FF72B2	SITE-0438	mali	gold	34	male	tertiary	8.9	true	equipment_owner	10	6	false	false	individual	informal	true	false	56.5	0.028	1,044.13	local_trader	false	false	true	2,023
ASM-73ABE6E4	SITE-0433	zimbabwe	diamond	25	male	secondary	11	false	processor	10	6	false	false	individual	licensed	false	true	1.6	0.174	100.14	licensed_buyer	true	true	false	2,019
ASM-D3244E45	SITE-0858	ghana	coal	28	male	primary	9.2	true	support_services	9	7	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	true	24.4	11.052	190.98	licensed_buyer	true	false	false	2,022
ASM-D820A9E9	SITE-0085	burkina_faso	other	28	male	none	12.6	true	site_owner	8	6	false	false	large	semi_formal	false	false	15.5	215.69	1,052.83	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,021
ASM-64DD03E2	SITE-0697	burkina_faso	gemstones	33	male	none	5.6	true	digger	10	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	false	1.8	0.587	240.81	local_trader	true	true	false	2,020
ASM-FBEEEA82	SITE-0201	drc	coltan	28	male	secondary	12.8	false	processor	10	6	false	false	large	licensed	false	true	10.3	310.126	64.82	local_trader	false	false	false	2,024
ASM-058EA633	SITE-0094	tanzania	coltan	22	male	primary	8	true	processor	7	6	false	false	small_group	licensed	false	true	10.2	20.125	192.1	local_trader	true	false	false	2,023
ASM-CEFB5F60	SITE-0526	drc	coltan	34	male	secondary	5.6	true	digger	7	6	false	false	individual	licensed	false	false	17.5	9.776	58.93	cooperative	false	false	false	2,022
ASM-663AF110	SITE-0975	drc	diamond	44	female	primary	12.4	true	processor	10	5	true	false	individual	informal	false	false	6.5	0.076	57.61	local_trader	false	false	false	2,023
ASM-1167443B	SITE-0735	ghana	gold	34	male	secondary	4.4	true	transporter	9	6	false	false	small_group	cooperative	false	false	14.1	0.046	274.45	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-B754462E	SITE-0761	ghana	tin	27	male	secondary	13	true	processor	10	6	false	false	individual	informal	false	false	11.6	6.181	75.88	local_trader	true	true	false	2,024
ASM-980A3576	SITE-0717	ethiopia	coal	32	male	none	2.3	true	buyer_agent	7	5	false	true	small_group	informal	false	true	2.2	48.791	169.57	direct_export	false	true	false	2,019
ASM-A613774C	SITE-0786	mali	diamond	14	male	primary	0	true	digger	7	7	false	false	medium	semi_formal	false	false	2.7	0.562	192.89	licensed_buyer	true	true	false	2,021
ASM-B5D78040	SITE-0513	ghana	sand_gravel	32	male	primary	8.3	true	buyer_agent	9	5	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	false	false	2.6	6,230.556	863.22	cooperative	true	false	false	2,020
ASM-DD109B46	SITE-0128	ethiopia	tin	29	male	secondary	5.6	true	digger	7	6	false	false	medium	informal	false	false	2.2	77.026	292.54	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,023
ASM-152B2193	SITE-0839	drc	gold	24	male	secondary	5.4	false	buyer_agent	5	6	false	false	large	informal	true	true	14.3	0.867	744.27	licensed_buyer	false	false	true	2,020
ASM-30097E91	SITE-0450	ethiopia	gold	25	male	primary	7.7	true	digger	7	7	false	true	individual	informal	true	true	2	0.015	151.58	local_trader	false	false	true	2,022
ASM-D705F865	SITE-0500	ethiopia	gold	29	male	secondary	15	true	processor	8	6	false	true	small_group	licensed	true	true	15.3	0.067	148.94	local_trader	false	false	false	2,022
ASM-A845643D	SITE-0370	drc	gold	43	male	primary	9.6	true	support_services	12	6	false	false	small_group	informal	true	true	2	0.087	249.09	cooperative	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-758B2145	SITE-0182	zimbabwe	diamond	44	male	none	1.4	true	digger	7	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	true	3.6	0.464	65.12	processing_plant	false	false	false	2,023
ASM-EE06E117	SITE-0926	tanzania	gold	24	male	secondary	1.9	true	equipment_owner	8	7	false	false	individual	cooperative	true	false	16.8	0.015	924.95	local_trader	false	false	false	2,024
ASM-A9EA419B	SITE-0781	mali	gold	28	male	primary	9.6	false	processor	13	6	false	false	individual	cooperative	false	false	23.5	0.034	412.79	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,022
ASM-EE5613BD	SITE-0643	ethiopia	gold	28	male	secondary	14	true	processor	6	5	false	false	medium	informal	true	true	8.4	0.084	233.34	local_trader	false	false	false	2,019
ASM-40BCF1EC	SITE-0402	mali	gemstones	41	male	primary	4	false	transporter	10	7	false	false	medium	semi_formal	false	false	7.4	0.946	235.23	local_trader	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-5E112CA2	SITE-0822	mali	gemstones	34	male	primary	9.2	true	digger	7	5	false	false	individual	informal	false	true	5.2	0.379	288.16	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,021
