subject stringclasses 4 values | question stringlengths 0 1.78k | answer int8 0 4 | choices listlengths 3 5 | image imagewidth (px) 91 915 | hint stringclasses 1 value | task stringclasses 1 value | grade stringclasses 1 value | topic stringclasses 1 value | category stringclasses 1 value | skill stringclasses 1 value | lecture stringclasses 1 value | solution stringclasses 1 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biology | The frequency of genotypes for a given trait are given in the accompanying graph. Answer the following questions using this information:
What is the frequency of the recessive homozygote?
| 1 | [
"15 percent",
"19 percent",
"25 percent",
"40 percent"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The frequency of genotypes for a given trait are given in the accompanying graph. Answer the following questions using this information:
What would be the approximate frequency of the heterozygote condition if this population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
| 2 | [
"20 percent",
"45 percent",
"48 percent",
"72 percent"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The frequency of genotypes for a given trait are given in the accompanying graph. Answer the following questions using this information:
Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
| 1 | [
"Yes",
"No",
"Cannot tell from the information given",
"Maybe, if individuals are migrating"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The frequency of genotypes for a given trait are given in the accompanying graph. Answer the following questions using this information:
Which of the following processes may be occurring in this population, given the allele frequencies?
| 1 | [
"Directional selection",
"Homozygous advantage",
"Hybrid vigor",
"Allopatric speciation"
] | |||||||||
Biology | If the pedigree is studying an autosomal recessive condition for which the alleles are A and a, what was the probability that a child produced by parents A and B would be heterozygous?
| 3 | [
"0.0625",
"0.1250",
"0.2500",
"0.5000"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Imagine that a couple (C and D) go to a genetic counselor because they are interested in having children. They tell the counselor that they have a family history of a certain disorder and they want to know the probability of their firstborn having this condition. What is the probability of the child having the autosomal recessive condition?
| 3 | [
"0.0625",
"0.1250",
"0.2500",
"0.3333"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Imagine that a couple (C and D) have a child (E) that has the autosomal recessive condition being traced by the pedigree. What is the probability that their second child (F) will have the autosomal recessive condition?
| 3 | [
"0.0625",
"0.1250",
"0.2500",
"0.5000"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The bold line that point C intersects is known as the
| 1 | [
"biotic potential.",
"carrying capacity.",
"limiting factor.",
"maximum attainable population"
] | |||||||||
Biology | On the basis of what happens at the end of this chart, what is the most likely explanation for the population decline after point E?
| 1 | [
"The population became too dense and it had to decline.",
"There was a major environmental shift that made survival impossible for many.",
"Food became scarce, leading to a major famine.",
"The population had become too large."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and sodium chloride, but not to sucrose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.6 M sucrose and 0.2 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution of 0.2 M sucrose and 0.3 M NaCl. Initially, the volume on both sides is the same.
At the beginning of the experiment,
| 0 | [
"Side A is hypertonic to side B.",
"Side A is hypotonic to side B.",
"Side A is isotonic to side B.",
"Side A is hypotonic to side B with respect to sucrose"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and sodium chloride, but not to sucrose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.6 M sucrose and 0.2 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution of 0.2 M sucrose and 0.3 M NaCl. Initially, the volume on both sides is the same.
If you examine side A after a couple of days, you will see
| 3 | [
"an increase in the concentration of NaCl and sucrose and an increase in water level.",
"a decrease in the concentration of NaCl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of sucrose.",
"no net change.",
"an increase in the concentration of NaCl and an increase in the water level."
] | |||||||||
Biology | If inhibitor 1 is able to bind to the active site and block the attachment of the substrate to the enzyme, this is an example of
| 1 | [
"noncompetitive inhibition.",
"competitive inhibition.",
"a cofactor.",
"a coenzyme."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following is not a change that would affect the efficiency of the enzyme shown above?
| 2 | [
"Change in temperature",
"Change in pH",
"Change in salinity",
"Increase in the concentration of the enzyme"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following points on the preceding energy chart represents the activation energy of the reaction involving the enzyme?
| 1 | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
] | |||||||||
Biology | What kind of inheritable condition does this pedigree appear to show?
| 1 | [
"Autosomal dominant",
"Autosomal recessive",
"Sex-linked dominant",
"Sex-linked recessive"
] | |||||||||
Biology | What is the probability that couple C and D will produce a child that has the condition?
| 3 | [
"0",
"0.125",
"0.250",
"0.333"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following conditions could show the same kind of pedigree results?
| 2 | [
"Cri-du-chat syndrome",
"Turner syndrome",
"Albinism",
"Hemophilia"
] | |||||||||
Biology | If child E does in fact have the condition, what is the probability that child F will also have it?
| 2 | [
"0",
".250",
".500",
".750"
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment involving fruit flies produced the following results:
Vestigial wings are wild type, crumpled wings are mutant.
Gray body is dominant, black body is mutant.
From the data presented above, one can conclude that these genes are
| 3 | [
"sex-linked.",
"epistatic.",
"holandric.",
"linked."
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment involving fruit flies produced the following results:
Vestigial wings are wild type, crumpled wings are mutant.
Gray body is dominant, black body is mutant.
What is the crossover frequency of these genes?
| 0 | [
"10 percent",
"20 percent",
"30 percent",
"35 percent"
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment involving fruit flies produced the following results:
Vestigial wings are wild type, crumpled wings are mutant.
Gray body is dominant, black body is mutant.
