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OSTEN SACKEN ON WESTERN DIPTEEA. 227
one from New Mexico, aod one from the Southern States. Geron occurs everywhere. Two Phthiriw .are known from the Atlantic States, one more from Colorado, and three from California.
The most interesting addition to the North American fauna in this family is Epibates, a new genus, the male sex in which is distinguished by a muricate surface of the thoracic dorsum. I have not less than seven species in it, four from the Pacific coast, two from the Atlantic States, and one uncertain.
occurring in the United States are universal or nearly universal genera.
The genera peculiar to the fauna, with the exception of Epibates, are all as yet monotypical. The genera which do not belong to either of these two categories are: — Ploas, which, besides North America, occurs, as far as I know, only in the fauna of the Mediterranean and Central Asia. It is singular that it has not been recorded from South America. Systropus counts several species in Mexico and South America, also at the Cape, and in Australia. Toxophora occurs in Algiers, Syria, the Cape, Brazil, and Java. Phthiria is found in the Mediterranean region and in Central Asia, at the Cape, also in Brazil and Chili.
A fact worth noticing is the common occurrence of some species of Bombylidce in both hemispheres, or, if the specific identity is contested, at least the great resemblance between some species in Europe and America.
The European Bombylius major seems to be the same as the most common species in California. B. fratellus, from the Atlantic States, is very little different from it. Systoechus vulgaris and Anastoechus barbatus are remarkably like the European species of the same genera. Anthrax dorcadion n. sp. (= the true A. capucina F.) is the same, or nearly the same, as the species known as A. capucina in Europe.
Of all families of Diptera orthorliaplia, hardly any have been so im perfectly studied in their organization as the Bombylidce. By gradual additions, the number of genera has reached very near seventy, and nevertheless the discrimination of the essential characters on which to base a classification may be said not to have been even begun. Dr. Schiner (Novara, p. 115) proposed a subdivision of the family in four groups, — the Anthracina, Lomatina, Toxophorina, and Bombylina. But, as he did not characterize these groups, this subdivision can have but very little value. It would seem self-evident that any attempt at a sub division must be preceded by a thorough study of the outward organ ization of these insects $ nevertheless, this has never been done yet. The thick fur, the hairs and scales, which cover the whole body, or cer tain parts of it, render such a study difficult, unless that covering is removed ; and many an important character may have been overlooked, owing to the neglect of undergoing that trouble. As an instance of such an oversight, I will mention the remarkable epimeral hooks which exist in most of the genera of the Anthracina above the root of the
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2 BULLETIN 151, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. evaporation the effect of the precipitation is much lessened. The mean annual evaporation from a free water surface, as measured at the experiment farm for the 7-year period specified, is 65.88 inches. The winters are mild, yet periods of cold weather or "nortKers" are not infrequent during the winter season. The thermometer seldom registers a temperature below 15° F. in winter, and consequently plant growth continues practically throughout the year. SOIL CONDITIONS. The San Antonio Experiment Farm is located on what is called locally black "hog-wallow land. " This local name is due to the fact that the soil, when drying, shrinks and opens long, wide cracks, and the filling of these cracks with loose surface soil results in irregular depressions, which resemble hog wallows. The soil is a black clay loam, having a rather small proportion of sand and becoming very sticky when wet. It is classified by the United States Bureau of Soils l as Houston black clay loam and San Antonio clay loam. The first 3 feet of soil is fairly uniform in character and is underlain with a white gravelly material which is rich in lime. This underlying gravel has a relatively low moisture-holding capacity, while the surface soil has a high moisture-holding capacity, averaging from 25 to 30 per cent. When wet, the soil has a tendency to pack and become impervious, so that during torrential rains the loss of water from run-off is high. The soil is rich in mineral plant food and produces abundant crops when supplied with sufficient moisture. FALLOWING EXPERIMENTS. In 1910 experiments were inaugurated for the purpose of studying the effect of producing a crop only on alternate years, as compared with producing a crop every year on the same land. The crops of 1910 were grown on land which had not been previously fallowed, so that the results for that year are not considered here. The results here presented are from the years 1911, 1912, and 1913. The crops used in these experiments were corn, cotton, and winter oats. For this purpose six i-acre plats were used, as follows: Plats A4-1 and A4-2 were used alternately for cotton, one plat being cropped and the other fallowed each year. In a similar way plats A4-3 and A4-4 were used for corn and A4-5 and A4-6 for winter oats. For purposes of comparison with these biennially cropped plats, use has been made of results obtahied from three plats which are part of another experiment. These three plats are cropped each year and are given the same tillage treatment as the alternately cropped plats, except that the fallow period is 12 months shorter. The plats that are cropped annually have been under test since 1909, when the large 1 Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1904.
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916 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER
They may be swept from rich vegetation in company with such char acteristic species as Limnophila brevifurca, L. fuscovaria, L. subtenuicornis, Adelphomyia minuta, Rhaphidolabina flaveola, Molophilus hirtipennis, Erioptera venusta, E. stigmatica, Gonomyia florens, G. subcinerea, and Tipula oropezoides.
The elongate larvae of this fly were very common in rich organic mud taken from Bool's hillside, Ithaca, New York (as discussed under the account of Bittacomorphella jonesi, page 780), where they were associated with a crane-fly fauna characteristic of such situations. The larvae, in life, are pale yellowish, with the food contents, of a chalky white color, showing thru the integument. The head capsule and the spiracular disk are very small ; the inner face of each lobe of the latter is very narrowly lined with black. The species was reared many times during late May and early June, 1917, the length of the pupal existence indoors being seven or eight days.
Form terete, elongated, body tapering gradually to the posterior end, just beyond gills (Plate LXVII, 353) suddenly constricted; last segment elongate-cylindrical, tapering gradu ally to the very small spiracular disk. Body covered with a short, appressed pubes cence, on last segment this pubescence coarser and more erect, with a few elongate hairs interspersed; lateral parts of body at caudal margins of segments with short transverse lines of small, erect setae; a few other similar rows at about midlength of certain of the segments. Spiracular disk (Plate LXVII, 357) very small, tending to be eliminated by reduction; lobes short and blunt, dorso-median lobe the smallest; ventral lobes with two short brown lines, not connected distally, the proximal line a little longer than the lateral line of each lobe; the pale space between these lines a little less than diameter of one; lateral lobes with two similar divergent lines, the dorsal one attaining inner level of spiracles; dorsal lobe with two small, indistinct, brown lines; on disk between spiracles two small round spots which do not touch spiracles; lobes fringed with short hairs near tip, and capable of close approximation so that disk is often entirely closed. Spiracles large, nearly circular.
Head capsule small, very long and slender, greatly dissected, the three bars of either side long and delicate; dorsal bars at their articulation joined with a short longitudinal bar near whose anterior end the antennae are inserted; ventral bars of capsule not conspicuously expanded at their anterior end, and apparently not toothed as in other species of this genus and in Molophilus. Labrum and epiphirynx long and narrow, lying between antennal bases; epipharyngeal region densely clothed with short setae at tip and with two parallel brushes on ventral face. Mentum apparently not formed as in E. chlorophylla, a slightly
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Epicranium with normal number of primary setae, 13, and punctures, 7, and with three small ultraposterior punctures (x, y, z). 1 Anterior setae (A lf A 2 , A 3 ) in an obtuse angle; A x and A 2 closer together than A 2 and A 3 ; anterior puncture Aa posterior to A 2 and on a line with A l and A 2 ; A 3 directly lateral to Aa. Posterior setae (P x , P 2 ) and posterior punctures (Pa, Pb) near the middle of the head; P t and P 2 on a level with AdL and Adf 2 , respectively; Pa on a line between Li and P 2 , nearest L { ; Pb on a line between F l and P 2 , approximate to P 2 . Lateral setae (Li) closer to A 3 than A 3 is to A 2 , anterior to P x ; lateral puncture (La) directly posterior to, and distant from the seta. Of the ocellar setae ( 0 lf O a , O a ) O x is equi¬ distant from and lateral to ocelli ii and iii; 0 2 closely approximate to and ventral to ocellus i; 0 3 posteroventral to and remote from 0 2 , on a line with ocellus v and vi; ocellar puncture (Oa) between and equidistant from 0 3 and ocellus vi. Subocellar setae (Soj, So 2 , So 3 ) triangularly placed, nearly equidistant; subocellar puncture (Soa) between and equidistant from So 2 and So 3 . Genal seta (G x ) and puncture (Ga) both present; seta anterior to puncture. Labrum (PI. 10, A, B) with median incision acute, rather deep. The three lateral setae (La 1? La^ La 3 ) close to the edge; La x and La 2 approximate, La3 remote. Median setae (Mj, M 2> M 3 ) in the usual Micro arrangement with M 2 latera and slightly posterior to M 2 ; M 3 well back of anterior margin; M x and M 3 equidistant from M 2 . M x on a line with L&j; M 2 slightly anterior of Laj. Epipharyngeal shield (ES) small, arrow shaped; epi¬ pharyngeal setae (ET) broad plates, triangularly placed; epipharyngeal rods not discernible within the labrum proper; posterior projections short. Mandibles (fig. 7) longer than broad; 5 teeth, 4 lower teeth long and sharply pointed; upper fifth tooth rounded; one long and one shorter seta on upper side near lower edge.
Labium and maxillae normal.
Antennae four-jointed, with second joint more than half. Fi G . 7—Pyroderces riUy'%: Right the length of the entire antennae; papillae long, pointed; mandible of larva, e, Under¬ long seta more than twice the length of the antenna. side; upper side. Greatly Three pairs of normal thoracic feet; four pairs of abdom- enlarged ' ^ ori « inal ) inal prolegs with unevenly biordinal crotches, arranged in a complete circle; anal prolegs with a transverse line of biordinal crotches. Setal arrangement of body normal, as shown in figures C and D, Plate 11. Pupa. —Pupa smooth, with setae on vertex, first thoracic, and on all but the first abdominal segments. No cremaster. SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION Moth (PI. 7, B ).—Labial palpi light reddish brown; second joint with two illdefined darker brown annulations; terminal joint with three blackish annulations. Head light chestnut-brown; lower face yellowish iridescent. Antennae whitish with sharply defined, narrow, blackish brown annulations. Forewings chestnut brown with whitish straw-colored streaks, edged by irregular black scales; an oblique whitish fascia on basal third edged on the inner side with black; an ill-defined group of black scales in the middle of the wing, edged with white; a subcostal longitudinal white streak at apical third, terminating in black scales; a similar, fainter, subdorsal streak terminating in black scales at apex of the wing; cilia yellowish gray. Hind 1 Sometimes bearing minute setae.
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nitrate base powders.
The pressures exerted by the former are greater, for the two fold reason that the quantities of heat developed are greater, and the gaseous volumes equal or greater. Hence these powders will produce effects, both of dislocation and projection, superior to those of the nitrate base powders.
tion powders.
But, on the other hand, all the numbers given are far inferior, with regard both to heat and gaseous volume, to those of gun cotton and dynamite (pp. 425 and 451). This inferiority will not disappear, even for the greatest gaseous volumes which result from incomplete combustion.
From this point of view, therefore, the chlorate powders do not exhibit any superiority over the new explosive sub stances sufficient to compensate for the exceptional dangers in manufacturing and handling them. It is only as fuses that their easy inflammation may offer certain advantages.
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C II A P. XV.
Marriage of Buonaparte toith the Archduchess Maria Louisa of Austria^ — Addresses from all Quarters, and Festivities on this occasion. — Cha racter of the 7ie'u} Etnpress. — French troops pour into Holland. — Treaty between Napoleon and Lewis Buonaparte. — Infringed by the former. — Lewis abdicates the Throne of Holland in favour of his eldest Son. — Farewell Address of Lewis to the Dutch. — The Character and Conduct of Lewis contrasted with that of his Brother Lucien. — Conference between a Commissioner from Holland and the Marquis Wellesley, British Secretary of State, on the Subject of a Maritime Peace.— Annexation of Holland, and all the Territories between the Elbe and the Ems to the French Empire— And of the Valais. — New Measure for recruiting the Naval Force of France. — Population of the French Empire. — Annexation of Hanover to Westphalia. — Extension of the French Conscription Laws. — Various Modes in which Buonaparte rivetted the Chains in which he had bound the French.^-And Means by which he provides for his personal safety. — His Rage against ■English Commerce— Curbs the Priesthood at Rome.
the emperor Napoleon,
wliich was conducted with great dignity and decorum, * was a pre lude, as might well be imagined, to a second marriage. Buona-
announced, by a message to the
senate, that he had dispatched on the 25th his cousin, the prince of Neufchatel, to Vienna, to de mand for him the hand of the
tile French, and the stiff and
formal German nations : the feasts, the balls, the shows, the poetry, and the addresses and other pieces in prose, to which it gave birth, were endless.. From Vienna to
Compiegne, the road by which
the princess passed, seemed to be strewed with flowers. Parisleaped for joy. It was at first generally, indeed almost universally ima gined, that she was an unwilling, though resigned victim to the pre servation of her family from far ther humiliation, if not total ruin. Another virgin of Gilcadjfobedient to the call of filial reverence and
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444 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
is diversified, though comparatively sparse. Examples of all the five invertebrate divisions were found in the Bay of Biscay, at the depth of 2435 fathoms. 179
Distribution in the sea is influenced by the tempera ture and composition of the. water and the character of the bottom. The depth acts indirectly by modifying the temperature. Northern animals approach nearer to the equator in the sea than on the land, on account of cold currents. The heavy aquatic mammals, as whales, walruses, seals, and porpoises, are mainly polar.
The land consists of the following somewhat distinct areas : the Neotropic, comprising South America, the West Indies, and most of Mexico ; the Nearctic, includ ing the rest of America; the Palearctic, composed of the eastern continent north of the Tropic of Cancer, and the Himalayas ; the Ethiopian, or Africa south of the Tropic of Cancer ; the Oriental, or India, the south ern part of China, the Malay Peninsula, and the islands as far east as Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands ; and the Australian, or the eastern half of the Malay Islands and Australia. These are the regions of Sclater and Wallace. Other writers unite the northern parts of both hemispheres into one region, and the Oriental with the Ethiopian regions.
Life in the polar regions is characterized by great uniformity, the species being few in number, though the number of individuals is immense. The same ani mals inhabit the arctic portions of the three continents ; while the antarctic ends of the continents, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and Cape Horn, exhibit strong contrasts. Those three continental peninsulas are, zoo logically, separate worlds. In fact, the whole southern hemisphere is peculiar. Its fauna is antique. Aus tralia possesses a strange mixture of the old and new.
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L. H. BAILEY
OST persons are interested in plants, even thongli they do not know it. They enjoy the green verdure, the brilliant flower, the graceful form. They are interested in plants in general. I wish that every person were interested in some plant in particular. There is a pleasure in the companionship merely because the plant is a living and growing thing. It expresses power, vitality. It is a complete, self sufficient organism. It makes its way in the world. It is alive.
The companionship with a plant, as with a bird or an insect, means more than the feeling for the plant itself. It means that the person has interest in something real and genuine. It takes him out of doors. It invites him to tlie field. It -is suo^c^estive. It inculcates a spirit of meditation and reflection. It enables one to discover himself.
I wish that every child in New York State had a plant of its own and were attached to it. Why cannot the teacher suggest this idea to tlie pupils'^ It may he enough to have only one plant the first year, particularly if the pupil is young. It matters little what the plant is. The important thing is tliat it shall be alive. Every plant is interesting in its way. A good pigweed is mucli more satis factory than a poor rosebush. Tlie pupil should grow the plant from the beginning. He sliould not buy it ready grown, for then it is not his, even though he own it.
It is well to begin with some plant that grows quickly and matures early. One is ambitious in spring, but his enthusiasm may wither and die in the burning days of summer. If possible, grow the plant
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IOANA HYBRID SWEET CORN
Among leading Sweet Corn producers, our strain of Ioana has become the outstanding favorite because of its uniform high quality and dependability. Growers serving the most critical buyers report that they recetve a premium price for their crop of Ioana. Ears measure about 8 inches long, have from 12 to 14 rows, and are well filled with creamy yellow kernels. Eating quality is very good and Ioana holds its fresh appearance for some time. The stalk is strong, has few suckers, stands both heat and drought exceptionally well, and is highly resistant to disease. Season is 86 days. Pkt. 10c.; Ib. 55c.; 3 to 24 Ibs. @ 48c. per Ib.; 25 to 99 Ibs. @ 44c.; 100-Ib. bag @ 4lc. .
CuxtureE: Corn should never be planted until the ground has become warm and dry. For succession, plant every two weeks until the middle of July. Corn thrives in rich, well-manured ground. In hand planting make a shallow hole with corner of the hoe, drop 6 kernels of Corn, cover with an inch of soil, and press down with the hoe. Hills should be 3 feet apart. Thin out to 3 plants in each hill. Extra-early varieties can be planted as close as 1% feet apart. GOLDEN HYBRID 24.39. (88 days.) An outstanding | STOWELL’S EVERGREEN HYBRID. (93 days.) main-crop variety. Produces a heavy crop of rich Here is our selection as the finest white Corn hybrid. golden ears measuring 8 inches long and with from 12 ; | Ears measuring 8 inches long with from 14 to 18 rows to 16 rows. Eating quality is excellent. Comparative are produced in abundance on strong, healthy stalks. tests by unbiased experts rated this finest eating quality Eating quality is outstanding as evidenced by its of any variety in general use. Its resistance to disease wide use with canners packing highest quality Corn. is good crop insurance, too. Fodder is strong with few It is resistant to disease and will stand upright when suckers. Pkt. 10c.; Ib. 55c.; 3 to 24 Ibs. @ 48c. per Ib.; all other varieties go down. Pkt. 10c.; Ib. 65c.; 3 to 25 to 99 Ibs. @ 44c.; 100-Ib. bag @ 41c. 24 Ibs. @ 59c. per Ib.; 25 to 99 Ibs. @ 55c.; 100-Ib. SACHEM. (80 days.) Of outstanding eating quality bag @ 52c. as well as of fine appearance and good size. Stalks | GOLDEN CROSS BANTAM. (85 days.) One of the are about 6 feet tall and very vigorous and disease- first and still one of the best hybrids. Ours, the resistant. Ears, and there are plenty of them, are genuine Asgrow strain, is far superior to ordinary 10 to 14-rowed, well filled with deep kernels of excel- strains. Ears are 10 to 14-rowed, about 7 inches in Ient color and measure about 71% to 8 inches in length. Stalks are sturdy and extremely vigorous. length. Pkt. 10c.; Ib. 55c.; 3 to 24 Ibs. @ 48c. per Ib.; Pkt. 10c.; Ib. 55c.; 3 to 24 Ibs. @ 48c. per Ib.; 25 to 25 to 99 Ibs. @ 44c.; 100-Ib. bag @ 41c. 99 Ibs. @ 44c.; 100-Ib. bag @ 41c.
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INTRODUCTORY
The question whether protozoa can exercise selection in the kind of material which they feed upon has called forth expression of opinions from almost every worker upon the protozoa. The inges-
' From the Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, Johns Hopkins University. The author of this paper is indebted to Prof. H. S. Jennings under whose direction this investigation was carried on. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol. viii, no. i.
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Notes on the Pyrenees. 499
logical tract; and, whatever may have been the agents which have produced the contrasted configurations on this tract, still the phenomena of internal structure, or the variety in external characters, will always afford physical indices of the nature of these influences, while, by a study of any one of them alone, we may be led, from the want of proper indications, into the widest field of hypothesis. The deposition of allu vial tracts by water, the piling up of mountains of sancj by the winds, the formation of basaltic columns by volcanoes, the uprising of forests of islands, whose architects are minute and almost invisible, finally cementing together to form con tinents, are so many striking and well known features in geo logy; but the power that consolidated, or the hand that hewed out, the giant forms that adorn the surface of the earth has not yet been felt by man.
Besides the mountains forming the principal chain, there occur in the Pyrenees many others united by a common crest, and forming chains running sometimes in a direction perpen dicular to that of the chain generally denominated transverse or divergent ; others follow a course which is parallel to that of the principal crest, and are thus lateral or parallel chains. While the termination of the transverse chains generally takes place in the plains, or in the meeting of two valleys, that of the parallel or lateral chains most frequently occurs in the larger transverse valleys of the chain. The most striking dif ferences between the structure of the transverse and principal chains in the Pyrenees occur in the Maladetta, where, while considerations founded on the phenomena of valleys, and on the physical distribution of the waters, mark the transition rocks as forming the principal crest, granitic rocks strike out in a south-westerly direction, attaining an elevation of 1787 toises. * The chain of Mont Perdu, perpendicular to the crest, is also transverse to the limestone chain ; and thus the Ara river courses parallel to the streams supplying the Cinca river. With these two exceptions, and the ridge of alpine limestone taking its departure from Mont Aistaince (and the accidents they present mark their difference from other trans verse chains), all the rest that take their departure from the principal crest are similar in structure to the rock of which they constitute branches.f
English fathom.
f The memoir of M. Reboul, read to the Academy of Sciences in 1788, established that the calcareous beds of the Marbore and Mont Perdu lie every where on granite or argillaceous schists, or on intermediary (tran sition) siliceous rocks.
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Fore wing: length, 10-13 mm.; width, 3 mm.; at the base the costa bends outward slightly, but there is no precostal area; R comes in contact with the costa before the divergence of Cul and Cu2, and at the middle of the pterostigma it diverges downward toward the apex ; Cu2 strongly undulated. Cross-veins: one between R1 and R2 + 3; one between R2'3 and R4 + 5; two between R4 + 5 and MA; two or three between MA and MP; one between MP and Cul; two or three between Cul and Cu2; two between Cu2 and 1A ; one or two between 1A and the hind margin; the cross-veins between 1A and the hind margin are always attached to the distal half of the anal vein. Hind wing: length, 9-11 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.; venation nearly identical with that of the fore wing ; the length of the oblique vein between MP and Rs + MA is less than in the fore wing. Holotype: No. 5001 (hind wing), Peabody Museum, Yale University; paratype: No. 5002 (fore wing), Peabody Museum; No. 1702, Tillyard collection. In the Harvard collection there are ten specimens of this species, as follows: No. 3060ab, fore and hind wings complete, with fragments of head and thorax; No. 3061ab, fore and hind wings, folded together, but well preserved; No. 3062ab, hind wing, complete; No. 3063ab, fore wing, nearly complete; No. 3064ab, one pair of fore and hind wings (J. W. Wilson, collector) ; No. 3065ab, hind wing, complete except for the base; No. 3066ab, basal third of wing; No. 3067, middle third of wing; No. 3068ab, distal third of wing; No. 3070ab, basal two-thirds of wing. All specimens collected by F. M. Carpenter, unless otherwise indicated. In the Sellards collection there are two specimens: No. 1068, distal two-thirds of fore wing; No. 1558, distal third of wing. The holotype specimen of this species is well preserved, but the base of the wing is missing. Since none of the other Yale specimens have this part preserved, Tillyard’s figure is incomplete at the base. The wing is longer and more nearly petiolate than he supposed. The subcosta is
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THE LAWN
a sharp-bladed mower. Just cut away the top of the grass. To mow close, while the grass is get ting a start, is the worst thing you can do. When it begins to thicken up by stooling out, then, and not till then, will you be warranted in setting the mower so that it will cut closely. But never shear the sward, as some do. You will never have a turf like velvet if you do that. Let there be an inch and a half or two inches of the grass-blade left.
