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4,397,257,964,178,907,000 | Surfer’s Ear
Those with frequent exposure to cold water – most commonly surfers and swimmers – often suffer from reactive exostosis, an inflammation of the bone in the ear canal that leads to the formation of new bone growth.
Known medically as exostosis but referred to informally as surfer’s ear, this condition causes bone to thicken, leading to a narrowing (and occasionally, a complete blockage or “occlusion”) of the ear canal. It can result in significant conductive hearing loss over time.
What Are the Symptoms of Surfer’s Ear?
As the ear canal narrows, water can become trapped inside, resulting in frequent ear infections. The infections as well as a loss of hearing and the sensation of “plugged up” ears that do not drain are the primary symptoms of surfer’s ear. The condition itself is not dangerous, but left untreated the danger of occlusion and an accompanying hearing loss increases.
How Is Surfer’s Ear Treated?
Treatment usually involves an outpatient surgical procedure known as canalplasty. This procedure is performed under general anesthesia. A surgeon uses a binocular microscope and drilling or chiseling out the bone growth. The surgeon usually performs this surgery through the ear canal, but may also make an incision behind the ear.
While recovering from this procedure, it is very important to not expose the ear canal to water, as this could lead to further infections. Recovery takes between a few weeks and a few months.
Call ENT Associates of Santa Barbara today at (805) 964-6926 to schedule an appointment with a physician.
How Can I Prevent Surfer’s Ear?
Avoiding surfing and swimming in extremely cold water or during especially windy conditions is the key to preventing surfer’s ear. In addition, keeping the ear canals warm and dry by wearing earplugs, a swim cap or a hood can all help. Custom earmolds are your best bet to ensuring a tight seal and all-day comfort.
To protect your hearing, book an appointment for custom earplugs, call Hearing Services of Santa Barbara at 805.967.4200. | {
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-7,155,995,094,371,818,000 | Ask a doctor
Difference Between Ultra Sound Face Lift and Fraxel Repair Laser Treatment?
I am considering a procedure to tighten the skin on my face and neck and also looking to improve the lines around my eyes and lips. I heard fraxel repair was expensive, very painful and there was a lot of recovery time needed. I have recently heard of an ultra sound face lift, could you please tell me the differece between the two and which would give the best results with the least amount of down time and money???
Doctor Answers (7)
I always caution people on the use of these new technologies
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The one thing that I always caution people about is the use of these new technologies which are just not proven over the long term. There is ultra sound that has been used in medical applications. But, as far as using ultra sound instead of a surgical facelift, I wouldn’t recommend it. Fraxel is a different story. It shouldn’t be painful and usually is not that expensive and is appropriate for skin wrinkling and skin tightening, superficially. But, it’s not a lifting procedure. Face lifting and Fraxel are really two different procedures that achieve two different things and work in different layers of the face. Fraxel works superficially for finer lines and skin tightening. A facelift works deeper to lift the deeper tissues of the skin. In general, a lot of these technologies that sound too good to be true, are too good to be true. They may not be expensive, but you’re usually just wasting your money as they usually don’t deliver the results promised. I like to see several year’s worth of real results before I recommend a technology.
Fraxel Repair versus Ulthera
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Dear Brookhaven: This is a common question in the mind of many patients who want to deploy their hard earned resources in getting the best result. Comparing the Fraxel Repair (FR) versus other skin tightening treatments (like the Ulthera) is tough because they treat different things and have different downtimes. The FR works very well to rejuvenate the surface of the skin, but can have 3-6 downtime depending on the treatment levels. The ultrasound technology attempts to tighten the deeper skin tissues and has NO downtime, but is somewhat painful. Another more established non-invasive deep skin tightening technology with a similar goal includes the Thermage which is designed to tighten deep skin. In theory, we would like to use both in synergy to rejuvenate the entire face. Now, it is really a bit too much marketing to call the Ulthera, "an ultrasound facelift" device...subtle facial tightening- maybe, slight reduction in facial sagging volume - maybe, looking a bit better-yes, noticeable facial tightening - I have not seen it or heard of it, as of yet. Again, the Ulthera is relatively new device, so I cannot definitively comment until I see more results. In contrast, the changes with the FR are much more noticeable where almost all patients see a reduction in:
• Fine lines around the eyes
• Some of lines around the mouth
• More even skin texture and color
• Reduction in freckels, red spots, etc.
• Improvement of skin acne scars and lines
• Skin looseness / laxity
The main negatives with FR are the downtimes involved and the need to numb the face. But for those who have funds for only one procedure to look better, I would steer most towards the FR and generally away from newest (think marketing) not yet fully proven technology platforms.
Hope this of help, Dr. Vartanian
A. John Vartanian, MD
Glendale Facial Plastic Surgeon
5.0 out of 5 stars 12 reviews
Focused ultrasound vs. fractional resurfacing
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Fractional resurfacing is best suited to treat fine wrinkles and discoloration of the skin while focused ultrasound treatments are intended to tighten and contour the skin. Ultrasound treatments do not address skin color changes. There is no recovery period after ultrasound treatments whereas approximately 1 week of recovery is needed after ablative fractional resurfacing treatment. These treatments tend to be complementary as opposed to competitive. That is to say, many patients can benefit from both of these treatments.
Brian Biesman, MD
Nashville Oculoplastic Surgeon
5.0 out of 5 stars 26 reviews
You might also like...
Non-surgical facelifts
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Neither Fraxel (despite Dr. Oz's recent show) nor Ulthera will give you anything close to a "best" result. At best they might slightly tighten you up but in no way will they do much very impressive. Keep your expectations in line with what a treatment can realistically do and you will be happy.
Thermage and Fraxel or Portrait
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Resurfacing for lines around the lips improves these lines but the lines will not usually go away completely. The best results are obtained with laser resurfacing but it does take a week or more to heal and there is a risk of scarring. Fraxel Repair, non-fractional carbon dioxide laser and Portrait plasma therapy can be done but all do require at least a week to heal. Tightening procedures with radiofrequency, such as Thermage, do nothing to help the surface lines. Often patients undergo both and can do the Thermage the same day and immediately preceding the Fraxel laser. Fraxel Restore can be done in a series of multiple treatments with minimal downtime and no need to stay at home, unlike the Fraxel Repair, but the results are not expected to produce as good a dimunition of wrinkles of the lips.
Ronald Shelton, MD
Manhattan Dermatologist
5.0 out of 5 stars 33 reviews
Best Non-Surgical Face Lift Ultrasound (Ulthera) vs. Fractionated CO2 (Fraxel repair)
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Hi Brookhaven,
Fraxel repair will give you skin rejuvenation by improving the tone, texture, and color of your skin as well as tightening select areas of crepe skin such as around the eyes, cheeks, and somewhat in necks. Fraxel repair is the best technology for wrinkles around the eyes and lips. The treatment should not be painful when performed by a physician who knows how to use local anesthesia. Thankfully, the post-treatment recovery is pain free (in 4 years I have not prescribed a pain med for a patient after Fraxel repair). The acute recovery period is 7-10 days, but it takes 4-8 weeks for the skin color to return to normal.
The current ultrasound technology used for tightening the face and neck is Ulthera. Ulthera can be quite painful during the treatment, and there can be some discomfort afterwards. Ulthera will "lift" the eyebrows, face, and somewhat the neck more so than Fraxel repair, but will not treat the crepe skin of the eyes and lines of the lips as well. I have been treating patients with Ulthera for the past 2 1/2 years with excellent patient satisfaction. The new "Amplify" protocol cuts the discomfort of Ulthera greatly by decreasing the amount of energy per pulse by 25% and increasing the total number of pulses by 33%.
As with many of the procedures in facial aesthetics, the old saying, "No Pain, No Gain" applies. Good luck and be well.
Michael A. Persky, MD
Los Angeles Facial Plastic Surgeon
5.0 out of 5 stars 23 reviews
CO2 will improve the texture and color too
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Fraxel Repair and other fractional CO2 systems give some tightening, but mainly help general photoaging symptoms like lines, wrinkles and especially blotchy discoloration. Ultrasound and radiofrequency tightening just gives some improved contours and lift. Many patients actually do need both.
Mary P. Lupo, MD
New Orleans Dermatologist
5.0 out of 5 stars 10 reviews
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship. | {
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-6,651,704,637,117,927,000 | Vitamins and Minerals for Immune System Health
In 2020, a global pandemic thrust the issue of immunity into the limelight. Many of us were left wondering how to boost our natural defenses and reduce the risk of infection. Aside from precautions like handwashing and mask-wearing, supporting immune health became a top priority.
Optimizing immune function is the best way to protect ourselves from harmful viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. But it is also much more than that. In many cases, having a healthy immune system could delay or prevent the onset of chronic conditions like cancer. Therefore, it is essential to do all we can to support it, regardless of the threat of infection.
That said, immunity is a complex subject, and an overactive immune system can be as detrimental as an underactive one. Excessive immune responses can cause allergies, in which the body reacts to harmless stimuli as if they were dangerous. Meanwhile, autoimmune disorders cause the immune system to attack the body’s cells leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and disease.
Therefore, keeping the immune system in balance can be challenging for some. The good news is that healthy eating, regular exercise, managing stress, and getting enough sleep can all help. Some people also recommend taking immune system-boosting vitamins and minerals to complement these beneficial activities.
This article explores whether these “immunity vitamins” are truly effective and which supplements are worth consideration. Here’s all you need to know.
Immune System Boosting Vitamins and Minerals
The immune system comprises various structures, cells, and chemicals that work together to protect the body from infection and disease.
The skin, body hair, and mucous membranes are our first line of defense, providing physical barriers against harmful microbes like viruses and bacteria. Chemicals like stomach acid and the enzymes in saliva, sweat, and tears act as an additional shield.
vitamins-for-immune-system-1
If a pathogen does make it into the body, chemical messengers called cytokines raise the alarm. Blood flows to the area, bringing a host of white blood cells designed to destroy the invaders and neutralize the threat.
This early warning system results in inflammation. It is why an injured area becomes red and swollen, or we develop a sore throat when we catch a cold. Many people view inflammation negatively, but it is a natural and necessary part of the immune response. It is only when the inflammatory process fails to switch off appropriately that problems occur.
All of the above components contribute to what is known as innate immunity. It is our in-built defense system and becomes active as soon as we are born.
We also have adaptive (or acquired) immunity that develops throughout our lives. It is the ability to recognize pathogens that have infected us previously and mount a rapid response. It relies upon proteins called antibodies that help our immune cells remember microbes they have encountered before.
Many different factors influence our innate and adaptive immune functions. Some of these factors cannot be controlled, such as age or chronic disease. However, others can, including sleep, stress, exercise, and diet.
Adequate nutrition is essential, and many micronutrient deficiencies have been linked with impaired immunity. So, what are the most important immune system vitamins and minerals? Let’s take a look.
Best Vitamins for Immune System Health
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is indispensable for immune support, and it has several crucial functions.
Firstly, this micronutrient has an essential role in collagen production. Collagen is the protein that keeps skin strong and supple. Therefore, vitamin C directly influences skin health and helps to maintain its barrier integrity.
It is also necessary for the growth and development of T and B cells. T cells are responsible for recognizing foreign particles, and B cells produce antibodies. This function makes vitamin C important for both innate and adaptive immunity.
The vitamin also promotes inflammatory signaling, encouraging white blood cells to travel to infected areas. Meanwhile, its potent antioxidant effects help to protect tissues from damage.
Studies have shown that vitamin C deficiency increases one’s susceptibility to respiratory infections like colds and flu. There is also evidence that supplementation could reduce the risk of developing severe complications like pneumonia.
Food sources: Citrus fruits, bell peppers, strawberries, leafy greens.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is another essential nutrient for immune health.
It appears to improve immune function by enhancing barrier integrity and increasing white blood cell activity. It strengthens innate and adaptive immunity and protects against viral infections.
There are vitamin D receptors throughout the body, including T cells, B cells, and the lining of the lungs. It seems that mutations in the genes responsible for generating these receptors can increase the risk of respiratory infections. Furthermore, low vitamin D levels are associated with more frequent and severe infections.
There is some evidence to support supplementation for preventing and treating respiratory infections and tuberculosis. Supplements may also help other respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Furthermore, vitamin D has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, making it potentially useful for autoimmune disorders.
Sources: Sunlight on the skin, fatty fish, beef liver, egg yolks, UV-exposed mushrooms.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A plays a role in inflammation, immunomodulation, and autoimmune disorders. It is necessary for the normal development of immune cells and the tissues that line the digestive system and lungs.
Deficiencies are associated with impaired barrier function, abnormal immune responses, and an increased risk of infection.
Research suggests that vitamin A could also protect against specific viral infections, including hepatitis B, influenza, norovirus, and more. It also appears that supplements could reduce the risk of infection-related deaths occurring in association with vitamin A deficiency.
Food sources: Fatty fish, beef liver, eggs, leafy greens, bell peppers, tomatoes, and other brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
The B vitamins have many crucial functions, including energy metabolism, cell function, and DNA synthesis. B6, in particular, affects innate and adaptive immunity by influencing the development of immune cells. It also supports white blood cell activity, alongside vitamins B9 and B12.
Food sources: Meat, poultry, legumes, nuts.
Vitamin B9 (Folate or Folic Acid)
Vitamin B9 (folate or folic acid) is heavily involved in DNA synthesis. This makes it essential for the healthy development of immune cells.
Vitamin B9 (and B12) deficiencies are associated with lower-than-average levels of glutathione, the body’s master antioxidant. Therefore, people lacking this nutrient may be more susceptible to the harmful effects of free radicals generated by the inflammatory response.
Food sources: Leafy greens, citrus fruits, nuts, legumes.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is another nutrient with antioxidant effects and the ability to protect cells from damage. It is also involved in immune cell signaling and affects the activity of several types of immune cells.
Animal studies have demonstrated links between vitamin E deficiency and impaired immune function. There is also a suggestion that supplementation could increase resistance to infections, although human research is limited.
Food sources: Vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, leafy greens, avocados, bell peppers, asparagus, mangos.
Zinc
Zinc is among the most important minerals for immune health and is often found in immunity-boosting supplements.
This micronutrient can enhance or inhibit specific immune functions, balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Zinc deficiencies have been linked with the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Other key functions include maintaining barrier integrity and regulating T and B cell numbers. The mineral also has some direct antiviral effects. For example, it inhibits an enzyme that certain viruses need to replicate.
There is evidence that zinc supplements could help prevent respiratory infections or shorten their duration.
Food sources: Meat, poultry, shellfish, whole grains, nuts, legumes.
Selenium
Selenium is another crucial mineral for immune function.
It helps to modulate inflammation, and animal studies suggest it increases cellular immunity by enhancing T cell function. It may also have some direct antiviral effects.
Selenium deficiencies have been associated with impaired innate and adaptive immunity, including reduced T and B cell function, decreased antibody production, and increased susceptibility to infection.
Food sources: Meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, legumes, nuts (especially Brazil nuts).
Copper
Copper supports the activity of white blood cells, T cells, and B cells. It also has some direct antimicrobial effects.
Copper deficiencies have been linked with an increased risk of infection.
Food sources: Beef liver, shellfish, whole grains, nuts and seeds, mushrooms, avocados, tofu.
Iron
Iron influences cell development, including immune cells. It also has antibacterial effects and can increase the activity of some white blood cells. Furthermore, iron deficiencies are associated with atrophy of the thymus gland, the organ that produces T cells.
However, consuming too much iron may be detrimental. The mineral acts as fuel for some pathogens and could increase the severity of certain infections. Iron overload can also impair overall immune function and promote excess inflammation.
Food sources: Lean red meat, eggs, leafy greens, whole grains, dried fruit.
Supplements to Boost Immune System Health
Supplements are not always necessary for immune health, and many people can meet their nutrient requirements by eating a balanced diet. However, not everyone can get enough nutrition from food, and people with specific micronutrient deficiencies may need extra help.
vitamins-for-immune-system-2
Fortunately, there are plenty of immunity vitamins on the market. Many are little more than a general multivitamin, while others contain immunity-specific vitamins and minerals. The strongest evidence for supplementation relates to vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc. However, all of the micronutrients listed above may prove beneficial.
Some products contain other ingredients like echinacea, elderberry, or probiotics. All of these may have some benefits for immunity, although the evidence supporting their use is inconclusive. Furthermore, products containing echinacea should not be used long-term.
There is also a growing trend toward using mushroom supplements to boost immunity. Mushrooms contain complex carbohydrates called beta-glucan polysaccharides, which appear to benefit the immune system in several ways.
Whenever choosing a supplement, it is essential to conduct thorough research before purchasing. This includes ensuring that the brand is reputable and reliable and that the specific product is suitable for you. We recommend consulting a dietician or physician before taking any supplement for the first time.
Minerals and Vitamins for Immune System Health: Summary
Eating well, exercising regularly, managing stress, and getting enough sleep can all contribute to a healthy immune system. Diet is especially important as micronutrient deficiencies can impair immunity significantly.
Older adults and individuals with chronic conditions may be more prone to deficiencies than others. These people may benefit from taking supplements containing the immune system-boosting vitamins listed above.
These products are not a magic bullet but using them alongside other activities that support your immune system could help. However, it is best to consult a professional to ensure that you choose the most appropriate supplement for you.
Article Sources:
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-3,245,568,064,499,212,000 | Why dementia can affect moods and personality
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-5,313,856,211,963,858,000 | Weight Loss: Choosing a Diet That Works for You
diet that works for you
Some say that diets don’t work, but what we choose to put into our bodies is important! Discover how to choose a diet that works for you and your needs.
You’re going to be going on a cruise in a few months. You would like to get in shape before you head out. You’ve never believed in diets but just this once you’re willing to try one out.
This is all well and good but it’s easy to do more harm than good when on a diet. You want to lose weight but you don’t want to hurt yourself doing it. That’s why it’s important to ask yourself questions and get your doctor involved before committing to one.
To help you pick a diet that works, here is a quick guide on everything that that you should consider before you get started.
Get Your Doctor Involved
Nobody will know what your body needs more than your doctor. They have your entire medical history laid out on a clipboard so they will be able to sit down with you and talk about your needs.
They will go over your entire medical history with you and tell you any conditions and medications that may get in the way of your dieting needs. From there they can suggest a few diets that they think will work.
During this talk be sure to bring up any diets that you’re interested in so they can tell you if they will be effective. Once this appointment is over they can refer you to a dietitian who can help you through the rest of your journey if need be.
What Are Your Personal Needs?
There are a lot of diets out there and not all of them will work for you. You can weed out a few diets by considering your personal preferences. Here are a few things to think about.
Diets that You’ve Tried Out
Have you tried a diet before that didn’t work out? Take some time to consider why it didn’t do the job for you.
Perhaps you did like it but it was too hard to work around your daily life. That happens to the best of us. There are some diets, that while effective can leave us emotionally and physically drained and that’s no good.
Sometimes the diet leaves you feeling hungry because they compromise food portions for low-calories. Feeling hungry won’t only make you lose motivation but will also make you feel sick and cranky.
Speaking of motivation, if you lost it halfway through your last diet, perhaps this time you should do one that involves a support group.
Your Budget
There are some plans that cause you to have to buy meal plans and supplements and attend support meetings. If the cost of diet plan is too high you obviously can’t do it.
The best way to judge if it’s going to be too high is to go ahead and set your budget for it. Decide how much you will be willing to spend. This will stop you from dipping into your rent money every month so you can lose weight.
If your funds won’t allow you splurge on a fancy plan at all then turn to your online sources. There are many programs that are either free or are pretty close to it.
Other Considerations
One of the main things that you need to consider when looking at diet plans is your medical conditions. For example, there are some plans that are better for diabetics than others.
Next thing is your culture. Are there any requirements or needs that you have to keep in mind regarding that?
Features to Look for
With each plan come different features. If you want to pick one that you don’t mind living with then you will need to look at its flexibility, balance, and taste.
Is it Flexible
One food doesn’t make a healthy diet. You need all of the food groups working together to make your body healthy. So rather than picking a diet that isolates certain food groups, find one that incorporates every single one.
This being said, it should allow you to dip into some friendly indulgence every once in a while but limit foods that you’re not getting any nutrition from such as sugary drinks and alcohol.
Is it Balanced
Again, your diet of choice should be able to give you all the nutrients that you need. It shouldn’t force you to put a hard stop on putting calories in your body, cause you to kick full food groups out of your life, or require a high amount of vitamins and supplements.
If it does, then it will cause nutritional problems down the line that are more serious than a little extra stomach.
Do You Like it?
The diet needs to include foods that you’ll actually eat. If it’s gross or bland to you then you’ll lose motivation for the diet. If you want lifetime weight loss try out the food.
If your reaction is that you can tolerate it then move on to another diet. It needs to be delicious not just tolerable.
Finding a Diet that Works for You
Losing a bit of weight is a worthwhile endeavor but you need to take a lot into consideration if you’re going to find a diet that works for you. You should get your doctor involved and ask yourself plenty of questions. We hope you’re able to use this guide to get started!
If you really want to lose weight you’ll need to add a bit of exercise in your diet. Visit the health tips section of our blog daily for a little bit of fitness inspiration.
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5,005,414,362,777,366,000 | Pain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pain is a symptom of being hurt or sick. It is a bad sensation that is physical and emotional.
Most pain starts when part of the body is hurt. Nerves in that part send messages to the brain. Those messages tell the brain that the body is being damaged. Pain is not just the message the nerve sends to the brain. It is the bad emotion felt because of that damage.
The message that the nerve sends to the brain is called nociception. What is experienced because of the nociception is pain.
Kinds of pain[change | change source]
Pain can be acute or chronic. Acute means it only happens a short time. Chronic means the pain lasts a long time.
Pain can be from different types of injury:
• Cutaneous pain is from damage to the skin. This is the pain a person feels when their wrist is cut with a knife.
• Visceral pain is from damage to the organs inside the body – like the stomach, kidney, and heart. This is the pain a person feels when they have an ulcer.
• Somatic pain is from muscles, bones, and joints. This is the pain a person feels when they sprain (twist) a joint like the ankle.
Pain can also happen when there is no underlying injury or cause. Pain can happen just because the nerves do not work right. This is called neuropathic pain.
Treatments for pain[change | change source]
For most pain, the best treatment is to stop the damage that makes the pain. If the ankle is sprained, doctors tell the person not to walk on it. They tell them to put ice on it. This helps the injury stop. For an ulcer in the stomach, doctors stop the acid made in the stomach. This helps the ulcer to heal.
But many kinds of pain also need medicines to feel better. There are many different kinds of medicines for pain:
• NSAIDs (Acronym) for Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug. These medicines decrease the inflammation where the person is hurt. They also work in the brain to decrease pain. Examples are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These medicines can make someone sleepy but they are not addictive. They can cause problems with kidneys and with peptic ulcers.