ASM-A0961435	SITE-0545	mali	gold	34	male	primary	16.4	true	transporter	9	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	true	10	0.043	276.28	local_trader	true	false	false	2,024
ASM-2E3BB815	SITE-0443	tanzania	gold	38	male	primary	10.3	true	digger	13	6	false	false	medium	informal	true	true	17.1	0.137	274.93	cooperative	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-80A107F1	SITE-0450	tanzania	gold	27	male	none	8.6	true	transporter	10	7	true	false	medium	licensed	true	false	11	0.248	101.85	local_trader	false	true	false	2,020
ASM-8E00DEA2	SITE-0227	tanzania	gold	47	male	secondary	6.3	false	transporter	9	7	false	false	individual	semi_formal	true	false	13.1	0.037	123.19	local_trader	false	true	true	2,022
ASM-67EBAA9E	SITE-0092	tanzania	gold	33	male	primary	7	true	digger	7	6	false	false	medium	informal	true	true	9.1	0.137	145.36	local_trader	false	false	true	2,023
ASM-F08535CA	SITE-0554	ghana	gold	24	male	primary	10	false	digger	8	6	false	false	medium	cooperative	true	false	16.6	0.116	425.8	direct_export	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-25599499	SITE-0887	burkina_faso	gold	31	female	primary	14	true	transporter	7	6	false	false	individual	cooperative	true	true	7.2	0.038	239.58	local_trader	false	true	false	2,019
ASM-BE14B97F	SITE-0063	tanzania	other	45	male	primary	13.8	true	digger	6	5	false	false	small_group	informal	false	true	3.7	86.541	241.41	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,024
ASM-55C1B186	SITE-0858	nigeria	diamond	29	male	primary	4.6	true	transporter	4	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	false	1.8	0.113	101.48	licensed_buyer	true	true	false	2,021
ASM-1CFB3345	SITE-0827	zimbabwe	gemstones	42	male	secondary	0.5	true	support_services	7	7	false	true	individual	cooperative	false	false	3.1	0.275	66.7	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-4E802A84	SITE-0276	ghana	gold	27	female	secondary	5.7	true	digger	8	6	false	false	small_group	licensed	false	false	15.8	0.038	446.05	local_trader	false	true	false	2,020
ASM-791AEDDA	SITE-0631	drc	gold	25	male	primary	11	true	processor	11	6	false	false	individual	licensed	false	true	2	0.012	146.34	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-4047FC1F	SITE-0165	drc	sand_gravel	40	male	primary	23.7	false	buyer_agent	7	6	false	false	medium	semi_formal	false	true	2.3	9,138.71	189.94	processing_plant	false	true	true	2,019
ASM-B57427A8	SITE-0758	drc	gold	24	female	none	3.4	true	support_services	9	7	false	false	small_group	informal	false	true	2	0.084	161.92	local_trader	true	false	false	2,020
ASM-71798F25	SITE-0700	zimbabwe	tin	41	male	primary	12.4	true	digger	5	6	false	false	medium	informal	false	true	7.8	87.574	282.94	local_trader	false	true	false	2,022
ASM-D4CC8849	SITE-0354	ethiopia	other	37	male	secondary	4.8	false	equipment_owner	7	5	false	false	small_group	informal	false	false	4	97.256	135.08	local_trader	true	true	false	2,023
ASM-4F40DB26	SITE-0067	drc	coltan	24	male	primary	10	true	digger	4	6	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	false	true	2.6	17.274	130.52	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-80710654	SITE-0970	zimbabwe	gold	32	male	secondary	14.7	false	site_owner	13	5	false	false	small_group	cooperative	true	false	27.9	0.093	1,326.97	local_trader	false	true	false	2,021
ASM-840052DA	SITE-0445	burkina_faso	diamond	28	male	none	10.1	false	processor	9	7	false	false	individual	informal	false	true	1.7	0.112	143.9	direct_export	true	false	false	2,022
ASM-71D1CCAB	SITE-0893	ethiopia	gold	36	male	secondary	10.6	true	digger	9	6	false	true	individual	semi_formal	true	false	3.8	0.045	68.81	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,021
ASM-43B65A5A	SITE-0677	zimbabwe	gold	52	male	secondary	18.3	false	processor	10	5	false	false	individual	informal	true	false	8	0.01	332.92	cooperative	true	false	false	2,023
ASM-9DBE8C16	SITE-0778	zimbabwe	gold	29	male	secondary	1.5	true	digger	14	7	false	true	small_group	informal	false	true	2.5	0.03	169.25	cooperative	false	true	false	2,024
ASM-23F11A2E	SITE-0759	drc	sand_gravel	38	female	secondary	7.5	true	processor	8	6	false	false	medium	informal	false	true	4.5	24,987.478	108.17	cooperative	true	false	false	2,022
ASM-DB502232	SITE-0194	drc	tin	33	male	none	3.1	true	processor	7	6	false	false	individual	informal	false	false	11.3	18.899	167.02	processing_plant	false	false	false	2,022