The importance of having good tools to work with, in taking care of the lawn, ought not to be overlooked. A mower whose blades are dull will tear the grass off, and make it look ragged, as if gnawed away by animals feeding on it, while the mower whose blades are of the proper sharpness will cut it as evenly and as neatly as if a razor had been applied to it. You cannot appreciate the difference until you have seen a specimen of each, and compared them.
Some persons advocate raking the lawn after each mowing. Others advise leaving the clip pings to act as a sort of mulch. If the clippings are allowed to remain, they wilt, and this will detract from the appearance of the sward for a short time, but by the next day they will not be noticeable. Raking as soon as mowed makes the
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TIGERLAND
as I was anxious to obtain a good specimen of the last, I fired into the moving grass, aiming well forward on the off-chance of a hit. The animal made no sound, and thinking I had missed, I was about to fire again, when the next moment, to my surprise, there was a violent commotion in the grass lasting for some seconds and then all movement ceased. The beast, whatever it might be, was evidently dead, but to make sure, the elephant was ordered to pull aside the grass, an order which, after some expostulation, it obeyed, exposing to view a patch of jet-black fur, obviously no part of deer or pigmy-hog !
Wondering then what this hairy thing could be, for only a portion of it was visible from the elephant, I got down to examine it more closely. Then, on pulling more of the grass away, I found, to my indescribable amazement and delight, that the animal I had killed was an enormous black bear ! The bullet had entered at the base of the skull causing almost instantaneous death, thus accounting for the silence of the animal on receiving the shot. From the condition of the teeth it was evident the beast was very old and possibly, too, deaf, or it would otherwise have heard the elephants approaching. The carcass measured 6 feet 7 inches from nose to tip of tail, practically a record for that part of the country, hence I had good reason to con gratulate myself on this extraordinary fluke, especially as the jungle was not one likely to hold a bear ! We had some difficulty in hoisting the huge body on to the pad elephant, but with the aid of its companion and a rope finally succeeded, and continuing our interrupted journey, soon arrived at our destination.
The rest of that day was passed in examining witnesses in the case, and a mass of evidence was obtained, a tenth of which, if true, would have been sufficient to hang half the people in the village. Fortunately for them, however, most of it, on being sifted, proved to be absolutely false, and while seated smoking after I had concluded the day's work, I could not help wondering to myself whether Ananias or any of his descendants had ever visited these parts !
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112 Disinfecting Powers of Incredsed iemperatures. Il. That the infectious matter of eow-pock is rendered inert, by a temperature not below 140° Fahrenheit ; from whence it was inferred that more active contagions are probably destructible, at temperatures not exceeding 212°. ‘This proposition it was obviously within the reach of the experiment to determine. But I had intended to have resigned the inquiry, to those who are engaged in the practice of medicine, as more within their province than my own ; when the appearance of malignant cholera at Sunderland determined me immediately to extend the investigation. If that disease be communicable from one person to another, there appeared ground for hope that any new facts or principles, respecting contagion generally, might be brought to bear upon this particular emergency. If cholera should be proved not to be so communicable, there still would remain many infectious maladies, to which any newly acquired knowledge of the laws of contagion might admit of beneficial application. Of diseases generally allowed to be contagious, I could obtain access to two only, typhus and scarlatina. ‘The former malady does not, however, answer to all those conditions which are required to render it a fit subject of experiment. It is less distinctly marked, than many other diseases, by characteristic appearances ; and it is judged to exist, from a collection of symptoms, each of which is occasionally wanting, and each of which, when present, admits of such an infinite variety of shades, as to render its discrimination extremely difficult and uncertain. But a still stronger objection to typhus, as a source of evidence on this subject, is, that by no inconsiderable number of writers it is denied to be contagious at all. On this topic a controversy has been carried on, into which I decline to enter. My own conviction, founded on very extensive observation of the disease during more than twenty years of. private practice, and still more as physician to the Manchester Infirmary, Dispensary, and Fever-wards, is that, under certain circumstances, typhus is decidedly contagious ; although by strict attention to cleanliness and to free ventilation, the effluvia issuing from the sick may be so diluted and carried off, as to be rendered almost harmless. My determination to reject the contagion of typhus as a subject of experiment was, however, changed, by learning from Mr. Johnson, ihe resident clerk of the Fever-wards in this town, that there was at that time in the house a singularly well-marked case of the disease. The physician also, to whose charge the patient (a female, et. 19)
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153
some on all the tibiae, in others on the middle and posterior ones, or on the middle tibiae alone. Not less are there all degrees of transition apparent, from the feeblest and least perceptible, to those with the long and stout spines. In order to understand that no natural division can be based upon such differences as these, one needs only to place those with out the spined tibiae in comparison with the others. The same value must be placed upon the stigma of the fore wings of the male ; it is present in the greater number of the species, at least in the typical (Div. A), but even in a few of these it is wanting, which in other respects do not differ. Perhaps the neuration of the wings supplies better points of support for the division of those species here united into natural genera. The different origin of the first branch of the median vein of the fore wings does not offer available characters because it does not yield sharp limitations. While in some species ( Afat/iias, Zelleri, Inachus) the trunk and first branch of this vein have the same length, the point of departure of the latter in others ( Nostrodamus, Osyka Edw.) is nearer the base, and thus forms a transition to the normal form in about one-third of the length of the wings. Whether the origin of the discoidal vein of the fore wings yields a sufficient characteristic for a true genus Pamphila, as Felder sup poses ( Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 1862, p. 483), I have not ascertained.
Scudder ( Syst. Revis. of American Butterflies) has separated the here included species into numerous genera, but unfortunately has not supplied diagnoses ; and from the list of the species alone, the grounds for this separation do not become clearly evident.
The single species of Division B, Alcides HS., deviates from all the others here united, in the rounded tip of the antennas, and should there fore, strictly speaking, be separated, since the acute tip of the apical hooklet of the club is an essential character of the genus. Besides that, it has another peculiarity. According to Herrich-Schaeffer's statement (System. Bearb. d. Schmett. v. Eur., vi , $S), the male of this species has only 2 spurs on the hind tibiae ( °. 4, as usual). Lederer ( Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1857, 79) remarks concerning it : " In the male in my collec tion (with the female, probably the originals of Herrich-Schaeffer's descriptions and figures) I observe distinctly only 3 spurs, the fourth may have been broken off." I have examined 3 males and r female. Two flown males (Amasia, Staudgr.) have only end spurs, but of the middle spurs not a vestige is to be seen ; in the third male (Magnesia, Bed., from Mceschler's collection) both middle spurs are present, but unusually
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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION.
Tail of eighteen feathers, tarsus feathered to base of toes; side of neck with a tuft of narrow, elongate feathers, largely black, but more or less striped or margined with bufT. Upper parts barred and checkered with black, buff and gray, the tojj of head showing most black and the feathers of crown somewhat elongated to form a crest; chin, upper throat and most of sides of head buffy white; a brown stripe from bill below eye, and a conspicuous dark patch half an inch lower; under parts from throat to tail regularly barred with brown or black and buff or buffy white, the buff deepest on lower neck and chest, the dark bars blackest on sides and flanks; tail-feathers brownish black, narrowly tipped with pure white, and barred with buff in the female, but without bars in the male (except sometimes on middle pair). The female also has the neck tufts much shorter than the male, and is somewhat smaller throughout, but otherwise there is little difference be tween the sexes.
Synonyms: Spike-tail, Pin-tail, Prairie Chicken, Blackfoot, Northern Sharp-tailed Grouse. — Tetrao phasianellus, Linn., 1758, Forst., 1772, Gmel., Lath, and others. — PedicBcetes kennicotti, Suckley, 1861. — Ped. phasianellus var. phasianellus, B. B. & R., 1875.
Chicken, from which it differs as noted under that species.
Distribution. — Central Alaska and northwestern British Columbia east through central Keewatin to central western Ungava, and south to Lake Superior and the Parry Sound district Ontario; casual east to Saguenay River, Quebec. (A. O. U. Check-Hst, 1910.)
Considerable uncertainty has existed with regard to the occurrence of this species within our limits, but the question has been set at rest by the recent expeditions (1904, 1905) from the University of Michigan to Isle Royale* in Lake Superior, w'here this bird was found to be resident and breeding in some numbers. According to Mr. Norman A. Wood, who was in charge of the party which visited Isle Royale in the summer of 1904, "A family of this species was seen at close range by Mr. Ruthven, near Siskowit Bay, Isle Royale, August 29, 1904. The residents told me that the 'Prairie Chicken' hved at Siskowit Bay throughout the year. The large clearing (about 500 acres) about the old mines seems to furnish the favorable conditions for them."
Three specimens taken on Isle Royale in the summer of 1905 were sub mitted to the Division of Biological Survey of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington, and were identified by H. C. Oberholzer as the typical northern form, Pedicecetes phasianellus phasianellus. This of course is just what would be expected, since Isle Royale Hes only eighteen miles from the north shore of Lake Superior. Mr. Peet, who accompanied the 1905 expedition, made the following notes on this species: Found at Rock Harbor and Siskowit Bay by our party and was reported at Wash ington Harbor by the residents, who called it a pheasant. On July 25 a female accompanied by three young, about half grown, was found in a
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become established near the Windward coast, since which discovery the disease has already extended widely and constitutes a grave danger to the future of the principal industry of the island.
Many districts are too wet for the successful growing of cacao; the crop proved a complete failure in the interior with this apparently as the underlying reason. The principal pro vision crops are dasheens, yams, plantains and bananas, bread fruit and various species of peas and beans. They are produced almost entirely by small holders. Temperate vegetables do well at elevations of 1,000-2,000 feet. Coffee was largely grown up to about 1850. The reasons for the failure of the industry are discussed in the introduction to the chapter on the diseases of that plant.
St. Lucia.
St. Lucia is a decidedly mountainous island, approaching and in some districts equalling Dominica in this respect, but with its contours more systematically arranged. There is a central range some 1,500 feet in height, with peaks near its southern end rising above 3,000 feet. From this range ridges run out to the coast in all directions, with numerous narrow, well-sheltered valleys between. Practically the whole island is of igneous material. The average rainfall at Castries is 90 inches, with a range of about 60 to 120 in other districts where records are taken.
The area of land suitable for arable tillage is for the most part confined to the lower slopes near the coast and to the lower reaches of the valleys. There are several considerable discon tinuous areas of this kind under sugar-cane, covering about 3,000 acres, with four factories of the modern type in operation, and sugar is the highest of the colony's exports in value. The diseases of sugar-cane have had little attention.
Some 6,000 acres, well scattered through the island, are under cacao, including numerous estates and a large number of small holdings. Pod-rot and canker, due to Phytophthora, are fairly common, but reach to serious proportions only under conditions of exceptional humidity. Dieback is verj^ prevalent among the more neglected of the peasants' plots. Rosellinia root disease is continually troublesome in some situations, and unless control measures are carefully applied slowly bu surely kills out a group of trees around each centre of infection.
During the last decade the lime industry has attracted considerable attention. An area of some 3,000 acres is planted in the crop, and is still expanding under conchtions which appear to be very suitable. So far the trees have suffered little from specific disease. Some foot-rot has been reported on ill-drained land. Scale insects are well controlled on established trees by entomogenous fungi.
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100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
known, however, at the end of the year whether the black bass had produced numerously or not, the young at that time being still in the spawning-beds. The rock bass and goldfish spawned in May, many of both species hatching during that month. The numbers of fish of all kinds on hand, counted or estimated, at the end of llscal year, June 30, 1893, are represented in the table which follows :
Production was greatly curtailed by hard weather, there occurring in the eleven days after October 28 three gales of unusual severity, many of the fishermen's nets being injured so badly that they were pulled out for the season. There were also severe gales in the spring months, interfering with the collection of pike-Derch eggs. All eggs taken, however, proved to be of fair quality.
Unrecorded 210, 000
As many as two-fifths were from gill nets, and all were obtained through spawn- takers attached to the station, and paid for at the rate of 40 cents per liquid quart. Only eggs of good (juality, were pur chased, determinations being made by microscope immediately after segmentation.
On February 13 a shipment of 5,000,000 eggs was made to the New York Fish Commission, addressed to the hatchery at Clayton, M. B. Hill, superintendent. These, by error, were shipped by freight, and were on the road twenty days, and on arrival were found to be frozen. They were successfully thawed out, however, and ^Ir. Hill, in a letter dated April 10, gave the gratifying information that all were hatched and liberated with a loss of but 10 per cent. On February 27 a ship ment of 5,000,000 eggs was sent to Duluth Station. Eggs retained produced 22,570,000 fry, which were liberated on reefs off the islands in the vicinity of Put-in Bay Station. In development it was discovered that those eggs which occupied the upper tier were of poorest quality. The reason for this was not definitely ascertained, but was supposed
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TROPIC MOVEMENTS
the above instrument in accuracy and convenience. A simple form suitable for demonstration can easily be made from an ordinary American clock, either by fixing a cork plate to the finger-axis so as to get horizontal rotation, or by attaching a glass rod to it by means of stout rubber tubing, and so obtaining a horizontally-rotating rod on which seedlings may be fixed with the aid of cork rings. If the clock is fixed in a heavy frame so that it may be canted at various angles, the direction of rotation may be given varying degrees of obliquity 1 .
Any rapidly rotating wheel may be used to demonstrate the action of centrifugal force 2 , and slight centrifugal actions may be obtained by means of a klinostat 3 . In this way the intensity of stimulation required to produce a geotropic curvature can be determined, as well as the relationship between the intensity of stimulation and the response. It must, however, be remembered that under the action of high centrifugal forces purely physical mass-actions come in and cause the attempted curvatures to be more or less overcome and replaced by mechanical bending.
SECTION 36. Heliotropism.
Under this heading we may conveniently include all orienting move ments produced by unilateral illumination ; but since variations in the intensity of diffuse daylight may produce photonastic movements, or may cause the tone of the organ to alter, it is not always easy to say whether a particular curvature is heliotropic in character, or results from a dissimilar form of stimulatory response, or is due to a combination of factors. It must also be remembered that the position of heliotropic equilibrium may vary according to the intensity of the light, and may in some cases alter to such an extent that the direction of the curvature is reversed.
1 Cf. F. Darwin, Linnean Soc., 1881, p. 449; Wortmann, Ber. d. hot. Ges., 1886, p. 245; Klemm, Flora, 1893, p. 472; Hansen, Flora, 1897, Erg.-Bd., p. 352; W. Oels, Pflanzenphysiol. Unters., 1893, p. 50. The mechanism used for rotating tables in shop-windows is easily made into a klinostat by changing the escapement so that the rotation is slower. Where a room at constant temperature is not available, the arrangement employed by Czapek (Ber. d. bot. Ges., 1900, p. 131) may be used to avoid effects due to changes of temperature.
3 An apparatus driven by a water-motor, and which enables centrifugal forces up to 40 g. to be produced is described in Unters. a. d. bot. Inst. zu Tiibingen, 1881, Bd. I, p. 57. At Leipzig the apparatus used was driven by a one-horse-power gas-motor, and varying velocities obtained by the use of axes of different sizes, and of conical axes. Cf. Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot., 1895, Bd. xxvn, p. 304.
r = radius in cms. ; / = time of a rotation in seconds. On a large wheel the centring need not be so accurately performed as on a small one. On simpler forms of apparatus cf. Oels, 1. c., p. 51 ; Detmer, Pflanzenphysiol. Practicum, 1895, 2. AutL, p. 384; Hansen, Flora, 1893, Erg.-Bd., p. 352. Mottier, Annals of Botany, 1899, v l- XIII, p. 326. Pt'effer has more recently used a specially constructed milk centrifuge to obtain centrifugal forces up to 4,000 g. 3 Cf. Czapek, 1. c., p. 305.
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FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
vicinity of Mount Desert; PlattsBank; and in the bottoms of the deep troughs. It has also been trawled at many stations on Georges Bank, like wise along the upper part of the continental slope off southern New England, down to 336 fathoms. There is nothing in the available record to sug gest that it carries out any regular migrations, whether in or offshore, or along the coast. And it is more catholic in respect to its choice of bottom than some other skates, for while it is most plenti ful on the good fishing grounds of sand, gravel, and broken shells, we have taken it at many sta tions in the Gulf on soft mud. And it is one of the most plentiful of Gulf of Maine skates at appro priate depths. Thus 325 were caught in 37 trawl hauls on the northeastern part of Georges Bank on one trip in 1929; again, in June 1951, we counted
432, from 42 trawl hauls (7 percent of the total catch of skates), on the Eugene H fishing from Nantucket Lightship to the south central part of Georges. We once caught 12 in the western side of the Gulf in a beam trawl only 8 feet across the mouth in 30 minutes; and we have taken 1 to 100 of them in 26 hauls with larger trawls, between Mount Desert Island and Massachusetts Bay.
Females containing eggs about ready to be laid, and deposited eggs in various stages of incubation, have been taken in Nova Scotian waters or in the Gulf of Maine, in April, June, July, and September, and they are to be expected there in winter as well, having been reported in January and February off Norway, and from February to June in Scottish waters.
The whip-tailed sting rays, like the skates, are disc-like in form, very thin toward the outer edges, with the anterior parts of the pectoral fins fused with the sides of the head, and with the eyes and spiracles on the upper surface. Their pelvic fins, however, have convex outer edges, not concave as are those of the skates. They have no dorsal fin. Their tails are long and whiplash-like to ward the tip and armed, in most of them with one to several sawedged, venomous spines on the upper side. Their teeth are small and in many series, closely crowded in bands along the jaws. The upper surface of disc and tail is smooth in some of them, variously roughened with tubercles, thorns or prickles in others. They do not lay eggs as the skates do, but bear "living" young (p. 57). And the young resemble their parents closely when born. Four species are known along the Middle and South Atlantic States, but only one of them reaches the Gulf of Maine, and then only as a stray. Should any long-tailed sting ray be picked up within the limits of the Gulf that does not fit the following description, its captor is referred to Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953, 79 for its identification.
Garman, 1913, pi. 33, figs. 1, 2, aa Dasybatus marinus.
Description. — The most distinctive features of this sting ray, among other Gulf of Maine fishes, are its very long, whiplash-like tail without dorsal fins, and the long, sawedged spine or spines with which the upper side of its tail is armed. The disc is rhomboid, about 1% to 1% times as broad as it is long; the anterior angle is much blunter than a right angle (130-140°); and the tip of the snout projects very little if at all. The anterior margins of the disc are nearly straight, the posterior mar gins are only slightly convex, and the posterior corners are abruptly rounded or even angular. The tail, measured from the center of the cloaca, is about 2% times as long as the body from cloaca to snout. The lower side of the tail has a narrow fold of skin extending rearward from below the origin of the tail spine for a distance about as
80 This ray was mentioned as Dasybatus marinus and as D. hasiatus in the first edition of this book. But the specimens in question all belong to one species, the correct scientific name for which is Dasyatis centroura, proposed by Mitchill in 1815, as Raja centroura.
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clearly ascertained. But some, more judiciously, lop the brandies in the interval between the removal and the replanting ; and some also make no preparation of the roots at all. In cutting them round, it is held by opera tors of the greatest experience, that a mass or ball of earth, beyond which few or no roots are found to extend, of seven or eight feet in diameter, for the largest subjects, is as much as can be properly carried away ; hence, the one half at least, or more probably two -thirds, of a fine head must be sacrificed. But it may just as well be so sacrificed, as it is obvious, in the circumstances of the case, and without roots adequate to its nourishment, that such a proportion of the top would certainly decay and drop ofi* after the first season.
The next thing the planter does is to convey to the spot where the tree is to be taken up a wooden crane of great strength, well provided with ropes and pulleys, and possessing sufficient power to raise the mass of roots and earth upon the platform. This is no very light or speedy business, as is well known to those who are in the habit of working such unwieldy machines. Neither is it a less laborious undertaking to accomplish the raising of the tree from the pit. As the wheels, or rather rollers, on which the platform is to move are very low, many horses, eight and nine frequently, are requisite to drag a load of any magnitude, owing to the immense friction occasioned by the lowness of the wheels ; therefore, to transport a tree of considerable size (say five-and-thirty feet high, and six teen inches in diameter) for a mile, or even half a mile, must in this way occupy many hands, and require much time and labour.
The next operation is the planting of the tree. For that purpose the crane must be again transported to the spot ; where the same efforts that were employed to raise
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1922] Taylor,—Notes on some Algae 109 tains: among other algae in rivulets and pools at 6000 feet. Selkirk Mountains: in the valley below the Asulkan Glacier at 5000 feet and | at the source of Quartz Creek at 6500 feet. This appears to be the first record for this form in North America. PRASIOLA FLUVIATILIS (Sommerf.) Aresch. Selkirk Mountains: collected by Dr. M. H. Jacobs at 5500 feet in a small stream flowing E
RurzocLoNIUM SELKIRKII. Figs. A-G show branches of various sizes at 85 diameters. Fig. H shows a bend in the filament; in a thick-walled region, with oue of the cells forming a short spur; magnification 175 diameters. into Fish Lake. This exceedingly interesting species grew in abundance attached to stones, resembling a small Enteromorpha. Collins notes that this species has been found in Greenland and Alaska, but the writer is unaware of any other station as having been reported nearer to the Selkirks than these. RHIZOCLONIUM SELKIRKIDI n. sp* Filaments in tangled masses, frequently and sharply bent. Branches a continuation of the cell, or unicellular to multicellular; tapering, generally formed at a bend in +Rhizoclonium selkirkii, spec. nov. Filamenta laxe intricata, geniculata, ex geniculis hic et illic ramulos emittentia. Ramuli aut cum cellulis articulorum continui aut in appendices uni- vel pluriloculares prolongati. Articuli 20-50 yp lati, diametro sesqui vel triplice longiores. Membrana ad Zu crassa,
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delicacy, and a poetical charm which approaches the sublime. This is not the place for discussing such a subject. But a mere drop of blood, of a brickdust-red by no means agreeable to the naked eye, heavy, thick, and opaque, if you look at it when dry, under the magnifying glass, presents to you a delicious rose-bloom arborescence, with delicate rami¬ fications as fine and subtle as those of the coral are coarse and dull. But let us keep to our insects. Let us select the most miserable— the wonderfully little butterfly of the clothes-moth, that dirty white butterfly which seems the lowest of created beings. Take only his wing. Nay, far less, only a little dust, the light powder which covers his win a;. You are astounded at seeing that Nature, exhausting the most ingenious industry in order that this offcast of creation may fly at his ease, and without fatigue, has scattered over his wing, not dust, but a multitude of tiny balloons. Or, if you prefer it, so many para¬ chutes, most convenient instruments for flight, which, when opened, sustain the little aeronaut without fatigue and for an indefinite period; which, as they are more or less expanded, enable it to rise or sink ; and when folded up, permit of its remaining quiet. The least of the butter¬ flies, thus supported, has a faculty of flight as unlimited as the noblest bird of heaven. We grow keenly interested in these curious apparatus, which have anticipated our human inventions. We observe their strange and surprising modes of action, as we would observe the inhabitants of an¬ other planet, if they were miraculously transported thither. But what we most yearn to see, what we burn to detect, is some reflection from within , some gleam of the torch which is concealed in their inner existence, some appearance of thought. Have they a physiognomy ? Can I seize in their strange visage any trace of an intelligence which, judging by their works, so closely resembles our own ? Of the expres¬ sion which touches me in the eye of the dog, and of other animals related to me, shall I detect nothing in the bee, the ant, in those ingenious beings, those creators, which accomplish so many things the dog cannot accomplish ? A clever man once said to me: “ As a boy I was very partial to insects; I searched about for caterpillars, and made a collection of them.