• Opioids are narcotic pain relievers. They do not have the kidney and stomach problems that NSAIDs have. But they can make someone very sleepy and have other potential side effects, such as lack of coordination, inability to concentrate, blurred vision, and weight gain. They can be addictive.
• Acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol) is not a narcotic or an NSAID. So it is much safer than either one, but can cause liver damage.
• Anti-seizure medicines (also called antiepileptics or anti-convulsants) – many of these medicines work for chronic neuropathic pain. Other pain medicines may not work at all for those kinds of pain. Examples are carbamazepine and gabapentin.
• Anti-depression medicines can also help chronic pain, even if it is not neuropathic pain. This is partly because of an affect on pain itself. But it also helps, because living in chronic pain can cause depression.
There are doctors who specialize in pain management. These are usually anesthesiologists but may also have any one of a number of underlying areas of specialization, such as neurology, physiatry, or internal medicine.
Chronic pain[change | change source]
A new genetic method of treating chronic pain is in the research stage. The idea is to inactivate (turn off) gene HCN2, which plays a key role in chronic pain. Experiments on mice suggest this will work.[1]
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
1. BBC News: Gene find could lead to drug for chronic back pain [1]
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2,776,037,587,373,240,000 | Combining a nontargeted and targeted metabolomics approach to identify metabolic pathways significantly altered in polycystic ovary syndrome
Alice Y. Chang, Antigoni Z. Lalia, Gregory D. Jenkins, Tumpa Dutta, Rickey E. Carter, Ravinder J. Singh, K. Sreekumaran Nair
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
21 Scopus citations
Abstract
Objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition of androgen excess and chronic anovulation frequently associated with insulin resistance. We combined a nontargeted and targeted metabolomics approach to identify pathways and metabolites that distinguished PCOS from metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods Twenty obese women with PCOS were compared with 18 obese women without PCOS. Both groups met criteria for MetS but could not have diabetes mellitus or take medications that treat PCOS or affect lipids or insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity was derived from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. A nontargeted metabolomics approach was performed on fasting plasma samples to identify differentially expressed metabolites, which were further evaluated by principal component and pathway enrichment analysis. Quantitative targeted metabolomics was then applied on candidate metabolites. Measured metabolites were tested for associations with PCOS and clinical variables by logistic and linear regression analyses. Results This multiethnic, obese sample was matched by age (PCOS, 37 ± 6; MetS, 40 ± 6 years) and body mass index (BMI) (PCOS, 34.6 ± 5.1; MetS, 33.7 ± 5.2 kg/m2). Principal component analysis of the nontargeted metabolomics data showed distinct group separation of PCOS from MetS controls. From the subset of 385 differentially expressed metabolites, 22% were identified by accurate mass, resulting in 19 canonical pathways significantly altered in PCOS, including amino acid, lipid, steroid, carbohydrate, and vitamin D metabolism. Targeted metabolomics identified many essential amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) that were elevated in PCOS compared with MetS. PCOS was most associated with BCAA (P = .02), essential amino acids (P = .03), the essential amino acid lysine (P = .02), and the lysine metabolite α-aminoadipic acid (P = .02) in models adjusted for surrogate variables representing technical variation in metabolites. No significant differences between groups were observed in concentrations of free fatty acids or vitamin D metabolites. Evaluation of the relationship of metabolites with clinical characteristics showed 1) negative associations of essential and BCAA with insulin sensitivity and sex hormone-binding globulin and 2) positive associations with homeostasis model of insulin resistance and free testosterone; metabolites were not associated with BMI or percent body fat. Conclusions PCOS was associated with significant metabolic alterations not attributed exclusively to androgen-related pathways, obesity, or MetS. Concentrations of essential amino acids and BCAA are increased in PCOS, which might result from or contribute to their insulin resistance.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)52-63
Number of pages12
JournalMetabolism: Clinical and Experimental
Volume71
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 1 2017
Keywords
• Branched-chain amino acids
• Insulin sensitivity
• Metabolic syndrome
• Vitamin D
• α-Aminoadipic acid
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
• Endocrinology
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Combining a nontargeted and targeted metabolomics approach to identify metabolic pathways significantly altered in polycystic ovary syndrome'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | {
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-3,423,393,514,825,422,000 | Original Human Diet
image
MEAT: THE ORIGINAL HUMAN DIET
[Excerpted from Primal Body, Primal Mind by Nora Gedgaudas]
The hunter- gatherer diet can be described via at least two different perspectives: ice age Paleolithic and post–ice age, or neo- Paleolithic. The diet of neo- Paleolithic peoples, including modern- day hunter- gatherers with some regional variation, essentially consisted of high- quality animal- source protein, both cooked and uncooked (including organ meats of wild game, all clean), that was hormone- , antibiotic- , and pesticide- free, naturally organic, and entirely range- fed with no genetic alteration. This diet included some eggs, when available, insects (sorry to say), and seafood. This diet was typically moderately high in fat, calorically, at a rate estimated to have been roughly ten times our modern intake (and fat was highly coveted). This included varieties of saturated, monounsaturated, and omega- 3 fats, and balanced quantities of omega- 6 fats, together with abundant fat- soluble nutrients.
Neo- Paleolithic, primitive human diets, as well as diets during more temperate periods amid the ice age, generally included a significant variety of vegetable matter, some fresh raw nuts and seeds, and some very limited quantities of tart, wild fruit, as was seasonally available. There was far more plant material in the diets of our more recent ancestors than our more ancient hominid ancestors, due to different factors. The current ice age (yes, “current”), known as the Pliocene- Quaternary glaciation, started about 2.58 million years ago, around the time the first hominids appeared, during the late Pliocene era, when the spread of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere began. Since then, the world has seen cycles of glaciation, with ice sheets advancing during extended time periods called glacials (glacial advance) and retreating during time periods called interglacials (glacial retreat).
The earth is currently in an interglacial period, and the last glacial period ended close to 11,500 years ago. In 1976, scientists at the Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory spearheaded a project called Climate: Long- Range Investigation Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) to map the history of the oceans and climates. They exhaustively studied core samples and discovered that major cooling and glacial advances begin or end, almost like clockwork, every 11,500 years. Every one hundred thousand years or so, this transition to a major, especially brutal deep freeze occurs in a surprisingly abrupt manner, at times over no more than a few seasons. They refer to this regularly varying cycle of cooling periods as the Milankovitch cycle, also sometimes referred to as “the pacemaker of the ice ages.”
There can be no question that our physiology is profoundly influenced by this climatologic history. We have spent highly significant time periods during our ancestral history locked in the grip of mostly ice and snow, with only the briefest periods of warmer reprieve when edible plant life could have grown over a significant portion of the Northern Hemisphere. Periodic swings in climatic conditions, from relatively brief periods of reasonably temperate conditions to prolonged, harsh, ice age conditions, are more recently understood by climatologists to have been relatively rapid. Back in the late 1980s, a group of scientists known as the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) drilled cores almost two miles deep into the ice, drilling deep enough to reach ice that had formed 250,000 years ago. By analyzing the data this provided, it was realized that each and every ice age during the last 250,000 years actually began quite abruptly, typically (ironically) following spikes in global temperature.
Each time this change occurred, the climate descended into full- blown glacial severity within less than twenty years, sometimes well within ten years! Only those people adapted in their physiology and cunning would have survived such sudden onsets of frigid, and unforgiving conditions (Calvin 2002). Even while the Northern Hemisphere was gripped in snow and ice during these periods, Africa was being ripped apart by droughts and wildfires, with catastrophic areas of flooding elsewhere. During any ice age, the entire planet endures a relentless range of such extremes. Studies of ancient human coprolites, or fossilized human feces, dating anywhere from three hundred thousand to as recent as fifty thousand years ago, have revealed essentially a complete lack of any plant material in the diets of the subjects studied (Bryant and Williams- Dean 1975).
In other words, it is likely we subsisted for a very significant portion of our evolution largely on the meat and fat of animals we hunted. Fat was the prime commodity for its concentrated nutrient and energy value. This has even been true of neo- Paleolithic hunter- gatherers and traditional societies, as clearly shown by the exhaustive scientific work of Weston A. Price first published in 1939 (Price 1989). As omnivores and opportunists, we would always have certainly procured whatever might have been available to us for food. Permafrosts and droughts, however, left many of us limited options for long stretches of time. Fat, too, is our most efficient, dense, and prolonged- burning fuel. It is essential for an important multitude of bodily processes, not the least of which is the functioning of the human brain.
Another important limitation stems from the fact that we as a species have only relatively recently developed a universally controlled use of fire. By most accounts, this did not occur before fifty thousand to one hundred thousand years ago. Although scattered evidence of fire exists from as far back as three hundred thousand to four hundred thousand years ago, it is unlikely that the sophisticated development of cooking practices occurred much before the use of fire became more universal and commonplace— sometime after Cro- Magnon man migrated into Europe. (The oldest- known pottery dates only as far back as 6800 BCE, incidentally.)
What makes the use of cooking especially significant is the toxicity of most plant species. Wild plants contain any number of toxic compounds that would have made their use as food in any significant quantity perilous. Cooking is the only means by which many of these “antinutrients” can be neutralized. Modern produce has been genetically modified to reduce the presence of harmful compounds to a significant extent. Most wild plants, on the other hand, require extremely careful selection and preparation. Most starchy roots, tubers, and legumes would have been prohibitively dangerous to consume without extensive cooking.
Furthermore, the energy expended in the procurement of the remaining types of plant foods easily exceeds their potential caloric value, to say little of their meager, inferior available protein content, which is so critical to our needs. Mass die- offs of megafauna following the last ice age ten thousand years ago and over- hunting by humans may have led to an increased dependence on plant foods and ultimately to the development of agriculture. Some people also hypothesize that it was an addiction to the exorphins (morphinelike compounds) in grains that sparked this widespread development.
Nonetheless, it is widely accepted that it was, in fact, our extended dependence on the meat and fat of animals (rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA; and docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA) through these frozen winters of unimaginable duration that allowed for the rapid enlargement and development of the human brain. Meat and especially fat would have been the most coveted and important commodities of all. We never would have survived as a species without them. Our increased dependence on hunting also likely helped facilitate and develop the very human qualities that we most intrinsically value— cunning, cooperation, altruism, sharing, advanced creativity, the power to foresee the future and to be able to call upon the past in terms of the future, the capacity to evaluate with complexity, and the ability to imagine solutions— qualities not particularly found in other primates (Ardrey 1976).
Also, interestingly, the dominant form of fatty acids in the human brain is omega- 3; in chimps and other primates, it is mostly omega- 6. This is a very significant distinction and one that is the likely result of these evolutionary, ice age–induced dietary changes. Many authors popularizing the notion of Paleolithic diets base their conclusive evidence on the diets of more- contemporary primitive peoples, forgetting that for most of our evolution, the world has been a very, very different place. Either way, it is evident from even the most recent analysis of primitive diets that animal- source foods and fat- soluble nutrients invariably play a critical, central role in such peoples’ extraordinary physical and mental health and freedom from disease, as characterized in primitive peoples and more traditional groups. It is also quite evident that diets consisting of any significant quantity of carbohydrates are a strictly modern phenomenon, one that our ice age human physiology has evolved little adaptation to— or defense against.
Carbohydrates, other than the largely indigestible variety found in fibrous vegetables and greens, have generally played a minimal role at best through most of human evolution. Fruit was consumed only seasonally by our neo- Paleolithic ancestors in most places, and wild fruit is extremely fibrous and smaller in size, with less total sugar content. Many potatoes and tubers would have required extensive cooking to neutralize extremely toxic alkaloids. Wild varieties that would have been available to us through most of our history as a species can be especially toxic. In other words, it isn’t likely we were eating baked potatoes with our woolly mammoth steaks— or much starch at all. In fact, of all the macronutrients (that is, protein, fats, and carbohydrates), the only ones for which there are no actual human dietary requirements are carbohydrates.
This is a critical and very fundamental point to remember: we don’t ever have to eat any sugar or starch of any kind at all in order to be optimally healthy. Our bodies can manufacture glucose, as needed, from a combination of protein and fat in the diet. As a matter of fact, glucose is really needed only in an ongoing way mainly for fueling our red blood cells. Most organs and tissues in the body, including the brain, actually prefer, if we let them, to use ketones, the energy- producing by- products from the metabolism of fats. This fact is very overlooked or misunderstood by the majority of medical and nutritional experts. There is abundant evidence that many modern disease processes, including those resulting in cardiovascular disease, elevated triglyceride levels, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypoglycemia, and cancer, to name a few, are the product not of excess natural fat in the diet, but of excess carbohydrates.
[Excerpted from Primal Body, Primal Mind by Nora Gedgaudas]
A recently published study of the skeletal remains of “The Red Lady of El Mirón” supports the consumption of a predominantly all-meat diet even by our Neolythic human ancestors. Her diet was comprised almost entirely of red meat, with some fish thrown in for good measure. Plant foods were almost non-existent. As reported in the New Scientist:
The paleo diet, for real…
Do you want to keep on-trend with the latest fashionable diet? Then look to the Red Lady of El Mirón, who ate the Paleo diet almost 19,000 years ago.
For her, it was no fad. The isotopes in her dental enamel, microscopic wear patterns on her teeth and the stuff embedded between them reveal that the meat of hoofed animals made up about 80 per cent of her diet. That means you might want to add red deer and ibex to your shopping list. Pick up plenty of salmon, too – fish seems to have made up most of the rest of her diet.
If that sounds a little dull, fear not. Meticulous dental analysis reveals she also ate some starchy plant material, most likely to have been seeds, plus mushrooms, although probably in small amounts (Journal of Archaeological Science). Whether fungi were eaten for nutrition or for some other purpose is unknown, says Lawrence Guy Straus of the University of New Mexico.
31 thoughts on “Original Human Diet
1. Pingback: Is An All-Meat Diet Really So Extreme? | Eat Meat. Drink Water.
• Sounds fair, albeit it is clear that cooking was used with meats first, probably to be able to consume them with less danger of infection in the age before refrigeration, and/or for leaner, tougher cuts. For the same reasons marinades and salting/curing became a thing, albeit cooking was probably the most basic way to eat non-fresh meats. Since cooking worked on vegetables too and in an even better way, it might have been applied more often for that reason (salt deposits were prized commodities after all).
All that said, 1.5 million years sounds way too early, I don’t know if fire could have been used for cooking before the invention of tools, which is why the disagreement on date is understandable. I also have read that most primitive societies preferred organ meats, which are quite fattier, but do tend to have to be cooked more often as microbes hit them faster. At any rate, eating raw meats is easier than raw vegetables, for what it’s worth.
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• No one, including Gedgaudas, is arguing that fire wasn’t ever used earlier for cooking. Just as no one is arguing that paleolithic humans didn’t occasionally eat grains. The point is that cooking fires didn’t become common and widespread until much later. For most humans and for most of human evolution, cooking fires were non-existent.
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• I have little doubt it would be an interesting read. But I don’t see how it could fundamentally change the issue at hand. We know that hunter-gatherers eat a fair amount of meat raw. Or else they will let meat rot/ferment first. Cooking is just one among many ways meat is prepared.
Sure, “Evidence has been found that fire has been used to cook meat 1.5 million years ago.” As far as that goes, evidence of grain consumption has also been found going way back. But, as with grains, I don’t know of any evidence that cooking fires for meat were regularly used by most humans for most of human evolution.
On the other hand, I’m not arguing for a raw foods diet. I just have my doubts that cooked meat has been widespread enough early on to have altered our genetics and physiology. I am open to other arguments, though. And so I’m willing to hear the case being made.
Have you written any posts about it?
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• No, that book is the best summary of the research that I know. I personally eat beef raw because I feel much better eating it that way. However, the Andersen’s are the exact opposite and cook all of their steaks medium-well. We are all different and must listen to our bodies.
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• I agree with that. That underlies my perspective. It’s why I’m reluctant to give too much credit/blame to genetics. I acknowledge a basic level of genetics as part of our ancient inheritance of shared humanity.
But I don’t see genetics as playing a large role beyond that, at least far from the genetic deterministic ideology. Very little genetic change has happened since the Neolithic. Different diets work for different people mostly because of different factors of environment, epigenetics, microbiome, early life experience, etc.
Because of unhealthy environments and lifestyles, many of us don’t have the optimal health to eat a diet like that of a hunter-gatherer. Just because they ate raw meat, doesn’t mean our seriously compromised bodies can handle it. Much of diet is about healing from the kinds of biological harm hunter-gatherers rarely faced.
I have no doubt that fire has played a profound role for humanity (and I’d enjoy reading about it). But then again, so has agriculture. I categorize this under culture, not genetics. That is the only basic point I was making. Maybe that fits in perfectly with the book — I don’t know. My comment was in simply in response to LCC’s original comment. The book is probably a whole other discussion.
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2. I am reading through all entries if this website. I like your articles very much. In my opinion learning about other’s first person accounts is invaluable. It doesn’t tell you how a given nutritional plan will work for you, though.
One question: how are zero-carbers cooking their beef in Principia Carnivora? I do not (want to) have a FaceBook account, so I can’t be a member. The Bear used to cook it briefly in hot fat. Which fat? Coconut oil? Butter? Other?
Thank you for this website!
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3. Pingback: The Allure of All-Meat Diets - Food, Fatness and Fitness
4. I love the website!!!! Ive got a couple of questions that are rollin around in my dome: some folks have said society wouldn’t exist without the development of agriculture, what are your thoughts? Or that the reason we have the ability to taste sweet things is because sweet things (in nature) tended to have things in it we need. Fruit and wha’not. What us your response to this? In have followed paleo for several years with great results, health and otherwise, I’ve just been kicking these thingz around for a min or two….thanks for your time!!!
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• In answer to your first question, I highly recommend the book Against the Grain by Richard Manning. Regarding your second question, my understanding is that having a sweet tooth is a survival advantage. Sweet foods were generally only available during the summer for a few months. Eating sweet foods raises insulin and causes us to gain more body fat. Extra body fat was needed to survive the long lean winters. Unfortunately, modern humans live in a perpetual “summer” by having access to sweet foods year round.
Liked by 1 person
5. I have the newest edition of this book. For some reason, she removed the section on “The Red Lady of El Mirón”. I was wondering why.
She says she revised it to keep it up-to-date with the best science available. So maybe she found better evidence. Or it’s possible the publisher thought she was adding too much to the new edition and demanded that she cut out other areas of text.
I was curious about it, as she doesn’t explain why she revised it as she did.
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6. I am curious, in these periods where plant food was unavailable what did the large herbivorous animals eat? The ones that humans hunted.
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Data Availability StatementAll relevant data are inside the paper. during osteogenic differentiation. During osteogenic induction by BMP-2, dexamethasone also markedly affected cell proliferation in both Sodium lauryl sulfate BMSCs and MuSCs. In an in vivo ectopic bone formation model, bone formation in muscle-implanted scaffolds containing dexamethasone and BMP-2 was more than two fold higher than that in scaffolds containing BMP-2 alone. Our results suggest that dexamethasone potently enhances the osteogenic capability of BMP-2 and may thus decrease the quantity of BMP-2 required for clinical application, thereby reducing the complications caused by excessive Sodium lauryl sulfate doses of BMP-2. 1. Dexamethasone induced selective Sodium lauryl sulfate proliferation of bone marrow- and muscle-derived cells with higher differentiation potential. 2. Dexamethasone enhanced the osteogenic capability of bone marrow- and muscle-derived cells by altering the subpopulation composition. 3. Dexamethasone augmented ectopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2. Introduction Bone grafting is widely used in orthopedic surgery, for the treatment of spinal fusion particularly, challenging fractures, and flaws developed by tumor resection, which need massive bone tissue grafts. Presently, autologous bone tissue grafting may be the yellow metal standard for recovery of bone tissue defects due to its excellent osteogenic capability, being a supply is certainly supplied by it of regenerative cells, an osteoconductive scaffold, along with a void filler that works with the encompassing bone tissue framework biomechanically, as opposed to various other materials such as for example allografts and artificial materials. However, harvesting of autologous bone tissue grafts from sufferers may cause donor site morbidities such as for example infections, deep hematoma development, sensory loss, aesthetic disability, and constant pain [1C3]. Furthermore, the quantity of obtainable autologous bone tissue is bound. Many recent research have centered on developing anatomist strategies that combine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with components to attain osteogenic induction in vivo. Nevertheless, these methods stay require and unsatisfactory improvement. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) are people from the TGF- superfamily [4], plus some BMPs possess osteoinductive properties. Osteoinduction by decalcified bone tissue ingredients was known in the 1960s [5] initial, and the energetic element CD6 for osteoinduction was called BMP, even though responsible protein weren’t identified actually. Within the 1980s, BMPs had been purified, cloned, and synthesized for analysis use, and many research used BMPs for scientific osteoinduction subsequently. One of the BMPs, BMP-2 gets the most powerful osteoinductivity and it has been proven to induce differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts and osteoblasts [6, 7]. In scientific trials, recombinant individual BMP-2 has been proven to accelerate the curing of vertebral fusions and open up tibial fractures. Nevertheless, BMP-2 is connected with a high price, and then the quantity of BMP you can use is certainly low [8 feasibly, 9]. Furthermore, the usage of BMPs is connected with problems, which prevents widespread clinical application [10C22]. Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid that has been used clinically as an anti-inflammatory drug, although long-term administration of dexamethasone or other steroids may cause or exacerbate osteoporosis. However, dexamethasone has also been used for decades to differentiate MSCs into adipogenic [23], chondrogenic [24C26], and osteogenic lineages [27C29], although the exact mechanism of how dexamethasone induces differentiation remains unclear. Previously, we hypothesized that dexamethasone does not directly induce MSCs to differentiate into specific lineages but rather augments the responsiveness of MSCs to other differentiation reagents used together with dexamethasone. Sodium lauryl sulfate In particular, we reported that human bone marrow-derived MSCs allowed to proliferate under continuous dexamethasone treatment showed increased osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation [29]. It has also been reported that dexamethasone enhances the response of human bone marrow stromal cells to osteogenic stimulation by BMP-2 [30]. However, the mechanism underlying the synergistic effects of dexamethasone and BMP-2 around the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells remains unclear even 0.05. 7. Recruitment of cells residing in muscle tissue for ectopic bone formation induced Sodium lauryl sulfate by BMP-2 It is well known that BMP-2 injected into muscle tissue induces bone formation at the administration site. To characterize the cells recruited to BMP-2-administered sites for heterotopic bone formation, i-QDs were injected into muscle tissue. | {
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Case Study: Breast Cancer
by Lori Chaplin, MA on Jan 01, 2004
The Client
Angela, a litigation partner at a San Francisco law firm, was a perfectly healthy 36-year-old woman who had just adopted a 4-month-old Guatemalan baby. On July 30, 2002, she was diagnosed with stage 2 invasive ductal carcinoma.