ASM-60063EF6	SITE-0363	tanzania	gold	33	male	secondary	10.5	false	support_services	13	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	true	true	53.8	0.033	276.49	licensed_buyer	true	true	false	2,020
ASM-12422525	SITE-0466	burkina_faso	gold	31	female	primary	9	true	processor	6	7	false	false	medium	semi_formal	true	true	2	0.264	225.84	local_trader	false	true	true	2,022
ASM-3883252A	SITE-0497	zimbabwe	tin	24	male	primary	10	true	transporter	11	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	false	10.6	10.18	45.41	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,021
ASM-1292A3EF	SITE-0043	tanzania	sand_gravel	36	male	none	2.7	true	digger	8	6	false	false	individual	cooperative	false	false	1.1	4,422.133	190.86	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,024
ASM-883C617E	SITE-0546	ghana	gold	30	male	none	16	true	support_services	9	7	false	false	individual	informal	true	false	2	0.02	132.66	local_trader	false	false	true	2,024
ASM-A704FCA6	SITE-0154	ethiopia	gold	24	male	secondary	10	true	processor	6	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	false	30.8	0.047	100.15	local_trader	false	true	false	2,021
ASM-505232C7	SITE-0743	drc	sand_gravel	43	male	primary	5.6	true	digger	14	5	false	false	individual	informal	false	true	1	2,564.543	95.66	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,019
ASM-DBAC472E	SITE-0683	ghana	sand_gravel	34	female	primary	14	false	transporter	8	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	false	2.4	8,133.18	161.9	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-1FE65B41	SITE-0922	tanzania	sand_gravel	31	male	none	0.9	false	digger	7	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	true	20.9	3,712.848	368.7	local_trader	true	false	false	2,019
ASM-FA419283	SITE-0744	tanzania	gold	46	male	primary	3.1	false	digger	10	6	false	false	medium	informal	true	true	40.6	0.049	505.4	licensed_buyer	true	true	false	2,023
ASM-C286CC62	SITE-0366	nigeria	gold	15	female	secondary	1	true	digger	7	6	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	true	false	12.7	0.033	478.77	local_trader	false	false	true	2,023
ASM-F60FC3A0	SITE-0967	drc	gold	46	male	secondary	6.3	true	processor	9	6	false	false	individual	informal	true	false	6.8	0.032	150.6	processing_plant	false	true	false	2,022
ASM-E08248B4	SITE-0410	tanzania	gold	24	male	primary	10	true	digger	6	7	false	false	large	informal	true	true	2	0.34	356.26	cooperative	true	true	false	2,024
ASM-079F99D4	SITE-0325	drc	sand_gravel	35	male	primary	12.7	true	site_owner	9	6	false	false	large	licensed	false	false	8	82,145.09	307.6	local_trader	true	false	false	2,022
ASM-506C961F	SITE-0905	ghana	gold	27	female	none	13	true	digger	7	6	false	false	large	semi_formal	false	false	32.1	0.847	281.17	local_trader	true	false	false	2,022
ASM-1E418921	SITE-0370	ghana	tin	24	male	primary	2.3	true	digger	7	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	true	2	3.36	287.45	local_trader	true	false	false	2,024
ASM-F2B61C30	SITE-0076	tanzania	sand_gravel	46	female	primary	6.3	false	digger	7	6	false	false	small_group	cooperative	false	true	5.4	6,626.838	116.63	local_trader	false	true	false	2,019
ASM-B7D29CE6	SITE-0469	burkina_faso	other	52	male	tertiary	3	true	processor	10	7	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	false	false	9.3	99.311	262.58	local_trader	false	false	false	2,024
ASM-2BEDA062	SITE-0795	ghana	tin	31	female	none	10.1	true	digger	8	7	false	false	small_group	informal	false	false	5.7	24.092	287.69	local_trader	true	false	false	2,023
ASM-680B7BBE	SITE-0189	drc	sand_gravel	36	male	primary	2.3	true	digger	8	5	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	false	false	1	8,695.397	264.79	local_trader	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-5C5F5ABD	SITE-0462	nigeria	gold	34	male	secondary	9.2	true	digger	9	5	false	false	small_group	informal	true	true	8.3	0.024	505.6	local_trader	false	false	false	2,021
ASM-24B2B153	SITE-0129	mali	gold	50	male	primary	4.3	true	support_services	11	6	false	false	individual	informal	true	false	11	0.038	108.28	cooperative	false	true	true	2,021
ASM-F6712EA3	SITE-0686	drc	gold	14	male	secondary	0	false	digger	7	6	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	true	true	7.6	0.033	534.79	local_trader	false	false	true	2,020
ASM-58C6B95F	SITE-0475	tanzania	other	37	male	primary	7.8	true	digger	9	6	false	true	large	semi_formal	false	false	4.7	389.973	174.46	local_trader	true	false	false	2,021