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THE SMALL PLACE
and heavy and impregnable as tall trees and shrubbery can make them.- The same trees and shrubbery that here bound the lawn space hide the barn buildings on neighboring properties and make a frame for the view.
This property is only 150 by 200 feet. For the complete and intensive use of a piece of ground, even of this size, more than a lawn is necessary.
A terrace is a means of transition between the house and lawn. Terraces are capable of many forms, shapes, and characters. They can be spa cious, dignified, ornate, and formal to harmonize with the most elaborate house, they can be as small, simple, and informal as any suburban house may require. Here the small oblong grass plot is surrounded by narrow brick paths which are bounded on the outer side by undipped Barberry hedging. This is the simplest form a terrace can take. It is particularly fortunate in winter to have such a sunny spot close to the house. The brick paths make it dry to walk on and the red Barberry berries look bright and cheery. In the first plan for the terrace the grass plot was divided into three panels, a pool in the center with flowers on either side. This idea, shown on the
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200 ON THE HACKNEY AND HUNTER.
liquely placed, there can be no doubt but fuch Horfes will carry greater weight, in proportion, and with equal fpeed. They are alio, in ge neral, eafy goers. The famous Mother Nee fom, according to Bracken's account, was fo (haped ; and I have known fome fuch, with ca pital action: but this is rare, fuch forms being, in general, flraight-mouldered, and wide-cheft ed, and by no means diflinguifhed for fpeed.
The extreme obliquity, or ftant of the moul der, it mult be obferved, is requifite only for the running-horfe, and even amongft them, it is rare, extent of moulder, providing it be flat and deep, or wide, always conferring propor tional powers of progreflion. The flraight heavy-fnouldered horfe, is evidently, unfit for any purpofe, but flow draft; both the weight, fimpiy confidered, and its mal-pofition, imped ing progreifion. This accounts for well-fhaped Horfes, being more capable of high weights, than others with much greater (hew of fub ftance.
A high and well-placed (boulder, is accom panied with all forts of advantages, of which it is a very eminent one, that a proper place is thereby fecured for the faddle, without the ufe of a crupper, the need of which, as well as of a martingale, decreafes the value of a horfe. I have faid that the (houlder-blades ought to reach up to the top of the withers, diminishing
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species as Dr. Brocli has done. The uiherent clifTiciilty of allocating an Rimectant species to either Allopora or Stylaster is in no wise lessened when these groups are regarded as subgenera of an expanded Stylaster, although possibly one's sense of responsibility is a trifle lulled.
These remarks concern a point of view on a matter of usage. They are in no way intended as a criticism of Dr. Broch's truly epoch making paper. It ranks with Moseley's classic as a standard work absolutely indispensable to future students.
I am, however, unable to agree ^vith Dr. Broch in the matter of liis new name Eustylaster for the subgenus Stylaster, sonsu stricto. In the subdivision of a genus it seems to me to be axiomatic that the section that mcludes the original type species should retain the original generic designation.
Diagnosis.— Colony small, arborescent, not profuse, branching pre dominantly in one general plane; cyclosystems resembling those of A. campijleca tylota but with still shorter and very shallow dactylo tom.es; mouth of the dactylopore at extreme margin of the cyclosys tem; dactylotom.e very short and shallow (pi. 42, fig. Ih). Type colony 60 mm high, 50 nam broad.
Description. — The colony is of the Stylaster type. There are no signs of coalescence of neighboring branches. The front of the colony is shown by plate 49, figure 1. The opposite side is devoid of cyclo S3^stcms, but there are a few male ampullae near the ends of the branches.
The cyclosystems are notable for the small size of the numerous dactylotomes (10 to 17) and the short distance they encroach verti cally upon the gastropore wall. The vertical pores are relatively larger than in A. tylota, and the dactylostyle is usually conspicuous, although not always so much so as shown by the figm-e, Vv^hich repre sents its maximum development. The gastropore is deep and nor mally curved; style slender, the style chamber differentiated by the presence of slender spicules protruding into its lumen in sharp contrast to the smooth walls of the pore above it. Diameter of cyclosystem 1 to 1.2 mm; depth of gastropore about 2 mm; gastrostyle 0.4 to 0.5 mm.
The m.ale ampullae are scattered on the branches and are not nu merous. They form low convex blisters, their surface bemg rougher and more porous than that of the surrounding coenosteum. Inner Avail coarsely but not deeply fenestrated. Diameter of interior, which is oblate-spherical, 0.35 to 0.45 mm. Female ampullae not known.
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greatest care and watchfulness on our part to keep them in check.
4. — Niu-ROPTKRA (Drai^on-flirs, Lare-trin<^cd Jlies ; May-Jlies^ Ant-lion^ Brnj-jlij, While ants, t^^r.). Insects with jaws, four netted wings, of which the hinder ones are the lari^est, and no sting or piercer. Transformation complete, or partiid. Larva and pnpa various.
The white ants, wood-lice, and wood-ticks {Tcrmitidce and Psocidcc), the latter including also the little ominous death-watch, are almost the only noxious insects in the order, and even these do not injure living plants. The dragon-flies, or, as they are commonly called in this country, devil's needles {Lihelluladcp)^ prey upon gnats and mosquitos ; and their larvae and pupa-, as well as those of the day-flies (Ephemcradcs), semblians {SembUdidcc), and those of some of the May-flies, called cadis-worms (Phnjganeadcc), all of which live in the water, devour aquatic insects. The predaceous habits of the ant-lions {Mijrmeleon tidcB) have been often described. The lace-winged flies {Hejiierobiada), in the larva state, live wholly on plant-lice, great numbers of which they destroy. The mantispians {31antispadff), and the scorpion-flies {Panor padce), are also predaceous insects.
5. — Lepidoptera {Butterflies and Moths). Mouth with a spiral sucking-tube; wings four, covered with branny scales. Transformation complete. The larva? are caterpillars, and have six true legs, and from four to ten fleshy prop-legs. Pupa with the cases of the Avings and of the legs indistinct, and soldered to the breast.
Some kinds of caterpillars are domestic pests, and devour cloth, wool, furs, feathers, wax, lard, flour, and the like ; but by far the greatest number live wholly on vegetable food, certain kinds being exclusively leaf-eaters, while others attack the buds, fruit, seeds, bark, pith, stems, and roots of plants.
6. — Hymexoptera {Saw-flies, Ants, Wasps, Bees, Sf-c). In sects with jaws, four veined wings, in most species, the hinder pair bejng the smallest, and a piercer or sting at the extremity of the abdomen. Transformation complete. Larva> mostly maggot-like, or slug-like ; of some, caterpillar-like. Pupae with the legs and wings vmconfined.
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PREFACE
There are many problems in the general economy of the ocean and lakes the solution of which requires the aid of the microbiologist. In fact, there are very few questions regarding the science of the sea which can be satisfactorily an swered without due consideration of bacteria, yeasts, molds, and related organ isms, and of the chemical and geological processes in which such organisms are involved.
The role of microorganisms in the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles in the sea as well as in the general circulation of organic compounds by processes analogous to those in the soil is usually taken for granted. By virtue of their effects upon plant nutrients, the microorganisms with which the micro biologist is concerned influence the productivity of the sea. Many marine microbes associated with aquatic plants and animals are parasitic while others are beneficial in various ways. The distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water is influenced by microbial activity. Microorganisms are the principal dynamic agencies which influence the hydrogen-ion concentration and oxida tion-reduction potential of natural bodies of water and of the underlying bottom deposits. There are several ways in which microbial activities affect the diagenesis of sedimentary materials, including protopetroleum. There are doubtless questions of variations in the interfacial and surface tension of water, colloidal state, or conditions affecting the penetration of sunlight for which microorganisms must be held in part responsible.
Microbiology thus occupies a logical and prominent position as an integral marine science. Besides contributing to a fundamental study of the sea, its in habitants, its constituents, its boundaries, and its relation to man, the marine microbiologist is confronted by several practical problems such as the role of microorganisms in the spoilage of fish and other marine products, the fouling of ships' bottoms, and the deterioration of fish nets, cork floats, ropes, and wooden structures exposed to water. Likewise the marine microbiologist is in a position to contribute to sanitary science and to the pure science of bacteriology.
The hydrobacteriological investigations of the pioneers, including B. Fischer, Frankland, Houston, and Jordan, were concerned primarily with the dis tribution and behavior of bacteria in water. Since the turn of the century more and more attention has been focussed upon a study of the factors which influ ence the survival of coliform or other adventitious organisms of hygienic inter est. However, a handful of scientists have continued to accumulate informa tion on the distribution, characteristics, biochemical activities, and hydro biological importance of microorganisms indigenous to aquatic environments. Special methodology has progressed apace. As a result, marine microbiology has become a specialized field of research which is world-wide in scope.
In this volume an attempt has been made to summarize and correlate the extensive literature on the subject, with particular reference to the importance of bacteria and allied microorganisms as biochemical, geological, and hydro biological agents. Although conditions in the sea serve as the central theme, frequent reference is made to observations in inland bodies of water, both fresh and saline. It is possible that common elements in the evolutionary histories
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A species combining these two characters was obtained at Hyderabad, in Scinde, by Ibis, 1867, the late Dr. Gould, of which a specimen, in bad order, is now preserved in the East-India ^' ^^"' Museum (Plate V. fig. 1, in orig.). Not being acquainted with typical Arabian examples, I cannot pronounce decidedly on the identity of this Scinde specimem and Ehrenberg's species. It will be seen, by the following description, that it differs from Ehrenberg's account of L. isabellimis by possessing a rufous head and rufous-brown dorsal plumage. But I suspect that Ehrenberg's type was either a female, a young bird, or else a male in seasonal plumage; for the British Museum contains a specimen from Bagdad which is palpably of the same species as this Scinde specimen, but which answers perfectly to Ehrenberg's description of L. isahelUnus ; that is, the upper plumage is pale fulvo-cinereous. We have no means at present of deciding what state of the bird this cinereous phase denotes ; but I incline to the opinion that it belongs to the female sex. As this Hyderabad specimen constitutes an additional species to the fauna of the Indian region comprehended within the geographical limits of Dr. Jerdon's work, I append a detailed description : —
Entire upper surface of head and uropygium rufous-brown, as in brightly plumaged speci mens of L. cristatus, Linn. Intermediate dorsal region, scapulars, and all the wing-feathers brown, obscurely tinged with rufous, the secondaries, wing-coverts, and scapularies being broadly edged with ruddy fulvous. Upper tail-coverts and the rectrices bright pure rufous, as in Buticilla ])hcenicura, Linn. ; the under surface of the rectrices somewhat paler, but pure and uni form in tint. Under wing-coverts and entire under surface, so far as the state of the specimen permits description, pale creamy or yellowish-white. Under tail-coverts, which are lengthened, nearly pure white. Flank-feathers tiiaged with a very pale shade of pure rufous. A narrow fulvous line at the base of the maxilla passing back, over, and behind the eye. A broad black band, passing through the eye, includes the lores and the ear-coverts. A white alar bar is formed by a white band commencing on the outer web of the 3rd primary and passing through both webs of each succeeding quill to the 9th, in which and the 10th the white forms only a spot on the outer web. Under surface of quills pale brown, their inner webs being margined ibis, 1867, with light fulvous. 1st primary very short, the 2nd equal to the 5th, and a little shorter P" than the 3rd and 4th, which are coequal and longest; the 5th but a trifle shorter than the 3rd and 4th, and longer than the 2nd. The tail is moderate, graduated ; the wings are lengthened ; the bill moderate ; the under tail-coverts extend to fully half the length of the tail ; the tarsus and feet are powerful. Arabian specimens will have to be compared ; but I have little doubt that this Scinde individual will prove to be a mature male of L. isahelUnus, H. & E.
In a note (Rev. de Zool. 1853, p. 437), while failing to identify it, and without mentioning its origin, Bonaparte has described a rufous-tailed Shrike under the title oi Lanius jeracopis, de Filippi. I have been unable to trace the species, but the characters given are those we find in young males of L. superciliosus. Lath., ex Malacca.
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THE FRIENDLY ARCTIC 207
seldom actually open water. Usually they had been formed a few hours or even a day before and were covered by young ice which, although not strong enough to support a sled, was thick enough so that it would have had to be broken before a boat could be forced through. Forcing a canvas boat through young ice always chafes it along the water line, and although our raft cover was good qual ity No. 2 canvas, we felt that a dozen crossings through young ice would probably wear a hole in it. But now the weather was so warm that even if leads were several hours old, the sun had pre vented the formation of ice and they were as crossable as an ordi nary river in summertime.
Before we came to this particular lead we had already made up our minds that we would use the sledboat at the next one. As a matter of interest I made note of how long it took us to use the boat for the first time. We promptly unloaded the sled, spread the cover on the ground and placed the sled upon the middle of it. We took two sticks about six feet long, carried for the purpose, and lashed one crosswise of the sled near the front end and the other near the back end. Between the ends of these sticks we lashed one of our skis on each side. This made a frame which gave the boat a beam of six feet instead of only about twenty-five inches, which was the width of our fourteen-foot long sled. This frame con structed, the tarpaulin was lashed up on the sides of the sled, and the sled had become a boat which would carry about a thousand pounds, enabling us to take our load across in two trips, carry ing each time three of the dogs. It took exactly two hours from the time we stopped at the lead, a quarter of a mile wide, until we had the sled loaded and were on our way again on the other side.
The advantage of this system of crossing a lead is manifest to any one, but especially to those who have read, for instance, of Nansen's boats for crossing open water. These were of fragile can vas, and as he carried them on the sleds with the canvas stretched tightly over their frames, they were easily punctured when the sleds happened to upset or collide with broken ice. Nansen accordingly found that besides the disadvantage of the great care they required, they were so badly damaged and their covers so full of holes when open water was reached that it took several days of repairs to make them seaworthy.
When we were through using our tarpaulin, which was about eigh teen feet long and ten feet wide, we gave it a beating to remove any clinging ice. Sometimes at low temperatures a quarter of an inch or more of ice had formed on the canvas while we were crossing,
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32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 121
Female. — Body form as in figure 151. Total length 4.3 mm (based on 1 specimen). Greatest width 1.5 mm. Thoracic plates on segments 2-4. Plates of segment 2 small and extending only to about middle of plates of segment 3. Plate of segment 4 covering proximal end of genital segment. Genital segment long (2.6 mm), over one-half the length of body. Posterior border of genital segment with a broad midian sinus. Abdomen (fig. 152) joined ventrally to genital segment and partially concealed dorsally. Abdomen consist ing of 2 incompletely separated segments. Caudal rami held at distal end of abdomen and bearing 4 terminal setae and 2 subterminal setae on outer corners. Outer terminal seta finely pliunose.
Oral area with prominent adhesion pads associated with first and second antennae. Adhesion pad of maxilliped evident but some what reduced. First antenna (fig. 153) 2-segmented and of typical pandarid type. Fu'st segment with 24 spines, most of which are plumose. Last segment with 13 naked setae. Second antenna (fig. 154) with small claw at tip and a large adhesion pad. Mouth tube, mandible, and first maxilla of usual type. Second maxiUa (fig. 155) with usual 3 spines at or near tip. Maxilliped (fig. 156) of usual type and with broad spatulate tip on last segment.
Abdomen composed of 2 segments. Caudal rami attached distally.
Remarks. — This copepod was first described by Gnanamuthu in 1951 and assigned to the genus Pandarus. On the basis of the diagnostic features of the genus Pandarus I have removed this species and placed it in the genus Pseudopandarus Kirtesinghe, 1950. A comparison of P. gracilis Kii-tesinghe and P. longus (Gnanamuthu) shows the following common features: the aiTangement of the dorsal thoracic plates, the spatulate process of the maxilliped, the prominent first and second antennal adhesion pads with a reduction of the maxilliped pad, the nature of the abdomen and its position in relation to the genital segment, and the free segment of leg 5.
Female. — Frontal plate distinctly separate. First thoracic seg ment fused with cephalon. Thoracic segments 2-4 free and possessing dorsal plates. Dorsal plate of segment 3 extending well beyond plates of segment 2. Plates of segment 4 extends well beyond end of plate of segment 3. Plates of segments 3 and 4 fused basaUy. Abdomen 1-segmented. Caudal rami held laterally on abdomen. Adhesion pads of cephalon well developed. First antenna 2-seg-
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LORD MACATJLAY'S LAYS of ANCIENT ROME. With Ninety Original Illustrations engraved on Wood, chiefly after the Antique, from Draw ings by G. SckARF. Fcp. 4to. 21^.
their History from the Foundation of the First Building in the Sixth Century to the Proposals for the Adornment of the Present Cathedral. By WiLUAil LONGM-U^^, F.A.S. With numerous Illustrations. Square crown 8vo. 2l5.
IN FAIRYLAND; Pictiires from the Elf- World. By Eichabd Doyle. With a Poem by W. Allixghaji. With Sixteen Plates, containing Thirty-six Designs printed in Colours. Second Edition. Folio, price 15s.
The NEW TESTAMENT, illustrated with Wood Engravings after the Early Masters, chiefly of the Italian School. Crown 4to. 63s. cloth, gilt top ; or £5. 5s. elegantly bound in morocco.
165 Woodcuts. 1 vol. square crown 8vo. 21s.
The HISTORY of OUR LORD, with that of his Types and Precursors. Completed by Lady Eastt.ake. Latest Edition, with 31 Etchings and 281 Woodcuts. 2 vols, square crown 8vo. 42s.
with about 90 Illustrations. Square crown 8vo. 14s.
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY; a Manual for Manufacturers and for use in Colleges or Technical Schools. Being a Translation of Professors Stohmann and Engler's German Edition of Payen's Precis de Chimie Industrielle, by Dr. J. D. Barry. Edited and supplemented by B. H. Paul, Ph.D. 8vo. vnxh. Plates and Woodcuts. [In the press,
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The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, New York, by Theodore Roosevelt jr, and H. D. Minot, 1877, is a brief but satisfactorily annotated list of 97 species occurring in the Northern Adirondacks in the summer time. This is the first definite study of our Adirondack avifauna.
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands with Annotations, by Dr Edgar A. Meams appeared in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., beginning in volume 10, 1878, and concluded in volume 13, 1882, with an addendum of four species published in the Auk, 1890. This is one of our very best lists, including records of migration, relative abundance, and food of the different species, together with a fine series of measurements of birds taken in this State. These dimensions have been a constant source of authority in the j)reparation of the present volume. It includes 213 species, 99 of which are recorded as breeding in the Highlands.
.4 Revised List of Birds of Central New York, from the observations of Frank R. Rathbun, Gilbert Fowler, Frank S. Wright and Samuel F. Rath bun, published at Auburn, N. Y., in 1879, is an admirable list of 236 species, of which 83 are reported as breeding in central New York. The birds named in this list are all admitted as New York species at the present time.
.4 Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to Occur in the Adirondack Region, North Eastern New York, by C. Hart Merriam M.D., i:)ublished in the Auk, 1881, with addenda in 1882-84, is a briefly annotated list of 211 species, with valuable notes on the fauna and flora of the region. This list, together with Dr Merriam's notes on Lewis county birds, published in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1878 and 1879, constitutes the best account we have of the ornithology of the Adirondack region, con taining much that is interesting on the natural history of some of our
native birds.
.4 Review of the Summer Birds of a Part of the Catskill Mountains, with Prefatory Remarks on the Faunal and Floral Features of the Region, by Eugene Pintard Bicknell, published in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York, in 1882, is another valuable faunal list treating of
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Plate III.
Spraying Rose Bush with Compressed-Air Sprayer by Hand.
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ever, that when the life history of a food plant, or the common history of a group of such plants, exhibits suffi ciently constant characters to serve as an adaptive matrix, an adaptation to it of the life history of those insects strictly or mainly dependent on it for food is more or less likely to follow.
Mutual Biographical Adjustments of Competitobs An example of the competitive relations into which corn insects of widely different character, origin, habit and life history may be brought by their dependence on the same food plant may be found in Diabrotica longicornis and Aphis maidiradicis. Both pass the winter as eggs in the earth of the corn field, the aphis hatching sooner than the root-worm, and developing two or more of its short lived generations before the Diabrotica larva is out of the egg, gaining thus the advantage of an earlier attack m greater numbers. It is also able to take much more rapid possession of a field of corn because of its command of the services of ants in finding its way to the roots of the plants which the tiny and feeble Diabrotica Larva must search out for itself.
Later the root-aphis gives origin to young, many o which acquire wings and may thus disperse as their local attack upon the plant becomes unduly heavy, while the root-worm must take its chances for the year m the held where the eggs were left the previous fall. ' ^ feeds at first on the sap of young weeds common in >i>i mir in all cultivated fields, and may thus save itselt ^e\en though the ground is planted to wheat <>r oat-, an »^\< n which causes the death by starvation of every ro hatching from the egg. his has
In respect to rate of multiplication, the r0 ° ^'J^ Jj^j of course, a truly enormous advantage as com ^ u jj ( the corn root-worm, and yet, notwithstam ing a facts favorable to the aphis, it- injuru-s to ,-orn in ^ are seemingly no greater than those done > root-worm. This is due partly to the fact that, through
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198 Analyfts of the Air.
double that quantity of oil of Vitrioly generated the firfl: day >' or 6 cubick inches : But the following days it abforbed 15 cubick inches, and continued many days in that ftate. Equal quantities of fpirits of TurpentinCy and oil of Vitrioly had near the fame effed;^ except that it was fooner in an abforbing ftate than the other. Mr. Geojfroy fhews, that the mixture of any vitriolic falts, with inflammable fubftances, will yield common Brimftone; and by the different compofitions he has made of fulphurj and particularly from ^/ 7 of Vitrioly and oil of Turpentine % and by the Analyfis thereof, when thus prepared, he difeovered it to be nothing but vitriolic fait, united with the combuftible fubftance. trench Memoirs, Anno I704-/* 3 8 i,or 5 ^y'/i?*s Works,Vol.HL p, 273. Notes.