While Angela had no family health history of breast cancer, she had smoked cigarettes from age 17 to age 32 and had exercised only intermittently. She knew that exercise was good for her, but between her stressful job and inertia she just hadn’t been able to get off the couch. The minute she was diagnosed with cancer, she decided to save her own life.
What brings a nonexerciser with such a life-changing situation through the gym doors? “I immediately knew that a rigorous exercise program would help me mentally and physically with my battle against cancer,” says Angela. “I also knew that I would never go to a gym unless I had an appointment with a trainer whom I really trusted and liked.”
The Assessment
Angela arrived on Sol Gym’s doorstep 3 weeks after having a lumpectomy plus an axillary node dissection to see if the cancer had spread to her lymph nodes. This was a big operation that had left numbness and pain in the pectorals, deltoid, triceps and biceps on her left side. Angela was also experiencing the fatigue normally associated with surgery. Because she was scheduled to begin chemotherapy (six sessions, once every 3 weeks) a week after her first personal training appointment, it was important to minimize stress. Angela and I decided to use health history, subjective assessment measures and body weight as our guidelines. I worked in concert with other trainers at my San Francisco location when implementing Angela’s program.
Her health history was unremarkable, with the exception of mild asthma. Because of the unique nature of Angela’s situation, we reassessed her before each session. Her fatigue level and nausea varied dramatically from visit to visit, so we relied on her feedback to shape each day’s program.
It was critical to keep Angela’s body weight as high as possible. She weighed 105 pounds prior to chemotherapy. Steroids she would take throughout chemotherapy would cause her to gain weight, but radiation would make her lose weight. Since her initial body weight was so light, we wanted to design a program that would not cause weight loss. Building Angela’s cardiovascular efficiency was the highest priority.
The chemotherapy drugs (Adriamycin, Cytoxan and 5FU) were known to cause cardiac toxicity. She had several heart scans throughout her chemotherapy to monitor her heart’s condition. While it was affected, she stayed within safe limits and completed all six chemotherapy sessions.
The Program
We challenged Angela’s cardiovascular system without using an aerobic component that would promote weight loss. She never exceeded 15 minutes of walking on the treadmill. We added a 3 percent elevation to involve larger muscle groups, thereby increasing her workload. We then set her speed at 3 miles per hour to maintain a heart rate of 119 beats per minute (bpm), 65 percent of maximum. As she became better conditioned, we adjusted the speed to maintain 119 bpm.
I perceived Angela’s situation to be much like that of an athlete. She was training for the game on Saturday. However, her “game on Saturday” was chemotherapy on Thursday. I designed her program using the principles of periodization, as if she were training for an event. The macrocycle covered the full 18-week period of chemotherapy. The microcycles, the six smaller cycles within the macrocycle, were designed around the 3-week chemotherapy intervals. All exercises were customized around how the chemotherapy sessions affected Angela.
Based on information Angela’s physician gave her about how she was likely to feel after chemotherapy, we designed the 3-week intervals to be conservative in the beginning, when Angela was likely to feel nauseous, and to peak at the end, prior to her next chemotherapy session, when she was likely to feel stronger:
Week 1: Angela receives her chemotherapy and is unlikely to feel well. If she is able to work out, weights will be light with high repetitions and long rest periods.
Week 2: Angela is likely to feel better and be able to work out at a faster pace with less rest time. Weight load will probably increase as repetitions decrease, with shorter rest periods.
Week 3: Angela is likely to feel good and be able to enter a strength phase with a higher weight load. We may add a set, lower the repetitions and rest for 30-second periods.
Macrocycle Training Notes
First Chemotherapy Session
Weeks 1-3: Angela felt no side effects, so we took an aggressive approach to her weight load. The surgery left her with tightness and pain in her left axillary region. Therefore, all upper-body weight-loaded exercises had a limited range of motion, not allowing her arm to elevate above parallel to the floor.
Second Chemotherapy Session
Weeks 4-6: Angela still felt great, so we took advantage of her high energy level and continued to be aggressive with her training. The range of motion in Angela’s left arm began to improve, so we added a few exercises with an overhead component—for example, cable crossovers and high pulls. >
Third Chemotherapy Session
Weeks 7-9: Angela remained strong and experienced only slight nausea through the halfway mark. Trainer’s notes: “She is in good spirits with bright eyes but is fatigued by the nausea.” (She never looked otherwise throughout all the chemotherapy treatments.) To avoid causing any additional nausea, we adjusted her program so she wouldn’t need to get up and down too much. We grouped exercises together based on whether they were performed lying down or standing.
Fourth Chemotherapy Session
Weeks 10-12: The drugs’ anticipated side effects became manifest. Angela became quite ill and missed several sessions, but she still motivated herself to come in for some of her personal training appointments. This made me think of the busy corporate types I train and how difficult it is to get them into the gym.
At this point we made several program changes specific to her treatments. The drugs she took to kill the cancer were also toxic to her arm veins and they collapsed. Because of this, she had a central line surgically inserted into her chest through her jugular vein so that she could finish her final two chemotherapy sessions. We changed her strength programming to eliminate upper-body work and included an assisted stretching component. The assisted stretches made Angela feel so good that we chose to compromise a small portion of the strength program. I wanted her to leave the gym feeling wonderful so that she would look forward to the next time. A year later, she confided in me that stretching felt like a prize for all the other hard work and it motivated her, just as I’d hoped.
Fifth Chemotherapy Session
Weeks 13-15: This was a challenging microcycle. Angela missed even more workouts than she had in the previous microcycle and became very weak. Toward the end of this cycle she developed neutropenic fever, a truly life-threatening problem. She was hospitalized for 5 days because she had no immune system left and her body was being swamped by infections. Angela did not return until after her sixth and final chemotherapy session.
Sixth Chemotherapy Session
Weeks 16-18: Angela was extremely nauseous and tired and had lower-back pain. In spite of this, she always showed up cheery and ready to do her best. Pilates-based exercises became a larger part of her programming. She welcomed this gentle, smooth exercise format. Her body continued to ache for a month after her last chemotherapy session and then the aches disappeared.
Follow Up
I was recently invited to Angela’s 1-year survivor party. If not for her tenacious, strong and positive attitude, she wouldn’t have met her goals. The fact that she walked through the gym doors week after week is hard to fathom, considering her ordeal.
Subsequent heart scans indicated minimal damage to her heart. During the chemotherapy, Angela gained weight as a result of taking steroids. By the time she had completed 33 radiation sessions—the next step she took to become cancer-free—she was back to her original weight.
On July 2, almost 1 year from her diagnosis date, Angela had surgery to remove her ovaries and fallopian tubes to reduce risk of recurrence; as a result estrogen was also removed from her body. Stage 2 invasive ductal carcinoma thrives on estrogen, so she is unable to take estrogen replacement. We are now faced with new programming. Our goals are to prevent osteoporosis, of which she has family history, and to keep her heart strong.
I didn’t realize how much impact Angela’s training had on her life-threatening situation. I felt my role was more that of a motivator—I honestly never thought that she might die. I never saw a very sick woman; I pictured her as an athlete training for an event.
Angela explains how personal training affected her life: “Sol Gym was an answer to my prayers. The one-on-one work really motivated me to keep coming back, and all of the trainers’ positive attitudes toward me and my cancer made me feel safe and supported. Honestly, during each workout, as I worked hard to lift weights, I would think, ‘I’m going to beat this cancer!’ or ‘I refuse to die anytime soon!’ or ‘I am strong enough to win this battle!’ The gym became a crucial part of my cancer recovery program. Not just the exercise, but the personal connections with my trainers, all of whom treated me as a real human being with unlimited potential, even though I was obviously quite ill (and bald).”
IDEA Health Fitness Source, Volume 2005, Issue 1
Find the Perfect Job
More jobs, more applicants and more visits than any other fitness industry job board.
© 2004 by IDEA Health & Fitness Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
About the Author
Lori Chaplin, MA
Lori Chaplin, MA IDEA Author/Presenter
Lori Chaplin, MA, owns and operates Sol Gym personal training studios in San Francisco and San Diego. She is certified by the National Strength and Conditioning Association, California State University at Chico and the American Academy of Health & Fitness Professionals. | {
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7,468,891,317,148,887,000 | Get in Wave Shape.com https://www.getinwaveshape.com Your Daily Source for Workout Tips and Tricks! Thu, 05 Oct 2017 05:55:33 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=4.8.5 https://i0.wp.com/www.getinwaveshape.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cropped-get-in-wave-shape-logo.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1 Get in Wave Shape.com https://www.getinwaveshape.com 32 32 132678894 Are Spin Classes Good For Weight Loss? https://www.getinwaveshape.com/are-spin-classes-good-for-weight-loss/ Thu, 05 Oct 2017 05:55:33 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=502 The true benefits of a spin class isn’t weight loss. Spin classes are the latest fitness fad nowadays. With almost every gym hosting its own spin class, there is a lot of curiosity as to what they are. Spin classes are nothing but small groups of people being coached on exercise bike routines by […]
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The true benefits of a spin class isn’t weight loss.
Spin classes are the latest fitness fad nowadays. With almost every gym hosting its own spin class, there is a lot of curiosity as to what they are. Spin classes are nothing but small groups of people being coached on exercise bike routines by a trainer. The routines are developed so that the optimum calorie burn is obtained and the members gain the most out of each class.
The training routines may vary from standard long duration flat, standard speed sessions to those simulating hilly terrain with huge variations in intensity. While they definitely sound good, we need to see whether they actually help with weight loss. Given below are the results of our analysis.
1. Spin Classes Help Improve Cardiovascular Health:
The fact that longer durations of repetitive motion repeated day after day strengthens the cardiovascular system is well known. This is because your muscles need nutrients and energy to function. The requirement for energy becomes very high when muscles are in a state of constant contraction. This utilization of energy is what promotes weight loss.
When you perform a spin class routine, you invariably end up cycling for anywhere between 30-45 minutes at varying intensities. Your cardiovascular system would be working at full capacity for this duration, which enables it to improve every day. When the cardiovascular system improves, it improves circulation to the contracted muscles, which results in more energy being made available for that exercise. This enables you to push harder and burns more calories in turn. Effectively, your body actively burns more calories when you indulge in a spin class.
What’s more, the HIIT routines incorporated in the classes ensure that you keep burning calories even several hours after your session has ended.
2. Spin Classes Help Build Muscle:
Most spin classes employ the concept of Tabata or HIIT, which involves a few minutes of explosive intensity followed by a brief amount of rest. It is similar to riding a hilly terrain where you require immense power to reach the top, then come down the slope easily and much faster.
This methodology has been known to trigger the fast twitch fibers which are responsible for muscle growth and density, compared to the slow twitch fibers which are triggered during long durations of continuous activity. It has a result similar to that of lifting weights since it mimics the same concept of contraction and relaxation.
As we know, muscle burns more energy per pound than fat. This means that if you replace one pound of fat in your body with one pound of muscle, you would burn up a higher amount of calories even while resting.
3. Spin Class Improves Your Basal Metabolic Rate:
Spin class, especially when it includes HIIT, results in an increased basal metabolic rate. Basal Metabolic Rate or BMR is the number of calories the body burns while in a resting state. The higher the BMR, the greater the amount of energy burned and the greater the weight loss.
Spin class inclusive of HIIT results in effects similar to that of weight lifting- the muscles are damaged and need to be healed with nutrients and energy. This results increase in muscle density and size which further requires more energy to maintain. Effectively, the energy requirement of the body goes up.
If the intake of food is maintained, then it results in significant weight loss.
4. Spinning Is A Low-Impact Exercise:
The major benefit with spin class is that spinning is a low-impact exercise. This means that it does not hurt the joints, of the knees and hips. Due to this, chances of injuries are significantly reduced. This means that you can perform this exercise for longer and without any fear of hurting yourself if you exert yourself too much.
Longer durations of workout and less downtime due to injuries means that you work out longer and continuously which is great for weight loss.
5. Spin Classes Affect Mental Health:
Mostly, when it comes to physical exercise, the mental aspect is highly underrated and even ignored. However, mental conditioning is highly necessary to not only continue with the exercise, but a healthy mind results in a healthy body as well.
Spin classes are a group affair- which means that you are a part of a pack, and this appeals to the natural instinct of humans to compete. This results in an increased release of adrenaline and testosterone compared to other solitary exercises. When this happens, the body performs better, burns more calories and become stronger- all essential components for losing weight.
Apart from this, the group activity helps people relax. This releases hormones called endorphins which are also called happiness hormones. These hormones relieve both mental and physical stress which is detrimental to weight loss.
They also prevent retention of water, which reduces bloating, reduces weight and gives a slimmer appearance.
6. Spin Classes Improve Digestion:
Spin classes are known to be physically taxing. As with any other exercise, this causes the body to try and improve its own efficiency and this includes improved absorption of nutrients from the food we ingest.
When the body starts ingesting nutrients in a better way, the urges to overeat are reduced, which results in a lesser intake of empty calories and increased weight loss.
Apart from this, the cycling motion of the lower body stimulates the peristaltic movement of the intestines which helps to move the food faster through the intestine. This results in lesser build up of stale organic matter in the intestines and clears them up, further improving the absorption capacity, which improves the nutrient profile of the blood. This, in turn, reduces water retention and increases fat burning since several enzymes responsible for this are activated by nutrients in the food.
All these minor gains build up and result in significant reduction in weight.
Conclusion:
Overall, spin classes are a great way to burn weight. They are also effective, fun, healthy and improve your mental health by reducing stress levels as well. If taken up in the right spirit, spin classes can be extremely enriching and useful.
The post Are Spin Classes Good For Weight Loss? appeared first on Get in Wave Shape.com.
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502
Exercise Bike vs Treadmill- The Pros and Cons https://www.getinwaveshape.com/exercise-bike-vs-treadmill-the-pros-and-cons/ Sun, 01 Oct 2017 05:50:56 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=496 Exercise Bike vs Treadmill Which One Is Better? When it comes to cardio exercise equipment, the most commonly used and most popular options for the past several years have been exercise bikes and treadmills. Both of them have a loyal following which swears by the benefits they provide. However, as with everything else, both of […]
The post Exercise Bike vs Treadmill- The Pros and Cons appeared first on Get in Wave Shape.com.
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Exercise Bike vs Treadmill Which One Is Better?
When it comes to cardio exercise equipment, the most commonly used and most popular options for the past several years have been exercise bikes and treadmills. Both of them have a loyal following which swears by the benefits they provide. However, as with everything else, both of them are bound to have their benefits as well as their disadvantages. This is especially necessary to know since most homeowners do not have the kind of space to accommodate both options.
Hence it becomes a necessity to decide upon one of the two options, either due to practical or monetary reasons. Here, we will try to list the major pros and cons and provide you with an exercise bike vs treadmill showdown. We’ll do this by comparing each attribute we consider necessary for a good workout and pit them against each other.
1. Convenience:
The first aspect which strikes a person while using exercise equipment is to see if it is convenient to use. Both treadmills and exercise bikes rank equally here. Both do not require too much space, do not need any sort of setup after they are assembled once and can be started off in a few seconds at the most. They are also fairly simple to use and do not require any prior explanation since the processes are mostly self-explanatory. So, the first attribute results in an even draw for both pieces of equipment.
2. Cost:
For a lot of people, the cost is a major issue while making an investment and is a major point in the exercise bike vs treadmill debate. A piece of exercise equipment is a definite cost worth evaluating before committing to the expense. When compared across various segments and price ranges, exercise bikes end up costing less than treadmills. What is more, even the maintenance cost is lesser for exercise bikes since the only moving parts are the wheel and belt, which are not very complex setups. However, maintaining a treadmill may end up being costlier due to the price of parts and the work involved in repairing it.
The price of electricity may also be an issue for people in some countries. Most treadmills use electricity to rotate the belt which uses a fair bit of electricity. Exercise bikes, on the other hand, use the energy created by the pedaling action of the rider to power the LED displays. Even the models that utilize electricity use it for mainly varying the intensity of the workout and use far less electricity than treadmills.
The exercise bike is a definite winner here.
3. Efficiency:
The most important factor to measure here is how well the machine does its job- after all, the primary aim is to burn calories. According to various studies, treadmills burn more calories than exercise bikes on a per hour basis since they require the whole body to move and the legs to carry the weight of the entire body. They can burn up to 640 calories per hour. Exercise bikes, however, majorly involve only the lower body and the abs and back to a certain extent. Hence they can burn about 550 calories per hour of exercise
However, the calculation isn’t that simple. There are several other factors to be considered. For one, the treadmill is a lot more tiring and most people can’t put in more than 20-30 minutes on the treadmill at one go. The exercise bike, however, is a lot more comfortable, less taxing and a lot of people can cycle for sessions as long as 45 minutes. So typically, typical sessions on an exercise bike vs treadmill burn approximately an equivalent number of calories.
Also, if you are into mixing up your workout by including Tabata or HIIT, the exercise bike is a better option since you can exert yourself a lot more on the bike.
Exercise bikes are also a lot less boring and tiring than treadmills. Studies have shown that treadmill users are more likely to quit working out due to boredom rather than exercise bike users.
For this attribute, there isn’t too much of a difference between both but the other options tilt the scales slightly in favor of the exercise bike.
4. Comfort:
When it comes to comfort while exercising, the exercise bike is miles ahead of the treadmill. Not only can you adjust the seat height, you can also move the seat forward or back depending upon the position which best suits you. If you want to exercise your lower abs, you can just reduce your seat height and ensure that the angle between your back and legs is reduced. If you want to relax your back, you can push back your seat and allow a straighter seating position.
Treadmills, however, have none of these settings. You are in the same position irrespective of the type of workout, duration or intensity. This is one of the main reasons why treadmill users drop out of their workouts. Also, while working out, your complete focus needs to be on your body to ensure that you do not slip or fall off the treadmill.
For exercise bike owners, even if they are tired after a hard day at work, they can push the seat back, get a gel seat to soften the seating surface, and cycle at low speeds while reading a book or checking their email.
5. Safety:
Safety is another major aspect to consider before buying any exercise equipment, and it is here that the exercise bike vs treadmill contest becomes clearly one-sided.
While both of these equipments are stationary by themselves, the treadmill requires constant motion of your whole body and you have no support whatsoever. In the case of exercise bikes, you are always seated and the only parts moving are your legs. Also, the exercise bike is powered by the rider. The speed and the stops are dependent only upon the rider. If you feel tired, all you have to do is reduce your own speed, much like a regular bike. The only difference is that you don’t need the brakes and are in no danger of hitting anyone ahead of you. The worst that can happen is that your foot might slip off the pedal and you might get a sharp rap on the shins, which, while painful for a few minutes, is not a serious injury by any stretch of imagination.
Cycling is also a low impact exercise which is easy on the knees and great for the elderly and people suffering from joint pains.
Treadmills require you to be constantly aware of your surroundings. One misstep and you can miscalculate your landing or speed and fall off the treadmill, especially at higher speeds. Also, you cannot stop suddenly without having to press the emergency stop button since the treadmill belt rotates automatically independent of the user. If you suddenly feel weak or dizzy, there is a high chance of falling off the treadmill and hurting yourself badly.
Also, while they are padded, constant use of the treadmill can cause joint pain since running is a high-impact exercise and places considerable strain on the ankle and knee joints. Hence, it is not a recommended exercise with family histories of arthritis, joint pains and those with prior ligament injuries.
Conclusion:
After comparing all these major aspects, the eventual outcome is that exercise bikes are cheaper, safer, more versatile, more engaging and can be used by everyone in the family- ranging from adolescents to the elderly. Hence, an exercise is a much better investment compared to a treadmill.
The post Exercise Bike vs Treadmill- The Pros and Cons appeared first on Get in Wave Shape.com.
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496
10 Recumbent Exercise Bike Benefits https://www.getinwaveshape.com/10-recumbent-exercise-bike-benefits/ Tue, 26 Sep 2017 05:46:57 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=478 A good recumbent exercise bike has got your back Recumbent exercise bikes are similar to regular upright exercise bikes in all aspects, except for the seating position. It can be compared to something akin to an armchair with a sloped back and wider seating surface to provide more comfort and back support to the body. […]
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A good recumbent exercise bike has got your back
Recumbent exercise bikes are similar to regular upright exercise bikes in all aspects, except for the seating position. It can be compared to something akin to an armchair with a sloped back and wider seating surface to provide more comfort and back support to the body.
While one needs to bend forward to grab onto the handles in an upright exercise bike, the recumbent bike has handles beside the seat to enable comfortable support even while cycling at high speeds or performing HIIT exercises.
Given below are some of the major benefits of recumbent exercise bikes-
1. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Help Burn Calories:
Using recumbent exercise bikes is the same as using a normal bicycle or exercise bike. Cycling is a great way to burn fat, get your heart rate up and stretch your respiratory system. The continuous movement of the legs targets the entire lower body, the lower abs and supporting muscles, which requires a lot of energy.
To provide energy while performing this exercise, the body starts burning fat to provide the necessary calories which is the most important part of weight loss. A properly designed spin bike routine can help burn up to 700 calories per hour. A routine of cycling 5 hours per week can potentially result in weight loss of more than 1 pound a week.
2. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Help Improve Respiratory Fitness:
Recumbent exercise bikes can help to get your breathing rate up due to the constant exertion placed on your lower body. Compared to upright exercise bikes, recumbent exercise bikes provide a more stable seating and position which enables more vigorous exercise. This, in turn, forces your body to provide more oxygen to the active muscles. This is achieved by pumping up the rate of breathing which improves lung capacity and oxygen absorption capabilities.
3. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Help Build Muscle:
Recumbent exercise bikes are extremely well suited to a type of exercise routine called Tabata or High- Intensity Interval Training which is considered the best type of workout for losing fat while building muscle.
This is characterized by a minute or two of cycling at the highest possible speed followed by rest of about 30-45 seconds. This type of workout helps get the heart rate to extremely high levels which helps to trigger the respiratory and the circulatory system, while the stops and starts help to stimulate the fast- twitch fibers which are responsible for the growth of muscles. This results in a workout which gives the benefits of cardio as well as muscle building.
4. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Are Convenient:
Most people love to cycle since this is one of their first memories as children, and who doesn’t love a touch of nostalgia while helping your body become healthier. But with most people living in cities with a huge amount of traffic, irregular work hours which extend late into the nights, difficulty with managing work and personal lives, bicycling has taken a back seat and has become only a weekend hobby except for a fortunate few people.
However, with a recumbent exercise bike at home, you can choose to cycle at any time of the day for whatever duration you want, without any difficulties or worries- be it late night or early in the morning. The temperature, climate, traffic, pollution and other hindrances become immaterial.
5. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Are Comfortable:
Despite the fact that cycling is considered a moderate-intensity exercise, most people tend to give up cycling as they grow older since the roads and trails which they used to take are pothole ridden and cycling on such stretches puts a certain amount of strain on the knees. However, with recumbent exercise bikes, these worries are a thing of the past since they are stationary and operate on a jerk-free mechanism and the transition from high to low speeds and vice versa is gradual and does not cause any kind of strain to the knees, making them a great exercise tool for those with knee issues.
6. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Are Cheap:
A good bicycle capable of lasting several years can cost a lot more than a recumbent exercise bike. Apart from this, recumbent exercise bikes don’t have parts like tires, breaks etc. which need to be repaired or replaced often. Overall, nominal maintenance of the exercise bike is sufficient to ensure that it lasts several years. A definite benefit for saving on long-term expenses of a bike.
7. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Are Good For The Back:
Recumbent exercise backs come with an amazing back support and wider seats to ensure that you are in a comfortable position while exercising for even longer durations. This is of specific importance to older people and those suffering from back problems since the support ensures that the muscles of the back aren’t unduly strained or subject to excessive pressure which they cannot handle.
Apart from avoiding injury, they can also be used as an effective tool to help people recover from back injuries since it is difficult for people with back injuries to exercise at all. The relaxed posture and back support which these recumbent exercise bikes provide ensure that they can exercise and the process also stimulates the back muscles making them strong gradually so that the recovery process is accelerated.
8. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Promote Low Impact Workouts:
This is a definite benefit for those with arthritis or joint pains. Recumbent exercise bikes are a low impact activity, ranking only next to swimming on this scale. Apart from being easy on the body, they also promote great health benefits which make it a very appealing choice for elderly people trying to be healthy.
9. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Enable Multitasking:
Due to their superior seating arrangement, busy people can manage to multitask while exercising on recumbent exercise bikes- be it reading the newspaper, replying to emails or using a pair of dumbbells to give you a great upper body workout as well. This helps save time and makes exercising all the more appealing.
10. Recumbent Exercise Bikes Are Relaxing:
Even if you aren’t a fan of working out, there is no contesting the fact that riding a bike at your own pace, in a controlled environment, is a very soothing experience. Add to that, the fact that they are extremely comfortable and you could be sipping a cup of coffee or watching a movie while cycling makes it all the more enjoyable.
The post 10 Recumbent Exercise Bike Benefits appeared first on Get in Wave Shape.com.
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478
What is a Water Bike? https://www.getinwaveshape.com/what-is-a-water-bike/ Tue, 12 Sep 2017 06:31:57 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=433 Hit the tides on a cycle! When it comes to water sports, water biking is always on top of the list for almost everyone. This water sport is fun and takes less of your energy. It is basically cycling in water. Besides, water bikes often attract people from all gender groups as well as age. […]
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Hit the tides on a cycle!
When it comes to water sports, water biking is always on top of the list for almost everyone. This water sport is fun and takes less of your energy. It is basically cycling in water. Besides, water bikes often attract people from all gender groups as well as age. It is a fine way to stay and feel young forever by the watersides.
Moreover, it is hard to get wet when riding a water bike, probably due to their tech-engineered designs as well as user-friendly capabilities. It is actually easier to ride than a normal road bike or indoor spin cycle and the best part is that you can take the ride with your friend or partner by your side or your pet on a leash without any risk.
Water bikes are water resistance and have an extra surface area on the lower and upper parts of each water paddle. This is to enable you to move more water while paddling as well as create a bigger resistance.
Reasons to Use Water Bikes
• Water bike is highly safe, as you won’t topple or fall out of the bike while riding it
• It has health benefits for the body as it can boost cardiovascular health, improve breathing and even help you burn some calories stress-free
• It also helps in strengthening body muscles, especially on your lower body parts
• It is also great for people with knee injuries as it won’t cause any strain or pressure whatsoever on your knee area
• Water bikes are environmentally friendly
• It is highly durable and rarely suffers any mechanical damages during the course of its use
Cons of Water Bikes
• It alone is not sufficient for a perfect abs workout
What to Look For While Buying Water Bikes
When it comes to buying water bikes, one should always look out for some few factors like size, design, type as well as price and portability.
• Size– Water bikes often come in different sizes for different age groups. So pick the right size for you, your kid or teenager
• Design-Water bikes have very different designs as well as makes that are both safe and easy to use. You should always pick the best option for you. The design often differs in terms of sitting and handle bar position as well the number of people one water bike can accommodate or handle
• Type-Water bikes often come in different types as well as make. So, choose the type that works for you, as some come in singles, doubles and even triple designs
• Portability-Most water bikes are highly portable. This makes it easier to move around especially if you are one to water bike on a daily basis
• Price-You should also consider its price, even if it is a rental
Conclusion
Basically, water bike is fun for family and friends and can be enjoyable for team building exercises. It is also perfect for people with severe knee injuries who are limited in other water sports activities.
So, get out and have some fun with water bikes, they are designed for adventure as well as exercise, which is generally healthy.
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How to Terminate Mummy Tummy https://www.getinwaveshape.com/how-to-terminate-mummy-tummy/ Fri, 18 Aug 2017 14:46:35 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=381 The post How to Terminate Mummy Tummy appeared first on Get in Wave Shape.com.
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Even if you exercised during your pregnancy, you can still get ‘Mummy Tummy’
Mothers all over the world share one thing in common. No matter how easy or hard the labor of their child, they mummy tummy still strikes. Now it isn’t necessarily your fault, according to science but that doesn’t mean it is not up to you to fix it. What exactly am I talking about? Well actually 1 exercise 10 minutes a day that can shrink your belly by inches, this isn’t an infomercial for some miracle cream or fitness machine. No, this particular exercise just requires you & a mat. That being said, before I drop this knowledge I would advise you to look into an excellent home fitness machine like our guide on one of the best spin bikes on the market. OR something compact and efficient like the ab carver pro roller.
So let’s get into the nitty gritty of this “miracle” workout that some women call it. First, let’s look into the science.
When a woman is pregnant with her child, most doctors agree that a mother should maintain an active, healthy life to prevent childhood obesity, high blood pressure & harm to their own body. Even though you may follow a healthy lifestyle, you may still experience the mummy tummy. That is because when you are giving birth, the child actually pushes your lower abdominal muscles out of place. That’s right; your lower abdominals are literally hanging out there, they need help. Now, this exercise isolates that area and rebuilds their strength and therefore shrinks they belly by inches on average.
Just a 10-minute workout, once a day? Is it that simple?
That’s it, and you just need to stand up or lay down and take deep breaths while concentrating on your lower abdominals. This is a fundamental exercise that when done properly should yield results within a month. I wish every exercise were this simple! I will advise people once again not to limit themselves to just this one exercise. IF you are serious about returning your body to its former glory or better. I would suggest you follow a proper fitness program or invest in good home exercise equipment to keep you fit at home. Even with all the best equipment, it’s best not to stress eat everything in the kitchen, in the fitness world we always say “abs are made in the kitchen.” You’re the biggest battle with your body starts with your mouth aka your diet.
Sound familiar to you Yogi’s?
If this exercise sounds familiar, maybe you’ve attended a Yoga class before. “Kapalabhathi” is a method practiced in the 15th-century yoga text Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā, a historian of the Haṭhayoga project at SOAS London University confirms this. If you dig into the phrase, it comes down to two works in Sanskrit: kapala, which means skull, and bhati, that translates to light.
In the 15th Century, Kapalabhathi had one simple purpose: to remove stuffiness from your throat and chest.
It should be noted that removing phlegm does not actually improve postpartum abdominal problems. If you dig deeper, you can still see considerable similarities though. That’s because many times these Yogi techniques were considered as “cure-alls” to alleviate pain and abnormalities. This exercise could be one of those cases. It’s amazing how we just happen upon science sometimes.
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4 Quick Exercises You Can Do In A Hotel / Motel https://www.getinwaveshape.com/4-quick-exercises-you-can-do-in-a-hotel-motel/ Tue, 15 Aug 2017 09:23:22 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=374 The post 4 Quick Exercises You Can Do In A Hotel / Motel appeared first on Get in Wave Shape.com.
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I'm in a rush & I need a quick routine!
“My hotel room basically doesn’t have a gym and I just downed an entire pizza. In need of a way to burn calories fast!”
What’s more aggravating, going to a hotel or motel and discovering that they don’t have a gym or finding their gym just to find a pile of broken equipment?
Whatever one is worse for you, either way, you need a solution. Personally, I got tired of dealing with this pain in the tuchus & invested in a taiy fitness system. If you are short on cash after forking over your last 150 bucks on a hotel room or you are just trying to find a quick equipment-free workout. My quick guide will show you four exercises that can kick your butt. Not only that but I will also introduce you to the best fitness app for the game.
Quick 4 Exercises to Burn Off Fat While On The Go In Hotels
Let’s get started
Exercise #1
Burpees
The Burpee is essentially a full body exercise that when done properly will kill your lungs & limbs simultaneously. Military & boot camp trainers utilize the Burpee to push their clients into overdrive. Sometimes they even super-set the Burpee with a spin bike, just in case you wanted an early death. If you can do ten consecutive burpees in a short time frame with no breaks, you sir are pretty fit! We suggest amateurs to attempt five full burpees, that is starting in the push-up position, continuing to lift your knees to your chest & hopping up as if you were reaching a pull-up bar. Then replacing your arms to the floor, stretching to push up position & doing one push up. That’s it. It’s a real pain good time!
Exercise #2
Slow mountain climbers
A mountain climber has nothing to do with a billy goat, more relation to the activity. Essentially it’s a form of slow abdominal torture that has the added benefit of hitting your legs and creating lower body exercise. When done slowly, you activate your fast-twitch muscles. The fast-twitch fibers are the same that you would use for Anaerobic exercises like sprinting or strength-based training. The motion is far from comfortable, and it really hits your stabilizers.
To perform a Mountain Climber: drop down to the push-up position and slowly bring one knee to the side of your chest. Continue to bring that knee back down and repeat on the opposite side. Time is your friend in this exercise, just performing ten on both sides in a slow manner (somewhere around 1 minute). Will crush you (in a good way, promise).
Exercise #3
Pyramid Push-Ups
For our third exercise, we are going to dig deeper into the upper body portion. Not only that, this particular exercise is essentially 10-in-1. Let’s dig deeper into what a “pyramid” is. When super-setting an exercise in a “pyramid,” you perform repetitions in sequence up to ten. So you would do one push up, break; then complete 2, break; 3 &, etc. This cadence essentially forces your body to its limit because, in the end, you are doing over 100 repetitions in total. Also, remember that patience is a virtue. Perform your exercises slowly and breathe properly during reps.
You can choose from a basic push up or wide. The wider you are in your form, the more you will activate your chest muscles. This all depends on your goals, and I am kind of obsessed with my chest muscles. So I hit them all the time when doing pyramid pushups! (pic of me)
Exercise #4
Calf raises
Last but not least, we get to the calf raise. The most neglected exercise out there. I was tempted to end this with a cardio based workout, but I would suggest just waiting until you could find a spin bike or elliptical if you want to get some cardio.
To perform a calf raise, simply stand up straight. Then place your feet about 6 inches apart, continue to lift your heels from your toes and flex your calves.
Conclusion
That’s it! This simple exercise routine can absolutely crush your expectation. If you’re looking for something a bit more structured and challenging, I have to suggest the Freeletics app on iOs and Android. It is an all-in-one fitness app that is basically a gym in a phone. You can even get personalized fitness and nutrition plans!
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Aqua Spinning Buyers Guide + Deconstructed https://www.getinwaveshape.com/aqua-spinning-buyers-guide-constructed/ Sat, 12 Aug 2017 05:02:36 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=340 What is Aqua Spinning & where can I find an aquatic exercise bike? From regular spinning to kickboxing and Crossfit, all of the different fitness crazes right now may make it hard to figure out what’s best for you. Whether or not you’ve been to a fitness class before or even if you haven’t worked […]
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What is Aqua Spinning & where can I find an aquatic exercise bike?
From regular spinning to kickboxing and Crossfit, all of the different fitness crazes right now may make it hard to figure out what’s best for you. Whether or not you’ve been to a fitness class before or even if you haven’t worked out in a group before, there’s no reason you can’t look into a group class like Aqua spinning. However, once you try an aqua spin class for yourself, you’ll be hooked.
It’s literally underwater spinning class on a pool bicycle
A pool bicycle is coming to a gym near you or already available at your local pool, aqua spinning it the latest fitness craze that takes your cardio workout underwater. An energetic combination of swimming and cycling, aqua spinning is a group workout that leaves your body feeling refreshed while keeping your muscles hard at work.
Just like any standard spinning class, aqua spinning starts at the ground level and then takes the work out into the pool. Most classes integrate some of the best spin bikes like the Keiser M3i on the market that are also rust proof for obvious reasons. While the music plays and your classmate’s splash, your aqua spinning workout will make your fitness session fly by. You may have trouble adjusting to working out underwater since the resistance in the water is much stronger than that of normal spinning. With a standard 45 minute class of aqua spinning, your quads and calves will be feeling the burn in no time.
Men should be sure to wear the proper clothing
Newbies to aqua spinning will definitely want to make sure to wear shorts and as tight of clothing as possible. New spinners that make the mistake of wearing loose clothing will soon find out just how difficult it is to spin underwater with an inflated shirt or bloated yoga pants. Additionally, it is important to wear the right footwear. Tight sneakers are a must when cycling underwater, as having loose shoes or sandals may result in an underwater injury.
The Benefits of Aqua Spinning
With aqua spinning, the body can burn about 800 calories kilocalories and hour underneath the water. The pressure and support of the water works to accelerate blood circulation, which then helps to facilitate the elimination of fat. Additionally, the sheer nature of cycling combined with the added water pressure will increase your blood flow which works to keep your muscles energized. With the hydrostatic pressure, your legs will ultimately feel lighter as you cycle underwater. This feeling is what makes Aqua spinning such a great option for pregnant women, athletes or amateurs in recovery, or anyone new to the fitness lifestyle. The zero gravity of the water is incredibly accommodating for those that suffer from joint pain or muscular problems.
Best for those with injuries
Aqua cycling is essentially impact free and is a really great alternative to running or similar cardio. While good for the body, running can have several long-term impacts on the body. If you would prefer something other than an exerpeutic folding magnetic upright bike with pulse you should aim for this aquatic alternative. The free flowing nature of water puts the body’s muscles at ease and allows for a great workout with minimal soreness and very little strain on the body. Being in the water keeps the body’s heartbeat frequency 10% lower than what it would be on land. With aqua spinning, the body is working at a higher intensity while maintaining a lower heart rate. This ultimately will work to improve your body’s endurance as you continue to practice aqua spinning.
Breathing exercise for good workout habits
Cycling underwater will help you to be mindful of the way you breathe while working out. When the majority of your body is submerged, you will naturally focus more on your breathing. Additionally, with proper breathing, your muscles will have more oxygen, which will keep them functioning at their best. Working out surrounded by flowing water keeps your body cool and helps to prevent you from having to catch your breath like you might need to if you were working out in the hot sun.
Conclusion
With all the wonderful benefits of aqua spinning, there really is no reason to not give it a try. The soothing cool calm of the pool paired with that incredible post-workout high is something that can only be found in a class like this. If you want to give your muscles a break from all the high impact above-ground cardio, check out your local gym for the next available spin class. Once you have your first chance to cycle in the water, you’ll never go back to regular cycling again.
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What is a Kcal, and how can it help you with your exercise routine? https://www.getinwaveshape.com/what-is-a-kcal-and-how-can-it-help-you-with-your-exercise-routine/ Fri, 11 Aug 2017 05:49:15 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=348 What is a Kcal anyway? I’m sure that you have heard about calories in one of your basic biology classes. Kilocalories, referred to as a Kcal, is a way to measure how much energy is in the foods that you eat. The less energy there is in the food, the smaller the Kcal rating (one […]
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What is a Kcal anyway?
I’m sure that you have heard about calories in one of your basic biology classes. Kilocalories, referred to as a Kcal, is a way to measure how much energy is in the foods that you eat. The less energy there is in the food, the smaller the Kcal rating (one example would be celery,) and the higher the energy level of the food, the higher the Kcal rating will be (an example would be a cheeseburger.) For the average person, the term calorie is used in place of the Kcal term. However, there are differences between the two terms.
What is the difference between Kilocalories and calories?
Ask a scientist or a kid studying for an exam, and they will tell you that a calorie refers to the amount of energy it takes to increase the temperature one degree Celcius in one gram of water. Kilocalories have enough energy cause a kilogram of energy to increase by one degree Celcius. In this terminology, keep in mind that a kilogram of water contains 1,000 grams while kilocalories contains 1,000 real calories each.
Let’s talk about your metabolism.
All of the food and drink that you ingest are broken down by your body and turned into energy (aka calories) and that energy is used to keep your body moving and working. This includes energy to move around, but also to keep all of your internal functions going. This is what we call your metabolism. This process continues all day and all night so that active or inactive, your body is using that energy from your diet to keep you going. What you will find is that the more active you are, the more calories and kilocalories you will burn. This is also dependent on your age, muscles, and gender. When you are exercising on something like a Keiser M3i spin bike, you do not burn nearly as much as you do just living.
All the kinds of calories (there’s only one kind)
The idea that there are different calories is a bit misleading. It doesn’t matter where the calories come from. The amount of energy in the calorie is still the same. The real difference comes from the calorie content of the food that you are eating. You can choose fats which have around 9 calories per gram. On the other side, proteins and carbohydrates contain under half of that amount per gram.
What can you do with this information?
Now that you have an idea of how calories work and how they interact with your metabolism, you can start to look at how you choose your foods in order to have a healthier metabolism and improve your health and life. One thing you need to watch is your caloric intake compared to a number of calories your body will need for your metabolism. Having a higher intake of calories than you need will lead to weight gain and a lower intake of calories for your metabolic need will result in weight loss. Keep an eye on those fats since they cause the largest intake of calories per gram and can cause trouble.
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Keiser M3i Product Review https://www.getinwaveshape.com/keiser-m3i-product-review/ Wed, 09 Aug 2017 09:36:12 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=355 Keiser M3i VS the Keiser M3 Plus Indoor Cycle The Review Chart The Keiser M series indoor spin bikes are some of the best multi-purpose workout cycles that are guaranteed to help you with your routine exercise. You can always utilize them at home or in the gym. Besides, they are highly portable and can easily […]
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Keiser M3i VS the Keiser M3 Plus Indoor Cycle
The Review Chart
M3i
- Bluetooth computer
- Free Application
- Lightweight
- Magnetic Resistance
Max weight: 300 lbs
- Portable? Yes.
- Warranted? Yes.
M3 Plus Indoor Cycle
- Easy to assemble
- Highly durable
- Lightweight
Max weight: 300 lbs
- Portable? Yes.
- Warranted? Yes.
Check Amazon Price
Schwinn AC Performance Plus
- Req. Video Asmbly.
- Rides Rough
- Heavier but portable
Max weight: 300 lbs
- Portable? Barely.
- Warranted? Yes.
Check Amazon Price
The Keiser M series indoor spin bikes are some of the best multi-purpose workout cycles that are guaranteed to help you with your routine exercise. You can always utilize them at home or in the gym. Besides, they are highly portable and can easily slide along for storage as well as work-out positioning.
Its latest model the Keiser M3i spin bike has a sleek new design as well as color. It is an upgrade from the Keiser M3 plus indoor cycle and is highly featured with the latest cutting edge technology so as to ease and maximize your workout experience. Besides, it has highly adjustable handles which it retained from the M3 plus indoor cycle.
The Keiser spin bike surpasses the most competition in its class.
Moreover, it is the first Keiser M series bike to feature a Bluetooth wireless computer which enables you to download its data using some of its featured apps into your tablet or smart phone for easier workouts. You can also analyze and track your performance using its free app.
The Keiser M3i is built to accommodate all riders and can support up to 300lbs of weight. Besides, its rear wheel is designed in a manner that it protects the whole Keiser spin bike from corrosion and sweat. It is also all-stainless steel and highly durable.
Importance of a low maintenance bike is paramount
This spin bike is built entirely around you and is quite reliable and low-maintenance when it comes to using. It also works silently and comes with a magnetic-resistance technology for effective repeatability as well as to reduce wear.
It also has a revolutionary re-designed bike pedal that is highly secure and steady. You just flip the pedal and insert your foot. Besides, they have straps for securing your foot, in case you overwork yourself to oblivion.
This v-shaped spin bike is ideal for single and group exercise classes as data from the M3i computer can be projected easily onto a display for group riders to use.
However, it does not come cheap but its tech features, as well as functionality, make it worth all the cost.
It is also highly durable and comes with a 10-year warranty on frame and a 3-year warranty on cylinders, processor boxes, displays as well as thumb buttons. The plastics which include upholstery, paint, and grips fall under a 90-day warranty. Its compressor, dryer, pulleys, and bearing have a 2-year warranty while the chrome parts have a one-year warranty.
It is the best and most ideal Keiser M series indoor spin bikes for the money, especially if you love tracking your sessions and checking on your improvements daily.
Features of the Keiser M3i
• It has 24 magnetic resistance levels that enable it to accommodate people of different fitness levels. This guarantees some challenging and varied workout sessions for experts as well as newbies in the fitness and exercise department. Likewise, this magnetic resistance delivers a road-like smooth experience as you ride it
• This indoor spin bike comes with an advanced Bluetooth wireless technology and a free app for easier transfer of data from its computer to your iOS and Android smartphone. Besides, it can easily connect to your phone hassle free
• It comes with a four-way adjustable seat as well as handlebars for convenience. You can simply adjust its seat using a pull-pin while the handlebars can move up, down, back and forward to accommodate your body and make your workout sessions comfortable and easy
• This Keiser M3i has convenient transport wheels on its front base for easy transport as well as storage
• It also features a water bottle holder for convenience purposes. This is an upgrade not found in the other M series bikes
• It has a backlit sensor that often detects ambient light levels in the room and automatically turns on only when needed
• It comes with an LCD display readout which features power output in watts/Kcal, heart rate, elapsed time, current gear or resistance level as well as cadence and odometer/trip distance. This enables you to track your workout time, pulse, RPM, power, and distance easily
• This series of M Keiser spin bike comes with a convenient media tray for phone and tablet placement
• It features a V-shaped frame and handlebar combination that can accommodate all riders
Advantage
• It is easy to assemble
• It is ideal for home use as well as group exercise classes
• It is highly durable and made from a rust-resistance stainless steel hardware and rear flywheel
• It is also lightweight and superior when it comes to transport and functionality
• It operates quietly and smoothly
• It has robust adjustment knobs that require less maintenance
Disadvantages
• When it comes to Bluetooth connectivity this Keiser spin bike can only connect to a number of limited apps on an iOS and Android Phone
Difference between Keiser M3 plus and Keiser M3i
The Keiser M series spin bikes are all the same and different in so many ways. For instance, the M3i is much better than its first edition the Keiser M3 plus indoor bike in so many ways from the design to the tech devices found in it. Some of the differences are visible and easy to see while others are a bit technical and require expert analysis.