ASM-E29E533C	SITE-0330	tanzania	sand_gravel	26	male	primary	1.9	true	processor	7	5	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	false	false	1	5,712.682	141.66	cooperative	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-2AD9ED85	SITE-0226	mali	gold	14	male	primary	0	true	processor	8	6	false	false	large	informal	false	false	16.4	0.949	379.43	cooperative	false	true	false	2,024
ASM-49486E18	SITE-0564	ghana	gold	29	male	primary	15	true	digger	11	5	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	true	15.7	0.036	492.45	local_trader	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-61205279	SITE-0669	burkina_faso	gold	51	male	secondary	13.6	false	buyer_agent	4	5	false	false	small_group	informal	true	false	7.8	0.093	984.91	direct_export	false	false	false	2,020
ASM-2C45B08A	SITE-0940	ghana	gold	26	male	none	5.5	false	transporter	7	6	false	true	small_group	informal	true	false	39.2	0.078	174.41	local_trader	false	true	false	2,019
ASM-0117A760	SITE-0437	mali	gemstones	41	male	primary	11.8	true	processor	8	7	false	false	small_group	semi_formal	false	true	2.8	0.79	271.23	licensed_buyer	true	false	false	2,019
ASM-EB7C74EA	SITE-0160	ghana	gold	45	male	tertiary	16.8	false	processor	9	7	false	false	individual	informal	true	true	12.3	0.044	364.72	cooperative	false	true	true	2,020
ASM-400A8C73	SITE-0832	ethiopia	gemstones	33	male	primary	7.2	true	site_owner	11	6	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	false	1	0.214	631.85	local_trader	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-9E7594A0	SITE-0629	ghana	coltan	34	male	none	7.4	false	digger	5	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	true	8.3	32.89	172.05	local_trader	false	true	false	2,024
ASM-8831BA04	SITE-0700	drc	gold	16	female	secondary	2	true	support_services	11	5	false	false	individual	semi_formal	false	false	2	0.043	172.03	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,024
ASM-4361F1C9	SITE-0097	zimbabwe	gold	26	female	none	12	false	digger	10	7	false	false	individual	informal	false	true	9	0.039	504.2	local_trader	false	false	false	2,024
ASM-BE3C48D3	SITE-0312	ethiopia	other	42	male	secondary	9.4	false	processor	8	5	false	false	medium	informal	false	true	13.5	218.945	254.73	local_trader	true	false	false	2,019
ASM-D1693113	SITE-0767	drc	coltan	34	male	none	12.4	true	digger	6	7	false	false	medium	licensed	false	true	29.6	37.212	59.18	cooperative	false	false	false	2,022
ASM-BEFA0E99	SITE-0832	drc	gold	37	male	secondary	6.9	true	transporter	7	6	false	false	medium	informal	false	true	36.8	0.289	271.23	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,019
ASM-1BF85746	SITE-0435	nigeria	gold	34	male	none	6.8	true	equipment_owner	11	7	false	false	small_group	licensed	true	false	9.7	0.039	835.52	direct_export	false	false	true	2,020
ASM-C7B3AC29	SITE-0804	mali	sand_gravel	55	male	primary	12.7	true	transporter	9	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	false	2.6	5,035.115	61.39	local_trader	false	true	false	2,023
ASM-1F719C62	SITE-0841	tanzania	gemstones	29	female	tertiary	4.9	true	digger	8	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	true	1	0.209	48.08	licensed_buyer	false	false	false	2,021
ASM-5161922F	SITE-0387	ghana	gemstones	49	female	primary	3.5	true	site_owner	7	5	false	false	medium	informal	false	true	1.1	0.505	615.68	direct_export	false	true	false	2,024
ASM-F03B68F8	SITE-0898	zimbabwe	coltan	34	male	primary	4.7	true	support_services	10	6	false	false	small_group	informal	false	true	19.4	11.747	65.51	local_trader	true	true	false	2,022
ASM-1B2B93E2	SITE-0288	mali	sand_gravel	50	male	none	6.6	true	digger	8	6	false	false	individual	informal	false	false	1	3,390.965	126.63	cooperative	false	false	false	2,021
ASM-2D76B0CB	SITE-0239	ghana	gold	21	male	none	7	false	digger	8	7	false	true	small_group	informal	true	true	2	0.04	373.88	local_trader	true	false	true	2,024
ASM-2AAEAE88	SITE-0682	drc	coal	35	male	primary	5.5	true	processor	8	6	false	false	small_group	cooperative	false	false	3.9	89.734	167.9	local_trader	false	false	false	2,022
ASM-E9E34A97	SITE-0636	burkina_faso	gold	29	male	primary	6	true	site_owner	7	7	false	false	small_group	informal	true	false	2	0.017	571.65	licensed_buyer	false	true	false	2,022
ASM-A99BB9A0	SITE-0139	burkina_faso	coltan	34	male	primary	10.4	true	digger	7	6	false	false	large	informal	false	false	16.6	126.583	341.05	local_trader	false	false	false	2,022