Experiment LXXXIII.
In February I poured on fix cubick inches of powdered Oyfterjhelly an equal quantity of common white-wine Vinegar. In 5 or 5 minutes it generated 17 cubick inches of air,
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\vasliings"' and disintegrates were used for intravenous injections, twenty-foiu- horns later. Each dihition ^vas tested in a group of three rabbits. The restdts are recorded in Table n.
As is evident from Table n, acctuate determinations of the potencies of various preparations can be made only by titrations to the end-point, but not by comparing the percentage of positive results obtained with given dilutions in small groups of rabbits. Thus, if one should compare, for instance, meningococcus wash ings 1 and 2 in diltuion 1:100 by the percentage of positive rabbits, both preparations ^vould appear of the same strength. Titrations to the end-point show that one preparation is ten times stronger than the other. This is due to natural resistance sho^vn by a certain percentage of rabbits to moderate doses of active principles, which, ho^vever. is not displayed with large doses.
As is also seen from Table 11, the concentration of toxic fac tors in the first ^vashing- of a oriven number of meningococcus cells was approximately 1000 times stronger than in the disintegrate of the same number of cells dissohed in the same volume of NaCl solution. With B. typhosus, the first washing ^vas about 30 times stronger than the distintegrate prepared according to Bes redka's method. Evidently, then, the major portion of the factors was obtained in the first washing and only an insignificant amoiuit Avas found in disintegrates and the further washings. The process of washing probably caused \'ery little disintegration since in those experiments young bacterial cells on solid media were centrifuged as soon as they were suspended in NaCl solu tion and the supernatant fluid ^vas separated from the sediment shortly after completion of centrifugal ization. It can be con cluded, therefore, that the toxic substances necessary for the phe nomenon are extracellular (Shwartzman, 19320) .
(iratia and Linz (1932c) carried out a series of experiments witii bacterial cultures dissolved with bacteriophage and strepto thrix. Staphylococcus ^vas inoctdated into the broth four hoins later. When the broth became turbid, 5 drops of anti-staphylg coccus bacteriophage ^vere added to several of these tubes. The follo^ving day the bacteriophage-containing tubes were filtered and the filtrates tested in rabbits. Neither of the filtrates showed any activity. B. coil cultures were similarly treated. The filtrates of normal B. coll cultures and those dissolved ^vith bacteriophage yielded the active principles. It appears, therefore, from the ob-
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the road.
The Hacienda is situated near the head of a small valley, which de bouches upon the road just below San Mateo ; the stream which drains it emptying into the Rimac there. It is a square, enclosed with one story buildings, consisting of the mill for grinding the ore, the ovens for toasting it when ground, the workshops, store-houses, and dwelling houses. It is managed by a superintendent and three mayordomos, and employs about forty working hands. These are Indians of the Sierra, strong, hardy-looking fellows, though generally low in stature, and stupid in expression. They are silent and patient, and, having coca enough to chew, will do an extraordinary quantity of work. They have their breakfast of caldo and cancha, (toasted maize,) and get to work by eight o'clock. At eleven they have a recess of half an hour, when they sit down near their place of work, chat lazily with each other, and chew coca, mixed with a little lime, which each one carries in a small gourd, putting it on the mass of coca leaves in his mouth with a wire pin attached to the stopper of the gourd that carries the lime. Some dex terity is necessary to do this properly without cauterizing the lips or tongue. They then go to work again until five, when they finish for the day, and dine off chupe. It has made me, with my tropical habit of life, shiver to see these fellows puddling with their naked legs a mass of mud and quicksilver in water at the temperature of thirty-eight Fahren heit.
These Indians generally live in huts near the hacienda, and are sup plied from its store-houses. They are kept in debt by the supplies ; and by custom, though not by law, no one will employ an Indian who is in debt to his patron ; so that he is compelled to work on with no hope of getting free of the debt, except by running away to a distant part of the country where he is not known, which some do.
The diseases incident to this occupation are indigestion, called empa cho, pleurisy, and sometimes the lungs seem affected with the fumes and dust of the ore ; but, on the whole, it does not seem an unhealthy occupation.
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From a consideration of these three ca'^es, am I not then jus tified in hazarding the conclusion, that wliatever power the cry stalline lens possesses of adjusting the eve to different distances, yet, after its removal, there is another power of adjustment, which (as in the former cases) can be subsequently brought into action by exercising the organ without glasses, but which power (as in the latter) is not called into action when glasses are con tinually employed ? — I have myself full confidence in this opinion, having, after the removal of the crystalline lens, almost uniformly witnessed similar results from similar exercise of the eye.
The partial insensibility of the retina before spoken of, as a cause for the necessity of using a deeper convex glass soon after the operation, for the purposes of vision, than is afterwards re quired, cannot apply to the best eye of this gentleman, for to the period of the operation he exercised it in the prosecution of his studies ; while its necessity for the other, the retina of which had become torpid for want of being exercised, was strikingly exemplified, it being a considerable time after the operation, even with the assistance of the deep convex glass, before this eye had acquired any degree of useful vision. At the present time its powers are very inferior to the other, from being less employed in consequence of the patient's chiefly relying on his best eye In returning to the consideration of the case detailed of the young woman with the conical cornea; it may perhaps be sup posed, that, by admitting the susceptibility of the retina to have been increased by its being twelve months exercised after the operation, and the adjusting powers of the eye to have been ac quired from the same cause, I abandon my opinion that the morbid degree of refraction of the light in its passage through the thickened cornea, together with the natural refraction pro duced by the (-rystalline lens, were the cause of tlie confused and imperfect vision previously experienced by the patient : this how ever is not the case, as the fact of the girl I^eing capable of seeing after the removal of the lens, which was not in the disliiest de gree opake, after having been blind previously, convinces me that the refractive powers (the conical cornea and crystalline) were too powerful, and that the cure was effected by the removal of one of them. But what 1 conceive proves the accuracy of these inductions is, that in the earlier stages of tlie disease, when the thickening has not attained the height it had reached in the case alluded to, the greatest assistance is afforded to the patient's vision by the employment of concave glasses.
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OF THE EARLIER VERTEBRATA. 43
In the heads of the osseous fishes, the cranium proper, though consisting, like the skulls of birds, reptiles, and mam mals, of several bones, exists from snout to nape, and from mastoid to mastoid, as one unbroken box ; whereas all the other bones of the head, such as the maxillaries and inter maxillaries, the lower jaws, the opercular appendages, the branchial arches, and the branch iostegous rays, are connected but by muscle and ligament, and fall apart under the putre factive influences, or in the process of boiling. This unbroken box, which consists, in the cod, of twenty-five bones, is the liomologue of that cranial box of the placoids which consists of one entire piece, and the homotype^ according to Oken, of the bodies and spinal processes of four vertebrae ; while the looser bones, which drop away, represent their ribs. The upper surface of the box, — that extending from the nasal bone to the nape, — is the only part over which a dermal buckler could be laid, as it is the only part with which the external skin comes in contact ; and so it is between this upper sur face and the cranial bucklers of the early ganoids that we have to institute comparisons. For it is a curious fact, that, with the exception of the Old Ked genera Acanthodus, Gheir acanthus^ and Diplacanthus,* all the ganoids of the period in which ganoids first appear have dermal bucklers placed right over their true skulls, and that these, though as united in their parts as the bones proper to the cranium in quadrupeds and fishes, are composed of several pieces, furnished each with its independent centre of ossification. The Dipterians, the Ce lacanths, the Cephalaspians, and at least one genus placed rather doubtfully among the Acanths, — the genus Cheirolejns^ — all possessed cranial bucklers, extending from the nape io the snout, in which the plates, various, in the several genera, in form and position, were fast soldered together, though in every instance the lines of suture were distinctly marked.
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Marlborough at Blenheim. — Extract from a MS. sermon preached at BItton (in Gloucester shire ?) on the (lay of the thanksgiving for the victory near Hochstett, anno 1704. (By the Reverend Thomas Earle, afterwards Vicar of Malmesbury ?)
" And so I pass to the great and glorious occasion of this day, w'' gives us manifold cause of praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God for . . . mercies and deliverances. For y* happy success of her Ma jesty's arms both by land and sea [under the] Duke of Marlborough, whose fame now flies through the world, and whose glorious actions will render his name il lustrious, and rank him among the renowned worthies of all ages. Had that threatniiig Bullet, w'' bespat tered him all over with dirt, only that lie might shine the brighter afterwards ; had it, I say, took away his Life, he had gone down to the grave with the laurels in his hand."
Etymology of " till," " until." — Many monosyl lables in language are, upon examination, found to be in reality compounds, disguised by contraction. A few instances are, non, Lat. ne-un-(us) ; do7it, Fr. de-unde ; such, Eng. so-like ; luhich, who-like. In like manner I believe till, to-while, and until, unto-while. Now while is properly a substantive, and signifies time, corresponding to dum, Lat., in many of its uses, which again is connected with diu, dies, both which are used in the indefinite sense of a while, as well as in the definite sense of a day. Adesdum, come here a while ; interdum, between whiles. If re (Gr.) is connected with this root, then iare, to-while, till. Lawrence Minot says, " To time (till) he thinks to fight."
tvhile. E. S. Jackson.
^ Dog-whipping Day in Hull. — There was some time since the singular custom in Hull, of whip ping all the dogs that were found running about the streets on October 10 ; and some thirty years since, when I was a boy, so common was the prac tice, that evei'y little urchin considered it his duty to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that might be seen in the streets on this day. This custom is now obsolete, those " putters down" of all boys' play in the streets — the new police — having effectually stopped this cruel pastime of the Hull boys. Perhaps some of your readers may be able to give a more correct origin of this singular cus tom than the one I now give from tradition :
" Previous to ths suppression of monasteries in Hull, it was the custom for the monks to provide liberally for the poor and the wayfarer who came to the fair, held annually on the 11th of October ; and while busy in this necessary preparation the day before the fair.
a dog strolled into the larder, snatched up a joint of meat and decamped with it. The cooks gave the alarm ; and when the dog got into the street, he was pursued by the expectants of the charity of the monks, who were waiting outside the gate, and made to give up the stolen joint. Whenever, after this, a dog showed his face, while this annual preparation was going on, he was instantly beaten off. Eventually this was taken up by the boys ; and, until the introduction of the new police, was rigidly put in practice by them every 10th of October."
I write this on October 10, 1853 : and so effectually has this custom been suppressed, that I have neither seen nor heard of any dog having been this day whipped according to ancient cus tom. JOUN ElCHAEDSON,
13. Savile Street, Hull.
State : Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 1. — Professor Wilson proposed that in the " high and palmy state of llome," state should be taken in the sense of city :
" Write henceforth and for ever State witli a tower ing capital. State, properly republic, here specifically and pointedly means Reigning City. The ghosts walked in the city, not in the republic." — Vide " Dies Eoreales," No. III., Blackwood, August, 1849.
POLARISED LIGHT.
During the last summer, while amusing myself with verifying a statement of Sir D. Brewster re specting the light of the rainbow, viz. that it is polarised in particular planes, I observed a pheno menon which startled me exceedingly. Inasmuch as It was quite new to me at the time ; and, notwith standing subsequent inquiries, I cannot find that It has been observed by any other person. I found that the light of the blue sky is partially polarised. When analysed with a NIcols' prism, the contrast with the surrounding clouds Is very remarkable ; so much so, indeed, that clouds of extreme tenuity, which make no impression whatever on the un assisted eye, are rendered plainly visible.
The most complete polarisation seems to take place near the horizon ; and, when the sun is near the meridian, towards the west and east. The depth of colour appears to be immaterial, as far as I have been able to ascertain with an Instru ment but rudely constructed for the purpose. The light is polarised in planes passing through the
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who was well qualified to perform this office for his deceased friend, having been his companion in several expeditions for procuring specimens, and collecting the information from which the descriptions of the birds were drawn up. This concluding volume contained a Life of Wilson, from the pen of the editor. As it has been all along our object to place Wilson before the reader, either as he represented himself in his journals and letters, or as he was represented by those who, being personally acquainted with him, had the best means of knowing him accurately, we think it proper to make some extracts from the character which his American biographer has drawn, evidently from his own knowledge. “ It may not,” says he, “ be going too far to maintain, that in no age or nation has there ever arisen one more eminently qualified for a naturalist, than the subject of these memoirs. He was not only an enthusiastic admirer •of the works of creation ; but he was consistent in research, and permitted no dangers or fatigues to abate his ardour, or relax his exertions. He inured himself to hardships by frequent and laborious exercise, and was never more happy than when employed in some enterprize, which promised, from its difficulties, the novelties of discovery. Whatever was obtained with ease, appeared to him comparatively uninteresting ; the acquisitions of labour alone seemed worthy of his ambition. He was no closet philosopher ; he was indebted for his ideas, not to books, but to nature. His perseverance was uncommon ; and, when engaged in any particular pursuit, he never would relinquish it while there was a chance of success. His powers of observation were acute, and his judgment seldom erred. That his industry was great, his work will ever testify ; and our astonishment may well be excited, that so much should have been performed in so short a time. A single individual, without patron , fortune , or recompense , accomplished, in the short space of seven years ,
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420 THE INSECT WORLD.
and begin to eat it. I have remarked that they do not spare those of their own kind, but that they eat each other up when they can, and I have also seen them devouring very small fish which I put by them. It is very difficult for other insects to avoid their blows, because, walking along generally in the water very gently, and, as it were, with measured steps, almost in the same way a cat does on the look-out for birds, they suddenly dart forward their mask and seize their prey instantaneously.”* Fig. 393 represents, to the left, the larva of the dragon-fly, with the instrument of attack which we have called “a mask,” and which it is making use of
coming out of the nymph.
The respiration of these larvee is very singular. Their abdomen is terminated by appendages which they open to allow the water to penetrate into the digestive tube, whose sides are furnished with gills communicating with the trachee. The water, deprived of oxygen, is then thrown out, and the larva advances thus in the water by the recoil. It has no tufts of external lateral gills, which * Charles de Geer, ‘‘ Mémoires pour servir 4 l Histoire des Insectes,” tome ii., 2e partie, p. 674.
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NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Pincipal records. De Kay: "This well known little animal is found in every forest abounding in nuts of various kinds" ('42, p. 58). Mer riam : This record has been quoted in sufficient detail. Fisher : " Period ically common. Some years hundreds are killed during the open season, while on the following year not over a dozen will be secured" (96, p. 197). Mearns : " The gray squirrel is rare in this region [the Catskills] ; but one individual was seen during our stay " ('98b, p. 353).
I have found the gray squirrel rare at Peterboro, Madison co.
Remarks. In his revision of the squirrels of eastern North America Mr Outram Bangs says that the southeastern gray squirrel, Sciurus caro linensis carolinensis ranges " north about to the lower Hudson valley. " There is, however, no positive evidence as yet that this form actually occurs in New York.
Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs Northeastern fox squirrel
1842 Sciurus vulpinus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia, p. 59. 1884 Sciurus niger cinereus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 134. 1896 Sciurus niger cinereus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1896 Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896, 10 : 150.
Type locality. White Sulphur springs, West Virginia. Faunal position. The northeastern fox squirrel is an inhabitant of the upper austral zone, but occasionaly it wan<lers into the transition zone. Habitat. Extensive forests.
Distribution in New York. In New York the occurrence of the fox squirrel can now be regarded as little more than accidental Formerly however it was found in considerable numbers.
Principal records. De Kay : " Its habits and geographic distribution are the same as in the preceding [S. leucolis]" ('42, p. 60). Merriam: " The fox squirrel can not at present be regarded as other than a rare or accidental straggler in the Adirondack region. So far as I am aware the only specimen taken here of late was killed by Oliver B. Lockhardt at Lake George, Warren co. in 1872 or 1873" ('84d, p. 134). . Fisher: " Mr Gilbert C. Merritt once informed me that he had killed several fox squirrel in the Chappaqua hills about the year 1850. Of late none have been heard of even in that wild region" ('96, p. 197).
Mr Savage writes that there is an old mounted specimen of this animal in the museum of the Buffalo Society of natural science, labeled ' Erie county.' ^ He does not consider the record as positive however, since all definite hibtory of the specimen is lacking.
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London.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. By ALFRED CaLDEcoTT, D.D. Demy 8v0. 10s. 6d. A complete history and description of the various philosophies of religion which have been formulated during the last few centuries in England and America. The Library of Devotion Pott 8vo. Cloth 2s.; leather 2s. 6d. net, THE PSALMS OF DAVID. With an Introduction and Notes by B. W. RANDOLPH, M.A., Principal of the Theological College, Ely. A devotional and practical edition of the Prayer Book version of the Psalms. LYRA APOSTOLICA. With an Introduction by Canon Scott HOLLAND, and Notes by H. C. BEECHING, M.A. THE INNER WAY. Selections from the Sermons of F. Tauler. Edited by A. W. Hutton, M.A.
General Editor, J. H. BURN, B.D. Messrs. METHUEN are issuing a series of expositions upon most of the books of the Bible. The volumes will be practical and devotional, and the text of the authorised version is explained in sections, which will correspond as far as possible with the Church Lectionary. ISAIAH. Edited by W. E. BARNES, D.D. 2vols. cap 8vo. 2s. each net.
Fow.er, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s.
THE JOURNAL TO STELLA. By JonaTHAN SwIFT. Edited by G. A, AITKEN, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s.
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58 POETICAL LANGUAGE OP FLOWERS. rejoice in thy companionship, and that, although a thousand years have strided by with silent steps, Time hath not abated an atom of their love. Who can tell the thoughts of Saxon Alfred when, wandering alone, crownless and sceptreless, he stretched himself on the lonely moor beneath the shadow of thy golden blos¬ soms, sighing for the fair queen he had left far behind ? When he bowed his kingly head, and, musing on thy beauty, buried in a solitary wild, thought how even regal dignity would be enhanced by Humility, and that, although thou didst grow there unmarked and unpruned, not a more princely flower waved in his own English garden. And thus musing he might pluck the Blue-bell that nodded beside thee, and see imaged in the humble and beautiful flower, an emblem of Constancy—might mark how ye still grew together side by side, how the yellow Broom sheltered the azure Bell which bloomed beneath it, from storm and wind, and how, when the sunshine streamed out, the con¬ stant flower opened its blue eyes and looked upwaid, and thus they became enamoured of each other. That his thoughtful eye glanced over the silent waters of the lonely mere, where the White Water-lily sat, like a crowned queen upon a green throne of rounded
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94 CASEY
A — Similar to IcBviventris, except that the abdominal surface is not pol ished but feebly alutaceous, the hind coxae not uniformly black but with a transverse pale discal spot, and the large spots of the last seg ment not full and vaguely triangular but transverse, each with a slen der vitta proceeding from the side posteriorly and extending parallel to the sides almost to the tip; prothorax more strongly and abruptly swollen at the sides in basal half. Length (?) 21.0 mm.; width 8.0 mm. Washington State pugetana n. subsp.
II — Pronotum strongly impressed near each side just behind the middle. Body oblong-elongate, rather feebly convex, black, without distinct metallic lustre, the under surface with short sparse hairs; head densely punctato-rugulose, sparsely pubescent, with a narrow elongate callus medially and a fine stria thence to the base, the eyes moderate; front with anterior as well as juxta-ocular pale spots in both sexes; antennae unusually thick; prothorax very nearly twice as wide as long, the sides inflated and strongly, evenly rounded in basal half, thence straight and converging to the apex, the latter and base strongly bisinuate; surface with the margins near the apical angles and a small elongate spot near the basal pale, the punctures coarse, close, dense and rugulose laterally, the four smooth vittse very pronounced, the impression within as well as without the sublateral irregular vittae distinct, the median vitta strongly striate along the middle except apically, the two anterior callous spots large and well defined; elytra parallel, the sides gradually rounding posteriorly to the wholly unextended apices, which are trun cate and usually bidenticulate, the surface with the alternate intervals perfectly flat, subopaque, finely and densely punctate, or very convex, polished, not more coarsely but very sparsely punctate, the four pale fasciae broken into small elongate spots on the ridges; under surface with small pale spots on the prosternum, met-episternum, coxae and along the under side of the femora; abdomen strongly punctate, sulcata at base, wholly immaculate (J*), or with a series of very small red dots along each lateral margin ( $). Length 17.5-20.0 mm.; width 6.8-7.7 mm. New Mexico diruptans n. sp.
Pronotum not or feebly impressed sublaterally, the sides strongly swollen basally, thence converging and almost straight to the apex; elytra with the intervals equally polished throughout, the flatter and more convex not so unequal and sparsely, subsimilarly punctate, the pale fasciae more developed, attenuate outwardly and interrupted only at the striae, the second tending to curve forward anteriorly at the sides; apices always truncate, bispiculose and frequently very feebly, irregularly undulate; under surface with small pale spots on the sterna and coxae and sometimes on the under side of the femora 12
12 — Elytra unusually prominent at the sides near basal fourth and thence strongly sinuate to behind the middle; male with two small convexities in the apical margin of the second ventral, the median part of the seg ment flattened, with the coarse dense punctures streaming obliquely toward the two inequalities. Body black, ^vithout metallic lustre; head (cJ') not coarsely but closely punctate, with a median and two
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Nesting. — Xcst: of twigs, grasses ami weed-stalks, carefully lined with tine rootlets, in coniferons trees, nsnally three to ten feet high on horizontal hranches. Eggs: 3.-5, white, spotted and blotched with hazel, reddish brown and cinnamon. Av. size, .65 x .48.
General Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and casually to Uriti^h Colunibi.i. lireeding from Northern border of the L'nited States north to Hudson Liny and the (ireal Slave Lake; south in winter to Mexico, Central America and the Antilles.
Occurrence in British Columbia. — This species was first reported as a resident of our Province by Samuel N. Rhoads who in the summer of 1892 took a specimen at Field and saw others near Vernon. I found it fairly connnon at Quesnelle during the fall nugrations and have taken specimens at Okanagan.