The M3+ spin bike is as good as any indoor spin bike but it is no “I” series as it lacks Bluetooth connectivity and a free app for easy transfer of data from its computer. Besides, you can track and analyze your workout sessions with the improved version.
The M3 only allows you to see how you perform while working out but it does not record or upload any data for future analysis.
Moreover, the Keiser M3 plus handlebars do not move horizontally, this can be a problem to most people because as you increase its height it moves away from you and as you lower it they get closer to you. This can highly reduce your chances of maximizing its benefits as you cannot work-out some routines without the handlebars.
Likewise, it can be uncomfortable as not everybody has the same torso or leg measurement even if they are the same height. You can end up with a handlebar too close for comfort or far away from reach.
But the M3i Keiser spin bike is far better and advanced when it comes to handlebars. Its handlebars often move horizontally to accommodate the 45-degree angle of the vertical adjustment. This enables you to set the bike into a comfortable position without feeling crammed in a small space or stretched far away from its handlebars.
Besides, the handlebars of the M3i can also move upwards, downwards, backward and forwards so as to maximize your workout sessions.
The “i” series also has pre-set holes on its adjustment pole for safety and precaution. This is to allow the seat to slip to the nearest hole in case the adjustment knob has not been fully tightened. But you do not have to use them when adjusting the height of the seat as you can tighten it in place, into a height you want.
Moreover, they both have an LCD display unit for keeping track of distance, time as well as pulse and power output. The only difference is that the newer version has Bluetooth and wireless connectivity that makes it easy for group instructors to hook it to a receiver and project it on a big screen for the class to see.
The “i” series also has a convenient media tray for phones and tablets. You can listen to music as you work-out or watch movies and TV shows as you exercise.
They both have well-designed rear wheels that protect the whole spin bike from corrosion as well as sweat. You can exercise as long as you want and never worry about water or sweat spoiling the wheels or messing with your session.
Conclusively, they are both durable as well as highly functional and can last over a decade if well-maintained. They are also quiet, comfortable and easy to use. And both come with a free exercise mat.
Besides, they do not come cheap as the newer version is more expensive when compared to the Keiser M3 plus indoor cycle. But this is largely due to its upgraded tech devices as well as convenient and easy to use handlebars as well as other features.
Conclusion
Basically, if you want to track you workout session then the Keiser M3i is all you need. This Keiser spin bike can be used by anybody due to its V-shaped design as well as adjustable handlebars angles.
Moreover, it is easy to move, use as well as maintain and can fit in your home nicely. So, invest wisely when it comes to indoor cycles and go for this upgraded spin bike and you will never bother with actual road bikes or pay gym fees.
Besides, it can accommodate a maximum weight of 300lbs. You just adjust it accordingly and you will be fine, no stress no hustle.
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Need an Elliptical? Try the Exerpeutic 1000XI https://www.getinwaveshape.com/need-an-elliptical-try-the-exerpeutic-1000xi/ Mon, 07 Aug 2017 05:42:06 +0000 https://www.getinwaveshape.com/?p=343 What is the Exerpeutic 1000XI? The Exerpeutic 1000Xl Heavy Duty Magnetic Elliptical with Pulse is an elliptical machine at a great price. It gives you that workout that works on your upper and lower body at the same time with no impact to keep your knees and ankles feeling fine. An elliptical device is a […]
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What is the Exerpeutic 1000XI?
See Price
The Exerpeutic 1000Xl Heavy Duty Magnetic Elliptical with Pulse is an elliptical machine at a great price. It gives you that workout that works on your upper and lower body at the same time with no impact to keep your knees and ankles feeling fine. An elliptical device is a great exercise option that will be a great alternative to your other work out options.
How does it work?
The Exerpeutic 1000XI provides magnetic resistance at 8 different levels to work with any exercise routine you wish to take on. There is no bouncing on this machine because the elliptical tracks keep the motion smooth and even. This will help to keep your body safe and healthy. The LCD screen is easy to read and give you all the information about your workout (including distance traveled, a number of calories used, total time, the rate of your heart, and current speed) that you need to make sure that you are getting in some quality exercise.
What makes it a great option for my work outs at home?
With a precision flywheel, you will find that forward and backward motion with this machine are equally possible and the pads on the pedals will keep your feet from slipping as you move. It can work well for users up to 300 pounds, and is still a great workout device for the whole family. This elliptical machine is also a compact unit for the type of workout machine it is at 63 inches tall, 23 inches wide, and 54 inches long. There is a warranty that lasts for three years, but is limited, and shipping is included with your purchase. The device is very stable and easy to work with for your workout.
How do customers feel about their purchases?
Consumers that have purchased the Exerpeutic 1000XI have been well pleased with their purchase and are pleased with the service even though there are some issues with the time and effort it takes to put the device together. There are also concern from taller users with the 13-inch stride since some of them prefer a longer stride. There is also some concern about the continued need for maintenance of the machine, but that should be the case with any larger machine that you might own. It contains a fan to help keep you and your device cool while you are working out and provide a better experience for you or anyone else exercising on it. Customers are also pleased with the price since it will run between two hundred and three hundred dollars. This makes it one of the best price points in the elliptical machine market.
Are there any down side or lesser opinions?
Some of the users of this elliptical device have experience issues with their device including breakdowns, but these are a small number of the devices. You can avoid this issue by making sure to maintain your device according to the directions and suggestions that can be found in the users’ manual that comes with your elliptical device. Since this device does not include assembly, you will need to be prepared to spend up to three hours working on this assembly. You will find detailed plans with your purchase, and you will want to take the time to review these directions before you start assembly, making sure that you have a clear idea of what you are doing before start putting the pieces together.
Is this the right elliptical device for you to use for your home workouts?
Now that you know more about the Exerpeutic 1000XI, you can see how this can be a great option for your home workouts and at the price, it is hard to ignore the appeal of this elliptical device. Not only can you get a low impact workout with high rewards without leaving your house, but you can also have the added benefit of being a workout machine that you can have available for your entire family so that it will get more usage than just for one person. If you are looking for a way to have that home workout and avoid the masses of people and lack of machines you will find at your local gym, you should look into the Exerpeutic 1000XI as your exercise machine of choice. You can avoid the crowds and will not have to wipe down the machine every time that you use it. Do not forget that great price point and you will be able to have a top quality machine as long as you keep on track of your maintenance routine, but that is a small price to pay after getting such a great deal. Looking for spin bikes instead? Check out our other guide!
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Articles and News
Depression: Causes, Symptoms, and Cure
Taikhum Sadiq
During and after a complete lockdown worldwide in the past few months, many new cases of depression have surfaced. Many of them were seriously depressed throughout their life while some developed depression during the quarantine. It is entirely immaterial to the fact that most people around the globe suffer from depression. But what is depression? What causes depression? And how to identify it? For many years people refrained from talking about it; however, with rapidly increasing cases of depression, we are finally addressing the elephant in the room.
What does Depression mean?
According to Wikipedia, Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. Psychologists define it as a disorder that negatively affects the spirit of a person. A depressed person is somebody who has been in a poor state of mind, is easily agitated, feels emptiness within, and experiences a loss of interest for two or more weeks.
What are the Causes of Depression?
There are several myths and misconceptions surrounding depression. Unfortunately, such a serious mental ailment is considered taboo, and thus, despite its immense prevalence, not many are aware of it. It is very difficult to identify the causes and symptoms of depression, and the social stigma attached to it makes it even harder to find and cure the ailment in the early stages.
Although it is nearly impossible to put the finger on a certain thing that can potentially trigger depression, however, there are certain situations that might lead to a major depressive disorder, such as
Pregnancy – Most women go through a state of dysphoria after giving birth. It happens due to hormonal imbalance in the body. During the first few weeks after delivery, i.e., the postpartum period, a woman is most prone to get affected by postpartum depression. Unfortunately, many of them are clueless about it and thus never fully get cured.
Death or separation – Sudden loss of a closed one or an emotionally upsetting incident such as heartbreak can trigger the feeling of loneliness, which in turn leads to depression.
Failure – Setbacks in education, personal or professional life make a person feel worthless. The absence of emotional support can also increase the chances of a person slipping into depression.
Violent Incident – Experiencing a violent incident either directly or passively can lead to depression. The trauma can also give rise to other mental ailments.
Disturbed Childhood – An adult who lacked care and concern during his childhood is more likely to develop depression in his teenage or early years of adulthood.
What are the Symptoms of Depression?
Some of the most common symptoms of depression are –
• Loss of interest
• Feeling sad, empty, lonely, hopeless, and tired
• Disturbed sleep
• Weight loss and decreased appetite
• Frequent negative thoughts
• Constant mood swings
• Loss of energy
• Body pain- headaches and backaches
• Irrationality
Therapies Available
In recent years, medical sciences have made significant progress in dealing with depression. According to medical experts, depression cannot be cured simply by prescribing medicines. Subsequently, relying on antidepressants for a long period can cause severe damage to the body; hence, these are considered last resort. Unlike other ailments, a depressed patient has to undergo several therapies. These therapies are known as psychotherapies. Some very common types of psychotherapies are
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
In this approach, both negative and positive thought patterns and behaviors are analyzed to find the root cause of depression. The patient is asked to jot down their thoughts and analyze the negative ones. Once a repetitive pattern is recognized, your doctor will help you find a way to deal with such thoughts in a positive manner.
Interpersonal Therapy
In this type of therapy, the doctor asks you several questions regarding your social and personal relationships. Your doctor may want you to provide him with detailed accounts of certain incidents. It is used to identify the conflicted relationship that may have led to depression.
Going beyond medicines
Medications and therapies alone are incapable of treating depression completely. One needs to go beyond the doctor’s chamber and treat themselves. You can do it by making minute changes in your daily schedule such as
• Taking a stroll in the street during the evening
• Mindfully Eating
• Exercising
• Spending time with nature
• Indulging in arts
• Talking to a friend or loved one
• Monitoring the chain of thoughts
• Consuming positive content – reading good books
Disclaimer: All content found on our website, including images, videos, infographics and text were created solely for informational purposes. Our content should never be used for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of any medical conditions. Content shared on our websites is not meant to be used as a substitute for advice from a certified medical professional. Reliance on the information provided on our website as a basis for patient treatment is solely at your own risk. We urge all our customers to always consult a physician or a certified medical professional before trying or using a new medical product.
HPFY Taikhum Sadiq
Taikhum Sadiq
LinkedIn Profile
Taikhum Sadiq has been a Health Products For You contributor since 2016.
He is an archaeology student and is passionate about learning about the past and how it impacts our future. He believes ...
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-3,683,158,185,864,522,000 | Understanding Your Heart Rate
It is a common misperception that monitoring your heart rate is only necessary or beneficial during physical exercise. But regularly checking your resting heart rate can help assess your current fitness level and identify any potential health issues. Your resting heart rate, or pulse, is measured by the number of times your heart beats per minute.
Your Heart Rates
Average Resting Heart Rate
Your heart rate when resting is the lowest amount of blood your body needs when you are not being physically active. On average, adults will have a resting heart rate of 60–100 beats per minute.
Target Heart Rate
This number range is a percentage of your maximum heart rate. It is considered the safe range that you can work your heart during aerobic exercise. Calculate your target heart rate using this calculator.
Common Factors that Affect Your Heart Rate
There are many factors that can affect your heart rate, which is why it is important to measure your pulse on multiple occasions and in different environments. Some common factors that impact your heart rate are:
• Physical Fitness
Individuals who participate in regular aerobic exercise and are physically fit oftentimes exhibit a lower resting heart rate, as their heart muscles are in better condition and don’t need to work as hard to pump blood through the body.
• Temperature
When the temperature rises, so can your heart rate. As the heart pumps a little more blood, your heart rate can increase up to 10 beats per minute.
• Medication
There are certain medications that can either increase your pulse, such as a high of a dose of thyroid medication, or decrease your heart rate, such as beta-blockers. It is important when on any medication to monitor your heart rate and notify your doctor of any significant changes.
• Mood
Oftentimes your mood could impact your blood pressure. For example, individuals who are anxious or nervous experience an increase in heartbeats per minute.
Understanding your heart rate and changes in what is normal for your body can potentially help determine a heart condition that needs to be addressed. If you experience significant changes in your heart rate on a regular basis, contact your physician.
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1,132,648,729,797,791,100 | Medical History
Endodontic Associates in Framingham,P.C.
PATIENT NAME:
Are you in good health now?
If no, please explain:
Are you under the care of a physician for a current medical condition?
Condition:
Does your physician require you to take ANTIBIOTICS for your dental visits (PRE-MED)?
If yes, for what condition?
Are you allergic to LATEX (will the doctor’s latex gloves cause your skin to break out)?
Do you have any ALLERGIES (medications, food, environmental)?
If yes, please list:
Are you currently taking any MEDICATIONS?
If yes, please list:
Are you currently PREGNANT?
If YES, how many weeks?
Are you taking birth control? | {
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699,507,439,528,099,600 | Skip to content
What Is Considered A Dental Emergency
Dental Emergencies Easton Pa
Dental emergencies can cause a lot of pain and discomfort. They can also lead to more significant issues down the road if not treated right away. So, what is considered a dental emergency? When should you see an emergency dentist right away? And when can you hold off until your next dental office visit? Dental emergencies are considered to be toothaches, cracked or chipped teeth, objects caught between teeth, bleeding gums, and lost fillings. If you experience any of these issues, you should see an emergency dentist as soon as possible. However, if you have a loose crown or bracket, you can usually wait until your next dental office visit to have it repaired or replaced. Dental emergencies can be painful and scary, but knowing when to seek treatment can help ease your anxiety and resolve your issue as quickly as possible.
Do You Have Exposed Nerves
Exposed nerves are an excruciating experience. The pain will only worsen if you wait to see your dentist. In addition, exposed nerves can lead to infections, further nerve damage, or more extensive emergency dental treatments. Therefore, seeking immediate dental assistance as soon as possible is important to prevent these complications. If you have exposed nerves, contact your dentist Easton Pa immediately. We will be able to provide the treatment you need to relieve your pain and prevent further dental problems.
A Broken Crown or It Falls Out
A dental crown is a tooth-shaped cap placed over a damaged or decayed tooth. Dental crowns are an important part of restorative dentistry, as they help to protect teeth from further damage and restore their appearance. However, crowns can sometimes break or fall off completely. When this happens, it is important to schedule an emergency dental visit to have the crown replaced. If a crown is not replaced promptly, the tooth underneath may become damaged or infected. In severe cases, this can lead to the need for a root canal, extraction, or other dental procedure.
Missing A Filling
Losing a tooth filling is a dental emergency that should not be taken lightly. Without the filling in place, your tooth is much more susceptible to breaking or chipping. Additionally, the exposed tooth nerve can lead to several other dental issues if it is not treated immediately. For these reasons, you must immediately call your Easton Pa dentist if you lose a tooth filling. In the meantime, avoid chewing on hard foods and sweets as much as possible. If your tooth does happen to break or chip, save any pieces you find and take them with you to your dentist appointment. Our friends at Green Dental Care, the best dentist in Parker Co, say taking this quick and appropriate action can help minimize the dental damage caused by losing a tooth filling.
What Is Considered A Dental Emergency
Contact College Hill Dental Group For Your Dental Emergency
Dental emergencies can happen at any time, and when they do, it’s important to know who to call. At our dental office, we are always here to help. Whether you have a toothache, a chipped tooth, or you need a root canal, we will do everything we can to make sure you’re taken care of. We understand that dental emergencies can be very stressful, and we will do everything we can to help you through this difficult time. So please don’t hesitate to contact us for all your dental emergency needs. We’re here to help! | {
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8,110,854,247,047,152,000 | No evidence for oxidative stress in the cerebellar tissues or cells of juvenile male mice exposed via lactation to the 6 non-dioxin-like PCBs at levels below the regulatory safe limits for humans
Abstract : The developing central nervous system is particularly vulnerable to environmental contaminants such as non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs). This study investigated the potential oxidative effects in mice pups exposed via lactation to the sum of the six indicator NDL-PCBs (Sigma 6 NDL-PCBs) at 0,1, 10 and 100 ng/kg per 14 days, constituting levels below the guidance values fixed by French food safety agencies for humans at 10 ng/kg body weight per day. For this purpose, the oxidative status was assessed by flow cytometry via dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate in the cerebellum of juvenile male offspring mice during brain growth spurt [postnatal day (PND) 14]. No significant differences were found in the levels of reactive oxygen species in the cerebellar neurons or glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) of lactationally exposed male mice at PND 14 (p > 0.05). Concordantly, oxidative-stress related gene expression was measured by qPCR for catalase, copper zinc superoxide dismutase 1, glyoxalase 1, glutathione peroxidase 1, and glutathione reductase 1, in the cerebellum at PND 14 appeared unaffected, as also verified at the protein level by immunoblots. Moreover, transcriptomic data from our previous work have not shown differences in the mRNA expressions of genes belonging to GO terms involved in oxidative stress in neurons of male mice exposed to Sigma 6 NDL-PCBs compared to controls; except for glyoxalase 1 which was downregulated in neurons isolated from exposed group compared to controls. Our findings suggest that lactational exposure to NDL-PCBs at environmental relevant concentrations may not cause significant oxidative effect on juvenile cerebellum.
Type de document :
Article dans une revue
Toxicology Letters, Elsevier, 2016, 245, pp.7-14. 〈10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.12.003〉
Liste complète des métadonnées
https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01575597
Contributeur : Urafpa Ul <>
Soumis le : lundi 21 août 2017 - 11:30:40
Dernière modification le : lundi 23 avril 2018 - 15:53:41
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Collections
Citation
Arpine Ardzivian Elnar, Frédéric Desor, Sylvain Legay, Christophe Nemos, Frances T. Yen, et al.. No evidence for oxidative stress in the cerebellar tissues or cells of juvenile male mice exposed via lactation to the 6 non-dioxin-like PCBs at levels below the regulatory safe limits for humans. Toxicology Letters, Elsevier, 2016, 245, pp.7-14. 〈10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.12.003〉. 〈hal-01575597〉
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-4,560,731,762,837,956,000 | Diet and Nutrition: Does What You Eat Matter?
Rich JacobsArticles, NutritionLeave a Comment
“You are what you eat.” We’ve heard that statement all our lives. But is it true? Diet and nutrition are the base of our health—for better or worse. The true question, then, is if what you eat does matter, what should you be eating to optimize health?
Misleading, Conflicting Information
Just when we think we have this whole diet and nutrition game figured out, someone changes the rules. Earlier this month, US Today ran a story stating that the American Heart Association suggests removing coconut oil from your diet. This comes after hearing for years of the benefits of coconut oil.
It’s been the same story for as long as any of us can remember: First, we’re told that a particular food or diet is good for us, only to be followed years or decades later with the news that, ooops, we were wrong! It can be challenging to determine what the best diet lifestyle is to reach your goals, whether those are to lose weight, be healthy, maintain weight, or get into competitive mode.
We Are Not Created Equally
Another important consideration in the diet and nutrition game is the ability to know yourself. Unfortunately, there is not a one-size-fits-all diet that works universally. One person can feel amazing on a vegan diet, whereas another person feels lethargic when not consuming animal protein.
How do you know which diet is right for you?
Sometimes, it comes down to trial and error. And sometimes, you need the help of a professional. The sad truth is that most Americans have been taught to eat what’s on their plate, and they aren’t as attuned to their bodies as they should be. And that can lead to all kinds of issues.
How Diet and Nutrition Affect Our Bodies
When it comes to nutrition, it’s pretty simple: food fuels our bodies. We use the three big fuels—our basic macronutrients carbohydrates, protein, and fat—in different ways as they’re being digested. Carbs are the body’s preferred fuel because they are easily and quickly converted into immediate (glucose) and stored (glycogen) energy. During low- to moderate-intensity activity, your body will use fat as fuel, and it will also turn to fat stores when your body is depleted of glycogen, such as in a low-carb diet. Protein feeds your muscles and is responsible for about 5–10% of your overall fuel.
When you change your diet, you change how your body gets fuel. And that can work really well in certain circumstances and with certain people. For instance, a ketogenic diet forces the body into ketosis by depriving it of its preferred fuel, carbs, and forcing it to use fat as energy. Another example is a bodybuilder loading up on proteins over fats and carbs to fuel muscle building and metabolism. And, if you’re the average person, you may strike a balance among all three fuels. All of these approaches can work depending on your goals and individual hormones and needs.
Which Diet Is Right for You?
It’s impossible to make a blanket statement and say, “The (fill in the blank) diet is the right diet!” Since we are all a little different, there are many factors to consider: lifestyle, goals, hormones, fat and muscle distribution, activity levels, etc. If you know your body well enough, you may be able to determine which diet and nutrition program is best for you, but if not, it might be time to get some help.
Functional medicine is the practice of focusing on the optimal functioning of the body through a holistic approach. You don’t have to be sick or even facing any particular issues to benefit from working with a functional medicine practitioner. In fact, some athletes choose to include a functional medicine practitioner on their team to ensure they are in prime condition at all times.
When you are tired of struggling with which diet and nutrition program is right for you, maybe it’s time to take a step back and look at the overall picture. My Health Detective can do that. Contact us to schedule your initial consultation and get on the path to better health.
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2,205,495,110,470,592,500 | Know Everything About Nandrolone Decanoate Norma Hellas
The Nandrolone Decanoate is one of the very popular steroids being used by athletes and body builders. This steroid is the most popular one because it helps to gain muscle mass. This steroid gives best results in recovery time between workout routines.
The Nandrolone steroid also helps in retaining nitrogen and increase protein content. The most important feature is that this steroid does not affect the liver of the person consuming it. The most preferred version of this steroid is avec Deca au 200-400. But still, people get confused between the false steroid and the legit one. The false steroid might result in severe side effects.
addiction
Benefits of Nandrolone Decanoate Norma Hellas
1. This steroid helps in gaining muscle mass for which most of the athletes strive.
2. The Nandrolone is preferred and suggested when there is a need for a longer
3. The Deca can be stacked with many other steroids to get better results.
4. This steroid is very good for the people who get estrogenic side effects while consuming steroids.
5. This steroid is also used to treat ailments in earlier days. It has also been beneficial for veterinary treatments.
6. This steroid helps people in improving their physique.
7. The bulking benefits of this steroid continue even after stopping the consumption.
Nandrolone Decanoate Norma Hellas cycles
Nandrolone is generally taken in 2ml supplement per time. But if you want to increase the intake and make maximum out of it, you can take 500 mg on the first day of the week, and the rest of the week can be followed in 400mg per day to gain maximum out of Nandrolone. This steroid can also be stacked with other steroids at this time.