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African Artisanal Small-Scale Mining (ASM) Dataset

Dataset Description

Overview

This dataset provides synthetic records of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) operations and workers across sub-Saharan Africa. ASM is a critical sector employing an estimated 40+ million people globally, with significant concentration in Africa. The dataset captures worker demographics, site characteristics, working conditions, production patterns, and health outcomes documented in field surveys.

The dataset supports research on ASM formalization, occupational health interventions, mercury abatement, and livelihood analysis in contexts where primary data collection is challenging.

Dataset Statistics

Attribute	Value
Records	5,000
Variables	26
Geographic Scope	8 African countries
Minerals Covered	8 categories
Format	CSV, Parquet

Data Schema

Variable Dictionary

Variable	Type	Description	Value Range/Categories
`record_id`	string	Unique record identifier	ASM-XXXXXXXX
`site_id`	string	Mining site identifier	SITE-XXXX
`country`	categorical	Country of operation	ghana, ethiopia, zimbabwe, drc, tanzania, nigeria, mali, burkina_faso
`mineral_type`	categorical	Primary mineral extracted	gold, diamond, coltan, tin, coal, gemstones, sand_gravel, other
`age`	integer	Worker age in years	14-70
`gender`	categorical	Worker gender	male, female
`education_level`	categorical	Highest education attained	none, primary, secondary, tertiary
`years_in_mining`	float	Duration in ASM sector	0.5-35 years
`is_primary_income`	boolean	Mining as primary livelihood	True/False
`role`	categorical	Occupational role	digger, processor, transporter, site_owner, equipment_owner, buyer_agent, support_services
`hours_per_day`	integer	Daily work hours	4-16 hours
`days_per_week`	integer	Weekly work days	5-7 days
`uses_ppe`	boolean	Personal protective equipment use	True/False
`has_training`	boolean	Received safety training	True/False
`site_size`	categorical	Operation scale	individual, small_group, medium, large
`formalization_status`	categorical	Legal/regulatory status	informal, semi_formal, licensed, cooperative
`uses_mercury`	boolean	Mercury use in processing	True/False
`has_water_access`	boolean	Water access at site	True/False
`depth_meters`	float	Working depth	1-100 meters
`monthly_production_kg`	float	Monthly mineral output	Variable by mineral
`monthly_income_usd`	float	Monthly earnings	USD 20-1,000+
`sells_to`	categorical	Primary buyer type	local_trader, licensed_buyer, cooperative, direct_export, processing_plant
`injury_past_year`	boolean	Occupational injury in past 12 months	True/False
`respiratory_symptoms`	boolean	Self-reported respiratory issues	True/False
`mercury_exposure_symptoms`	boolean	Mercury toxicity symptoms	True/False
`survey_year`	integer	Year of data collection	2019-2024