Description. — .-Idult male in Ivrcding plumage: Top of luad unif(U'ni lustrous black; cheeks, hmd neck, and cervical collar white, minutely streaked with black; remaining upper parts olive-gray streaked with black; wings and tad dusky with narrow olive-gray edging on exposed webs; two loose white wing-bars formed by tips of coverts; two outer pairs of tail-feathers with snbterminal white blotches; traces of white on remaining pairs, except central; imderparts white, extensively streaked with black on sides, the streaks usually confluent on sides of throat; bill dark above, light below; feet pale. Adult fcuialc in spring: Above, including crown, grayish olive-green; everywhere streaked with black; below whitish, tinged with greenish yellow on breast and sides, and with dusky lateral streaks. .Idult male in autumn and -winter: Very different from the sunnner phmiage. -■Mxive dull olive-green ^hading into olive-gray on rump, streaked on back with black; underparts pale olive-yellow faintly streaked with dusky on sides; under tail-coverts white. Length 5.50; wing 2.95; tail 1. 95 ; bill .30.
C.reenland : south in winter to northern South America.
Occurrence in British Columbia. — \\. Quesnelle I once shot a Black-poll Warbler in ihc first plumage but w,is uual>le \>< find it in the thick brush. Through a close acquaintance with this species m (.)ntario I am positive of the identity, as when first seen the bird was within five feet of me and I had a good look at it. The bird is known to breed in western Alaska and it is probably of regular occurrence in the extreme northeastern part of our Province.
A. CJ. U. No. 740b. Penthestes hudsonicus columbianus Rho.ids.
Description. — Forehead and lores sooty black; crown (broadly) and hmd-neck slaty; remaining upperparts dark brown; throat jet black; a wdiite area on cheeks broadening posteriorly but cut ofT by slaty on sides of neck; remaining underparts dull wdiitish, strongly washed with dull rufous on sides, flanks and nnder tail-coverts. Length aliout 5.00: wing 2.70; tail 2.65; tarsus .67.
Montana.
Occurrence in British Columbia. — Breeding above the 4000 font level on the uiountains west of Okanagan Lake — the most westerly record taken. The birds become common easterly and northerly, always at high or moderately- high levels. I found it fairly abundant in the Cariboo di=trict in heav\ timber from 2500 feet up.
Description. — Similar to /'. ;'. luirrisu d;. i'. p. 420) but sides more decidedly streaked and middle of back spotted with blackish. Range. — Queen Charlotte Islands.
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becomes more marked, and the author is sometimes at pains to show that the doctrine he is discussing has reference purely to formal logic. The subjects dealt with are of the first importance. For example, the relation of logic to mathematics is discussed with very penetrating criticism, and Mr. Johnson finds that he differs from Mr. Russell on the fundamental concept of this relation. The mathematical function is for Mr. Russell a description derivable from the pro positional function of logic, whereas Mr. Johnson argues that the propositional function of logic is nothing but a particular case of the mathematical. In dis cussing functional deduction generally Mr. Johnson says " the essential purpose of symbohsm is to economise the exercise of thought : and thus symbolic methods are worse than useless in studying the philosophy of symbohsm or of mathematics in particular."
There are many new distinctions discovered and new terms proposed. In particular we are to dis tinguish two direct principles of inference, the ap phcative and the implicative, each with a counter principle ; we are to add to the distinctions of magni tudes as extensive and intensive an intermediate form termed distensive ; and, more important still, we are to distinguish between the question of the absolute ness or relativity of space and time and the question of their substantival or adjectival nature. But perhaps the most astonishing distinction of all (is it a new discovery ?) is that of the syllogism and the antilogism. The antilogism like the syllogism has its four modes A E 1 0, and, in the illustration given, simply by altering the mode we can present the argument for new realism, the argument for Hume's scepticism, or the argument for Kant's formalism. Verily formal logic may be in the way of becoming a formidable weapon in the hands of a philosophical controversialist.
Terrestrial Magnetism in the Antarctic.
British (" Terra Nova ") Antarctic Expedition, 1910 1913 : Terrestrial Magnetism. By Dr. C. Chree. Pp. xii + 5484-60 plates. (London: Harrison and Sons, Ltd., 192 1.)
BOTH of Captain Scott's Antarctic expeditions included observations of the earth's magnetism in their programme of scientific work, and the experi ence gained in the first was turned to good use in the second. The two magnetic observers were Dr. G. C. Simpson and Mr. C. S. Wright, to whom is due the credit for the fine work done at the base station. A noteworthy improvement was made by Dr. Simpson in the method of time-marking on the magnetograph sheets, which has since been adopted in some regular NO. 2738, VOL. 109]
magnetic observatories. The magnetographs were in operation for nearly two years (February 191 1 to November 1912) ; at the beginning of the second year Dr. Simpson was recalled to his official duties in India. Besides the continuous record of the three magnetic elements at Cape Evans, a considerable number of absolute measurements were made by the naval officers of the expedition, both in the " field " (prin cipally at Cape Adare) and at sea.
The important task of preparing a report describing and discussing all these observations was entrusted, as in the case of the former expedition, to Dr. Chree. This report has just been issued, in the form of a large quarto volume, prepared and published at the cost of the fund raised by public subscription in memory of Captain Scott and his companions. Apart from the observations taken by the naval officers, which were mainly reduced by themselves, not only the discussion but also the reduction of the observations has been executed by or under the supervision of Dr. Chree ; the measurement of the magnetograph curves, the reduction of the measurements, and the discussion of the important but somewhat tedious instrumental questions which arise, involve an amount of labour which can be but little appreciated by those unfamiliar with the subject. Of the 548 pages of letterpress, about one hundred are devoted to the tables, giving hourly values of the three magnetic elements, while about one-quarter of the volume is occupied by a valuable set of plates, mainly reproducing actual magnetograph records, from the Antarctic or elsewhere.
Following out his characteristic plan. Dr. Chree has kept strictly to the comparison and discussion of facts as facts ; the echoes of theoretical controversy can be at most remotely perceived, and speculations as to the cause of the phenomena reviewed with such painstaking care are expressly deprecated by the author. Whether or not it is best at all times to restrict the discussion within these severe limits of certainty, few can disagree with the adoption of the course in preparing a report of this kind. In the spirit with which he has approached the task Dr. Chree has shown, not only his devotion to his chosen science, but also his personal appreciation of the work done by those who obtained the observations, or made the observations possible, in the inhospitable regions of the Antarctic.
The general plan of the volume is similar to that of the one dealing with the earlier expedition. The first six chapters describe the reductions which lead to the monthly mean values, non-cyclic changes, diurnal inequalities (with Fourier coefficients), daily range, and daily maxima and minima of the magnetic
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* I have seen many sloughs or skins of snakes eatire, after they have cast them off; and once in particular I remember to have found one of these sloughs so intricately interwoven amongst some brakes that it was with difficulty removed without being broken : this undoubtedly was done by the creature to assist in getting rid of its incumbrance.
1 have great reason to suppose that the eft or common lizard also casts its skin or slough, but not entire like the snake, for on the 30th of March 1777, I saw one with something ragged hanging to it, which appeared to be part of its old skin. MARK-WICK.
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each coil may be used.
Carry the flow pipe to the highest point as near the boiler as possible, and connect it with a 6-gallon expansion tank by means of a %-inch pipe. Lo cate the tank ten or more feet above the flow pipe, if possible, where it will not freeze.
The Market.
Delightful summer weather now pre vails, after several weeks of exception ally cold weather. A touch of winter in the shape of a snow storm, an over cast sky and several days of rain caused a shortening of the supply of stock, but the demand was great and apparently the October brides gave no thought to the darkening clouds. The bright days have been a relief to the florists, whose stock is now increasing abund antly.
Chrysanthemums are in the lead, and Golden Glow, Polly Eose, Robinson, Oc tober Frost and Chrysolora hold full •sway. Pompons are arriving and meet with much favor. Hoses are in excel lent condition, although some soft stock was apparent during the dark weather. Killarneys, Sunbursts, Wards, Rich monds and Tafts are the favorite va rieties. Single violets are in and sell readily. Sweet peas are making their appearance. Cosmos is still in sea son, although becoming scarce. Good snapdragons are in. Carnations are all that could be desired, both in qual ity and quantity. Greens are becoming scarce.
Various Notes.
The Auger Flower Shop has been ex ceedingly busy with funeral work lately. They are receiving some fine mums from local greenhouses.
chrysanthemums heavily.
The Bradley Flower Shop has a num ber of decorations booked for next month. They also had the decoration for the opening of the Jefferson theater, October 28.
Extensive work in landscape garden ing is being carried on by Miss Marjory Bradley. Among her contracts she has recentfy secured that of the Millard home, on Washington boulevard, work on which will be begun at once.
Fall-flowering orchids and innumer able chrysanthemums of several vari eties, in bloom, have been attracting the public to the greenhouses of W. J. & M. S. Vesey. The public received a cordial invitation from the firm to inspect the fall and winter stock.
Miss Doswell is receiving some splen did stock from the Doswell greenhouses, including some fine snapdragons, early varieties of sweet peas and some mam moth chrysanthemums.
The autumn number of the Wildwood Magazine^ published in this city, con tains a prettily illustrated and well written article on "Flowers," by Miss Althea Doswell.
Some elegant roses are being cut at the greenhouses of the Flick Floral Co. Chrysanthemums are also being cut heavily and the demand is strong. This firm has had a tremendous sale of smilax plants this fall, and has dis posed of an extensive lot of bulbs for fall planting.
MADE IN 9 SIZES
The SUPERIOR STANDARD is designed specially for greenhouse work after a close study of what was needed. It is easily cleaned, al though it has more flues than any other boiler, but— more flues give more heat: more flues require less fuel; the water heats quicker and hotter, because the volume of water heated by each flue is smaller.
Marinette, Wis. — George Vatter has installed a J)umping and sprinkling system, the power for which is fur nished by an electric plant in his boiler house.
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88 FLIES AND FLY FISHING.
no runs at all, as in all other kinds of fishing ; but if the water is in order, that is quite clear, it is no use for grayling when it is at all colored, although you may kill coarse fish with it in water slightly stained. On a Sep tember or October morning, after a frosty night, you seldom fail to kill some fish, and the largest grayling take this lure.
The best fishermen in this line are to be found in Herefordshire and Shropshire, but even there it is not employed to any very great extent, and there are few men who fish it really well.
The modus operandi is : Use a sixteen feet cane rod, with upright rings, and as light as possible, for it is very fatiguing work with a heavy rod. I always use a rod of light cane, twenty feet long ; and anyone taking to this kind of fishing will soon discover the advantage of great length ; but sixteen feet is long enough to begin with.
stained gut about the thickness of a medium trout cast.
The grasshopper itself is made as follows : Cover the shank of a Limerick bend hook with lead after having whipped a gut loop on to it, and then wrap on over it with grass green worsted or a stuff called philozel of the same colour, the latter is best, and ribbed distinctly with
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By CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND, Piura, Peru.
The following very interesting insect was found by me some time ago in Piura, in north-western Peru. It evidently forms the type not only of a new genus but of a new sub family. New forms of the lower and more primitive types of insects, like the present, coming from the west coast region of South America, possess a greatly added interest from the fact that they will quite certainly throw much light on early land connections between South America, Africa and Aus tralasia, when the faunas of all three regions shall have been more thoroughly investigated.
Aside from the novelty of this form, and the biogeographic interest attaching to it, it is remarkable as being termitophil ous in habit. In view of all these facts, 1 venture to describe it for the purpose of record.
Differs from the Psocinge as follows :
A pair of subanal cerci present, with a tubercle just above them ; these and end of abdomen with hairs. Abdomen sub globular, apparently of ten segments; thorax and abdomen stout, rather suggestive of the form of Sminthnrus. Only one pair of wings developed, the anterior pair, the costa and veins heavy and sparsely set with long curved spine-like bristles ; posterior wings atrophied, calypter-like or mere pads.
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Pay Gash and Save 6 per cent
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turning is continued still farther, so that the head of the animal de scribes a complete circle ; indeed, this may continue so that the animal whirls around several times, always towards the dorsal side. The reaction thus far is the same as that produced by heat (Fig. 28). In reacting to the electric current the whirling finally ceases with ante-
rior end directed toward the new cathode. The animal then swims forward in the direction so indicated. These turnings, even when several times repeated, require but a moment, so that very soon prac tically all the specimens are swimming toward the new cathode. The
* FIG. 29. Diagram of" method by which Anursea becomes oriented to rays of light, or to the electric current. Taking the latter for example, the animal is at first swimming toward the cathode, in direction indicated by arrow x ; it thus follows a spiral path from a to b. At b the electric current is reversed. The animal thereupon swerves strongly toward its dorsal side, describing a semicircle, b, c, d, until its anterior end is directed toward the new cathode, in the opposite direction from before. It now follows the spiral path d to e, in the general direc tion indicated by the arrow y. The facts are similar for the reversal of light, or for the reaction when the current or the light is first set in operation.
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THE FLORAL WORLD AND GARDEN GUIDE. appeared in tbe pages of the Floeal Woeld, we have endeavoured to show that the compartments adjoining the residence, and especially the most highly-dressed portions of a terrace-garden, might be kept gay at all seasons by the employment of plants in pots, systematically grown in quantities for the purpose. To furnish any considerable extent of ground, however, by the plunging system would be so costly, that it is not to be thought of for the parterre in extenso ; and, indeed, it is only for very select spots — choice entrance -courts, and beds and borders nearest the windows — that we have advocated its adoption. For all the larger spaces, the simple and comparatively inexpensive plan of planting evergreen shrubs is worthy of adoption. While these things are small, they may be planted in tasteful groups in November, or later, and be wholly removed and replanted in the months of March and April following, without being in the least injured by the proceeding. Thus they may be made to do duty in the parterre throughout the winter, and contribute to the beauty of some other portion of the grounds during the summer, or may go to the reserve-garden, aud be forgotten till wanted again. In the selection of shrubs for this purpose, those kinds which may be purchased at a low price in quantities are to be preferred. Two of the most distinct and generally useful kinds are the common Aucuba and Berberis aquifolium. The common Euonymus is peculiarly rich and cheerful in the winter season, and the variegated varieties are simply superb. There are several varieties of Box, both green and variegated, that may be employed : and we must not forget the exhaustless variety of the Holly. Mere curiosities are of little use ; we want distinct, bold, massive plants. The Irish Yew, while small, is an admirable subject to intermix with round-headed bushes of cheerful colour. Amongst coniferous trees, the commonest Junipers and Firs are to be preferred; but, in this great department of the vegetable kingdom, there is ample room for choice. The Arbor Vitses are also very useful, as they move well, and have a most ornamental appearance. The round-headed Thuja aurea is exceedingly valuable. T. pyramidalis and T. Warreana are also good. The Golden Tew is grand for forming distinct margins to masses of shrubs with dark foliage ; as also are the variegated Aucubas. The green-leaved Aucubas have a bright and sparkling appearance, and, like the Tews, they can be transplanted without suffering any material check. The Eetinosporas, which have the appearance of giant Lycopodiums, but are far more beautiful than any of the species at present in cultivation. These can all be grown out of pots, provided care is taken to plant them in their summer quarters by the end of March. The tendency of amateurs is to leave them in the flower-beds until May, and a number of the plants perish in consequence of being removed after they have commenced to make new growth. When lifted late, extra attention must be paid to them ; but, in every case, a shady situation for their summer quarters should be selected, and, after a liberal application of water, the surface of the soil should be covered with litter of some kind to keep it cool and moist. By systematic cultivation of
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Oldenburgh is a beautiful and excellent apple, though but little culti vated as yet in the State. The Gravenstein^ inti'oduced from Germany, and ripening at mid-autumn, is almost without a rival. As a vigorously growing tree, a great bearer, and a beautiful and fair fruit of exceed ingly rich flavor, it stands first among the first. The Alexander^ also a large fair fruit, and an abundant bearer, is worthy of cultivation, though the flavor can hardly be classed as first-rate. The Maiden's Blush is a remarkably fair and beautiful fruit, and a great bearer, and hence is well adapted to the market ; but, though much celebrated, it is cer tainly as low as second-rate in flavor ; hogs, which running in an or chard, soon become good judges, always hold it in much contempt. The Faumese, the Porter, and Belle Bonne, are fine autumn apples.
Late Autumn and Early Winter Apples. — The best among these are the Rambo, the Ribsfon Pippin, and the Fall Pippin, all of which are decidedly first-rate apples, and good bearers. The Bell/lower, perhaps a little later, is a very fine and remarkably tender fruit ; though an abundant bearer and fair fruit, it does not appear to be well adapted to the market, its very thin skin and delicate texture rendering it peculiarly liable to bruises, which soon turn dark and disfigure the surface.
Winter Apples. — These, from the long period they supply us with fresh fruit, while other fruits are gone, the facility with which they are transported to distances, and the consequent important place they hold in commerce, place them as first in consequence among cultiva ted fruit. The finest and best known varieties are — Rhode Island Greening, the most famous market apple in western New-York, re markable for the fine and free growth of the tree, its great product iveness, and its large, smooth, and well keeping fruit j Esopus Spit zenburgh, a good bearer, and a fine, handsome, and very rich fruit, not only fine for the table, but pre-eminently so for stewing ;* the Swaar, a good bearer, and regarded by many as the best of all winter apples ; the Baldwin, a great bearer — a handsome and very excellent fruit ; Rede's Pleasant, a great and constant bearer, and remarkable for its smooth and handsome surface and excellent flavor. The three last are distinguished for that peculiar richness of taste and medium between sweet and sour, so pleasing to most palates ; the two first
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JUNE. 109
waters, but examples can be found among many families ; and our Idotea is a not uninteresting case. There is one point on which further information is wanted, and that is whether Dr Coppinger's specimens were found in fresh water or in the sea. If in the latter, then it is probable that our New Zealand forms have only recently acquired the fresh-water habitat. But if the species occurs in fresh water in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, then its occur rence in two such widely separate localities as New Zealand and South America becomes a much more interest ing problem one related to the distribution of the tutu, the genus Fvichsia, and that of various other forms of vegetable and animal life.
The usual plants, mostly of the sedge and pond-weed families, which are to be found in all coastal lagoons, are met with abundantly in that at Tomahawk. Some of these are characterised as marking the border line between fresh and salt-water plants. "While marine animals, as I have said, are to be found in several instances invading fresh water, it is very rare to find marine plants doing so. On the other hand, a few fresh water flowering plants appear to have acquired the power of growing first in the brackish water of estuaries and then, gradually advancing seawards, have adapted themselves to a marine habitat. Some of these transition forms are to be seen in Tomahawk Lagoon, as in other brackish- water localities along the coast. In speaking of them I mvist use technical names as they have no common or trivial names. Two forms especially, Ruppia and Zannichellia, grow commonly towards the seaward end of the lagoon. Rooted on the bottom, their slender grass or thread-like stems and leaves float upwards, seldom reaching the surface. Ruppia exhibits a curious device in connection with its flowering and fruiting. The flowers have both stamens and pistil, and are probably quite capable of self-fertilisation. But, as is usually the case with such plants, cross-fertilisation is most likely beneficial to the race. So when the flowers are ready to open their stalks lengthen to such an extent as to float the flowers on to the surface of the water.
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Aug. i, 1921
Biological Study of Red Date-Palm Scale 661 to feed. The body becomes greatly distended with sap and assumes a rounded elliptical shape, rather shiny and yellowish white in color. Fine filaments of “cotton” are given off, first from the lateral glands, and before long the entire body is covered with a cottony mass. Under this mass the first molt occurs. The cast skin shows a ventral split and the exuvia is thrown off dorsad of the new insect (the mouthparts remaining attached) and is incorporated in the posterior end of the cottony mass. The larva now appears somewhat long, oval, light yellow in color, without legs, and with antennae reduced to small tubercles. Feeding continues and additional “cotton” is secreted, but the insect enlarges so rapidly as to split the cottony mass dorsally and expose the insect. The skin becomes very tight before the second molt. The second molt is now passed, the cast skin splitting on the ventral side but not always completely thrown off, and the rapidly growing insect (now an immature adult) spreads it so as to leave it incorporated on the upper edges of the old “cotton.” The new insect is nearly round but somewhat flattened, 1 to 1.25 mm. in length, wine-red in color, and without apparent appendages or segmentation, but the antennae under high power are still seen as minute tubercles. The cottony mass formed during the immature period forms a nestlike bed for the scale. Embryos are soon formed within the body and develop rapidly. With the develop¬ ment of the mature scale the wine-red is replaced by a light brown, which starts at the margins; and the color changes to a bronze in the old, dead scale. No embryos have been found in the bronze-colored scale. From field observations it was found that in the cooler part of the year the insect passes from larva to a fully matured adult in approximately a month, and doubtless in the wanner months this period is greatly shortened. As to the life of the scale no definite records have been taken, but field observations would indicate that the scale lives from six to nine months. This is detennined by the development of the scale on the fruit stems and leaf bases which become infested in May but have no dead scale on them until late in November. MAU3 Thus far the writer has been unable to discern any distinction as to sex in the larva up to the first molt. From the first molt, however, which in the male form is similar to that described above, there comes a larva similar to but smaller than the female second stage; and from this comes the male pupa, which is rather long, yellowish, and with antennse and legs folded close to the body. At the third molt the adult male issues, usually through the end of the cottony cocoon. It is shaped not unlike a thrips, with distinct body segmentation, somewhat club-shaped antennae, rather stout legs, and long, narrow, pointed abdomen, but without wings. The
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on the surface are often curiously interlaced, giving rise to the so-called ' rustic-work ' for which the stone was chiefly quarried. Owen speaks most enthusiastically of the ' rustick ' thus : — " When I have viewed the whole thus nearly, it appeared not a piece of common rustick, but an imitation of something much more elegant. The depths of the hollows between the rising parts is varied, and their form different, in so strange a manner, that no two are at all alike : and the waving and curdlings of the surface in the raised parts is such, that every one of them seems a piece of rustick in miniature, the whole surface being formed, like that of the mass, into risings of the most elegant kind, and irregular hollows between them" (p. 166). Owen also refers to the scaling (p. 167).
the appearance of foliage.
The markings rise from a more or less stratified base, spread out as they rise, and terminate upwards in the wavy banded portion of the limestone ; the whole varying from 1 to about 9 inches in thickness.
As the markings are disposed more in a vertical direction than laterally, in order to show them the stone is usually cut and polished at right angles to the stratification.
5. Two landscapes are shown in some specimens, one above the other, but each arising from a distinct dark layer. A very fine specimen with a double landscape is to be seen in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street.
II. Specific Description of the Landscape Marble.
Under this head I propose to describe more minutely the characteristics of the specimens in my own possession (though I believe them to be quite ordinary examples), because some im portant points of structure do not appear to have been noted by previous observers.
6. The whole thickness of the stone may be regarded as made up of three distinct portions, the upper and lower being striated and the middle irregular, through the interposition of the arborescent markings (see figs. 1 & 2, pp. 395, 397), and in the specimen that I shall particularly refer to, fig. 1, the general curvature of each layer, as well as the striae in it, is just about the same, the inner edge being an arc of a circle of about 4| inches radius, and the outer edge, approximately, an arc of a circle of 7| inches radius. 1
7. The lower portion of the stone is about li in. in thickness, and at first looks as though very sharply divided into two by difference of sediment, and a line of cleavage ; neither of these surmises, however, can be retained after a microscopic examination.