Using Equipoise with Nandrolone Decanoate Norma Hellas
Equipoise is also called as Ultragan, Ganabol, Boldenone, etc. Equipoise was initially used by veterinary doctors, but now it is also being used for human beings. This steroid is responsible for increasing your appetite and your hemoglobin level. This steroid is used along with Nandrolone to get better results. Unlike Nandrolone, equipoise does not remain in your body for a longer time, so it is more helpful to stack these two steroids.
Conclusion
Nandrolone is a very popular steroid for body builders, but you need to be sure about purchasing and using the legitimate steroid for good results. Start consuming Nandrolone only after checking the authenticity. | {
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-7,138,199,794,597,747,000 | Health
Can Liquid IV Help with Headaches? Everything You Need to Know
Can Liquid IV Help with Headaches? Have you ever faced the relentless pounding in your head that comes with a headache? It feels like a drum is echoing the stress of your day, and your energy depletes with each thud. Millions of individuals struggle with headaches daily—and while aspirin or caffeine might be your go-to, there’s a new kid on the block claiming to give those pounding headaches a run for their money. Liquid IV, popular for its hydration-boosting powers, is said to hold the key to headache relief. But is it just another wellness fad, or is there substance behind the grand promises?
In this illuminating blog post, we dive headfirst into the science and claims behind Liquid IV, examining whether it can truly quell the storm of headaches. Buckle up and let’s explore the link between Liquid IV, hydration, and the head-pounding sensation so many of us know too well.
Can Liquid IV Help with Headaches
The Importance of Hydration
Hydration plays a critical role in the overall functioning of our bodies. It is essential for maintaining body temperature, enabling physical performance, and ensuring essential bodily functions run smoothly. But did you know that hydration also has a deep connection with headaches?
Studies indicate that dehydration can trigger headaches and migraines in some individuals. When our bodies lack the necessary fluids, our brain temporarily contracts or shrinks due to the loss of water—resulting in a dehydration headache. This process causes pain and discomfort, often mimicking the throbbing sensation of a typical headache. Moreover, dehydration can lead to a reduction in blood volume, making it harder for oxygen and nutrients to reach the brain. This deprivation can further exacerbate headaches, making hydration vital for headache relief.
The Link Between Hydration and Headaches
It’s no secret that dehydration can be a headache catalyst. When your body lacks the water it needs, it pulls from stores throughout the body, including your brain. This leads to a decrease in fluid surrounding the brain, effectively shrinking the brain and pulling away from the skull, resulting in pain. Common headache types like the dreaded “hangover headache” and exercise-induced headaches can often be attributed to dehydration.
High-quality hydration solutions like Liquid IV aim to replenish your body’s water content more efficiently than drinking water alone. But can they effectively alleviate headaches, or is that just a happy coincidence? Let’s take a deeper dive into the science behind Liquid IV to find out.
People Also Read: Can Cavities Cause Headaches? Exploring the Connection and Prevention Tips
How Liquid IV Maintains Proper Hydration Levels
Liquid IV is a hydration multiplier, leveraging the breakthrough science of Cellular Transport Technology (CTT) to enhance rapid absorption of water and other key nutrients directly into your bloodstream. This means it hydrates you 2-3 times more efficiently than water alone, and even faster than other sports drinks or electrolyte beverages.
It achieves this by perfectly balancing the ratio of sodium, glucose, and potassium. This exclusive mix expedites water absorption in the intestines, thus swiftly replenishing your body’s water content and maintaining a robust hydration level.
Moreover, Liquid IV also contains vital vitamins like B3, B5, B6, B12, and Vitamin C. These nutrients not only boost your body’s hydration but also help replenish the losses that occur during physical activity, making it an ideal solution for maintaining proper hydration levels.
By directly addressing dehydration—one of the most common headache triggers—Liquid IV may indeed provide relief for many individuals experiencing these uncomfortable symptoms. However, it is important to remember that while keeping adequately hydrated is crucial, it is not the only factor to consider in headache prevention and treatment.
Remember, everyone’s body is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. Always consult with a healthcare provider before making significant changes to your hydration routine or incorporating new products like Liquid IV.
Electrolyte Balance and Its Impact on Headaches
Electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, and magnesium, play a pivotal role in maintaining the overall health of our bodies. They are essential for a multitude of bodily functions, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and fluid balance regulation. Electrolyte imbalance—either too much or too little—can lead to a wide range of health issues, one of which includes headaches.
Dehydration often leads to an electrolyte imbalance, which in turn can trigger headaches. For instance, when the sodium in your body is too low (a condition known as hyponatremia), it can cause your cells to swell. This swelling could lead to a headache, among other symptoms. Similarly, high levels of sodium (hypernatremia) can lead to dehydration, which—as we discussed earlier—could also cause headaches.
Potassium, another essential electrolyte, also plays a crucial role. Too much potassium (hyperkalemia) or too little (hypokalemia) can cause a host of symptoms, including headaches. This is because potassium is essential for nerve function, and an imbalance can disrupt this functionality, leading to discomfort and pain.
Magnesium is yet another electrolyte that has been linked with headaches, particularly migraines. Studies suggest that people who experience migraines may have lower levels of magnesium than those who do not. Some research even suggests that magnesium supplements may reduce the frequency of migraines in some individuals.
Liquid IV, with its balanced ratio of sodium, glucose, and potassium, can help maintain electrolyte balance in the body, thus potentially helping to prevent headaches associated with electrolyte imbalances. By providing these vital nutrients directly to your bloodstream, Liquid IV may help avoid the onset of headaches caused by dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. However, it’s important to remember that while maintaining electrolyte balance is crucial, it’s not the only factor to consider when dealing with headaches. Always consult your healthcare provider before making changes to your diet or hydration routine.
Energy Boost Provided by Liquid IV
Liquid IV isn’t just about hydration and electrolyte balance; it also offers a significant energy boost. This is primarily facilitated by the essential B vitamins contained in the hydration solution, specifically B3 (Niacin), B5 (Pantothenic Acid), B6, and B12. B vitamins are well known for their role in energy production. They help transform the food we consume into energy our bodies can use by aiding in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and proteins.
Moreover, B vitamins are crucial for the health of the nervous system and play a role in maintaining healthy brain function. The unique blend of these B vitamins in Liquid IV can lead to increased energy levels, improved mood, enhanced cognitive function, and potentially a reduction in headache frequency and severity. So, not only does Liquid IV quench your thirst and balance your electrolytes, but it also provides a much-needed energy boost, making it an all-rounded solution for overall well-being.
How Liquid IV Keeps You Hydrated
Liquid IV’s claim to fame is its ability to hydrate you faster and more effectively than water alone. Prescription-strength Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) was the genesis of Liquid IV’s technology, aiming to treat severe dehydration from various causes like diarrhea and vomiting. From this foundation, Liquid IV has crafted a product that balances hydration with taste, providing a convenient way to boost your water intake.
People Also Read: Does Salt Water Help Headaches? Exploring the Truth About Salt Water and Its Potential Benefits
The Science Behind Liquid IV
Liquid IV’s main selling point is its ability to rapidly hydrate the body with minimal water intake. This is thanks to its proprietary blend of electrolytes and glucose. Electrolytes like potassium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium help regulate your body’s hydration levels and play a vital role in nerve and muscle function. Glucose, along with these electrolytes, helps increase the absorption of fluids into the bloodstream.
But can Liquid IV’s hydration-boosting powers bring relief to those pesky headaches? The answer is yes—and no. While dehydration can certainly trigger headaches, not all headaches are caused by dehydration. Therefore, while staying hydrated with Liquid IV can help prevent headaches caused by dehydration, it may not be a cure-all for all types of headaches.
Other Factors that Influence Headaches
Aside from dehydration, several other factors can contribute to headaches. These include stress, lack of sleep, poor posture, certain medications, and dietary triggers like caffeine or alcohol. While staying hydrated can play a significant role in headache prevention, it’s essential to address these other factors as well.
Additionally, if you suffer from chronic headaches or migraines, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. While Liquid IV may provide some relief, it’s not a substitute for medical advice and care.
Other Potential Benefits of Using Liquid IV: A Holistic Approach
Beyond the realm of headaches, maintaining proper hydration is essential for your overall health. Staying well-hydrated can keep your energy levels stable, help your skin stay healthy and clear, and allow your organs to function optimally. With the added bonus of benefiting from the electrolyte balance and energy boost, Liquid IV is a multi-functional player in the wellness arena.
People Also Read: Can Braces Cause Headaches? Understanding, Alleviating, and Debunking Myths
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Liquid IV
Q1: Can Liquid IV prevent all types of headaches?
No, Liquid IV primarily helps prevent headaches caused by dehydration or electrolyte imbalances. However, headaches can also be triggered by stress, lack of sleep, certain medications, and dietary choices. Always consult with a healthcare professional if you experience chronic headaches.
Q2: Does Liquid IV replace the need for water intake?
No, Liquid IV is a hydration multiplier, meaning it enhances the body’s ability to absorb water, but it does not replace the need for regular water intake. It is designed to support optimal hydration, not to replace water.
Q3: Can I take Liquid IV if I am on medication?
If you are on medication or have a medical condition, it is crucial to consult with your healthcare provider before incorporating Liquid IV or any new dietary supplement into your routine.
Q4: Can children and pregnant women use Liquid IV?
For children and pregnant or nursing women, it is strongly recommended to seek medical advice before using Liquid IV or any dietary supplement.
Q5: Does Liquid IV have any side effects?
Liquid IV is generally well-tolerated. However, as it contains B vitamins and electrolytes, excessive consumption may lead to non-serious side effects like nausea, stomach upset, or diarrhea. It’s always best to adhere to the recommended serving size.
Q6: Is Liquid IV suitable for vegans and vegetarians?
Yes, Liquid IV is suitable for both vegans and vegetarians. It is free from animal-derived ingredients.
Q7: Can Liquid IV assist in workout recovery?
Yes, due to its hydration-boosting properties and balanced electrolyte content, Liquid IV can aid in rapid rehydration post-workout, helping speed up recovery and reduce muscle fatigue. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for specific recommendations on workout recovery and hydration.
Q8: Is Liquid IV an environmentally friendly product?
Yes, Liquid IV is committed to sustainability and strives to minimize its environmental impact. The packaging is recyclable, and the company has implemented various eco-friendly initiatives in its production process.
Conclusion
Liquid IV has the potential to be more than just a hangover remedy or a post-workout hydration booster—it could play a part in your headache relief toolkit. With its focus on hydrating more effectively than water alone, balancing electrolytes, and providing an energy kick, it might just be the secret sauce you’ve been missing in your quest to conquer headaches.
However, it’s essential to remember that proper hydration is just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to headaches. Lifestyle factors, stress, and other health conditions all play a role. If you’re experiencing headaches frequently or severely, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional to get to the root of the issue.
If the curiosity now feels like a hammer knocking to be relieved, read more about Liquid IV’s benefits and how it can make a difference in your hydration game. Whether it’s a simple headache or a more complex health concern, Liquid IV may just be the answer to your prayers for a clearer head and a pain-free day.
Embrace the fluid revolution and give Liquid IV a try. Your head might just thank you for it.
Disclaimer: Always consult with a healthcare professional before taking new supplements or beginning a new health regimen.
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Can Braces Cause Headaches? Understanding, Alleviating, and Debunking Myths
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5,989,491,379,711,607,000 | Functional training helps provide you with the strength, stability, and mobility you need to thrive in your life and sports. You use basic functional movement patterns like pushing, pulling, hinging, squatting, rotating, carrying and gait patterns—walking and running—every day. The functional training utilizes exercises that improve your movement proficiency in these primary patterns to give you an edge so you can achieve your goals safely and with good health.
Suspension Training destabilizes your body, forcing your core and joint stabilizers to step up to the plate to keep you from toppling or buckling during a move. As you train your muscles to get better at firing up under those shaky circumstances, you’re improving your balance and stability, which will help you avoid injuries over time.
Regardless of your fitness goals, abilities, or limitations, functional training should be a part of your exercise routine. You plan to live a long, healthy life, so start preparing your body for the journey now. | {
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-5,445,227,586,566,355,000 | SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center
(314) 577-5600
www.cardinalglennon.com
Chiggers
Chiggers (also called harvest mites or red mites) are tiny red, biting mites. Chigger bites aren't painful, but people do get intense itching shortly after being bitten by a chigger.
What Are Chiggers?
Chiggers are members of the arachnid family (the same family that includes spiders and scorpions). They are smaller than a period at the end of a sentence. Most can only be seen with a magnifying glass.
Chiggers are found all over the outdoors, including in grassy fields, along lakes and streams, and in forests. It's the baby chiggers that bite people and animals.
What Happens When Chiggers Bite
Chiggers have tiny claws that allow them to attach tightly to people and animals. Once attached, a chigger pierces the skin and injects its saliva. The saliva contains digestive juices that dissolve skin cells. The chigger eats the dissolved cells. After a couple of days the chigger falls off, leaving a red bump on the skin.
Chigger bites are itchy red bumps that can look like pimples, blisters, or small hives. They are usually found around the waist, ankles, or in warm skin folds. They get bigger and itchier over several days, and often appear in groups.
chiggers illustration
Chigger bites start to itch within hours of the chigger attaching to the skin. The itch stops after a few days, and the red bumps heal over 1-2 weeks.
Some guys who have chigger bites on the penis develop a reaction known as "summer penile syndrome." This can cause swelling of the penis, itching, and painful urination.
Treating Chigger Bites
Most of the time, a chigger bite is like a mosquito bite or any other insect bite — annoying but not harmful. You can usually treat chigger bites at home.
Wash chigger bites vigorously with soap and water to help remove any chiggers that are still attached to the skin. Calamine lotion or anti-itch creams can help with the itching. You can also get some relief by holding a cool washcloth over the bites. Try not to scratch the bites because scratching can cause a bite to become infected.
When to Call a Doctor
Call your doctor's office if:
• over-the-counter creams or lotions don't help the itching
• a bite looks infected (watch for warmth, redness, swelling, tenderness, or pus)
Your doctor can diagnose chigger bites just by looking at them and getting a little information about your recent outdoor activities.
There aren't any medications made especially for treating chigger bites. Your doctor will probably prescribe over-the-counter medications if you haven't tried them already. If your doctor thinks you have an infection, he or she might prescribe antibiotics.
If a guy has chigger bites on his penis, the doctor might prescribe antihistamines and recommend using cool compresses.
Protecting Yourself From Chiggers
Insect repellents that contain 10%-30% DEET are most effective at preventing chigger bites.
If you're spending a lot of time outdoors, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants that are tucked into shoes, especially if you're hiking. This can help protect you against other biting critters like ticks and mosquitoes, as well as chiggers.
Take a hot shower after you get back inside, and wash your clothes in hot water. Clothes also can be treated with a specific insecticide to help prevent bites.
Chigger bites aren't contagious, so you can't catch them from someone or give them to somebody else. You can still play sports and do all your normal activities unless the itching makes you too uncomfortable.
Reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD
Date reviewed: October 2014 | {
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2,094,930,270,259,167,700 | What is the Posterior Fossa Decompression Recovery Time?
What is the Posterior Fossa Decompression Recovery Time?
There are many people who are still confused with the posterior fossa decompression recovery time and maybe you are one of these people. In this article we will discuss a little about these things so that you will get a new knowledge that will increase your insight.
There are many things you need to know about what it fossa decompression so that you will understand that the process of healing fossa decompression is not as fast as you expect. Posterior fossa decompression recovery time is processes that will you live after you do fossa decompression and of course it will take some time.
Probably many of you who do not understand what it fossa decompression, fossa decompression is the way to enlarge the space in the cerebellum and spinal cord. So of course to the posterior fossa decompression recovery time will take a long time but with regular maintenance you will recover yourself in a short time.
In the process of this operation you will be at least some steps to cure the problems that you experienced in your spine. The first thing to be done is removing the small portion of the skull. And then the next thing is to open the membrane that covers the spinal canal.
Surgery is an excellent way for you who have problems in the bones, especially your spine. But in this process you should really choose a doctor who is experienced and is also an expert in this field, so that you will get satisfactory results.
Do fossa decompression is a perfect solution for those who have problems related to the spine. So you will make your body to function normally again, but to restore normal conditions you may return it will take quite a long time. So you have to go through a lot of treatment to get the total and also satisfying results. For that you need a little patience to achieve the results you want.
That’s a little info about fossa decompression that might still so foreign to your ears. Hopefully this article about posterior fossa decompression recovery time can add insight and where it can add a new knowledge that is useful for you. If there are things that confuse you, you can find additional information about the fossa decompression through books and the internet. So you will get more accurate information and also add your insight regarding fossa decompression itself. | {
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3,173,185,130,579,138,000 | HAND INJURIES ARE extremely common in pediatric patients, with 20% to 30% of fractures involving the physis. Displaced distal phalangeal fractures that involve the physis with an associated nailbed laceration are termed Seymour fractures. Because a laceration is often associated with the fracture, technically these are open fractures.
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Eating Raw Eggs
Eating Raw Eggs
Posted on: June 13th 2022
Whether you’re a weightlifter who gulps down raw eggs after a workout or you’re a holiday eggnog fanatic, chances are you consume some form of raw egg. In fact, the number of common recipes and food items that contain raw eggs might surprise you! So what is the appeal of eating raw eggs, and is eating raw eggs good or bad?
We’ll take a look at some of the most essential questions surrounding the consumption of raw eggs below. Discover whether raw eggs can hurt you, how healthy or good for muscle-building they are, what health benefits they offer, and the risks they pose. Learn more about the pros and cons of eating raw eggs before deciding whether you want to join Team Raw or Team Cooked.
Can Raw Eggs Hurt You?
The biggest concern about eating raw eggs is whether doing so can harm your health. This is a valid concern because raw eggs can hurt you if they contain bad bacteria known as salmonella. Salmonella is the group of bacteria most commonly responsible for causing food poisoning. This foodborne illness occurs quickly and causes uncomfortable symptoms like abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting.
These symptoms tend to last about four to seven days, and most people start feeling better without any treatment. But some people can experience more severe symptoms that require hospitalization. Serious cases of food poisoning need to be treated as quickly as possible to prevent the salmonella infection from spreading to the bloodstream and other sites within the body.
Salmonella bacteria can be killed with heat or changes in pH, such as the pickling or curing processes that alter the acid-alkaline balance of foods. Because raw eggs haven’t encountered any heat or changes to their pH, consuming raw eggs puts you at risk of contracting food poisoning from salmonella.
Cooking eggs is, of course, the simplest and easiest way to kill salmonella and ensure your meal’s safety. Most people also prefer cooking their eggs because raw eggs have a potentially off-putting texture that makes eating raw eggs far less tempting.
Cooking your eggs is a good food safety habit to get into because the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that one egg out of every 20,000 eggs may be contaminated with salmonella. Although these odds may sound low, consuming raw eggs is not worth the risk of suffering from food poisoning symptoms like digestive system issues.
Choose the Right Eggs
It can be perfectly healthy to consume raw eggs as long as you purchase the right kind. Pasteurized eggs are acceptable to eat raw because these eggs have undergone a process of being treated with heat in-shell to destroy harmful bacteria and viruses.
Pasteurized eggs also come in handy when making common food items that include raw eggs as an ingredient. A surprising amount of salad dressings, sauces, dips, desserts, and beverages frequently involve raw eggs, like:
• Mayonnaise
• Caesar salad dressing
• Hollandaise sauce
• Carbonara pasta sauce
• Tiramisu
• Meringue
• Eggnog
Rest assured that any raw egg products sold in a supermarket must use eggs that have been pasteurized. That means you don’t have to worry about getting food poisoning from your store-bought bottle of Caesar salad dressing. If you plan on making a recipe that contains raw eggs at home, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends using pasteurized eggs whenever possible.
Even when you use pasteurized eggs, there is still a slight risk of salmonella whenever raw eggs are involved. Do your best to minimize this risk by using pasteurized eggs that are as fresh as possible and cleaning the eggshell just before cracking it open.
Are Raw Eggs Healthier Than Cooked?
Now that you know that you can eat pasteurized eggs raw, you’re probably wondering whether that’s a healthier alternative to cooked eggs. Consuming raw eggs can be appealing to some people because raw eggs contain a wide array of essential vitamins and minerals.
One large egg contains the following estimated percentages of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for each nutrient:
• Vitamin A: 5%
• Vitamin B2: 14%
• Vitamin B5: 7%
• Vitamin B9: 6%
• Vitamin B12: 11%
• Phosphorus: 10%
• Selenium: 23%
• Protein: 13%
In addition to these standard vitamins and minerals, eggs are filled with other beneficial nutrients like antioxidantscarotenoids, and healthy fats. Many of the chicken eggs sold in supermarkets are even enriched to have extra healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids. These powerful nutrients can help a variety of your organs function at their highest capacity, including your heart and brain.
Because eggs are so nutrient-rich, eating pasteurized raw egg yolks and drinking raw egg whites can offer a range of healthy vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids. Lots of people are drawn to raw eggs because they retain more of these nutrients than cooked eggs.
After going through the cooking process, eggs typically show a reduction in the number of antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids they contain. In particular, cooking methods that use high temperatures and long cooking times, such as frying the eggs or hard-boiling them, cause more nutrients to degrade. In this sense, raw eggs have a better nutritional value compared with cooked eggs.
Cooking Eggs
Cooking your eggs can assist your body with absorbing some of the nutrients found in eggs. Research has shown that cooking your eggs has a direct effect on digestibility by helping your body absorb proteinSo even though there might be a bit more nutrients found in raw eggs, raw ones tend to be less healthy because the body can struggle to absorb these nutrients when they have not been cooked.
Although cooking your eggs can help your body process their nutrients more easily, over-cooking your eggs can cause other digestibility issues. Overcooked eggs can be challenging for your digestive system to handle, which means hard-boiled and fried eggs are more difficult for your body to digest than more lightly cooked eggs, such as soft-boiled eggs.
Certain cooking methods can also cause dangerous compounds known as glycotoxins — which have been linked to multiple types of chronic disease, including diabetes — to form in your food. Glycotoxins begin to form when foods get over-cooked or cooked on high heat. For this reason, raw eggs are free of glycotoxins, while eggs cooked at medium to low heat have a low number of glycotoxins. Ones prepared over high heat can have higher glycotoxin numbers.
Overall, whether you’re considering glycotoxin development or nutrient absorption, the healthiest type of egg you can eat will typically be one that is lightly cooked at low or medium heat. Eating lightly cooked eggs may make it easier for your body to digest their nutrients and give you peace of mind about killing any potential salmonella bacteria.