How many map units apart would these genes be on a linkage map?
| 1 | [
"5 map units",
"10 map units",
"20 map units",
"30 map units"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A population of rodents is studied over the course of 100 generations to examine changes in dental enamel thickness. Species that are adapted to eat food resources that require high levels of processing have thicker enamel than do those that eat softer, more easily processed foods. Answer the following questions using this information and the curves that follow
How is average enamel thickness changing in this population?
| 2 | [
"There is no real change.",
"The color and size are changing.",
"It is increasing.",
"It is decreasing."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A population of rodents is studied over the course of 100 generations to examine changes in dental enamel thickness. Species that are adapted to eat food resources that require high levels of processing have thicker enamel than do those that eat softer, more easily processed foods. Answer the following questions using this information and the curves that follow
You randomly pick one data point from all three sets of data (all three generations), and the individual’s enamel thickness score is 15. Which of the following can be inferred?
| 3 | [
"The individual comes from generation 1.",
"The individual comes from generation 50.",
"The individual comes from generation 100.",
"The individual could be from any of these generations."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A population of rodents is studied over the course of 100 generations to examine changes in dental enamel thickness. Species that are adapted to eat food resources that require high levels of processing have thicker enamel than do those that eat softer, more easily processed foods. Answer the following questions using this information and the curves that follow.
What inference can you make about this species’ diet?
| 1 | [
"Its food resources are getting softer and easier to process.",
"Its food resources are getting harder and more difficult to process.",
"The population is growing.",
"The population is shrinking."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A student sets up a lab experiment to study the behavior of slugs. She sets up a large tray filled with soil that measures 1 square meter and has four sets of conditions, one in each quadrant:
She places 20 slugs in the tray, 5 in each quadrant. Use this information to answer the following questions:
What is this lab setup called?.
| 1 | [
"A gel sheet",
"A choice chamber",
"A potometer",
"An incubation chambe"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A student sets up a lab experiment to study the behavior of slugs. She sets up a large tray filled with soil that measures 1 square meter and has four sets of conditions, one in each quadrant:
She places 20 slugs in the tray, 5 in each quadrant. Use this information to answer the following questions:
After 5 minutes, there are 5 slugs in each quadrant. Which of the following is not a viable explanation for this finding?
| 3 | [
"The slugs haven’t had time to move yet.",
"The slugs have no preference for temperature or salinity conditions.",
"The slugs can’t move from one area of the tray to another.",
"The slugs do not like to live in high-temperature areas."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A student sets up a lab experiment to study the behavior of slugs. She sets up a large tray filled with soil that measures 1 square meter and has four sets of conditions, one in each quadrant:
She places 20 slugs in the tray, 5 in each quadrant. Use this information to answer the following questions:
After 20 minutes, 20 slugs are in the high-temperature, low-salinity quadrant. What kind of animal behavior has this experiment displayed?
| 0 | [
"Kinesis",
"Taxis",
"Survival",
"Feeding"
] | |||||||||
Biology | In the following cladogram, a common ancestor (*) and species derived from it are illustrated. How many species have four or more common ancestors with Iguanodon?
| 3 | [
"1",
"2",
"4",
"6"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following are true statements according to the figure?
I. r-strategists are unlikely to die young.
II. The death rate for a c-strategist is constant.
The following graph demonstrates 3 different strategies for survival.III. Humans are an example of a k-strategist.
| 2 | [
"I only",
"II only",
"II and III",
"I, II, and III"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Questions below refer to the following synthetic pathway of nRNA pyrimidine, cytidine 5' triphosphate, CTP. This pathway begins with the condensation of two small molecules by the enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase).This enzymatic phenomenon is an example of
| 1 | [
"transcription",
"feedback inhibition",
"dehydration synthesis",
"photosynthesis"
] | |||||||||
Biology | During labor, pressure on the cervix and oxytocin form a positive feedback loop as shown below.Which of the following other pathways also demonstrate positive feedback?
| 3 | [
"Glycolysis leads to the production of ATP. ATP, in turn, turns off the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes a key phosphorylation step in glycolysis.",
"The anterior pituitary gland in the brain releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids. Gl... | |||||||||
Biology | The following diagram demonstrates the ecological succession that occurs in an environment over time as it is colonized by different species.Why does it take 75 years for a beech-maple to occur in the figure above?
| 3 | [
"Beech seeds have a very long period of dormancy prior to germination.",
"It takes an average of 75 years for conifer trees to become extinct.",
"Agriculture was the predominant industry, and hardwood trees were removed.",
"Maple trees grow better in a pine forest than they do in a grassland."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Embryogenesis is a carefully timed and well-organized process. As a single-celled zygote divides and grows into hundreds and thousands of cells, a process called differentiation occurs wherein certain areas of the embryo become specialized to become different types of tissue. As differentiation continues, the level of specificity increases, and the cell potency decreases until highly specialized unique tissues and organs develop. The figure below shows 12 stages of development of human embryos.A totipotent embryonic cell has the most cell potency. Which of the following is most likely to be totipotent?
| 0 | [
"8-cell zygote",
"Inner cell mass",
"Mesoderm",
"Digestive tract"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Embryogenesis is a carefully timed and well-organized process. As a single-celled zygote divides and grows into hundreds and thousands of cells, a process called differentiation occurs wherein certain areas of the embryo become specialized to become different types of tissue. As differentiation continues, the level of specificity increases, and the cell potency decreases until highly specialized unique tissues and organs develop. The figure below shows 12 stages of development of human embryos.The inner cell mass is what eventually forms the embryo. During development, the embryo differentiates into various types of cell layers. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
| 2 | [
"Mesoderm",
"Hypoblast",
"Blastomere",
"Endoderm"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by an inability of the cells to properly produce (type I) or respond (type II) to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas in response to high levels of blood glucose. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood. In situations of low blood glucose, another pancreatic enzyme, glucagon, is released, which triggers the process of gluconeogenesis, shown on the right side of the pathway below. The stimulators, activators, or inhibitors of each step are shown with + or - signs.Which of the following situations likely stimulates gluconeogenesis?