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Conductors by Electric Currents. 2T6
transformed equally directly. The case of constant conduc tivities is, of course, obtained directly from the above by putting f (5) -=k$/p; and it should be noted that, owing to the con jugate properties of the current and potential functions, the general method of Section 3 gives easily, on Fourier principles, the solution for the case of arbitrary (two-dimensional) sur face-temperatures, for any strip for which these functions are known. As an example, take a strip for which V and Q are the potential and current functions, its boundaries being given by +Q and + Y , these being maintained at zero tempera ture, and the remaining plane sides being impermeable. Pro ceeding as in Section 3, with the modification suggested in Section 5, we take
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Iron, 31
ilic acid, are usually worked to profit, as in the common mountain iron-stone, and the bog- ores. The salts of iron (unless the carbonat of iron be so called) are never smelted for the purpose of obtaining metal Whether an ore be magnetic or not, is no criterion whether it be worth working or not. This quality has influence only on the quantity of carbonaceous matter necessary to metallize the iron. As to the quantity of iron contained in an ore. Whether it be worth working or no, depends less upon this criterion, than upon the circumstances, whether it can be easily gotten, and easily and cheaply fixed. The shining sulphureous pyrites often contains more than fifty per cent of metal, and is not worth working : the poor ore of Staffordshire, in England, that does not yield more than from 16 to 20 per cent, is a profitable concern, because it is easily reduced to a metalline state, and when so reduced is of good quality. As to the kinds and proportions of earths with which the stone is mixed. Let it be remembered, that, The earth that gives the character to common clay, and to clay stones is called argillaceous earth. The earth that; gives the character to limestone, is called calcareous earth. The earth that gives the character, to quartz, flint, whether transparent or opaque, to flinty sandstone and stones of that hard nature, which scratch glass, and give fire with steel, is called siliceous earth. The earth that gives the character to soapstone, and stones of that class, that appeal' I greasy to tne touch, is called magnesian earth. Iron-stones contain the latter in so small proportion for the most part, that its effects need not be noticed : but the i rest are of great importance to be known ; for whether any limestone ought to be added as a flux, or in what pro[ P or ti° n > depends on the kind and quantity of the earthy | that envelopes the particles of iron .
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622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. im
dates: June 20, 1925 (1 specimen); May 29, 1926 (24 specimens); June 25, 1927 (4 specimens); July 19, 1927 (4 specimens). Butte County is near Lake and Shasta Counties in northern California. I have not seen the 9 of laticapitanus.
Walsingham placed his original description of laticapitanus directly beneath that of his new genus. Pseud oconchylis, and it is to be assumed that he intended the former to be the type species of the latter. It is interesting to note that he originally placed them in the Tortricidae, subfamily Conchjdinae. In Dyar's list of 1903, they also appeared in the Tortricidae, but in the subfamily Phaloniinae. Busck (1907) stated: "Pseudoconchylis Walsingham does not belong in the Phalo niinae where it was originally placed and has since been retained in our lists. It is a genus of the Tineidae."
original description follows:
Phalonia unistrigana — Wings elongate and rounded, palpi short. Ground color white, over-washed on the fore wings irregularly with faint ocherous, the white remaining in patches in and below cell, on internal margin and in a transverse band at outer third of wing. A narrow, broken, oblique black-brown line, directed from middle of inner margin to outer third of costa, not reaching inner margin, broken centrally, the lower part forming a rounded bar, the upper part more diffuse; a series of diffuse, irregular, dark dots in apical portion, in some specimens confined to apical margin, in others spread as far as tornus and situated on white ground color. Hind wing dark gray, fringe paler except at anal angle. Expanse, 18-22 mm.
Phalonia unistrigana Dyar is also a tineid and belongs to this genus. It is ex ceedingly close to if not identical with laticapitana, Walsingham; but considering the different localities it will be safer to retain it as distinct specifically until more material is at hand or the life history is worked out.
The specimens mentioned above by Dyar are at the U.S. National Museum. The holotype is a 9 lacking both head and abdomen and thus can not be positively associated with any cf of the several sub species of the laticapitanus complex. However, of Dyar's two remain ing "9 cotypes," one is actually a cf . Its genitalia, removed and mounted on a slide by August Busck on Oct. 8, 1933, show it to be laticapitanus. Examination of the genitalia of Dyar's single cT from Flagstaff, Arizona, showed it to be laticapitanus, also. Both of these cTcf have the typical double ring of scales on each antennal segment. Several U.S. National Museum slides of cf genitalia labeled "uni striganus" also proved to be laticapitanus.
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160 Scientific Intelligence.
relations of diorytes and other " greenstones." The rocks which it describes are greenish slates, greenish crystalline rocks without a trace of lamination, into which the slates pass by gradual or abrupt transitions, and also killas or clay-slate. The kinds of greenstone least metamorphic consist, as seen in thin sections under the microscope, of a plagioclase feldspar, augite or diallage, magnetic titanic iron, with occasional specks of pyrite, and also a little apatite, and with rarely flakes of brown mica, some horn blende, and a chlorite. The more altered kinds have a semi transparent base, through which hornblende and the chlorite are thickly disseminated; and in it there are green pseudomorphs ' j, and faint outlines of feldspar crystals. In some placer lara-e crystals of the feldspar, yet with the augite dende and chlorite. The material of the inter secting veins is the same, except that it contains a little more green hornblende. In other places the augite is but slightly altered, while the feldspar crystals appear merged in a colorless slightly opaque base, which shows faintly the outlines of the feld
Four different varieties of the greenstones afforded on analysis:
No. 1 is greenish and crystalline, and consists, as shown micro scopically, mainly of augite and feldspar, the former predomi nating, with some chlorite, brown and green hornblende, and magnetite; and came from north of St. Peter's Vicarage in Tol carn. No. 2, from Tolcarn Quarry, resembles No. 1, but is of lighter color, and consists of feldspar with altered augite, chlorite. magnetite partly replaced bv a greenish-grav mineral, and apatite. No. 3, from Tofcarn Quarry, is \ cry tine-grained crystalline, sage green in color, and consists chiefly of hornblende and altered feldspar and chlorite, the augite being replaced by hornMende and chlorite. No. 4, from Chapel Rock ("which rests on slate"), is crystalline and greenish-gray, somewhat felsytic in appearance and consists of a feldspar base, with crystals of feldspar, hornblende : . . chlorite, apatite, magnetite.
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crepancies in velocity as shown by drift and as computed. If any thing is to be learned or any conclusions drawn from this discussion of figure 2 it would be briefly this: that 48 hours of northwest gales introduce wind components approximately along the axis of the south bound current which may greatly accelerate the rate of flow, and this effect must not be neglected. Also, that this effect is not a tempo rary one hmited to the duration of the storm but the impetus given persists, as in this case, at least 10 days. It is suggested here that such a powerful influence on the flow, as this seems to indicate, may possibly be responsible for the final pattern of the current. (See figs. 45 and 46.)
In discussing figures 3 and 4 it need only be pointed out that as the season advances and conditions become less boisterous the corre spondence of berg drifts with the computed stream lines becomes more and more satisfactory. In figure 3, after June 11, the correspondence in both direction and velocity is good, the berg averaging 16.5 miles per day, while the chart calls for 16.8 miles per day. That the berg follows the stream lines well throughout the long drift of 350 miles can be seen by inspection. Prior to June 11 the velocity shoMoi by the berg is greatly in excess of the movement to be expected from the current map. This is attributed to the gales of May 31 and June 1, exactly 10 days previous. (See above.) This storm is an interesting one and is discussed above on page 8. (See fig. 27.) In figure 4, with quiet summer conditions prevailing, no more could be asked. The berg drifted in almost exact accordance with the computed set and drift on the map and each day's position of the berg could be forecast within reasonable limits. (See figs. 31 to 33 and fig. 47.)
Discussing berg drifts in relation to the current maps has led inevitably to a consideration of the effect of wind on the movement of bergs. In the past 6 or 7 years since the development of the tech nique for the construction of current maps at sea and their adoption by the Ice Patrol as a tool the effect of wind on the drift of bergs has unconsciously been minimized in an effort to prove the worth of the new tool to those who might be skeptical. After all, there are only two major forces contributing to the movement of bergs. Current is one, and it must not be forgotten that wind is the other. The intimate relationship between meteorology and oceanography is well recognized and need not be stressed. The major role of the atmos pheric circulation over the Atlantic in maintaining the great Gulf Stream system is established. In studying a means to foretell the character of an approaching ice season, for instance the number of bergs, the correlation factor was found highest between ice conditions in the spring and wind in the Baffin Bay area the preceding winter. The simple and more direct relationship of wind to berg drift is no exception to this general rule. The current maps may be considered
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x CONTENTS.
TIONS IMPOSED UPON THEM—CAPTIVE CHIEF LIBERATED—REMARKS ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE MURDERS, AND ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PUNISHMENT INFLICTED ON MALOLO—THE BOATS SENT BACK TO THE SHIPS—THE FLYING-FISH AND PORPOISE SAIL FROM MALOLO—NAVULA REEF—NAVULA PASSAGE — THE PORPOISE DETACHED TO OVOLAU—VATULELE—KANTAVU—ONO—PASSED MIDSHIPMEN’S ISLANDS—ASTROLABE REEF—ARRIVAL OF THE FLYING-FISH AT OVOLAU — LEVUKA—DEPARTURE OF THE FLYING-FISH FROM LEVUKA—VALLEY OF VOONA— PASSAGE ROUND THE ISLAND OF OVOLAU — AMBAU -—CASE OF THE AIMABLE JOSEPHINE—OF THE BRIG SIR DAVID OGILBY—CAUTION TO VESSELS VISITING AMBAU — MOTURIKI PASSAGE— WAR THREATENED BETWEEN SOMU-SOMU AND AMBAU —INTERFERENCE ON BEHALF OF THE MISSIONARIES—ORATOR OF THE KING OF SOMU-SOMU —MANNER OF TRADING — UPPER TOWN OF SOMU-SOMU — EXHIBITION OF ROCKETS— NEWS OF CAPTAIN CROKER’S ATTACK ON THE HEATHEN OF TONGA, AND OF THE LOSS OF HIS LIFE—DEPARTURE FROM SOMU-SOMU— CHICOBEA—MALI—REUNION OF THE SQUADRON—SEPARATE OPERATIONS OF CAPTAIN HUDSON—EXCURSION OF DR. PICKERING AND MR. BRACKENRIDGE—THE TWO CHIEFS OF SUALIB— JUGGLERY OF A PRIEST—CAPTAIN HUDSON DEMANDS A DESERTER—RETURN OF THE SON OF THE KING OF MUTHUATA—NALOA BAY— SURVEY OF THE HARBOUR OF MUTHUATA — PROCEEDINGS OF A MEETING OF OFFICERS—RECOVERY OF A DESERTER—ARRIVAL OF THE KAI-VITI AT MUTHUATA —WHALE-SHIP TRITON—JOY OF THE KING OF MUTHUATA AT THE DEPARTURE OF THE SHIPS—NATIVE PUNISHED FOR THEFT BY THE KING—SEPARATE OPERATIONS OF LIEUTENANT-COMMANDANT RINGGOLD—BIVA—HUDSON ISLES — PREPARATIONS FOR GOING TO SEA—THE INTERPRETERS DISCHARGED—THEIR CHARACTER,..263—316 CHAPTER X. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE GROUP —SURVEYS—CLIMATE — WINDS — TIDES — EARTHQUAKES — POPULATION — LANGUAGE—MODES OF SALUTATION—DISEASES — SURGERY — SPORTS — MESSAGES — TREATMENT OF THE WOMEN — AGRICULTURE — PLANTS—FOOD—SOIL—RAPIDITY OF VEGETATION—MONTHS AND DIVISION OF TIME —TAMBO NALANGA—ARMS OF THE FEEJEES—HOUSES—CANOES—TOOLS—POTTERY— DIET—FEASTS—MODE OF SITTING—IDEAS OF GEOGRAPHY—DISTRIBUTION OF TIME —DRESS — TATTOOING — NATIVE IDEAS OF DECENCY—USE OF OIL—COMMERCE — DANGERS ATTENDING NAVIGATION—DEATH OF MRS. CARGILL—WHIPPY’S LETTER —EVENTS SINCE OUR DEPARTURE........-...0008 ctiis Soliale loch eRe ee ee 317364 CHAP Esc: DEPARTURE OF THE SQUADRON FROM THE FEEJEE GROUP—PORPOISE AND TENDER DETACHED — VINCENNES AND PEACOCK SEPARATE — OPERATIONS OF THE VINCENNES—GARDNER’S ISLAND—M’KEAN’S ISLAND—HULL’S ISLAND—BIRNIE’S ISLAND
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CARDIAC REFLEXES. 57
fully determined. The heart itself possesses afferent nerves, and by means of these it is quite conceivable that it can renexly control its own beat. The afferent nerves of the heart do not include nerves which excite sensations of touch or pain, at any rate when the organ is in a normal condition. On touching the heart of Viscount Montgomery, who had, through an accident, lost part of the thoracic wall, Harvey was unable to excite any signs of consciousness. General retiex movements can, however, be excited. 1 Thus Francois-Franck succeeded in producing reflex inhibition of the respiration by chemical stimulation of the inner wall of the heart. 2
By excitation of the central ends of the different nerves which are found running superficially on the anterior wall of the ventricle, Wool dridge obtained the following results : 3 —
4. A fall of arterial pressure.
While stimulation of the central end of one vagus nerve — if the other end be intact — slows the heart, the arterial pressure may rise or fall, according as depressor or pressor fibres are in the ascendancy. The result varies in different individuals. From the right or left vagi, opposite effects on the arterial pressure may be obtained. The afferent nerves examined by Wooldridge run in the vagi. The arterial pressure may reflexly excite the cardiac centres in the bull) by way of these afferent fibres. In the case of the depressor nerve we have an analogous example.
After carrying out a division of the spinal cord in the cervical region, a sudden injection of blood at a high pressure into the peripheral end of the carotid artery provokes slowing of the heart. 4 Sudden anaemia of the bulbar centres has the same effect, whether it be produced by ligation of the cerebral arteries or by compression of the brain. The vagus centre is first excited and then paralysed. Since acute anaemia of the spinal bulb primarily causes a slow beat and a rise of arterial tension, it is curious that the vagus centre should be directly excited to greater activity by a rise of arterial tension, which increases the supply of blood to the spinal bulb. It is conceivable in the above experiment that the sudden expan sion of the cerebral arteries by a high-pressure injection momentarily pinches the spinal bulb within the closed cranial cavity, and renders it anaemic. 5 If this suggestion be accepted, and it be agreed that the vagus centre is in all cases directly excited by anaemia, how is the normal interdependence of the arterial tension and cardiac inhibition to be explained ? This is a cpiiestion which cannot be settled, since the afferent nerve of the heart is also the afferent nerve or channel of inhibition.
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phacelia. Sweetclover is an introduced nitrogen-fixing legume which in large numbers can shift the course of succession and outcompete native plant species.
HERBIVORY: None known.
H. LAND OWNERSHIP: Two of the three known occurrences for this species in Montana are on the C. M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge. The third is on private land.
I. ASSESSMENT AND MIANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
1. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS: There are few populations known and scant information about them for assessing threats, so it is to be presumed vulnerable.
species on the Big Dry, Judith and Phillips Resource Areas. If it is restricted to habitats that are close to the reservior, then it has little potential habitat on BLM lands. Like Geyer's milkvetch, it is an annual species at the northern limits of its range here, and may be susceptible to weed encroachment.
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EARLY HISTORY 53
continued among the Admiralty regulations in subsequent reigns, and it was part of the duties of the admiral to see that they were duly observed in the seas within his juris diction. The powers of the admiral were extensive, as may be seen from the memorandum of the fourteenth century de fining his office and duties, which has been published by Nicolas, 1 by those given by Twiss in the Black Book, 2 and later by Godolphin. 3
At the time with which we are dealing the utmost lawless ness reigned on the sea, the depredations of undisguised free booters being scarcely a greater evil than the constant acts of reprisal between the traders of different nations. It was a common practice for the seamen of different countries or cities to carry on hostilities with one another, and to enter into treaties of peace or truce without the sovereign on either side being concerned in their quarrels, except as mediators or um pires. In 1317, although there was peace between England and Flanders, the mutual reprisals of the seamen and mer chants reached such a height that commercial intercourse was entirely suspended, and Edward II. and the Earl of Flanders had to actively interpose in order to bring about " peace " be tween their subjects. 4 A marked feature in the policy of Edward III. was the promotion and encouragement of foreign commerce, and quite a number of statutes were passed in his reign with that object, and to facilitate the entrance of foreign merchants into the realm. One of these, made six years after the consultation of the judges on the maritime laws, was speci ally passed to declare the sea open to all merchants. 5
With these circumstances in view, it can be readily under stood how desirable it was to have the maritime laws for the security of commerce and shipping carefully considered and
1 Op. cit., i. 484. 2 Op. cit.
3 Op. cit. The specification of the duties within the cognisance of the Admiralty occupies several pages ; they included " all cases of seizures and captures made at sea, whether jure belli publicis, or jure belli privati by way of reprisals, or jure nullo by way of piracy ... all causes of spoil and depredations at sea ; robberies and pyracies," &c., &c.
5 18 Edw. III., st. 2, cap. 3. Several articles in the Black Book show the same desire to encourage foreign merchants, and severe penalties were prescribed for the robbing or wronging of foreign ships, or interference with their freedom to trade.
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GEOLOGY.
The roadway over these hills was lined with clumps of the prickly pear, rising to the height of from two to five or ten feet, and hearing fruit which was exceedingly abundant and in full perfection. When perfectly ripe it has a beautiful claret color, with a shade of purple, and is very refreshing to the traveller if suffering from thirst. It is, however, a difficult operation to pick and prepare them for eating without having the hands filled with the sharp prickles. The best way to pick them is to insert a pointed stick at the end, and then cut them loose from the plant with a long knife. They are then securely held by the stick while the skin is cut off. View of the Pacific ocean. —In descending from the higher parts of the range, the eye was permitted to wander over an extended area sloping gently away from the mountains towards the west. This is one of the most marked peculiarities of the landscape on the western coast; every mountain and mountain range is flanked by long, gently descending slopes, which seem like plains when passing over them, but viewed from a distance their inclination is strikingly evident. In the present instance the slopes appeared to be prolonged in a limitless plain ex¬ tending to the horizon ; but a more favorable point of view showed to us the broad, mirror-like surface of the great ocean.
LOS ANGELES. 1
Our approach to Los Angeles was over a portion of the slope just described, and we reached the city in the evening of the 31st October. It is on the Los Angeles river, and is about twenty miles distant from the Pacific, where its port, (or embarcadero,) San Pedro, is situated on an open bay at the mouth of the San Gabriel and Los Angeles rivers. Before reaching the city, and about five miles northwest of it, we crossed a small brook with vertical banks, in which the edges of nearly horizontal strata were exposed. They consist of light-colored shales, thinly stratified, and charged with bitumen, which formed black and brown seams between the layers. A coarse conglomerate, composed of sandstone, boulders, and masses of shale, was superimposed on these strata, and looked like ordinary beach-shingle. Nearer the city, an excavation had been made in the side of a hill into horizontal strata, which were white and chalk-like. They were compact; and large masses of the white rock could be readily broken out, it being very friable and light, yet possessing great tenacity and toughness. This rock is principally siliceous, and does not effervesce with acids. It is underlaid by sand¬ stone, also nearly white. No fossils were found ; but the strata are like those afterwards seen at Monterey, and are probably Miocene Tertiary. Bitumen Springs— u Tar Springs .”—There are several places in the vicinity of the city where bitumen, or mineral pitch, rises from the ground in large quantities. These places are known as Tar Springs, or Pitch Springs, and some of them form large ponds or lakes. One of the springs was passed on our way to the city, and was near the outcrop of bituminous shale in the banks of the creek already described. This spring was nothing more than an overflow of the bitumen from a small aperture in the ground, around which it had spread out on all sides, so that it covered a circular space about thirty feet in diameter. The accumulated bitumen had hardened by exposure, and its outer portions were mingled with sand, so that it was not easy to deter¬ mine its precise limits. It formed a smooth, hard surface like a pavement; but towards the centre it was quite soft and semi-fluid, like melted pitch. The central portion of the overflow was higher than the margin ; and it was evident that all the hard, portion had risen in a fluid 1 The Pueblo de Nuestra' Sefiora la Regna de los Angeles was founded at the end of December, 1781, by order of the governor of California, Don Felipe de Neve.
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With Plate II.
THE development of the first blood-vessels of the yolk-sac of the chick has been investigated by a large number of ob servers, but with very discordant results. A good historical resume of the subject will be found in a paper of Dr Klein (liii. Band der K. Akad. der Wissensch. Wieii), its last in vestigator.
The subject is an important one in reference to the homo logies of the blood-vascular system of the vertebrata. As I shall shew in the sequel (and on this point my observations agree with those of Dr Klein), the blood-vessels of the chick do not arise as spaces or channels between the cells of the mesoblast ; on the contrary, they arise as a network formed by the united processes of mesoblast-cells, and it is through these processes, and not in the spaces between them, that the blood flows. It is, perhaps, doubtful whether a system of vessels arising in this way can be considered homologous with any vascular system which takes its origin from channels hollowed out in between the cells of the mesoblast.
My own researches chiefly refer to the development of the blood-vessels in the pellucid area. I have worked but very slightly at their development in the vascular area ; but, as far as my observations go, they tend to prove that the mode of their origin is the same, both for the pellucid and the vascular area.
The method which I have principally pursued has been to examine the blastoderm from the under surface. It is very difficult to obtain exact notions of the mode of development of
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To succeed with bulbs it is necessary to begin right, by getting sound bulbs of good size, and we would warn intending purchasers against buying cheap, undersized bulbs and expect the fine results obtained from such as we offer. Our sources of supply are the best in this country and abroad, the leading growers of the world having for years supplied us with their choicest stock.
To the lover of flowers there is no class of plants so much prized as those which are produced Irom bulbs. The reason is easily found, because within the bulbs are stored all the future glory of leaves and flowers, only requiring the simplest culture to develop them in their highest perfection. Success is therefore the rule.
Another reasbn why bulbs are prized so highly is that a large number of them produce their flowers in very early spring, when the rest of nature is asleep. Then it is that a clump of Snowdrops, Scillas or Chinodoxas impart to the garden an air of warmth and cheer that cannot be accomplished in any other way. Following these modest flowers conu the showier Crocus, Narcissus, Hyacinths, Tulips, etc., in all their dazzling colors, keeping up a continuous display well into the summer. With no other m;Uerial can be secured such a wealth of charming flowers of infinite variety of form and coloring, with so little trouble and at so small an outlay.