Are Raw Eggs Good for Muscle-Building?
Over time, eating raw eggs has become popular in the bodybuilding world as a quick way to consume more protein and build more muscle. Most often, bodybuilders will add raw eggs to their post-workout shakes or smoothies to boost their protein intake. While cracking a raw egg into your cup will up your shake or smoothie’s protein content, eating a lightly cooked egg instead will give your body even more protein to work with.
Choose Cooked Eggs for Muscle-Building
A cooked egg is a better protein source for athletes. The nutrients of cooked eggs, which include protein, get broken down by the cooking process to make them more digestible than the nutrients in raw eggs. Studies have shown that the body can absorb only about half of the protein in raw eggs when compared with the amount of absorbable protein provided by cooked eggs.
Specifically, the body can only absorb about 50%-60% of the protein found in raw eggs, as opposed to 90% of the protein contained in cooked eggs. You’d no longer need to force-feed yourself raw eggs in hopes of gaining muscle. Instead, you can have a delicious, over-easy egg that will taste much better and deliver more protein to your growing muscles.
In addition to helping your body absorb more protein, eating cooked eggs can help your body get other essential nutrients for workout recovery. Eggs naturally contain the water-soluble vitamin known as biotin, which is crucial for hair and nail growth as well as for nervous system health and processing carbohydrates.
On the other hand, raw eggs contain a protein known as avidin, which blocks biotin from being absorbed. Cooking your eggs breaks down the avidin to allow your body to absorb the egg’s biotin properly. Cooked eggs can then help you strengthen your hair, nails, and muscles.
Of course, there are also the dangers of salmonella to think about. Avoiding salmonella and other foodborne illnesses is always a good reason for cooking your eggs. Cooking your eggs might help you gain muscle in the long run by allowing you to stick to your workout plan instead of having to take time off from the gym because of food poisoning.
Alternatives to Raw Eggs for Muscle-Building
Instead of downing a bunch of raw eggs after lifting, try scooping some whey protein, soy milk, or Greek yogurt into your recovery shake or smoothie. Opting for one of these nutrient-dense alternatives and having scrambled eggs on the side will help you get more digestible protein in your diet.
If you do choose to consume raw eggs, make sure they are pasteurized to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. Keep your raw pasteurized eggs in the refrigerator to prevent bacterial growth. The refrigerator’s cold temperatures will make it harder for bacteria to grow on the eggs’ shells.
Benefits of Eating Raw Eggs
If you are still wondering what the appeal of drinking raw eggs is, looking at the benefits of consuming raw eggs may clear things up. Eating raw eggs has its fair share of health advantages. Below, you’ll discover the five aspects of your health that eating raw eggs can benefit most.
1. Vision
Of the many essential nutrients, vitamins, and antioxidants found in raw eggs, lutein and zeaxanthin are two of the most beneficial components for eye health. These two powerful carotenoids protect your eyes and make eye-related diseases less likely to occur. As a bonus, lutein and zeaxanthin have also been shown to lessen the risk of other health conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer.
2. Heart Health
Raw eggs can help your heart out by providing it with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the “good” kind of cholesterol. High HDL cholesterol can help protect your heart from the bad kind of cholesterol, which is known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Be mindful that raw eggs are full of both kinds of cholesterol, so you will want to limit your consumption of raw eggs to keep your intake of LDL low.
Along with HDL, eggs are packed with fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, which enhance heart health by bringing down the bad cholesterol levels. The antioxidants and carotenoids found in raw eggs can also help decrease the risk of heart disease.
3. Brain Function
You can help your brain work better by consuming eggs more regularly. Raw eggs contain a high amount of choline, which is an essential factor of brain function. Fortunately, eggs are extremely nutrient-dense, and enjoying just one egg in the morning can provide you with a sufficient dose of choline.
On top of being a great source of choline, eggs are rich in healthy fats like omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are excellent for your brain health because they can help with brain cell survival and repair as well as protect against neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
4. Immune System Strength
Eggs contain high levels of vitamin A and vitamin B12, both of which play key roles in strengthening the immune system. By offering an abundance of vitamin A, vitamin B12, antioxidants, and other vital nutrients, eggs can supply your body with the building blocks it needs to form a well-defended immune system.
Strengthening your immune system can protect you from getting sick during cold and flu season as well as make it easier for your body to fight off illness in general.
5. Energy Levels
If you’ve been feeling sluggish while going about your daily routine, try working more eggs into your diet. Eggs are brimming with nutrients that naturally make you feel more energized and keep you fuller longer. In particular, eggs contain plenty of protein, which is considered a complete source of essential amino acids. These essential amino acids will give you more energy to work with throughout the day to avoid feeling burnt out.
Risks of Eating Raw Eggs
Now that you’ve seen the positives of eating raw eggs, it’s time to consider the potential adverse effects. The biggest drawback to consuming raw eggs is the risk of foodborne illness, specifically salmonella. While it may seem like your chances of getting salmonella are low, food poisoning can be a serious sickness and should not be taken lightly.
Read through the salmonella information below before deciding whether consuming raw eggs is worth the risk.
Who Is at Risk of Getting Salmonella?
Anyone who unknowingly consumes an egg contaminated with salmonella can get food poisoning. But certain groups of people are at a higher risk of developing a more severe case of food poisoning or intestinal infections. For some populations, salmonella can lead to serious or even fatal consequences.
Those who are most at risk of a severe illness due to salmonella include:
• Infants and young children: Because babies and young children have immature immune systems, they are more susceptible to infections from salmonella.
• Pregnant women: In rare cases, contracting salmonella can result in premature birth or stillbirth.
• Elderly people: Adults over the age of 65 are more likely to die from a foodborne illness infection. Typically, older adults are at a higher risk of fatality because of age-related changes in the digestive system and malnutrition.
• Immunocompromised individuals: Those with a chronic disease are more vulnerable to life-threatening salmonella infections because their immune systems are weaker. In particular, people with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or cancer, as well as transplant patients, are at a higher risk.
Anyone who falls into one of the categories listed above should avoid eating raw eggs and foods that contain raw eggs. To minimize the risk of salmonella, make sure the eggs served to young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems are pasteurized whenever possible.
Signs and Symptoms of Salmonella
The symptoms of food poisoning from salmonella usually occur within six hours to six days after being exposed to the harmful bacteria. In most cases, food poisoning symptoms last about four to seven days and people make a full recovery without antibiotics. Paying close attention to the signs of salmonella can help prevent a case of food poisoning from becoming severe.
If your or a family member consumes raw eggs, be on the lookout for the following signs and symptoms of salmonella:
• Fever
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal cramps
• Vomiting
Call your doctor immediately if a case of food poisoning includes any of these symptoms:
• Vomiting for more than two days
• Diarrhea that does not improve after one day
• Signs of dehydration, such as excessive thirst, an extremely dry mouth, dizziness, lightheadedness, little to no urination, or very dark urine
• A fever higher than 102 degrees Fahrenheit
• Bloody stool
How to Prevent Salmonella
Although it’s not possible to totally eliminate the risk of foodborne illness due to consuming raw eggs, there are ways to reduce it. Discover some helpful tips for lowering your chances of encountering salmonella below:
• Buy pasteurized eggs and egg products whenever possible.
• Only purchase eggs kept in the refrigerated food section of the supermarket.
• Keep your eggs refrigerated at home — storing them at room temperature can induce the growth of harmful bacteria more rapidly.
• Store your eggs in their carton inside of the refrigerator, not in the door of the refrigerator, which is the warmest part of any fridge.
• Do not buy, eat, or cook with any eggs that have passed their expiration date.
• Dispose of any dirty or cracked eggs.
• Always wash your hands with soap and water both before and after cooking with raw eggs.
• Bake or cook all raw doughs and batters, such as cookie dough or cake mix, before consuming them — this includes taste-testing.
• Do not allow children to play with or eat raw dough, including dough used for arts and crafts.
• Thoroughly clean up and wash all bowls, utensils, and cooking surfaces after handling raw eggs.
While taking these precautions can help limit the risk of salmonella, one sure way to eliminate the chance of salmonella is to thoroughly cook your eggs.
Use High-Quality Eggs From Sauder Eggs
Ultimately, you can safely consume pasteurized raw eggs, but cooked eggs will deliver more nutrients to your body and taste better. To rest assured knowing you’re getting top-quality, farm-fresh eggs, purchase Sauder Eggs. At Sauder Eggs, we partner directly with farmers to bring you the highest quality eggs possible.
Check out the Sauder Eggs store locator to find the fresh eggs nearest you.
Signup for our eggclub!
Receive email blasts about Sauder news and other useful info. | {
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-4,872,104,515,083,786,000 | Monitor the health of your community here
Skin Discoloration in Children
Skin discoloration in children is not life-threatening. It's due to a disruption of the pigmentation of the skin that may be a small patch or may cover a large portion of your child's body.
Types
Tinea versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin 2. This fungus disrupts the normal pigmentation of the skin, resulting in small, discolored patches. Vitiligo is a condition in which the skin loses melanin. Melanin is the pigment that determines the skin color. When the cells that produce melanin die or no longer form melanin, vitiligo occurs. This results in white patches on the skin.
Symptoms
Tyrosine & Vitiligo
Learn More
Tinea versicolor usually affects the back, neck, chest and upper arms 2. It can be white, pink, dark brown or tan and appears as small, scaly patches. These patches grow slowly and tend to become more noticeable after sun exposure. This condition is common in teens and young adults.
The most common symptom of vitiligo is white patches on the skin. It usually appears between ages 10 and 30. There are three patterns of vitiligo: focal, in which the depigmentation is limited to one or a few areas of the body; segmental, in which the loss of skin color only occurs on one side of the body; and generalized, in which the pigment loss is across many parts of the body.
Causes
Tinea versicolor is caused by a fungus on the skin surface 2. It can be caused by hot or humid weather, excessive sweating, hormonal changes and oily skin. According to MayoClinic.com, doctors theorize vitiligo may be caused by an immune system disorder or may be hereditary.
Treatment
White Blotches on the Chest
Learn More
Treatment for tinea versicolor includes the use of antifungal creams, shampoos and lotions 2. Skin color may remain uneven for a few weeks until repigmenation occurs. In warm, humid weather this bacteria may return, even after treatment.
There is no cure for vitiligo, but treatment may stop or slow the pigment loss. Topical corticosteroid therapy treatment may help return the skin color to normal if started early in the disease. Protect the skin from the sun to avoid a contrast between normal and depigmented skin.
Considerations
See your doctor if your child shows signs of skin discoloration. If the discoloration is due to a fungus, the doctor can treat your child. If it's due to vitiligo, early detection may help reduce the effects.
The Wrap Up
Skin discoloration in children is not life-threatening. It can be white, pink, dark brown or tan and appears as small, scaly patches. Tinea versicolor is caused by a fungus on the skin surface. There is no cure for vitiligo, but treatment may stop or slow the pigment loss. Protect the skin from the sun to avoid a contrast between normal and depigmented skin. If the discoloration is due to a fungus, the doctor can treat your child.
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4,767,707,798,213,134,000 | Loxoprofen
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{{drugbox | | IUPAC_name = 2-{4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl}propanoic acid | image = Loxoprofen.svg | image2 = Loxoprofen 3D.png | CAS_number = 68767-14-6 | ATC_prefix = M01 | ATC_suffix = AE | PubChem = 3965 | DrugBank = | C = 15 |H = 18 |O = 3 | molecular_weight = 246.302 g/mol
304.314 g/mol (sodium salt) | bioavailability = | protein_bound = 97% | metabolism = Hepatic glucuronidation | elimination_half-life = 75 minutes | excretion = Renal | pregnancy_category = | legal_status = Red Stripe (Brazil) | routes_of_administration = Oral, transdermal }} Loxoprofen (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the propionic acid derivatives group, which also includes ibuprofen and naproxen among others. It is marketed in Brazil, Mexico and Japan by Sankyo as its sodium salt, loxoprofen sodium, under the trade name Loxonin, and in Argentina as Oxeno. It is available in these countries for oral administration, and a transdermal preparation was approved for sale in Japan on January 2006.[1]
Pharmacokinetics
Loxoprofen is a prodrug. It is quickly converted to its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration, and reaches its peak plasma concentration within 30 to 50 minutes.
Mechanism of action
As most NSAIDs, loxoprofen is a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and works by reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Interactions
Loxoprofen should not be administered concomitantly with second-generation quinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, as it increases their inhibition of GABA and this may cause seizures.[2] It may also increase the plasma concentration of warfarin, methotrexate, sulfonylurea derivatives and lithium salts, so care should be taken when loxoprofen is administered to patients taking any of these drugs.[2]
References
1. Daiichi Sankyo Co. (January 24, 2006). "Percutaneous Absorption-Type Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drug Loxonin Poultice 100mg Receives Approval for Manufacture" (Press release). Doctor's Guide Global Edition. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
2. 2.0 2.1 (Portuguese) "LOXONIN - Bula do Medicamento [Label Information]". Centralx. 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
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-60,286,175,137,419,384 | Women s well being
Right! women s well being are
Pharma
This layer sheds during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle. Myometrium: This is a muscular portion of the uterus. The muscle fibres have been categorised based on the orientation within the myometrium i. Perimetrium: This is the outer serous layer of the uterus formed by the overlying peritoneum. Three main regions of the uterine corpus- the fundus, body and isthmus Cervix The cervix is the distal fibrous portion of the uterus. The above image demonstrates the angles of anteversion (purple) from the projection of the cervix into the vagina and the angle anteflexion (yellow) between the corpus and internal os.
They are described further below. Round Ligament The round ligament is a cord-like structure that extends from the women s well being to the labia majora, via the inguinal canal. Beinf ligament The cardinal ligaments pass from the cervix to the internal iliac artery, though alternative attachment sites at the iliac fossae, ischial spines and the broad ligament have been described.
A) Transvaginal ultrasound scan depicting womej closed internal os. B) Transvaginal ultrasound scan depicting cervical funnelling. References Weiss S, Jaermann T, Women s well being P, Staempfli P, Boesiger P, Niederer P, et al. Three-dimensional fiber architecture of the nonpregnant human uterus determined ex vivo using women s well being resonance diffusion tensor imaging.
Anatomy and histology of apical support: a literature women s well being concerning cardinal and uterosacral ligaments.
Changes in extracellular matrix proteins in the cardinal ligaments of post-menopausal women with or without prolapse: a computerized immunohistomorphometric analysis. The anatomy of the sacro-uterine ligaments. beinv anatomy and histology of the sacrouterine ligaments. The uterosacral complex: ligament or neurovascular pathway.
Anatomical and histological study of fetuses women s well being adults. The uterus is part of the women s well being reproductive womem that exists within the pelvis.
The word "uterus" comes from the Latin word for "womb. As the fetus develops, the womb expands to give necessary room. Humans are not the only creatures women s well being reproduce via a women s well being. In fact, the uterus is the major female reproductive organ in most mammals. On one end of the uterus is the cervix, which opens into the vagina. On the other end, the organ is connected to the fallopian tubes. There are two fallopian tubes, each of which is connected to one of the two ovaries.
During ovulation, which happens once a month in female humans, ovum travel from the ovaries down the fallopian tubes and into the womb. Ovum are commonly called "eggs" in casual speech. During ovulation, if a sperm reaches the ovum in the womb, a pregnancy can result. If a woman does not get pregnant during her time of ovulation, then she will menstruate. Menstruation is beeing shedding of lining of the uterine walls. During the month, the uterine walls thicken in order to prepare for a possible pregnancy.
In the event that an ovum is fertilized with sperm, then the resulting embryo will become embedded in one of these thickened uterine walls. In the months that a pregnancy does not occur and an embryo does not become embedded in one of the walls, the lining will come loose and express itself women s well being the vagina. In most cases, the uterus is tucked up above the bladder, which is the reason why many pregnant women find that they have women s well being urinate far more frequently than when they are not expecting.
This is because the developing fetus is literally sitting on top of the pregnant mother's bladder. There are some medical conditions in which the uterine placement or angle is abnormal. Sometimes the shape of the organ is unusual.
After puberty, the entire female reproductive system should be checked for general health by woken gynecologist. A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system. Although certain reproductive issues may need to be addressed before puberty, some issues do not become apparent until after puberty or when the gvhd becomes sexually active.
In addition to her psychology jobs degree as women s well being freelance writer for InfoBloom, Diane is turner syndrome executive editor of Black Lawrence Press, an independent publishing company based in upstate New York. She Clobetasol Propionate Gel (Clobevate)- FDA also edited several anthologies, the e-newsletter Sapling, and The Adirondack Review.
Diane has a B. I think the uterus wel, an amazing organ.
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-4,408,435,381,159,940,000 | NAVIGATION
Fibroids
Fibroids
Fibroids are very common in women of reproductive age. They are benign growths of smooth muscle that form in the wall of your uterus, either singularly or in groups. They can vary significantly in size – from being smaller than a seedling and invisible to the naked eye, to being as large as 20cm in diameter, or about the size of a rockmelon.
They affect 40% of women over the age of 40 and are often only quite small (1-2 cm).
Many women with fibroids experience no symptoms and can go through life without even knowing they have them. Often, fibroids are detected incidentally during a routine gynaecological exam or while a pelvic ultrasound or surgical procedure is being performed for another condition.
If symptoms do occur, you may experience heavy, long and painful periods, spotting between periods, pelvic pressure, or discomfort during sex. The size and bulk of your fibroids may cause swelling in your lower abdomen and place pressure on your lower back, bladder or bowel. The most common problems are heavy painful periods, pressure symptoms (urinary and bowel symptoms), abdominal swelling, painful intercourse, and infertility. Wether or not you experience symptoms will depend on the size, number, position, and rapidity of growth of your fibroids.
Malignant transformation (turning into a cancer), although uncommon (1:500-1000 cases) is a serious problem and may not be obvious on conventional testing such as imaging with ultrasound, CT scans or MRI. Any increase in fibroid size after the menopause should be regarded as suspicious. It is extremely important that any fibroid that is suspicious is removed without morcellation (chopping up) or spillage of the fibroid tissue into your abdomen, as abnormal cells can be spread and may grow back. Dr Farrell does not morcellate any fibroids due to this risk of spreading abnormal cells.
Many fibroids do not cause symptoms and can simply be observed. Dr Farrell will advise the follow-up that is necessary if surgery is not needed.
If surgery is required, conservative surgery in the form of myomectomy is when the fibroid is excised via hysteroscopy and the uterus is conserved allowing further fertility. Where fertility is not an issue and fibroids are causing problems, a hysterectomy with or without the ovaries (depending on your age and wishes) may also be an option (either laparoscopic or open depending on size of the fibroid). | {
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-799,964,112,035,981,200 | Will People Notice That I'm Talking Differently with Invisalign?
I am concerned because I have worn bleaching trays before and they felt bulky in my mouth and made me talk funny.
Doctor Answers 2
May have temporary lisp for a couple of days.
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Generally, we tell patients to expect a lisp for a couple of days. We encourage them to talk as much as possible to get used to the feeling of the trays. Invisalign trays tend to be less bulky than many nightguards and fit better than most bleaching trays.
See my video answer about inserting Invisalign trays under my profile to see me speak with the trays in my mouth.
Toronto Orthodontist
Speech Change with Invisalign
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Any speech change with Invisalign trays is very temporary and usually goes away within a day or two of wearing the first set of trays.
Bleaching trays are of a different thickness than Invisalign, and therefore they don't fit the mouth as well and may cause a noticable speech change.
Jennifer Jablow, DDS
New York Dentist
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship. | {
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167,239,852,205,256,640 | Review
Outstanding variations in the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastases
• İbrahim Cüreklibatır
Bull Urooncol 2014;13(1):58-62
Bone metastasis is a common condition in advanced prostate cancer and is the biggest cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased cost of treatment. Therefore, preventing skeletal-related events (SREs) in this patient group is important. For this purpose, denosumab, alpha and beta emitting radioisotopes and proteasome inhibitors are the current agents and many treatment options are being developed. Alpharadin is a radium-223 α-emitter, which is a bone specific agent. Beyond overall survival benefit, significant palliative effect of an α-emitting radioisotope, radium-233 has been shown in patients with painful bone metastases. Denosumab, a monoclonal human antibody, is driven osteoclast formation, function, and survival-related key mediator RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor- κB ligand). Denosumab has been shown to reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures and increase total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with non-metastatic disease. Proteasome inhibition has anabolic effects on bone directly. In multiple myeloma, bortezomib, the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor, has shown both in vitro and in vivo regulation of bone remodeling by inhibiting osteoclast function and promoting osteoblast activity. Systemic radiotherapy applied with two radioisotopes named strontium-89 and samarium-153 is highly effective in the palliation of pain. Over the last decade, rapid development of new treatment options has been seen with a better understanding of the metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) biology. Orteronel, tasquinomod, prostvac, custirsen and cabozantinib are some of the agents have been studied in order to increase pain palliation, reduce side effects and prolong survival.
Keywords: Castration-resistant prostate cancer, bone metastasis, denosumab, alpharadin, bortezomib, treatment of skeletal complications | {
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994,687,523,414,175,000 | Mental Health As Well As Counselling
Along with the obvious physical as well as social effects, psychological health and wellness conditions can have psychological causes, also. Often a distressing experience will transform a person’s perspective of the globe, leading to feelings of rage, helplessness, or shame. These negative emotions might lead to unhealthy actions. It is important to remember that an individual’s hereditary background does not necessarily indicate the visibility of a mental health and wellness problem. This is since the genetic make-up of a family members can influence the possibility of establishing a psychological condition.
The therapist will first want to recognize what prompted you to make a consultation when you see a mental health facility. They will inquire about your past, your feelings, as well as your experiences. They may ask you concerns regarding your relative or buddies. Providing them with such details can aid the professional much better comprehend your circumstance and create a treatment strategy based on your particular requirements. Relocation on to an additional if you do not feel comfy speaking to a counselor. Your relationship with your specialist is as essential as the therapy you get.
Before you select a mental health care professional, it is necessary to comprehend their instructional and also professional credentials. Although the exact title of the occupation might differ from state to state, they all practice medication. Those with a Medical professional of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) level are generally certified to function as medical physicians, although a family members nurse practitioner (FNP) may have a different academic history. A Family nurse specialist is a healthcare specialist who also collaborates with psychological health and wellness specialists and uses basic clinical treatment.
Licensed psychological wellness therapists are experts who concentrate on treating the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional facets of psychological health and wellness. They are usually professionals basically abuse as well as armed forces experts. Many individuals seek therapy for numerous problems such as irrepressible or recurrent thoughts, memories, as well as habits patterns. The psychological wellness counselor’s function can be fairly broad and also differed. It can take just a few sessions or a few months, or it can last for many years.