| 2 | [
"High levels of insulin",
"High levels of F-2,6-BP",
"High levels of glucagon",
"High levels of ADP"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by an inability of the cells to properly produce (type I) or respond (type II) to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas in response to high levels of blood glucose. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood. In situations of low blood glucose, another pancreatic enzyme, glucagon, is released, which triggers the process of gluconeogenesis, shown on the right side of the pathway below. The stimulators, activators, or inhibitors of each step are shown with + or - signs.Patients with type I diabetes often require insulin injections. Which of the following situations would most require an insulin injection?
| 1 | [
"After eating a stalk of celery",
"After eating a cookie",
"After skipping breakfast",
"After drinking a lot of water"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by an inability of the cells to properly produce (type I) or respond (type II) to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas in response to high levels of blood glucose. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood. In situations of low blood glucose, another pancreatic enzyme, glucagon, is released, which triggers the process of gluconeogenesis, shown on the right side of the pathway below. The stimulators, activators, or inhibitors of each step are shown with + or - signs.Which of the following conditions would lead to increased production of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
| 2 | [
"High ATP and high citrate",
"High AMP and high citrate",
"High AMP and high F-2,6-BP",
"High ATP and high F-2,6-BP"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A population of goldfish in a large, isolated pond were studied in 1958 and again in 2008. The fishes' pigment level varied from pale white-orange fish to dark brown-orange fish. The color of each of the fish was recorded in the figure below.Which addition to the pond did NOT likely contribute to the change between 1958 and 2008?
| 0 | [
"A poisonous fish with a medium orange pigment",
"Runoff from fields that makes the water dark and murky",
"A light-orange water grass that grows in the pond",
"Predatory birds that can easily see medium-orange pigment"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A population of goldfish in a large, isolated pond were studied in 1958 and again in 2008. The fishes' pigment level varied from pale white-orange fish to dark brown-orange fish. The color of each of the fish was recorded in the figure below.Which of the following theories is supported by the evidence?
| 3 | [
"The pigment trait in fish demonstrates incomplete dominance.",
"The pigment trait in fish demonstrates classical dominance.",
"The pigment trait in fish demonstrates codominance.",
"None of the above"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A population of goldfish in a large, isolated pond were studied in 1958 and again in 2008. The fishes' pigment level varied from pale white-orange fish to dark brown-orange fish. The color of each of the fish was recorded in the figure below.Which of the following best describes the fish population in the year 1958?
| 1 | [
"All medium-orange in color",
"Mostly medium-orange fish with some nearly white and some nearly brown",
"Mostly white fish and brown fish with a few orange fish",
"Equal numbers of orange fish, white fish, and brown fish"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A group of Daphnia, small crustaceans known as water fleas, was placed in one of three culture jars of different sizes to determine their reproductive rate. There were 100 females in the jar. The graph below shows the average number of offspring produced per female each day in each jar of pond water.The data in the figure above would best support which conclusion?
| 1 | [
"If you decreased the number of females, the container would have to remain constant.",
"The number of offspring produced scales proportionally with the container's size.",
"The number of offspring produced increases with time.",
"Daphnia prefer high-density conditions to have the most efficient reproductive ... | |||||||||
Biology | Scientists used embryology, morphology, paleontology, and molecular biology to create the phylogenetic tree below.Which of the sources of evolutionary evidence would be the most reliable of those listed?
| 3 | [
"Embryology",
"Morphology",
"Paleontology",
"Molecular biology"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Scientists used embryology, morphology, paleontology, and molecular biology to create the phylogenetic tree below.Which of the following is the least closely related according to the phylogenetic tree?
| 2 | [
"B. physalus and B. brydei",
"B. boreales and B. brydei",
"B. musculus and B. brydei",
"B. musculus and Eschrichtius robustus"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The rainfall and biomass of several trophic levels in an ecosystem were measured over several years. The results are shown in the graph below.If it rained 120 inches, what would you project the primary consumer biomass to be?
| 0 | [
"150-200",
"60",
"45",
"20"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The rainfall and biomass of several trophic levels in an ecosystem were measured over several years. The results are shown in the graph below.Which of the following concepts is best demonstrated by this experiment?
| 2 | [
"Populations with higher genetic variation can withstand droughts better.",
"Meteorological impacts will affect the evolution of populations.",
"Environmental changes can affect all the levels of the ecosystem.",
"Unoccupied biological niches are dangerous because they attract invasive species."
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment was performed to assess the growth of two species of plants when they were grown in different pHs, given different volumes of water, and watered at different times of day over 6 weeks. Two plants were grown of each species and the average heights (in cm) are shown in the table.Which of the following would most improve the statistical significance of the results?
| 3 | [
"Let the plants grow for a longer period of time.",
"Add more conditions to test, such as amount of light and amount of soil.",
"Test the same plants with more pHs and more volumes and times of day.",
"Increase the number of plants in each group."
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment was performed to assess the growth of two species of plants when they were grown in different pHs, given different volumes of water, and watered at different times of day over 6 weeks. Two plants were grown of each species and the average heights (in cm) are shown in the table.Which pH and volume were likely used for the watering time experiment?
| 3 | [
"pH 4 and 40 mL",
"pH 7 and 40 mL",
"pH 4 and 80 mL",
"pH 7 and 80 mL"
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment was performed to assess the growth of two species of plants when they were grown in different pHs, given different volumes of water, and watered at different times of day over 6 weeks. Two plants were grown of each species and the average heights (in cm) are shown in the table.What are the preferred growth conditions for Species B?
| 0 | [
"pH 7, 40 mL, any time of day",
"pH 10, 40 mL, 7:00 A.M.",
"pH 7, 80 mL, any time of day",
"pH 10, 80 mL, 12:00 P.M."