A. FETAT CXJLXXJFtA.L HINTS.
Note. — The following cultural hints apply especially to the lutitude of Philadelphia. In the South it is quite pos sible Co plant out bulbs as late as Christinas, while at points north of Philadelphia tfiey should be planted as early as possible after the first killing frost.
WHEN TO PLANT. — To the beginner we would emphasize the fact that Autumn and not Springtime is the time to ))lant all kinds of spring-flowering bulbs. The larger part of the bulbs offered in this Catalogue are ready to ship by the second week in September, and the Sooner they are planted after that the greater will be the measure of success, more par= ticularly those for indoor culture ; therefore, ORDER EARLY. A few sorts, which are noted in the Catalogue, do not mature until October and November, and are forwarded as soon as ready.
OUTDOOR CULTURE. — As a general rule, the bulbs should be planted in October and November, so that the roots may make a good growth before cold weather sets in, but they can be set out even later if the ground is not frozen. They require a moderately rich soil that has been well manured for previous crops, or else a|)ply well-rotted cow or sheep manure or bone meal, fresh manure is injurious to bulbs. The soil should be well drained, and no good results can be obtained without free drainage. In planting, the bulbs should be placed from an inch to four inches below the surface, according to the size of the bulb. A good rule to go by is to cover the bulbs with soil one and a half times their own depth.
When the ground freezes hard the bed should be covered with three or four inches of leaves or lilter, which should be removed in early spring. Too early and heavy covering starts the tops prematurely, which are frequently injured in March by freezing and thawing. After flowering, if the beds are wanted for late spring plantings, take up the bulbs, tops and roots, and "heel in" in some corner of the garden until the bulbs mature, after which they should be spread out in an airy room to dry, and kejH in a cool, dark place until time for replanting the following autumn.
INDOOR CULTURE. — Bulbs intended for blooming during the winter can be planted from September until November — the earlier the better — in pans, pots or boxes, and be left in the open air, covered with a few inches of ashes or soil, until the earth begins to freeze, and then placed in a cool greenhouse, cellar or room, at a temperature of 50 degrees. They will need, occasion ally, moderate watering after they are brought inside. Or the pans, pots or boxes may be placed at once, after potting, in a cool, dark cellar, watering well and cover the same as above. The whole success of pot culture depends upon getting the roots well established in the pots, at a low temperature of say 40 to 50 degrees, before you begin to force the tops at 00 degrees or over. After this the bloom is easily developed by giving light and water, and one can have a supply of flowers from Christmas until after Easter by regulating the time of bringing them to the light.
Round Pans for Bulbs.
The professional gardener invarial)ly uses these in preference to ])ots for growing bulbs in, and amateurs are now also using them extensively ; they present a neater appearance than pots and are better adapted for table use. We can supply in the following sizes ;
Glasses for Hyacinths.
The culture of Hyacinths in glasses has always been pojiular. and if you will use the special selection of varieties ofiered on the opposite page failure is next to impossible. When the Hya-
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292 Flashlights ox Xatire
future generations. In Enghiud, tlierefore, it is barley alone which is l.irj'ely attacked ; and since bailey is mainly used for malting, to make beer or whisky, the teetotaler may perhaps retiect with
complacency that the tiy is merely playing the game of the United Kingdom Temperance Alliance. His joy, however, is fallacious, for, on the other hand, if we don't raise enough barley at home to brew our ale, we don't on that account refrain
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To the first of these folio volumes he has prefaced the following note : Ct The original plants in this book and another volume seem to be arranged according to the system of Morrison, which appeared about the year 1680.
"Other plants have since been added by me, E. Pocock, printer and bookseller, Gravesend (1815), to which I have put their Linnaean names, and inserted the volume and page where a description may be found in Withering' s { Botanical Arrangement of British Plants/ third edition, which ought to accompany these, my two volumes of dried specimens."
The two has been subsequently corrected into three, by pen, Pocock adding : " Because since the above was written a third volume has been added, containing mostly grasses, rushes, and suchlike sorts.""
These three volumes, still extant, probably contained, before the ruinous effect of a half-century's neglect, little short of some six thousand varieties, annotated with the greatest care opposite each example, with the place and date, in many cases, of its acquisi tion.
But the untiring patience and unremitting perse verance of Pocock in the pursuit of his botanical col lections were equal to further efforts and accordingly we find that in or about the year 1817 he commenced a new collection of dried plants and botanical speci mens, which shall be referred to in its turn.
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I was awfully pleased to receive your letter of June 17th and want to thank you very much for your kind attention in giving me the information I liked to have on the Loew Collection. By reading your letter I see now that I had not failed in my judgment, when I understood that I had conquered a good friend, after your always remembered visit to the Oswald Cruz Institute.
Dear Tom:
I was delighted beyond expression to find on my desk the other day Mary B.'s book, entitled No Li?nits but the Sky and telling about her and Teddy's travels in the Andes. Please thank her for this splendid sur prise and most appreciated souvenir.
I could go on forever extolling the charms of friends from Cuba and Haiti, from San Domingo to Patagonia. They have meant a great deal to me. I have entered into their joys and sorrows and they into mine, and I salute them, one and all.
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5. Big White Salmon (also known as Under wood)--on west bank of Big White Salmon River where it enters Columbia, just east of Underwood, Wash. 4.19 acres.
The proposed regulations provide that fishing from the sites on the Columbia River is restricted to enrolled member of the Yak ima, Umatilla, and Warm Springs Tribes and other Columbia River Indians having treaty fishing rights at locations destroyed by con struction of Bonneville Dam. The same re-
at the sites.
Interested persons were given the oppor tunity to submit written comments, sugges tions, or objections on the proposed regula tions.
Notice of Proposed Rule Making
Basis and purpose. Notice Is hereby given that pursuant to the authority vested In the Secretary of the Interior by the Revised Statutes, sections 161 (5 U.S.C. 22), and 463 and 465 (25 U.S.C. 2 and 9) and pursuant to other authoriz ing Acts, it is proposed to add a new Part 255 to Chapter I, Title 25 ot the Code of Federal Regxilations, to prescribe rules governing the use of lands and facilities acquired by the Secretary of the Army and transferred to the Secretary ot the Interior pursuant to the Act of IVIarch 2, 1945 (59 Stat. 10, 22) as amended by the Act of June 8, 1955 (69 Stat. 85) , to re place Indian fishing grounds submerged or destroyed as a result of the construc tion of the Bonneville Dam.
The purposes of these regulations are (1) to set forth the quallflcations for use ot the sites and to provide for identifl cation of eligible users, (2) to limit the purposes for which the sites may be used, and (3) to specify the manner of using the sites.
It Is the policy ot the Department of the Interior, whenever practicable, to afford the public an opportunity to par ticipate In the rule making process. Accordingly, Interested persons may sub mit written comments, suggestions, or objections with respect to the proposed regulation to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. 20240, within 30 days of the date of publication of this notice in the Federal Register.
Use of any of the lands acquired by the Secretary of War and transferred to the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to the Act of March 2, 1945 (59 Stat. 22), as amended (hereinafter called "in lieu fishing sites" or "sites") to replace In dian fishing groimds submerged or de stroyed as a result of the construction of the Bonneville Dam shall be subject to the following rules and regulations. The Area Director. Portland Area OfBce. Bureau of Indian Affairs (hereinafter called "Area Director"), may suspend or withdraw the privileges of access to or use ot any or all the sites for any viola tion of the regulations in this part or of any rules Issued pursuant to the regu lations in this part.
The in-lleu fishing sites are for the benefit of the Yakima, UmatlUa, and Warm Springs Indian Tribes, and other Columbia River Indians having treaty fishing rights at locations inundated or destroyed by Bonneville Dam, to be used In accordance with treaty rights. Fish ing from the sites is restricted to en rolled members of any ot the afore mentioned tribes or groups, and the use of camping areas on the sites is restricted to such Indians and their families.
For the purpose of identification of the persons entitled to use the sites for fish ing, each member ot the aforementioned tribes or groups shall have Lq his pos session an Identification card issued by his tribe or the Area Director, identifying him as a member of that tribe or group of Indians, and shall exhibit the iden tification upon request ot authorized per sons.
regulations.
No such Indian shall use any of the sites for fishing or tor any activity di rectly associated with fishing that Is con trary to the provisions of any law or reg ulation ot hli tribe or to any fishing reg ulations that may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior.
State law and local ordinances now ex isting, or hereafter enacted, which do not Interfere with treaty fishing rights or with applicable Federal law apply to and on the sites. Violation of such State or local laws shall be grounds for suspen sion or withdrawal of privileges for future access to or use of the sites.
property.
Anyone committing any act of depre dation, destruction, theft, or misuse ot the land, buildings, fences, signs, or other structures which are the property of the United States shall be subject to prose cution under applicable Federal or State law.
No structures shall be erected or placed upon the sites without prior ap proval of the Area Director or his des ignee. Any structure erected in viola tion of these regulations may be removed, demolished, or otherwise dis posed ot with or without prior notice, as determined by the Area Director, and the cost of such disposition may be as sessed against the person responsible for the structure.
of fishing platforms.
(a) Any fishing platforms or other private structures erected or placed on the sites are the sole responsibility of their owners, and all use of such struc tures shall be at the user's or owner's sole responsibility and risk. Neither the United States nor any officer or em ployee thereof warrants, makes any rep resentation, or is responsible for the safety or condition of any such structure.
(b) The approval required by the regulations in this part for the erection or placement of said structures is solely tor the protection of the sites and tor the prevention of unauthorized use of the sites or any portion thereof. Any use or occupancy of any such platforms without the authority or permission of the owner shall be a trespass.
unattended.
No vehicle, trailer, boat, or other per sonal property shall be placed or left unattended on the sites except as may be authorized by the Area Director. Property left in violation of these regu lations may be removed without prior notice to the owner and may be stored or otherwise disposed of at the owner's expense as determined by the Area Di rector.
g 255,10 Camping and use restrictions.
All camping, picnicking, use of alco holic beverages, setting or use of fires and use of the sites for cleaning ot fish, and the deposit of any garbage, paper, cans, bottles, or rubbish ot any kind shall be subject to such prohibitions, restric tions, or other regulations as the Area
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HOW TO SELECT THE RIGHT ROSES
FOR EVERY CUMATE AND EVERY PURPOSE “The success of the Rose in this country is very largely a question of the selection of adaptable varieties,” says Prof. L. H. Bailey, Dean of Cornell Agricultural College. Pemberton, in his excellent work on “Roses,” says to beginners: “State your requirements to a friend who is an expert and leave the selection to him.” But we have so grouped and classified the 400 Roses in this book, describing their habits and requirements and telling what may be expected from them, that choosing is made easy—^for who of us does not have a personal pref¬ erence? To assist those who like a good assortment, we offer on pages 15, 25, 41 and 42, made-up sets, combining an assortment of colors and including Roses distinctly superior for the purposes mentioned. As a Further Guide, We Make the Following Suggestions For the latitude of Philadelphia, or any temperate zone where the thermometer usually does not get below zero. All the Roses on pages 10 to 42, except climbers on page 30. Kinds on pages ii to 29 will be the better for careful winter protection.
thoroughly.
All Roses on pages 31 to 41 inclusive, especially the Rugosas, Memorial and Moss Roses. Also the Hybrid Perpetuals and most of the miscellaneous Roses on pages 36 and 37. Only the hardiest of those offered on pages 11 to 29 including such kinds as Clothilde Soupert, Gruss an Teplitz, Baby Rambler, Mme. E. Marlett, Beauty of Rosemawr, Etoile de France, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, and other Hybrid Teas. These named should have most careful protection. For Warmer Climates, such as the South and Pacific slope states, where the winters are mild and frost is rare. All the Roses on pages ii to 42 inclusive. (Note especially pages 25 and 30.) The Roses on pages 31 to 41 will also thrive in the South, but are less desirable because their season of bloom is not so long. For Porches, Posts, Archways, Arbors, Trellises, Summer¬ houses, and for beautifying Botmdaries, Fences, etc. Pages 31, 32, 33 and 34 are especially good for the North. Golden Rambler, Mrs. Robert Peary, Empress of China, Climbing Souv. de Wootton. These four and other kinds on pages 28 and 29 are excellent for this purpose when planted in* a temperate climate. For Cemeteries, Stone Walls, Banks and Rockeries. Page 31, and also pages 33 and 34 (these thrive even in poor soil and with little care); after these any of the hardier Roses, especially the Hybrid Perpetuals. Roses for Cutting or “Forcing” or indoor winter bloom. (Such as the professional florists use.) Such kinds as Bride, Bridesmaid, Killarney, Richmond, Amer¬ ican Beauty, Sunrise, Perle des Jardins, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, Sunburst.
Rose Hedges
Are certainly coming to be more and more popular as people learn about the splendid qualities of the Rugosa Roses (page 35) for this purpose. They are perfectly hardy, make neat, compact, uniform growth, and the thick, bushy mass of glossy, crinkled foliage gives a particularly fine appearance. In warmer countries, or even in our own latitude, a single row of a free-flowering erect bushy Rose is very satisfactory. For this purpose the Polyanthas (page 26) are especially popular. 3 Grades of C. & J. Own-Root Roses The different classes of Roses vary greatly in their habit of growth. We grade with especial care, as follows: ONE-YEAR ROSES These are vastly superior to the little Roses grown in “thumbpots”—something we do not have on our place. Our one-year Roses are usually greenhouse-grown but well hardened with strong roots and bushy tops, from 6 inches to 12 inches high, according to the variety. This size, in the Teas, Hybrid Teas, Bourbon and China Roses (pages 12 to 27), under favorable conditions, will produce a surprising display of bloom which more than compensates for the outlay the first year. TWO-YEAR ROSES These are larger than the largest Roses put out by some firms. They are our regular two-year size. They are both field-grown and greenhouse-grown, with fibrous roots and well-branched tops from I to 2 feet high, depending upon the variety and habit of growth. With a few exceptions, they should bloom abundantly the first season.
Where you see the -if you will see one of the choice vari¬ eties which we can supply in specimen plants. Our stock of this size is limited, therefore please order early. For full in¬ formation see page 10. Prices on Roses of Our Selectioii When the selection of varieties is left to us, we select care¬ fully, the same as if for ourselves, a suitable proportion of the most desirable colors and varieties, and send all correctly la¬ beled and packed in the best manner, by mail or express as directed.
EVERBLOOMING ROSES
Good mailing plants. Hardy and well matured. Six for 50 cts., 14 for $1, 30 for $2, postpaid; 100 for $7.50, by express. 2-yr.-old Everblooming Roses, by Express. 12 choice varieties, one each.$3 00 25 choice varieties, one each. 5 40 50 choice varieties, 25 best kinds, two each.10 00 100 choice varieties, 25 best kinds, four each.19 50 HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES Good mailing plants, 4for 50 cts., 10 for $1,20 for $2, postpaid; 22 for $2, 100 for $8.50, by express. Two-year old Hardy Perpetual Roses, by Express. 12 choice varieties, one each.$3 50 25 choice varieties, one each. 6 50 50 choice varieties, 25 best kinds, two each.12 50 100 choice varieties, 25 best kinds, four each.24 tX3 HARDY CLIMBING ROSES
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It is believed by the author that the variation shown is the result of the preservation and not a real This cannot be definitely stated however. o. (LENGTH
67 H.M.C 31 (Slightly developed. 58 P&S, 36 “ Slightly developed. 2 P.&S 42 | Well developed. Well developed. 32 “ 44 “ “
H. ard Medical School Collection. P. & S. = Collection ne peo of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Univ. N.Y. L. I. H.= w York Lying-in Hospital. Sections (Figs. 2 and 3) show the pad to be the result of the growth of the mesodermic tissue beneath, rather than an epidermic thickening. A cross-section (Fig. 4) of the right hind foot of a cat embryo in the region of the Anlagen of the walking pads shows an essential similarity in their form, position, and structure with the mounds on the human feetal foot (Fig. 2). Since the interdigital position precludes the possibility of the mounds being merely contour lines resulting from the influence of the joints or digits, we may infer from the fact that the position is characteristic of walking pads that we have here structures of this kind. Further evidence lies in the fact that ”
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POWDER 69
and in the density of the grains are important matters in determining the regularity of results obtainable with any powder. A powder having a considerable per centage of small grains, or one of friable nature that pulverizes much, cannot be expected to give the most regular results. With powders of this character an undue proportion of the dust or small grains will, now and again, be loaded into the cartridge-case ; this may bring about so rapid an explosion that the shooter will be shaken up most thoroughly, and the gun subjected to greater pressure than is advisable. Mixed grain powder may answer so long as the grains can be kept duly mixed ; but in practice I find that this cannot be insured with powders any more than with the mixed shot recommended by some faddists for use in game guns.
Sportsmen are now in possession of two definite types of smokeless powder, the so-called bulk powder and the newer concentrated or condensed powder. The first is designed to occupy the same space as black powder in the cartridge-case, although only weighing about half as much. There are several varieties of both forms now on the market, many having proved excellent and reliable sporting explosives when properly handled; they, however, require to be differently treated in many ways, the members of each group varying considerably in composition and behaviour one from another. That form of cartridge-case, kind of cap, method of wadding, and turnover of cartridge case best suited to each individual powder must be used, and care generally be exercised in following out the directions given by the maker of each powder.
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STUDIES ON FERMENTATION. 329
When we published, in I860, the details of the experiment in question, we pointed out at some length the difficulties of conducting it successfully, and the possible causes of failure. We called attention particularly to the fact that saccharine mineral media are much more suited for the nutrition of bacteria, lactic ferment, and other lowly forms, than they are to that of yeast, and in consequence readily become filled with various organisms from the spontaneous growth of germs derived from the particles of dust floating in the atmosphere. The reason why we do not observe the growth of alcoholic ferments, espe cially at the commencement of the experiments, is because of the unsuitableness of those media for the life of yeast. The latter may, nevertheless, form in them subsequent to this development of other organized forms, by reason of the modi fication produced in the original mineral medium by the albu minous matters that they introduce into it. It is interesting to peruse, in our Memoir of 1860, certain facts of the same kind relating to fermentation by means of albumens — that of the blood, for example, from which, we may mention incidentally, we were led to infer the existence of several distinct albumens in the serum, a conclusion which, since then, has been confirmed by various observers, notably by M. Bechamp. Now, in his experiments on fermentation in sweetened water, with yeast-ash and a salt of ammonia, there is no doubt that Liebig had failed to avoid those difficulties which are entailed by the spontaneous growth of other organisms than yeast. Moreover, it is possible that, to have established the certainty of this result, Liebig should have had recourse to a closer microscopical observation than from certain passages in his Memoir he seems to have
but it is not difficult to conceive so sagacious an observer remarking to his illustrious friend, that the possibility of deriving pecuniary advantage from the wide application of a new scientific fact had never been re garded as the criterion of the exactness of that fact. We could prove, moreover, by the undoubted testimony of very distinguished practical men, notably by that of M. Pezeyre, director of distilleries, that upon this point also Liebig was mistaken.
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The white of the egg has the consistency of a very thick jelly, is very clear and transparent, and is so firm that the whole egg, when perfectly fresh, may be turned out of the shell and shell membrane, and transferred from one hand to the other without breaking, and with but slight change of form. The chalazae, as in the eggs of the other reptilia, are absent. There is, of course, no need of them in eggs which are not moved or turned, in which the yolk is surrounded by such a firm mass of white, and which are carefully buried. The white lies mostly at either end of the shell, but extends also in a thin layer between the yolk and the sides of the shell ; and in this median area the white is more closely attached to the shell membrane, being after the first few days very firmly united to it at the edges of the chalk-white zone. Fig. 6, PI. IX, represents an egg from which the yolk has been removed : the consistency of the white is shown by its hanging in heavy folds on either side. This shows the middle chalk-white zone on the upper side of the shell, and also that the white is attached to the shell membrane at the outer edges of this zone.
Fig. 48, PL XIII, shows the position and place of attachment of the white. The white has here been removed from one end ; the stronger transverse lines in white are the lines of union with the shell membrane : a thin pellicle of white stretches across the median area.
The yolk holds a median position in the egg, is spherical, a very light pale yellow, and so large that it almost touches the shell membrane about the mid-line (see PI. IX, Figs. 7, 8).
The germ in most of the eggs opened during the first few days of incubation was at one pole, as shown in Fig. 8, PI. IX. About the germ is a considerable area having a more or less mottled appearance, and bounded by a sinuous white line. In some instances the germ was found upon the side of the egg, as shown in Fig. 7, PI. IX. Somewhat later, toward the end of the first week of incubation, the germinal area is found moving from the polar region to the side, as shown in Fig. 9. Finally it comes quite to the side, as shown in Figs. 10 and 1 1.
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Type. Scatoglyphiis polytrematiis Berlese, 1913
Discussion: Forcellinia wasmanni (Moniez) was described from ants' nests and is European in distribution. All stages of the mite are to be found in the nests. According to information from Michael 1903 the mites often appear to increase in great numbers in nests and the hypopi adhere to the ants in such quantities that they cause the death of the ant. Fifty to a thousand mites may be found attached to one ant. They
are most numerous on the head, abdomen, and legs; only a few are found on the thorax. The hypopi are supposed to attach themselves in the direction of the long axis of the segment they are on, their an terior end being directed toward the point of the segment.
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without any natural selection.
The principle of adaptation may exist in the nature of protein itself. Protein molecules are usually inclined to be coagulated by agents which appear to be injurious to organisms, in the coagulation polar groups being folded and lost, while the injurious agents presu mably can act upon the protein by combining with it through certain polar groups of the protein, and therefore the disappearance of the polar groups can be regarded as the adaptation of the protein not to be further combined by the agents or to reject the agents.
On the other hand, when the environmental factor is not injurious, the protein adapts itself to the new environment in rearranging its structure to become stable under the environment. And, if affected by some chemical agents possessing certain structures which are not in jurious, the polar groups of the protein may be rearranged instead of being folded in response to the structural arrangement of the agent, thus the protein becoming able to combine more easily with the latter with the establishment of adaptation to utilize the agent. The trans mission to genes of such structural changes occurring in the protoplsm protein may result in the adaptation of cells to environmental factors.
The adaptive change thus raised in local somatic cells can be transferred to the germinal by both virus-like agents and hormones. If the changed structure is liberated in the form of protoplasm par ticles or virus-like forms, the structure can be precisely transferred to the geminal cells. On the other hand, if the changed structure is released in the form of a certain hormone or a hormone-like agent corresponding to the structure, some influence related to the structure will be exerted on the germ cells through the agent. In higher organ isms, the environment appears to exert usually its effect on hormonal systems, whereas it is known that hormones have great influences upon the character of organisms.