Methodology

ASM Sector Context

Artisanal and small-scale mining is characterized by:

Informality: 70-80% of operations lack formal licensing
Labor Intensity: Manual methods predominant
Poverty-Driven Entry: Limited alternative livelihoods
Health Hazards: Dust exposure, mercury, physical injuries
Gender Dimensions: Women comprise 30-50% in some regions

Primary Literature Sources

Source ID	Citation	Parameters Extracted
ETH_001-006	Abebil, Y., et al. (2023). Prevalence and characteristics of nonfatal occupational injuries among ASGM workers in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. PMC10176544	Injury prevalence (25.1%), PPE usage (1.5%), demographics, work hours
ZWE_001-007	Moyo, D., et al. (2021). Silicosis, TB and HIV among Zimbabwe ASM workers. PMC8583466	Demographics, respiratory symptoms (39%), silica exposure (95%)
ASM_001-002	World Bank DELVE (2020). State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector.	Global workforce estimates, gender distribution, economic contribution
ASM_003	Landrigan, P., et al. (2022). Health hazards of ASM. Annals of Global Health. PMC9412790	Occupational hazards taxonomy, exposure pathways

Key Empirical Parameters

Demographics (Ethiopia/Zimbabwe studies):

Mean age: 30-37 years (SD 7-13)
Male proportion: 79-85%
Education: ~65% primary or less

Working Conditions:

PPE usage: 1.5% (Ethiopia study)
Average work hours: 9 hours/day
Work days: 6 days/week typical

Health Outcomes:

Injury prevalence (12-month): 25.1% (Ethiopia)
Respiratory symptoms: 39% (Zimbabwe)
Silica exposure: 95% (Zimbabwe gold ASM)

Mercury Use (Gold ASM):

Prevalence: ~65% of gold ASM operations
Associated neurological/renal symptoms in exposed workers

Formalization Status Distribution

Based on regional studies and policy analyses:

Informal: 55%
Semi-formal: 25%
Licensed: 12%
Cooperative: 8%

Limitations

Survey Representativeness: Source studies may not capture most remote/informal operations
Self-Reported Data: Health outcomes and exposures are self-reported
Cross-Sectional Design: Temporal and causal relationships inferred
Country Heterogeneity: Regulatory contexts vary significantly
Child Labor: Sensitive topic; conservative modeling applied
Economic Data: Income highly variable and often informal

Ethical Considerations

Vulnerable Populations: ASM workers face significant health, economic, and legal vulnerabilities
Informality Sensitivity: Data should not enable enforcement against informal miners
Child Labor: Minimum age set conservatively; child labor is a recognized issue
Mercury Exposure: Environmental and health justice implications
Gender Dynamics: Women's roles often underrecognized; avoid stereotyping
Poverty Context: Avoid stigmatizing poverty-driven livelihoods

Intended Uses

Appropriate Uses

Research on ASM formalization pathways
Modeling of occupational health interventions
Mercury reduction program design
Economic analysis of ASM livelihoods
Educational demonstrations of informal sector dynamics
Policy scenario modeling

Inappropriate Uses

Enforcement targeting of informal miners
Individual worker identification or tracking
Insurance discrimination against ASM communities
Policy decisions without local validation

Citation

@dataset{electric_sheep_africa_asm_operations_2024,
  title = {African Artisanal Small-Scale Mining (ASM) Dataset},
  author = {Electric Sheep Africa},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/african-mining-asm-operations},
  note = {Synthetic dataset derived from ASM field surveys and policy research}
}

References

Abebil, Y., Hailu, D., Hiruy, A., & Hailu, T. (2023). Prevalence and characteristics of nonfatal occupational injuries among artisanal and small-scale gold mining workers in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 23, 902.
Moyo, D., et al. (2021). Prevalence of silicosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and co-morbidities among artisanal and small-scale gold miners in Zimbabwe. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
World Bank. (2020). 2020 State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Landrigan, P.J., et al. (2022). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health: an update. The Lancet, 400(10366), 1849-1868.
Hilson, G. (2016). Farming, small-scale mining and rural livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa: A critical overview. The Extractive Industries and Society, 3(2), 547-563.