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment was performed to assess the growth of two species of plants when they were grown in different pHs, given different volumes of water, and watered at different times of day over 6 weeks. Two plants were grown of each species and the average heights (in cm) are shown in the table.For which conditions do the species have different preferences?
| 1 | [
"pH",
"Volume",
"Volume and watering time",
"pH and volume and watering time"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Pumping blood through the human heart must be carefully organized for maximal efficiency and to prevent backflow. In the figure below, the blood enters the heart through the vena cava (1), passes through the right atrium and right ventricle and then goes through the pulmonary artery toward the lungs. After the lungs, the blood returns through the pulmonary vein and then passes into the left atrium and the left ventricle before leaving the heart via the aorta.Blood is pumped via heart contractions triggered by action potentials spreading through the heart muscle. If there is a sudden increase in blood in chamber 3, which chamber of the heart received an increased number of action potentials?
| 2 | [
"Left atrium",
"Left ventricle",
"Right atrium",
"Right ventricle"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Pumping blood through the human heart must be carefully organized for maximal efficiency and to prevent backflow. In the figure below, the blood enters the heart through the vena cava (1), passes through the right atrium and right ventricle and then goes through the pulmonary artery toward the lungs. After the lungs, the blood returns through the pulmonary vein and then passes into the left atrium and the left ventricle before leaving the heart via the aorta.Which of the following chambers or vessels carry deoxygenated blood in the human heart?
| 2 | [
"1 only",
"2 and 3",
"1, 2, 3, 4",
"4 and 5"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Note: + indicates a feature present in an organism.
Questions below refer to the data below concerning the general animal body plan of four organisms.The two most closely related organisms are
| 1 | [
"sea anemone and hagfish",
"eel and salamander",
"hagfish and eel",
"sea anemone and salamander"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Questions below refer to the following figures which show 5 species of insects that were discovered on a previously unknown island and were named as shown in the table. Proteomic analysis was performed on a highly conserved protein in the insects and the number of amino acid differences was calculated and included in the table below. The scientists used this data to create the phylogenetic tree shown below with positions labeled I, II, III, and IV as well as O, P, Q, R, and S.Which 2 species would you expect to have the most shared derived characters?
| 3 | [
"Snippeiq and Sqellert",
"Gerdellen and Sqellert",
"Snorflak and Gerdellen",
"Snorflak and Fixxels"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Questions below refer to the following figures which show 5 species of insects that were discovered on a previously unknown island and were named as shown in the table. Proteomic analysis was performed on a highly conserved protein in the insects and the number of amino acid differences was calculated and included in the table below. The scientists used this data to create the phylogenetic tree shown below with positions labeled I, II, III, and IV as well as O, P, Q, R, and S.Which species is the out-group?
| 0 | [
"Snippeiq",
"Fixxels",
"Snorflak",
"Sqellert"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Questions below refer to the following figures which show 5 species of insects that were discovered on a previously unknown island and were named as shown in the table. Proteomic analysis was performed on a highly conserved protein in the insects and the number of amino acid differences was calculated and included in the table below. The scientists used this data to create the phylogenetic tree shown below with positions labeled I, II, III, and IV as well as O, P, Q, R, and S.Which location contains the oldest common ancestor?
| 2 | [
"Position I",
"Position II",
"Position III",
"Position IV"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Questions below refer to the following figures which show 5 species of insects that were discovered on a previously unknown island and were named as shown in the table. Proteomic analysis was performed on a highly conserved protein in the insects and the number of amino acid differences was calculated and included in the table below. The scientists used this data to create the phylogenetic tree shown below with positions labeled I, II, III, and IV as well as O, P, Q, R, and S.Based on the data, which is the LEAST possible location for Gerdellen to be placed?
| 3 | [
"Position O",
"Position P",
"Position R",
"Position S"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The cell cycle is a series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. It consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The duration of the cell cycle varies from one species to another and from one cell type to another. The G1 phase varies the most. For example, embryonic cells can pass through the G1 phase so quickly that it hardly exists, whereas neurons are arrested in the cell cycle and do not divide.Since neurons are destined never to divide again, what conclusion can be made?
| 1 | [
"These cells will go through cell division.",
"These cells will be permanently arrested in the G0 phase.",
"These cells will be permanently arrested in the M phase.",
"These cells will quickly enter the S phase."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The cell cycle is a series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. It consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The duration of the cell cycle varies from one species to another and from one cell type to another. The G1 phase varies the most. For example, embryonic cells can pass through the G1 phase so quickly that it hardly exists, whereas neurons are arrested in the cell cycle and do not divide.If the cell cycle fails to progress, which of the following is NOT a possible explanation?
| 2 | [
"There are inadequate phosphate groups available for the cyclin dependent kinase.",
"A tumor suppressor protein has signaled for apoptosis.",
"A cyclin is unable to release from its cyclin dependent kinase.",
"An inhibitor of a cyclin gene has been highly expressed."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Questions below refer to the following bar graph, which shows the relative biomass of four different populations of a particular food pyramid.Which of the following would be the most likely result if there was an increase in the number of organisms in population C?
| 1 | [
"The biomass of population D will remain the same.",
"The biomass of population B will decrease.",
"The biomass of population A will steadily decrease.",
"The food source available to population C would increase."