In the transmission of a precise structure of somatic cells to ger minal, a virus-like agent is involved whilst hormones may act as carriers of inexact structures.
The continued effect of a certain environmental factor on germ cells may cause a fixed change in the genes of the germ cells, with the result that the original structure of the genes is forgotten, thereby the acquired character becoming inheritable.
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ABIES AMABILLS. 439
A. sachalinensis in Asia ; on the other hand, one species, A. religiosa, has its home within the tropics in south Mexico and Guatemala.' With the exception of A. balsamea, A. grandis and A. sibirica, all the species are mountain trees ascending to elevations above sea-level, which vary greatly in different regions, but which are evidently influenced by the trend and altitude of the mountain chains and by the latitude of the place. In their economic aspect the Silver Firs are inferior to the Spruce Firs and Larches and even to many of the true Pines ; their timber is, for the most part, coarse grained, soft and perishable, but much used where trees are abundant. In Great Britain all the Abies are used solely for ornamental planting, A. pectinate being an occasional exception and employed by the forester for purposes of utility.
A lofty tree often 150 200 feet high, but at high altitudes not more than 60 80 feet high with a trunk 3 4 feet in diameter near the base. Bark 'of old trees thick and fissured into reddish grey plates, of young trees thin and quite smooth ; in Great Britain usually roughened by numerous warty protuberances. Branches relatively short, the lowermost depressed, those above horizontal or slightly ascending. Branchlets distichous and opposite, spreading at nearly a right angle to their primaries, the youngest shoots hairy (hirtellous). Buds small, ovoid-conic, with dark reddish brown perulse. Leaves persistent eight ten years, spirally crowded, those on the lower side of the branchlets by a twist of the short petiole pseudo-distichous in three-four ranks ; those on the upper side more or less appressed to the shoot and pointing forwards, linear, flat and emarginate ; on fertile and vigorous branchlets acute, 0'75 1*5 inch long, dark green above with a slight azure tint peculiar to this species and by which it may often be distinguished; with a glaucous stomatiferous band on each side -of the narrow midrib beneath. Staminate flowers* often densely clustered, cylindric, obtuse, about 0'5 inch long, with dark red-crimson anthers. Cones cylindric, slightly tapering to a retuse apex, 4 5*5 inches long and 2 2*5 inches in diameter, dark violet-blue changing with age to dark brown ; scales not much broader than long, sub-rhomboidal, inflexed at the apical margin ; bracts half as long as the scales, obovate oblong, abruptly contracted to an acuminate tip. Seed wings obliquely cuneate, almost as broad as long.
Abies amabilis. Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 125, t. 44 (1839). Carriere, Traits Conif. ed. II. 296. Hoopes, Evergreens, 209. McNab in Proceed. R. Irish Acad II. ser. 2. 677, tig. 3. Engelmann in Gard. Chron. XIV. (1880), p. 720, with figs. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXII. 171, with tigs; Gard. Chron. III. ser. 3 (1888), p. 754, with fig. ; and Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 189. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 468, with tig. Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XII. 125. t. 614.
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INDUSTRIES
a variable amount owing to the variable thickness of workable stone. The greatest thickness worked in Northamptonshire is at Duston, close to Northampton, but in a southerly and south-easterly direction from here the iron stone beds rapidly thin out and disappear (see article Geology, i, 1 6). To the south-west, at Culworth and Towcester, it has been worked a little. In a north-easterly direction, from Northampton to Stamford, workings have been, and are very numerous, where the Northampton sand comes to the surface, or can be got at under a reasonable amount of overburden of other beds, say 1 4 ft. or 15 ft.
The usual method of getting the ironstone is by long, open workings, the material of the overbearing and all useless stone being thrown on the opposite side of the cutting to the rock face. This waste material is soon levelled and very quickly cultivated, so that there is no great disturbance to the agriculture of the district.
There is very much ironstone in Northampton shire below workable depths by open workings. Small attempts have been made to mine the iron stone by running tunnels underground at Cogen hoe and Woodford, but the only one conducted on a comparatively large scale is at Slipton, to the west of Thrapston.
When the ore is smelted m the district it is often calcined before being placed in the furnace, to drive off hygroscopic moisture and further oxidize the green ores. It is considered best to calcine to a brick-red colour only. The yield may vary from 24 to 56 per cent, of metallic iron, but 40 per cent, would be considered good.
For fluxing the ore the ordinary Great Oolite
limestone of the district is mostly used, a lime stone containing something like 90 per cent, of carbonate of lime. Various limestone quarries around where furnaces exist are kept open for this purpose alone. At Kettering they use the Lincolnshire limestone.
The cinder or slag resulting from the combina tion of the gangue of the ironstone with the lime of the limestone, andconsisting chiefly of the double silicates of lime and alumina, is used for various purposes : such as road-mending, as ballast on the railway, and at Finedon it is being manufactured into paving sets.
The Marlstone Iron Ore. — All the preced ing remarks on ironstone refer to the Northampton sand ore, the only ore now worked for iron in the county, but it may be mentioned that attempts have been made to work the ferruginous Marlstone rock-bed in the extreme south-western parts of the county. Extensive preparations were made in 1874 to work the ore in the parish of King's Sutton by a Company, under the title of ' The Nell Bridge Iron Ore Company.' In the circular issued by the Company the ore is described as purely oolitic, yielding 30 per cent, of metallic iron, and 33 per cent, of lime, the proportion of lime being sufl'icient for the ore to flux itself, and making it especially valuable for mixing with refractory ores. Very little was done, and the quarrying was abandoned.'
The Great Oolite Ironstone. — Ironstone of good quality is found ^ at the base of the Upper Estuarine beds in the eastern parts of the county, and has been worked a little, but does not pay. The same remark applies to ironstone found in the Great Oolite clay.
The earliest date on a Northamptonshire church bell is 1317, but it was not until the seventeenth century that there is any evidence of bell-founding within the county. This is first found at Chalcombe, a village three miles north-east of Banbury. The industry was established there by Henry Bagley (or Bagle), about 1632, who used as a trade-mark three bells. He died in 1676, and the foundry was carried on by his two sons Henry and William and a nephew named Matthew. About 1720 a second Matthew Bagley, a son of William Bagley succeeded to the foundry, and with his death the foundry at Chalcombe is said to have ended. At Ecton there was established in business another member of the same family born at Chalcombe, Henry Bagley, a son of John Bagley, the brother of the first bell-founder at Chalcombe, and consequently a brother of the first Matthew, the partner of Henry and William. This Henry Bagley of Ecton is first heard of in
connexion with the casting of the bells of Lichfield Cathedral. In 1700 he cast the present ring of bells at Castor, on the sixth bell ofwhichisthe following inscription : 'I To The Church the Living call, and to the Grave do summon all. Henry Bagley Made Me, 1700.' He was buried in Ecton churchyard on i April, 1703, and the business apparently died with him. There was still one more Henry Bagley, a bell-founder, of the Chalcombe Foundry, who was a brother of the second Matthew, and died in 1785. This Henry Bagley we find settled at Witney in Oxfordshire, probably after working for a time in the Chalcombe foundry with Matthew. In 1752 he printed a Catalogue of 'peals of bells . . . and bells cast by Henry Bagley of Chalcombe in the county of Northampton, Bellfounder [who now lives at Witney in Oxfordshire].'
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134 The N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology. [Sept. product, and that none of these processes would be able to survive if they were dependent entirely upon the sale of nitrogen as a fertilizer. Chemical Methods of fixing Atmospheric Nitrogen. The principal chemical methods of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in use are the Haber, the Hauser, and the Serpek processes, in which the uses of electricity are ancillary only, such as heating a catalyser or for exploding a mixture of gases. These and other processes similar in character have received a great stimulus owing to the demand for explosives for carrying on the war, but it is not yet known whether they are working on a sound commercial basis. The best - known of these processes is the Haber process, by which hydrogen and nitrogen are made to combine under great pressure and high temperature in the presence of a catalyser, the gases being enclosed in a bomb and exploded by means of an electric spark. Germany is relying to a great extent on this process to make up for the deficiency caused by the interruption of the supply of Chile nitrate. They are now producing 100,000 tons per annum of nitrogen by this process, compared with 115,000 tons of nitrogen imported in the form of Chile nitrate prior to the war. They are also producing nitrogen by other artificial means which more than make up for the deficiency in Chile nitrate. It is not, of course, yet known whether this process can compete with Chile nitrate for fertilizer purposes. The situation, however, is a very favourable one for cheap production owing to the large quantities of by-product hydrogen and sulphuric acid available at the principal German chemical-works. Another process of fixing atmospheric nitrogen is the Hauser process, in which a mixture of coke-oven gas and air is exploded in a bomb by means of an electric spark, by which nitric acid is produced. This is also said to be carried on on a large scale in Germany since the war, but no particulars regarding the production are available. Another well-known process is that known as the Serpek process, by which atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by combination with aluminium in the form of a nitride. No particulars of production are available. Several variations of this method exist, but as far as is known at present there are none working on a commercial scale. None of these processes have been used to any great extent for the production of fertilizers, and they have been primarily introduced in order to manufacture nitric acid for explosives. It is quite possible, however, that improvements have been effected that will make them capable of producing nitrates at a price comparable with Chile nitrate, in which case there will be introduced further competitions with the calciumcarbide process for making cyanamide and the electric-arc process of making nitric acid for conversion into calcium nitrate. Natural versus Artificial Nitrogenous Products. As regards all artificial processes of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, whether using electricity or not, it appears that nitric acid and other products are more valuable and command a better price per unit of nitrogen than when converted into fertilizers, the reason being that the price of nitrogenous fertilizers is entirely regulated by the price of Chile saltpetre, or sodium nitrate. Any process of fixing atmospheric nitrogen has therefore to compete with the natural deposits, which for present purposes are inex¬ haustible, and capable of improvement and of reduction in price, whilst
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444 Hlectric Origin of Rigidity. velocities of rotation are not changed by the proximity of matter in the same way as those of translation. These stipulations then give us Maxwell’s law K=n’?. As is now well known, many “substances like water have different values of K, ‘according to the circumstances of measurement, this phenomenon being connected with molecular structure and to be allowed for in the interpretation of Maxwell’s law. In “The Dielectric Capacity of Atoms” (Austr. Assoc. Adv. Se. Jan. 1904) I have shown that values of K for the stuff of ions can be calculated from the ionic velocities, and that for the values found for many atoms the following law holds : (K/y)? B= constant, . 4°).
When v=1 we have U?/B constant, and IU?/IB also constant; and as we assume I to be constant, we have the kinetic energy of translation of the ether in all monad atoms the same per unit volume. For atoms of higher valency it would appear that the effective inertia of the ether of the atom for translatory motion is proportional to v?. This relation would establish a connexion between the ether of an atom and its valency, that is between the special doublets which confer its valency on an atom and the neutrons of the ether.. This requires further investigation. Itis noteworthy that the translatory kinetic energy of the neutrons in a monad atom is the same per unit volume in all atoms, just as in all gases at the same pressure and temperature the translatory kinetic energy per unit volume is the same. FitzGerald’s idea is substantially the same as: Fresnel’s, who took the ratio of density of zther in matter to density of free ether, or p/p., to be equal to the square of the index of refraction, which by Maxwell’s law becomes equal to K. But if the translator ry momentum of the neutrons per unit volume is o. same in ether everywhere, then Up= Vp, and pjpe=V /U= which shows that FitzGerald’s principle brings us a to Fresnel’s important law. It should be noticed that in the foregoing we have taken account of three distinct ways in which kinetic energy can exist in the ether: first by rotation of an electron round its centre, connected with magnetic permeability of the zther ; second ‘by rotation of neutron, which is the same as era ncletan of electron ; and third by motion impressed on the doublets of matter by the atoms, this being the origin of radiation. Melbourne, February 1904.
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Skeleton bony; the anterior vertebras not modified; anterior rays of dorsal and anal fin usually spinous ; opercular apparatus complete ; border of the mouth formed by premaxillaries ; maxillary present, and without teeth; ventral fins usually thoracic and usually formed of I spine and 5 soft rays; air bladder present, without duct in the adult; scales when present usually ctenoid.
teeth.
h. Dorsal fin with spinous portion confluent with soft portion, or separated by a deep notch in which case the longest dorsal spine is but little more than X length of longest soft ray.
Centrarchidce 306
hh. Dorsal fins with spinous and soft portions separate, or if slightly confluent the longest dorsal spine is longer than longest soft ra\ . i. Anal fin with i or 2 spines. Percidce, 317
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204 MUSCLES OF THE BACK.
with the spinal column in the lumbar region, and the vertebral aponeu rosis with the ribs and spinal column in the dorsal region, form a com plete osseo-aponeurotic sheath for the erector spinae.
The CERVICALIS ASCENDENS is the continuation of the sacro-lumbalis upwards into the neck. It arises from the angles of the four upper ribs, and is inserted by slender tendons into the posterior tubercles of the trans verse processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae.
Relations. By its superficial surface with the levator anguli scapulae ; by its deep surface with the upper intercostal muscles and ribs, and with the intertransverse mu cles ; externally with the scalenus posticus ; and internally with the transversalis colli. The tendons of insertion are inter posed between the attachments of the scalenus posticus and transversalis colli.
The TRANSVERSALIS COLLI would appear to be the continuation up wards into the neck of the longissimus dorsi ; it arises from the transverse processes of the five upper dorsal vertebrae, and is inserted into the pos terior tubercles of the transverse processes of the five middle cervical vertebrae.
Relations. By its superficial surface with the levator anguli scapulae, splenius and longissimus dorsi. By its deep surface with the complexus, trachelo-mastoideus and vertebrse ; externally with the musculus accesso rius ad sacro-lumbalem, and cervicalis ascendens ; internally with the trachelo-mastoideus and complexus. The tendons of insertion of this muscle are interposed between the tendons of insertion of the cervicalis ascendens on the outer side, and of origin of the trachelo-mastoid on the inner side.
The TRACHELO-MASTOID is likewise a continuation upwards from the longissimus dorsi. It is a very slender and delicate muscle, arising from the transverse processes of the four upper dorsal and four lower cervical vertebrae, and inserted into the mastoid process to the inner side of the digastric fossa.
Relations. The same as those of the preceding muscle, excepting that it is interposed between the transversalis colli and the complexus. Its tendons of attachment are the most posterior of those which are connected with the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the cervical ver tebrae.
The COMPLEXUS is a large muscle, and with the splenius forms the great bulk of the back of the neck. It crosses the direction of the splenius, arising from the transverse processes of the four upper dorsal, and from the transverse and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebra?, and is inserted into the rough surface on the occipital bone between the two curved lines, near the occipital spine. A large fasciculus of the com plexus is so distinct from the principal mass of the muscle as to have led to its description as a separate muscle under the name of biventer cervicis. This appellation is not inappropriate, for the muscle consists of a central tendon, with two fleshy bellies. The complexus is crossed in the upper part of the neck by a tendinous intersection.
Relations. By its superficial surface with the trapezius, splenius, tra chelo-mastoid, transversalis colli, and longissimus dorsi. By its deep sur face with the semi-spinalis dorsi and colli, the recti and obliqui. It is separated from its fellow of the opposite side by the ligamentum nuchse, and from the semi-spinalis colli by the profunda cervicis artery and prin-
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An epiphysis surmounts each half-pyramid to which it is joined |> v ,],,., M it,ire < Plate 5, figs. 2-7, 9). The epiphysis extends proximally, capping tho half-pyramid, and lateral! tends over the foramen magnum and meets its fellow of tho opponte -id.- in a median Each epiphysis presents a glenoid cavity and an internal and an external tnlx-rde I'l.it.- :,. figs. 3, 5, 9), which serve in articulation with the brace. It also hear- an elevated processor crest which is apposed to the tooth and dorsally supports that organ. The extension of the epiphyses over the foramen magnum so as to unite in suture and the cn-t- developed on the same, are important characters seen in the four families of the Temnopleiiridae, i;,.|,j M idae, Strongylocentrotidae, and Echinometridac, comprising the new suborder ('aman.donta. but are absent in other Echini (p. 183).
The brace is a block-shaped plate, often called rotula, which rests on and interlocks with the two opposed epiphyses (Plate 5, figs. 9, 11, 12). On its outer lateral borders it present* two condyles which fit into the glenoid cavities of the epiphyses. The compass (Plate 5, figs. 2, 9) rests on top of the brace, extends over its whole length, is attached to the brace on li mner proximal end by a tiny ligament, and is bifurcated on its outer end. Each compass consists of two parts, a suture just within the circular compass muscles separating the compass into an inner and an outer piece. The structure of the compass and brace is quite uniform in Echini, excepting the clypeastroids. There are thus forty pieces in the lantern of Strongylo centrotus, and in all other Echini that possess a lantern, excepting the clypeastroids. These parts are in brief: five teeth; ten half-pyramids ; ten epiphyses; five braces; ten pieces making up the five compasses.
Next taking up the soft parts associated with the lantern of Slrongylocenlrolus drobachiensis, we find that each tooth at its basal portion is enclosed in a voluminous, very delicate tr parent sac that may be called the dental capsule. A dental capsule is figured by the Sara>in> (1888) in Asthenosoma, 1 and is mentioned in Cidaris by T. H. Stewart (186'1) and in Echinus by Chadwick (1900), but I think it has not been adequately shown before. In order to see the sac properly, a specimen should be opened alive, right out of the sea. It is so delicate and sen>i tive, that if opened a few hours later, though the animal be still active, the sac has shrunk to small proportions. In alcoholic material as far as observed it is always collapsed. When opened thus alive, the capsules are so inflated that they look like five bladders radially arranged, and so large that they actually touch one another at the area nearest the oesophagus 1 1 Ma fig. 1). The sac envelops the base of the tooth completely, lies free, but on its outer lx>rder passes over the epiphyses and some distance down the face of the area of the foramen magnum (Plate 5, fig. 6). Similar capsules were seen in fresh specimens of Arbacia punclulata, Sphaer echinus granularis, and Strongylocenlrotus lividus, and very small ones inEchiiuirticlinius It would be interesting to study the capsules in perfectly fresh material of other Echini.
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is about 3-05. With regard to the so-called saussurite, I am able to state that malacolite, felspar, and minute granules of sphene often occur as constituents. The malacolite has been isolated and analyzed by myself, so that no doubt exists as to its identification, though it often occurs only in minute grains without form or cleavages. The doubtful substance which appears white by reflected and brown by transmitted light and which is a constant feature in the Lizard saussurite has not been identified.
Fig. 3.
We have now to consider the mutual relations of the different rocks above described. At Kennack Cove and at Pen Voose, near Landewednack, granite may be seen veining diorite, often in the most intricate manner (see Fig. 1, Plate XIV.). At Pen Voose, veins of both granite and diorite occur in the gabbro, Fig. 4. The three rocks are therefore of igneous origin. They exhibit the relations of igneous rocks, and they possess the composition of igneous rocks; moreover, it is possible to find here and there portions which have escaped the influence of the dynamic metamorphism, and which show the normal structure of igneous rocks. But the same rock types occur as integral portions of a banded gneissic series in the same localities. The bands are in some places as re gular as layers of sediment in a stratified rock-mass, in other places they are crumpled and contorted (Fig. 3) ; in others we observe " eyes " and lenticles of diorite surrounded by streaks and bands of a granitic rock (see Fig. 2, Plate XIV.)
As a rule the banded gneissic series is formed only of granitic and dioritic rocks, but we occasionally find eyes and streaks of gabbro and gabbro- schist. One large specimen, to which I wish to direct special attention, shows a crumpled band of gabbro-schist in mica-diorite.
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hibits have been shown. Honey demonstrations (with honey served on hot biscuits) were in operation almost continually. Hot coffee was also served while exhibits were open.
When the first session opened, twenty affiliated associations were represented by delegates. Attendance at the public sessions were from seventy-five to one hundred and fifty.
The Colorado Honey Producers' Association had the store and office at 1428 Market Street beautifully decorated, and the beemen enjoyed visiting the establishment.
One of the main difficulties was in finding time for the read ing of all the papers. Too many were presented and there was not time enough for discussion. A radical change should be made in the make-up of future programs. Too many papers on mai'ieting and co-operation were presented, although it was evi dent that these subjects are live ones.
The business sessions were characterized by some flurries that at times seemed destined to become wrecking to the organ ization, but most differences were adjusted before the end of the convention. The incorporation of the National drew out the most of the trouble.
The address by Mr. E. R. Root "Migratory Beekeeping," was excellent and while he had no great success to report, was still in terested enough in the proposition to continue trying. Mr. Her sperger, of Ordway, related his successful experience in moving bees from Ordway, Colorado, to Arkansas and back again.
his experiences in moving bees between those two states.
The paper on "Marketing Honey," by John C. Bull emphasized the point of maintaining the price on honey by selling direct to the consumer. Mr. Bull has followed this plan very successfully in Indiana.
Dr. Phillips' paper on "The Development of the Honey Mar ket" really dealt with the obstacles in the way of co-operation. Dr. Phillips' paper was a well arranged presentation of the subject by one who has had to draw all of his facts from observation rather than experience. If Dr. Phillips was an actual commercial pro ducer, he would have endeavored to also point a way as well as herald the pitfalls. Dr. Phillips said that the true friend of co operation would frown upon any co-operative venture foredoomed to failure. If Dr. Phillips' advice had been followed prior to the organization of the western honey associations now in existence, they would never have been formed. The main feature of his paper was the insistence that co-operation has to grow from the
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THE birds of this Order have the most highly complex vocal organs, the term Oscines being derived from the Latin, signifying those birds whose songs were regarded in past times as augural.
7 Species. 1
Birds of moderate size and stoutish build, bills of mod erate length, sexes of nearly similar plumage. Melodious singers, feeding chiefly on the ground. The American Robin and the Bluebird belong to this family. The true Thrushes vary through browns and olives on the back, with light breasts more or less spotted, and tails that are wider at the tip than at the base. Insectivorous birds, also casual fruit-eaters. Hoppers.
Very small insectivorous birds, feeding in the trees. General tone of plumage olivaceous, with highly coloured crown patch. Song, during the spring migration, rich and powerful for such small birds. Seen here only in autumn, winter, and early spring.
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332 BACTERIOLOGY.
Grouping. As found in the slimy flakes in the intes tinal discharges from cholera patients, Koch likens its mode of grouping to that seen in a school of small fish when swimming up stream, i. e., they all point in nearly
the same direction and lie in irregularly parallel, linear groups that are formed by one comma being located behind the other without being attached to it.
Involution forms of the spirillum of Asiatic cholera, as seen in old cultures.
On cover-slip preparations made from cultures in the ordinary way there is nothing characteristic about the grouping, but in impression cover-slips made from young cultures the short commas will nearly always be seen in
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