] | |||||||||
Biology | It is difficult to determine exactly how life began. Answer the following questions as if the following data had been collected billions of years ago.Photosynthesis likely began ________ billion years ago when the first ________ appeared.
| 1 | [
"4.5; autotrophs",
"3.2; autotrophs",
"3.5; heterotrophs",
"3.2; heterotrophs"
] | |||||||||
Biology | It is difficult to determine exactly how life began. Answer the following questions as if the following data had been collected billions of years ago.When is the earliest that functional ribosomes could have been found?
| 1 | [
"Between 4 billion and 3.5 billion years ago",
"Between 3.5 billion and 3.25 billion years ago",
"Between 3.25 billion and 3 billion years ago",
"Between 3 billion years ago and the present"
] | |||||||||
Biology | It is difficult to determine exactly how life began. Answer the following questions as if the following data had been collected billions of years ago.Which best describes the origin of life according to the data?
| 2 | [
"Life required an environment with atmospheric oxygen and any type of nucleic acids.",
"Life required an environment with atmospheric carbon dioxide, but not atmospheric oxygen.",
"Life required an environment with self-replicating nucleic acids that can take on many shapes.",
"Life required an environment wi... | |||||||||
Biology | Which process is demonstrated in the figure below?
| 1 | [
"Krebs cycle",
"Photosynthesis",
"Glycolysis",
"Fermentation"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following are important pieces of replication and transcription machinery:What might have occurred to produce the following situation?
| 2 | [
"Stalled DNA replication",
"Initiation of transcription",
"Repression of transcription",
"Crossing-over in meiosis"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The graph below shows two growth curves for bacterial cultures, A and B.What could explain the difference between culture A and culture B?
| 3 | [
"Culture B started with more bacteria than culture A.",
"Culture A was grown with a competitive inhibitor.",
"Culture B was not measured as often.",
"Culture A has not yet exhausted its space and resources."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The graph below shows two growth curves for bacterial cultures, A and B.Which of the following represents the carrying capacity for culture B?
| 2 | [
"10",
"50",
"100,000",
"1,000,000"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The Loop of Henle is a structure within each of the million nephrons within a kidney. As shown in the figure, the two sides have different permeabilities, and there is differential movement across each membrane. The Loop acts as a counter-current multiplier that makes the medulla of the kidney very osmotic. The longer the loop, the higher and more powerful the osmolarity gradient that is created. The gradient is required for the reclamation of water from the urine collecting duct. On the right side of the figure is the urine collecting duct. If the body needs to retain water, anti-diuretic hormone makes this region permeable to water via the introduction of aquaporins, and the osmotic pull of the medulla reclaims the water, out of the collecting duct, which makes the urine more concentrated.What type of transport is occurring when water flows out of the descending tubule?
| 1 | [
"Simple diffusion",
"Facilitated diffusion",
"Active transport",
"Secondary active transport"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The Loop of Henle is a structure within each of the million nephrons within a kidney. As shown in the figure, the two sides have different permeabilities, and there is differential movement across each membrane. The Loop acts as a counter-current multiplier that makes the medulla of the kidney very osmotic. The longer the loop, the higher and more powerful the osmolarity gradient that is created. The gradient is required for the reclamation of water from the urine collecting duct. On the right side of the figure is the urine collecting duct. If the body needs to retain water, anti-diuretic hormone makes this region permeable to water via the introduction of aquaporins, and the osmotic pull of the medulla reclaims the water, out of the collecting duct, which makes the urine more concentrated.Which of the following statements correctly describes the state of things near the top of the descending limb?
| 0 | [
"The fluid within the descending limb is hypotonic to fluid in the space surrounding the tubule.",
"The blood within the vasa recta is hypotonic to the filtrate within the descending limb.",
"The fluid in the area surrounding the tubule is hypertonic to the blood in the vasa recta.",
"The water in the area su... | |||||||||
Biology | The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is reduced by many factors, including low pH and high CO2. The graph below shows the different dissociation curves that maternal (normal) hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin have.How much pO2 would it take in an extremely CO2-rich environment to saturate hemoglobin 90 percent?
| 3 | [
"15",
"30",
"45",
"60"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is reduced by many factors, including low pH and high CO2. The graph below shows the different dissociation curves that maternal (normal) hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin have.Hemoglobin's affinity for O2
| 0 | [
"decreases as blood pH decreases",
"increases as H+ concentration increases",
"increases as blood pH decreases",
"decreases as OH- concentration increases"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is reduced by many factors, including low pH and high CO2. The graph below shows the different dissociation curves that maternal (normal) hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin have.Which of the following processes would likely shift the normal dissociation curve to the right?
| 2 | [
"Photosynthesis",
"Respiration",
"Fermentation",
"Mitosis"
] | |||||||||
Biology | If a competitive inhibitor is bound to enzyme 1, which of the following would be decreased?
I. Protein A
II. Protein C
Consider the following pathway of reactions catalyzed by enzymes (shown in numbers):III. Protein X
| 2 | [
"I only",
"II only",
"II and III",
"I, II, and III"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Consider the following pathway of reactions catalyzed by enzymes (shown in numbers):An increase in substance F leads to the inhibition of enzyme 3. All of the following are direct or indirect results of the process EXCEPT
| 3 | [
"an increase in substance X",
"increased activity of enzyme 6",
"decreased activity of enzyme 4",
"increased activity of enzyme 5"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Consider the following pathway of reactions catalyzed by enzymes (shown in numbers):Which of the following situations represents feedback inhibition?
| 3 | [
"Protein D activating enzyme 4",
"Protein B stimulating enzyme 1",
"Protein 7 inhibiting enzyme C",
"Protein X inhibiting enzyme 2"
] | |||||||||
Biology | G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a common type of protein receptor containing seven transmembrane segments and bearing intracellular and extracellular portions. The structure of a typical GPCR and its associated partners is shown below. GPCRs are coupled to G-proteins consisting of three subunits (α, β, and γ) that bind the nucleotides GTP or GDP on the intracellular side of the GPCR. The presence or absence of a ligand on the extracellular side of the GPCR determines whether GDP or GTP will bind to the intracellular G-protein. Extracellular ligand binding initiates GDP being exchanged for GTP and the separation of the G-protein. One subunit will travel to join with a secondary partner and will initiate a cascade of signaling effects within the cell. In the example shown below, the secondary partner is adenylyl cyclase and the signaling is cAMP upregulation.What does a GPCR's capability of making a ligand-induced conformational change allow?
| 1 | [
"Binding of the ligand to the phospholipid head groups within the membrane",
"Communication between the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell",
"A solid attachment to the intermembrane region of the cell membrane",
"Intracellular binding of the GDP-associated G-protein complex"
] | |||||||||
Biology | G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a common type of protein receptor containing seven transmembrane segments and bearing intracellular and extracellular portions. The structure of a typical GPCR and its associated partners is shown below. GPCRs are coupled to G-proteins consisting of three subunits (α, β, and γ) that bind the nucleotides GTP or GDP on the intracellular side of the GPCR. The presence or absence of a ligand on the extracellular side of the GPCR determines whether GDP or GTP will bind to the intracellular G-protein. Extracellular ligand binding initiates GDP being exchanged for GTP and the separation of the G-protein. One subunit will travel to join with a secondary partner and will initiate a cascade of signaling effects within the cell. In the example shown below, the secondary partner is adenylyl cyclase and the signaling is cAMP upregulation.Which of the following situations is most similar to extracellular binding to a GPCR?
| 2 | [
"A police officer pulling over a speeding car on the expressway",
"A celebrity chef visiting the kitchen of another restaurant",
"A driver giving their order to a person through a drive-up window",
"A taxi driver picking up a group of passengers"
] | |||||||||
Biology | G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a common type of protein receptor containing seven transmembrane segments and bearing intracellular and extracellular portions. The structure of a typical GPCR and its associated partners is shown below. GPCRs are coupled to G-proteins consisting of three subunits (α, β, and γ) that bind the nucleotides GTP or GDP on the intracellular side of the GPCR. The presence or absence of a ligand on the extracellular side of the GPCR determines whether GDP or GTP will bind to the intracellular G-protein. Extracellular ligand binding initiates GDP being exchanged for GTP and the separation of the G-protein. One subunit will travel to join with a secondary partner and will initiate a cascade of signaling effects within the cell. In the example shown below, the secondary partner is adenylyl cyclase and the signaling is cAMP upregulation.Based on Figure 1, which of the following is the first step in the activation of cAMP-dPK?
| 1 | [
"The exchange of GTP for GDP",
"The binding of epinephrine",
"The separation of α-GTP",
"Phosphorylation of intracellular enzymes"
] | |||||||||
Biology | G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a common type of protein receptor containing seven transmembrane segments and bearing intracellular and extracellular portions. The structure of a typical GPCR and its associated partners is shown below. GPCRs are coupled to G-proteins consisting of three subunits (α, β, and γ) that bind the nucleotides GTP or GDP on the intracellular side of the GPCR. The presence or absence of a ligand on the extracellular side of the GPCR determines whether GDP or GTP will bind to the intracellular G-protein. Extracellular ligand binding initiates GDP being exchanged for GTP and the separation of the G-protein. One subunit will travel to join with a secondary partner and will initiate a cascade of signaling effects within the cell. In the example shown below, the secondary partner is adenylyl cyclase and the signaling is cAMP upregulation.A setup like a GPCR is unnecessary in which of the following situations?
| 3 | [
"The signaling event is very specific.",
"The ligand is a hormone traveling in the bloodstream.",
"The effector molecules are located inside the cytoplasm.",
"The ligand is a small nonpolar molecule."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following could NOT be represented by Figure 1?
| 0 | [
"A monomer used to build a protein",
"A nucleotide",
"A reactant used to synthesize nucleic acids",
"A chemical used to relay genetic information"
] | |||||||||
Biology | According to Figure 1, within the protein ARKKKK60491, which of the following locations contain polypeptide N-termini?
I. Position A
II. Position B
The enzymatic catalysis of a reaction essential in the production of dog saliva is mediated by the protein ARKKKK60491. ARKKKK60491 is a homodimer, with each subunit being 337 amino acids. Figure 1, below, indicates a modular structure of the homodimer. Three positions are indicated on the model. Position A is the active site. Position B is a region known to have a large number of nonpolar residues. Position C is known to have a large number of charged residues.III. Position C
| 2 | [
"I only",
"I and II",
"II and III",
"I and III"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The enzymatic catalysis of a reaction essential in the production of dog saliva is mediated by the protein ARKKKK60491. ARKKKK60491 is a homodimer, with each subunit being 337 amino acids. Figure 1, below, indicates a modular structure of the homodimer. Three positions are indicated on the model. Position A is the active site. Position B is a region known to have a large number of nonpolar residues. Position C is known to have a large number of charged residues.Which of the following statements best predicts the effect on the protein's structure if the subunits of the homodimer fail to attach?
| 3 | [
"The primary structure will change because the order of amino acids will differ.",
"The secondary structure will differ because hydrogen bonds will occur in different locations and the protein will fold into a different shape.",
"The tertiary structure will be destroyed because the side chain interactions will ... | |||||||||
Biology | The enzymatic catalysis of a reaction essential in the production of dog saliva is mediated by the protein ARKKKK60491. ARKKKK60491 is a homodimer, with each subunit being 337 amino acids. Figure 1, below, indicates a modular structure of the homodimer. Three positions are indicated on the model. Position A is the active site. Position B is a region known to have a large number of nonpolar residues. Position C is known to have a large number of charged residues.Which of the following is Position B most likely to assist the protein with?
| 3 | [
"Stabilization of the substrate into the transition state during catalysis",
"Transportation of catalyzed cargo from the nucleus to the mitochondria",
"Creation of a homodimer through catalysis of homodimerization",
"Attachment to the membrane by embedding into the phospholipid bilayer"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The enzymatic catalysis of a reaction essential in the production of dog saliva is mediated by the protein ARKKKK60491. ARKKKK60491 is a homodimer, with each subunit being 337 amino acids. Figure 1, below, indicates a modular structure of the homodimer. Three positions are indicated on the model. Position A is the active site. Position B is a region known to have a large number of nonpolar residues. Position C is known to have a large number of charged residues.A mutation is discovered in the gene for ARKKKK60491 that converts positively charged lysine residue into negatively charged glutamic acid residue. This single change directly impacts the location where the substrate to ARKKKK60491 attaches during catalysis. Which position is likely affected by this change?
| 0 | [
"Position A",
"Position B",
"Position C",
"None of the positions will be affected."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A certain gene has been identified on chromosome 2 in a species of butterfly. The mRNA transcript has been found to be 1578 base pairs in length. A portion of the transcript is shown below. The area shown in grey is part of a known ribosome binding site.Where on the strand shown in Figure 1 is a transcription factor likely to bind?
| 3 | [
"Bases 0 to 15",
"Bases 20 to 25",
"Bases -20 to -15",
"None of the above"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A certain gene has been identified on chromosome 2 in a species of butterfly. The mRNA transcript has been found to be 1578 base pairs in length. A portion of the transcript is shown below. The area shown in grey is part of a known ribosome binding site.RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA by matching base pairs of nucleotides. Which of the following would be the segment of DNA on the coding strand corresponding to bases 0-6 in Figure 1?
| 1 | [
"5' AAUGCA 3'",
"5' TTACGT 3'",
"3' AATGCA 5'",
"3' TTUGCT 5'"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A certain gene has been identified on chromosome 2 in a species of butterfly. The mRNA transcript has been found to be 1578 base pairs in length. A portion of the transcript is shown below. The area shown in grey is part of a known ribosome binding site.A transcript was identified in the nucleus that is similar to this transcript. How is it likely different from the mRNA transcript?
| 0 | [
"The nuclear transcript likely contained introns.",
"The nuclear transcript likely contained exons.",
"The nuclear transcript likely contained a poly-A tail.",
"The nuclear transcript likely contained a 3' GTP-Cap."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A certain gene has been identified on chromosome 2 in a species of butterfly. The mRNA transcript has been found to be 1578 base pairs in length. A portion of the transcript is shown below. The area shown in grey is part of a known ribosome binding site.If bases 0-15 were deleted, what would be the likely consequence?
| 1 | [
"No transcription would be allowed to occur.",
"No translation would be allowed to occur.",
"Neither transcription nor translation would occur.",
"No consequence would occur as these bases are non-coding."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following populations does NOT demonstrate exponential growth?
I. Cougar
II. Chipmunk
In a heavily populated suburb, two cougars were once spotted roaming in a small field. Local wildlife experts, though not surprised, warned the public to be aware of their surroundings and to keep small pets protected. A group of local junior high school students were curious about the population of cougars in the area since no one they asked had ever seen one in the area. With the help of local wildlife enthusiasts and carefully placed motion-activated wildlife cameras, the group of students recorded sightings of animals in a local forest preserve for their entire four years of high school. The results are shown below.III. Deer
| 3 | [
"I only",
"I and II",
"I and III",
"I and II and III"
] | |||||||||
Biology | In a heavily populated suburb, two cougars were once spotted roaming in a small field. Local wildlife experts, though not surprised, warned the public to be aware of their surroundings and to keep small pets protected. A group of local junior high school students were curious about the population of cougars in the area since no one they asked had ever seen one in the area. With the help of local wildlife enthusiasts and carefully placed motion-activated wildlife cameras, the group of students recorded sightings of animals in a local forest preserve for their entire four years of high school. The results are shown below.It has been shown that the population size of chipmunks is directly tied to the number of acorns dropped. This can be scientifically summarized by which of the following statements?
| 0 | [
"Acorn number is a density-dependent population factor and affects the carrying capacity of the chipmunk population.",
"Acorn number is a density-dependent population factor and does not affect the carrying capacity of the chipmunk population.",
"Acorn number is a density-independent population factor and affec... | |||||||||
Biology | In a heavily populated suburb, two cougars were once spotted roaming in a small field. Local wildlife experts, though not surprised, warned the public to be aware of their surroundings and to keep small pets protected. A group of local junior high school students were curious about the population of cougars in the area since no one they asked had ever seen one in the area. With the help of local wildlife enthusiasts and carefully placed motion-activated wildlife cameras, the group of students recorded sightings of animals in a local forest preserve for their entire four years of high school. The results are shown below.Which change will cause fewer skunks to be sighted in the future?
| 3 | [
"An increase in the number of cougars",
"An increase in the number of raccoons",
"An increase in the number of deer",
"It is impossible to make this determination."
] | |||||||||
Biology | In a heavily populated suburb, two cougars were once spotted roaming in a small field. Local wildlife experts, though not surprised, warned the public to be aware of their surroundings and to keep small pets protected. A group of local junior high school students were curious about the population of cougars in the area since no one they asked had ever seen one in the area. With the help of local wildlife enthusiasts and carefully placed motion-activated wildlife cameras, the group of students recorded sightings of animals in a local forest preserve for their entire four years of high school. The results are shown below.Although the data is limited, which of the following populations is the most likely to be a primary food source for the cougars?
| 1 | [
"Skunk",
"Deer",
"Raccoon",
"Chipmunk"
] | |||||||||
Biology | In a heavily populated suburb, two cougars were once spotted roaming in a small field. Local wildlife experts, though not surprised, warned the public to be aware of their surroundings and to keep small pets protected. A group of local junior high school students were curious about the population of cougars in the area since no one they asked had ever seen one in the area. With the help of local wildlife enthusiasts and carefully placed motion-activated wildlife cameras, the group of students recorded sightings of animals in a local forest preserve for their entire four years of high school. The results are shown below.Raccoons eat a diet rich in berries. Which statement is the most likely to describe the berry population?
| 3 | [
"A hard frost eliminated nearly all of the berries in 2007, but 2008 was a milder winter.",
"A virus was introduced in 2006 that eliminated a fly using the berry bushes as a niche habitat.",
"Cougars destroyed much of the berry habitat in 2005.",
"The berry population remained steady, with a slight decrease d... | |||||||||
Biology | A chain of three small islands was found to be the home to a small species of mouse. The angle of jaw opening was found to vary significantly. The average size angle of the maximal jaw opening found in mice at 10 locations on the three small islands is shown in Figure 1, below.Which of the following statements best supports that the jaw angle on Island B changed via punctuated equilibrium?
| 1 | [
"Fossil evidence has shown that over time the jaw angle on Island B slowly increased.",
"Fossil evidence has shown that the jaw angle of the mice on Island B increased very quickly.",
"Fossil evidence has shown that over time the jaw angle on Island B slowly decreased.",
"Fossil evidence has shown that the ja... | |||||||||
Biology | A chain of three small islands was found to be the home to a small species of mouse. The angle of jaw opening was found to vary significantly. The average size angle of the maximal jaw opening found in mice at 10 locations on the three small islands is shown in Figure 1, below.Skeletons have been found that indicate that mice with jaw angles less than 30 degrees were once found on Island B. Which explanation best accounts for this?
| 0 | [
"A small jaw angle hinders the survival of mice on Island B.",
"A large jaw angle hinders the survival of mice on Island A.",
"A small jaw angle encourages the survival of mice on Island C.",
"A large jaw angle encourages the survival of mice on Island A."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A chain of three small islands was found to be the home to a small species of mouse. The angle of jaw opening was found to vary significantly. The average size angle of the maximal jaw opening found in mice at 10 locations on the three small islands is shown in Figure 1, below.If the mice from Island A and the mice from Island B were placed together, what would likely happen?
| 0 | [
"The mice would mate, but it is impossible to predict jaw angle.",
"The mice would mate, and the jaw angle would be approximately 27°.",
"The mice would mate, and the jaw angle would be either 21° or 32°.",
"The mice would not be capable of mating."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A chain of three small islands was found to be the home to a small species of mouse. The angle of jaw opening was found to vary significantly. The average size angle of the maximal jaw opening found in mice at 10 locations on the three small islands is shown in Figure 1, below.Which of the following might account for the variations in maximal jaw angle?
| 2 | [
"Different wind speeds on each island",
"Different heights of trees on each island",
"Different sizes of seeds on each island",
"Differences in altitude on each island"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A gene responsible for production of hair pigment in dogs is called Fursilla (frsl). A map of the Fursilla locus is shown in Figure 1, below. When expressed, it results in darkly pigmented dog fur. When unexpressed, the hair is devoid of pigmentation and appears pure white. Expression of Fursilla (frsl) depends on the binding/lack of binding of several proteins: Nefur (NEFR), Lesfur (LSFR), and Dirkfur (DRKFR). Figure 2 shows the relative levels of frsl transcript as measured via RT-qPCR when each protein is overexpressed or unexpressed in the cell.How would the overexpression of BLD affect the transcript levels of Fursilla?
| 0 | [
"Fursilla transcript levels would increase.",
"Fursilla transcript levels would decrease.",
"Fursilla transcript levels would be unaffected.",
"Fursilla transcript would completely disappear."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A gene responsible for production of hair pigment in dogs is called Fursilla (frsl). A map of the Fursilla locus is shown in Figure 1, below. When expressed, it results in darkly pigmented dog fur. When unexpressed, the hair is devoid of pigmentation and appears pure white. Expression of Fursilla (frsl) depends on the binding/lack of binding of several proteins: Nefur (NEFR), Lesfur (LSFR), and Dirkfur (DRKFR). Figure 2 shows the relative levels of frsl transcript as measured via RT-qPCR when each protein is overexpressed or unexpressed in the cell.An additional protein, Baldidog (BLD), was identified and found to interact with the DRKFR protein. Based on this information, which of the following best describes why these proteins are able to bind together?
| 1 | [
"Complementary nucleotides sequences",
"Amino acid pockets with complementary conformations",
"Opposing regions rich in cytosines and thymines",
"Hydrophobic lipids and hydrophobic molecules"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A gene responsible for production of hair pigment in dogs is called Fursilla (frsl). A map of the Fursilla locus is shown in Figure 1, below. When expressed, it results in darkly pigmented dog fur. When unexpressed, the hair is devoid of pigmentation and appears pure white. Expression of Fursilla (frsl) depends on the binding/lack of binding of several proteins: Nefur (NEFR), Lesfur (LSFR), and Dirkfur (DRKFR). Figure 2 shows the relative levels of frsl transcript as measured via RT-qPCR when each protein is overexpressed or unexpressed in the cell.Based on the data, which of the following most likely describes how the binding of proteins affects the production of Fursilla transcript?
| 3 | [
"Because Fursilla transcript levels change when certain proteins are overexpressed or unexpressed in the cell, Fursilla must interfere with the other proteins.",
"Because Fursilla transcript levels stay the same whether NEFR is overexpressed or unexpressed, NEFR must bind inhibit the production of Fursilla transc... | |||||||||
Biology | A gene responsible for production of hair pigment in dogs is called Fursilla (frsl). A map of the Fursilla locus is shown in Figure 1, below. When expressed, it results in darkly pigmented dog fur. When unexpressed, the hair is devoid of pigmentation and appears pure white. Expression of Fursilla (frsl) depends on the binding/lack of binding of several proteins: Nefur (NEFR), Lesfur (LSFR), and Dirkfur (DRKFR). Figure 2 shows the relative levels of frsl transcript as measured via RT-qPCR when each protein is overexpressed or unexpressed in the cell.Which of the following would likely produce a dog with the darkest fur?
| 1 | [
"High levels of LSFR and high levels of DRKFR",
"High levels of LSFR and low levels of DRKFR",
"Low levels of LSFR and high levels of DRKFR",
"Low levels of LSFR and low levels of DRKFR"
] |
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