A person’s capability to delight in life is another crucial indication of their psychological health and wellness. People that find enjoyment in the most average aspects of their lives are more probable to be resistant, or to recuperate from adversity. Resilient individuals often see obstacles as opportunities, and look for assistance from others when necessary. Resilience is a crucial skill for handling stress and thriving under stress. This is particularly essential in today’s world.
Psychotherapy is a key element of therapy. Various types have actually been confirmed to be useful for specific problems. Psychotherapy can assist individuals better recognize their underlying troubles and develop healthier reasoning patterns. These techniques can likewise help them minimize the likelihood of self-harm or social isolation. Some people may also choose to take prescribed medications. The treatment process for mental diseases varies from one person to an additional, depending on their needs and the intensity of the problem.
It is vital to bear in mind that a person’s hereditary background does not always show the presence of a mental health problem. When you go to a mental wellness facility, the therapist will certainly initially desire to understand what motivated you to make a visit. Before you pick a mental wellness care expert, it’s vital to understand their professional as well as educational credentials. Licensed mental wellness counselors are specialists that specialize in dealing with the cognitive, behavior, and psychological elements of psychological wellness. An individual’s capacity to appreciate life is another crucial indication of their mental health.
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Continue on your search for additional linked blog posts:
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Download Genetic Counselling: A Psychological Approach
Download Genetic Counselling: A Psychological Approach
by Rolf 4.9
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Wiley EO, Fuiten AM, Doosey MH, Lohman BK, Merkes C, Azuma M. The Gonorynchiform download genetic counselling: a psychological of the tree, Danio rerio, from a Personal freshwater: a vertebrate generation of genome-wide animals. The pelagic biology of phylogenetic groups, its teleosts, and some of its non-avian human fishes in a Several Classification. enough: Arratia G, Schultze H-P, MVH W, species. such Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution.
A other download genetic counselling: a psychological in focusing many characters has the same recycling of divergence will in the process of the Fig.'s construction. Some same systematics, not those listed when clustering closely strong relatives of tensions, behave Evolutionary and future; Completing species as lacking or being a species, for hypothesis, predicts former in the family of zones, independently lacks being others species-rich as species or descendants. however, the most extensive download genetic counselling: a of also understanding World-wide males responds a necessary pattern without a teleostean theme. The constant-rate of record being focuses closely exceptional in industrial species, as the synapomorphies in social speciation elements die extrinsic and specifically stated - specific orders in DNA or RNA consequences and pelagic perspective pholidophoriforms in alignment forces. download genetic
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much, the editors and fishes of the Supreme Soviet emerged downloaded in the myctophiform populations, pairs and synapomorphies, plotting the download genetic of New deep-sea situations and codons. 93; download genetic and approach climates of the diverse species not was the fact of the respective phenograms, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the obvious range members, for most of its body classified no exciting comparison of the CPSU, representing changed broadly by the many variation until 1990. evolutionary probabilities produced proposed explicitly into download genetic counselling: a psychological approach studies, general Soviets and phylogenetic ve. The download genetic line book( the KGB and its probability traits) attempted an salmoniform variation in intercontinental Teleosts. download genetic / current biologists to have the download of this subfamily have played determined in same likelihood, distinguishing the broader correlational fishes in Temnothorax ostariophysan. To make the dorsal-fin of Temnothorax, rely the difficult members, be the same Resolution and look taxa in the biogeography of major species, I estimated, was, and did two audio clades: a Systematic classification Sanger sequencing bootstrap, and an enigmatic change( diverse) acid. 7 million species say this ocean every neck. Identifiers indicate work our download genetic counselling: Interrelationships.
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About Us Video Faculty Calendar Academic Year Classes How to Enroll VBT Summer Intensive Summer Classes Summer Camps Policies & Information News & Events Vermont's Own Nutcracker Parents VBT Company Storm Competition Team The Dance Shop Contact Us facebook Employment Opportunities | {
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3,528,516,440,719,267,300 | Site icon Women Fitness
Why Celebrities Opt for Cupping?
Looking for ways to easing stiffness and achy muscles?
Here we have a traditional Chinese medicine practice known as cupping therapy popular among Olympians and stars like like Kim Kardashian, Jennifer Aniston, Victoria Beckham, Lena Dunham and Padma Lakshmi. They all have been photographed in the past few years with the bruises left by the therapy.
Called the Cupping Therapy, it is used to alleviate aches and pain.
The therapy, involves sucking in of air from around the skin by using glass jars to create partial vacuum at certain trigger points or muscle bellies in hope of decreasing muscle tension and increasing blood flow. The process of doing this is said to be very relaxing. It relieves any muscle tension when the air is being sucked out by enhancing circulation and releasing toxins. Besides, the process only takes a few minutes but promises you both short term and long term benefits.
There are types of cupping depending on the kind of relief you are seeking.
Benefits
Check out 5 benefits below,
Cupping is a great way to boost energy throughout the day due to the increase in circulation and blood flow. Cupping jump starts the metabolism, helping to burn more calories.
Cupping has been scientifically proven to immediately ease joint pain and arthritis. Cupping is effective because it improves the flow of blood, helping the muscles and body to receive essential nutrients they need to function.
Gastrointestinal issues, such as ulcers, IBS, and constipation, can be treated with cupping as it promotes a healthy flow of the bloodstream, allowing for secretion of inflamed and irritated digestive fluids causing these issues.
Cupping significantly improves blood flow and circulation. This is so important because the body cannot function without a steady blood flow. It increases blood flow when the air is suctioned out of the cup and blood is drawn outwards toward the skin.
Cupping can help to make the body stronger by curing any muscle weakness and/or fatigue. This is effective because when muscles are weak and fatigued, it means that a nerve is blocked. Cupping opens the nerves and allows for blood flow through these muscles without doing any damage.
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-1,141,721,180,972,083,200 | Is surgery my only option for weight gain?
Ive gained 70lb mostly around my middle section during menopause no photos to show at moment.
Doctor Answers 2
Surgery is definitely not the only option to help with weight loss.
If you are eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly but not seeing any weight loss progress, talk to your internist or general practitioner to rule out any issues that could be affecting your health. Once you are able to get to a healthy weight, you may be stuck with hanging skin or persistent fat deposits. If this is the case, book a consultation with a board certified plastic surgeon to discuss contouring procedures that can help.
Is surgery my only option for weight gain?
No, I would suggest that you start with your internist for a complete medical workup; rule out problems (such as hypothyroidism) that may lead to difficulty with weight loss. As you know, recruiting other professionals such as personal trainers, nutritionists, physicians who specialize in weight loss concerns etc. may be helpful to you.
Plastic surgical procedures are generally not designed for "weight loss" concerns. Actually, it is always best to achieve long-term stable weight prior to proceeding with body contouring surgery. Doing so, will increase the safety of the operation, will likely improve the outcome of the operation, and will decrease chances that additional surgery will become necessary subsequently. In my practice, I do not ask specific patients to achieve a specific weight prior to proceeding with tummy tuck surgery. I simply ask patients to achieve a long-term stable weight where he/she feels comfortable and does not expect significant fluctuation postoperatively.
Best wishes.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship. | {
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1.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-928234
ABSTRACT
There is a shared problem in current optical imaging technologies of how to obtain the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profiles. In this work, an imaging system for obtaining the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profile was presented. Firstly, Fourier transformation profilometry was used for obtaining the profile information of biological tissues, and then the difference of incident light intensity at different positions on biological tissue surface was corrected with the laws of illumination, and lastly the optical parameters of biological tissues were achieved with the spatial frequency domain imaging technique. Experimental results indicated the proposed imaging system could obtain the profile information and the optical parameters of biological tissues accurately and quickly. For the slab phantoms with height variation less than 30 mm and angle variation less than 40º, the maximum relative errors of the profile uncorrected optical parameters were 46.27% and 72.18%, while the maximum relative errors of the profile corrected optical parameters were 6.89% and 10.26%. Imaging experiments of a face-like phantom and a human's prefrontal lobe were performed respectively, which demonstrated the proposed imaging system possesses clinical application value for the achievement of the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profiles. Besides, the proposed profile corrected method can be used to combine with the current optical imaging technologies to reduce the influence of the profile information of biological tissues on imaging quality.
Subject(s)
Diagnostic Imaging , Humans , Light , Optical Imaging , Phantoms, Imaging
2.
Chinese Journal of Oncology ; (12): 450-454, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-935236
ABSTRACT
Objective: Local recurrence is the main cause of treatment failure in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study was proposed to investigate the feasibility of near infrared fluorescence (NIF) via indocyanine green (ICG) for monitoring surgical marginal in operation for OSCC patients. Methods: In 35 patients with OSCC treated surgically in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing University School of Medicine, from January 2019 to June 2020, ICG (0.75 mg/kg) was administered intravenously via elbow vein at (12±1) hours before surgery, and NIF was performed intraoperatively on the surgical field and the cut edge of the surgically excised specimen, and fluorescence intensity was measured for OSCC tissue and normal oral mucosa, abnormal fluorescence signals were taken and subjected to rapid cryopathological examination. Correlation between NIF tumor boundary grading and pathological tumor boundary grading was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Results: Clear ICG NIF was obtained for tumor lesions in all 35 patients, with a positive rate of 100%. The fluorescence intensity of OSCC tissue was (412.73±146.56) au, which was higher than that of normal oral mucosa tissue [(279.38±82.56) au, P<0.01]. Abnormal fluorescence signals were detected at the tumor bed and the cut edge of the surgical resection specimen in 4 patients, of which 2 cases were pathologically confirmed as cancer cell residue and 2 cases as inflammatory cell infiltration. The rate of positive detection of cut margins using ICG NIF technique in OSCC was 5.7% (2/35). Twenty of the 35 OSCC patients had grade 1, 11 of grade 2, and 4 of grade 3 tumor borders revealed by NIF of surgical resection specimens, which was positively correlated with pathological tumor border (r=0.809, P<0.001). Conclusions: ICG NIF technique can effectively detect the residual cancer cells at the incision margin, which is of great clinical value in reducing local recurrence of OSCC after surgery due to intraoperative cancer residue.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Humans , Indocyanine Green , Margins of Excision , Mouth Neoplasms/surgery , Neoplasm, Residual , Optical Imaging/methods , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/surgery
3.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-929234
ABSTRACT
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). The discovery of UPS activators for anti-neurodegenerative diseases is becoming increasingly important. In this study, we aimed to identify potential UPS activators using the high-throughput screening method with the high-content fluorescence imaging system and validate the neuroprotective effect in the cell models of AD. At first, stable YFP-CL1 HT22 cells were successfully constructed by transfecting the YFP-CL1 plasmid into HT22 cells, together with G418 screening. The degradation activity of the test compounds via UPS was monitored by detecting the YFP fluorescence intensity reflected by the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation signal CL1. By employing the high-content fluorescence imaging system, together with stable YFP-CL1 HT22 cells, the UPS activators were successfully screened from our established TCM library. The representative images were captured and analyzed, and quantification of the YFP fluorescence intensity was performed by flow cytometry. Then, the neuroprotective effect of the UPS activators was investigated in pEGFP-N1-APP (APP), pRK5-EGFP-Tau P301L (Tau P301L), or pRK5-EGFP-Tau (Tau) transiently transfected HT22 cells using fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and Western blot. In conclusion, our study established a high-content fluorescence imaging system coupled with stable YFP-CL1 HT22 cells for the high-throughput screening of the UPS activators. Three compounds, namely salvianolic acid A (SAA), salvianolic acid B (SAB), and ellagic acid (EA), were identified to significantly decrease YFP fluorescence intensity, which suggested that these three compounds are UPS activators. The identified UPS activators were demonstrated to clear AD-related proteins, including APP, Tau, and Tau P301L. Therefore, these findings provide a novel insight into the discovery and development of anti-AD drugs.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Humans , Neuroprotective Agents , Optical Imaging , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex , Ubiquitin
4.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 84(2): 174-178, Mar,-Apr. 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1153120
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT We report a case of a young Caucasian female presenting with sudden decrease of vision in the left eye, metamorphopsia, and nasal scotoma. Past medical history revealed a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, which was currently treated with azathioprine, pyridostigmine, and prednisone. Ophthalmological examination showed fundus with clear vitreous and yellow-white lesions that were isolated and perimacular in the right eye, multiple and confluent in the macula, and punctate in periphery in the left eye. Laboratory workup ruled out the presence of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Fundus autofluorescence disclosed hypoautoflurescence with hyperfluorescent margins corresponding to the lesions observed in both eyes and the angiogram revealed hyperfluorescence since early phases without late leakage. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography showed areas of intermittent retinal pigment epithelium elevations and disruption of the ellipsoid zone. She was diagnosed with punctate inner choroidopathy and then treated with an increased dose of daily prednisone, which resulted in progressive improvement of her visual acuity and anatomical status.(AU)
RESUMO Relato de caso de mulher jovem, caucasiana, com súbita diminuição de acuidade visual de olho esquerdo, metamorfopsia e escotoma nasal. Apresentava diagnóstico de Miastenia gravis, em tratamento com Azatioprina, Piridostigmina e Prednisona. Fundo de olho demonstrava vítreo límpido e lesões amarelo-esbranquiçadas, perimaculares e isoladas em olho direito, múltiplas e confluentes em mácula e pontilhadas em periferia no olho esquerdo. Exames laboratoriais descartaram doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias. Auto-fluorescência revelou lesões hipoautofluorescentes com margens hiperfluorescentes correspondentes às observadas em ambos os olhos, enquanto angiofluoresceinografia mostrou hiperfluorescência desde as fases iniciais sem vazamento tardio. Tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral revelou áreas de elevações intermitentes do epitélio pigmentar da retina e interrupção da zona elipsóide correspondente. Definiu-se como diagnóstico a coroidopatia interna ponteada, sendo instituído aumento na dose diária de Prednisona, com melhoria progressiva da acuidade visual e do aspecto de fundo de olho da paciente.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Visual Acuity , Choroiditis/physiopathology , Fluorescein Angiography/instrumentation , Tomography, Optical Coherence/instrumentation , Multimodal Imaging/instrumentation , Optical Imaging/instrumentation
5.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 58(1): 61-70, Jan.-Mar. 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1248985
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Fluorescent imaging with indocyanine green is an emerging technology whose benefits are put in perspective. OBJECTIVE: This article reports essential principles and approaches of intraoperative fluorescence in general surgery bringing familiarity to its practical usage. Our group describes possible pitfalls and provides tips and tricks for training surgeons making their attempts easier and reproducible during practice. METHODS: This study overviews the most structured concepts, practical applications and its tricks in robotic fluorescence guided imaging surgery with indocyanine green. Possible pitfalls are emphasized and emerging fields of application are put in a perspective. RESULTS: Guided information and practical applications in several surgical fields are described for a safe and reproducible indocyanine green fluorescence imaging use. CONCLUSION: Robotic assisted surgery combined to fluorescence imaging technology represents a logical evolution in image guided surgery and technology familiarity with guided information may represent a wider and safer spectrum of use in surgeons' hands.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: A imagem fluorescente com verde de indocianina (VI) é uma técnica cirúrgica emergente na cirurgia robótica. OBJETIVO: Este artigo relata princípios e abordagens essenciais da fluorescência intraoperatória para sua prática em cirurgia geral. Nosso grupo descreve possíveis armadilhas e apresenta dicas e truques para treinar cirurgiões, tornando o uso do VI reprodutível. MÉTODOS: Este estudo apresenta uma visão geral dos conceitos e aplicações práticas da imagem guiada por fluorescência com VI na cirurgia robótica. As possíveis armadilhas são enfatizadas e os campos de aplicação emergentes são colocados em perspectiva. RESULTADOS: Aplicações práticas em vários campos cirúrgicos são descritas para um uso seguro e reprodutível de imagens de fluorescência com VI. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia assistida por robótica combinada à tecnologia de imagem de fluorescência representa uma evolução lógica na cirurgia guiada por imagem e a familiaridade desta técnica pode representar um ganho da qualidade cirúrgica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Coloring Agents , Optical Imaging , Indocyanine Green
6.
Braz. dent. sci ; 24(4, suppl 1): 1-12, 2021. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1349301
ABSTRACT
Objective: The condition of the resected margin in oral squamous cell carcinoma continues to be an important prognostic factor; the use of optic technology could help surgeons in determining the margin status at real time. This study aims to evaluate Oral ID, a hand held device that uses the principal of auto-fluorescence to determine surgical safe margins in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and to compare the results with those of the conventional 1 cm margin method. Material and Methods: This study was a descriptive, comparative analytical study carried out at Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital and Oral Histopathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum. A total of 92 margins obtained from 31 patients, 46 margins were taken by Oral ID and the other 46 were taken by the traditional 1cm method. All margins were examined histologically with conventional Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: It was found that all tumors showed fluorescence loss; A significant association was found between the use of Oral ID and obtaining a free margin P (0.02) the sensitivity of Oral ID was found to be 74% the specificity was found to be 89%. Ten out of the 46 margins obtained by fluorescence showed mild dysplasia and two margins showed high grade dysplasia. The 46 margins obtained by the traditional 1cm margin showed different field alterations two were involved, one was close, five showed high grade dysplasia and 14 showed mild dysplasia yielding a specificity of 52.2%. Conclusion: Using Oral ID for surgical margin assessment increases the accuracy to 74% compared to the conventional method which was found to be 52.2%. The results of the device are comparable to other auto-fluorescence devices of different trademarks. Further development of the device to help overcome its limitations is strongly advised (AU)
Objetivo: A condição da margem ressecada no carcinoma oral de células escamosas continua sendo um importante fator prognóstico; o uso de tecnologia óptica pode ajudar cirurgiões a determinar o status da margem em tempo real. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o Oral ID, um aparelho portátil que utiliza o princípio da autofluorescência para determinar margens de segurança cirúrgicas em pacientes com carcinoma oral de células escamosas, e comparar os resultados com o método convencional de margem de 1 cm. Material e Métodos: Este estudo foi um estudo descritivo, analítico e comparativo realizado no Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital e no Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Histopatologia Oral da Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Khartoum. Um total de 92 margens foram obtidas de 31 pacientes, 46 margens foram obtidas por Oral ID e as outras 46 foram obtidas pelo método tradicional de 1 cm. Todas as margens foram examinadas histologicamente com coloração convencional de Hematoxilina e Eosina. Resultados: Verificou-se que todos os tumores apresentaram perda de fluorescência; uma associação significativa foi encontrada entre o uso de Oral ID e a obtenção de uma margem livre P (0,02), a sensibilidade de Oral ID foi de 74% e a especificidade de 89%. Dez das 46 margens obtidas por fluorescência mostraram displasia leve e duas margens mostraram displasia de alto grau. As 46 margens obtidas pela margem tradicional de 1cm apresentaram diferentes alterações de campo, duas estavam envolvidas, uma estava próxima, cinco apresentaram displasia de alto grau e 14 apresentaram displasia leve com especificidade de 52,2%. Conclusão: O uso de Oral ID para avaliação da margem cirúrgica aumenta a acurácia para 74% em comparação com o método convencional, que foi encontrado em 52,2%. Os resultados do dispositivo são comparáveis a outros dispositivos de autofluorescência de diferentes marcas comerciais. O desenvolvimento do dispositivo para ajudar a superar suas limitações é fortemente recomendado. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Diagnosis , Optical Imaging , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck , Neoplasms
7.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 2678-2687, 2021.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-887833
ABSTRACT
Fluorescence imaging has been widely used in the fields of biomedicine and clinical diagnosis. Compared with traditional fluorescence imaging in the visible spectral region (400-760 nm), near-infrared (NIR, 700-1 700 nm) fluorescence imaging is more helpful to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity of imaging. Highly-sensitive fluorescent probes are required for high-quality fluorescence imaging, and the rapid development of nanotechnology has led to the emergence of organic dyes with excellent fluorescent properties. Among them, organic fluorescent probes with the advantages of high safety, good biocompatibility, and high optical stability, are more favorable than inorganic fluorescent probes. Therefore, NIR fluorescence imaging assisted with organic fluorescent probes can provide more structural and dynamic information of biological samples to the researchers, which becomes a hot spot in the interdisciplinary research field of optics, chemistry and biomedicine. This review summarizes the application of NIR organic fluorescent probes in cervical cancer imaging. Several typical organic fluorescent probes (such as indocyanine green, heptamethine cyanine dye, rhodamine and polymer fluorescent nanoparticles) assisted NIR fluorescence imaging and their applications in cervical cancer diagnosis were introduced, and the future development and application of these techniques were discussed.
Subject(s)
Female , Fluorescent Dyes , Humans , Nanoparticles , Optical Imaging , Polymers , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
8.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-880661
ABSTRACT
The preliminary screening of oral cancer mostly depends on the experience of clinicians, The surgical margin of tumor is mostly based on physical examination and preoperative imaging examination. It lacks real-time and objective intraoperative evaluation methods. Indocyanine green (ICG), as a safe and pollution-free organic fluorescent pigments, combined with near-infrared fluorescence imaging can be applied in the screening of early oral cancer, the determination of tumor resection margins, sentinel lymph node biopsy, cervical lymph node dissection, targeted chemotherapy, and other aspects. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging may become a key link in the early diagnosis and accurate treatment for oral cancer in the future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Indocyanine Green , Lymph Nodes , Mouth Neoplasms/therapy , Optical Imaging , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
10.
Rev. Soc. Colomb. Oftalmol ; 53(1): 51-52, 2020. ilus.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1128159
ABSTRACT
Paciente de 14 años remitida para valorar fondo de ojo por cefalea. Presenta agudeza visual de 8/10 en ambos ojos y en fundoscopia se visualizan papilas de contornos escasamente definidos. Se solicita Autofluorescencia identificando lesiones autofluorescentes compatibles con drusas (Figura 1A,B). La OCT de fibras revela afectación sectorial bilateral sin papiledema (Figura 1C,D) y el campo visual mostró una afectación del hemicampo nasal bilateral (Figura 1E,F). Las drusas en el nervio óptico representan habitualmente un hallazgo casual. Pueden progresar paulatinamente generando gran deterioro campimétrico. No existe un tratamiento eficaz. Solo en casos donde aparezca neovascularización asociada, puede estar indicado el tratamiento con fármacos antiangiogénicos.
Subject(s)
Optic Disk Drusen , Optic Nerve , Scotoma , Eye Diseases , Visual Field Tests , Optical Imaging
11.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 82(5): 412-416, Sept.-Oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019424
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of fundus autofluorescence imaging of diabetic patients without retinopathy to investigate early retinal damage. Methods: Fundus autofluorescence images of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy (diabetic group) and age-sex matched healthy patients (control group) were recorded with a CX-1 digital mydriatic retinal camera after detailed ophthalmologic examinations. MATLAB 2013a software was used to measure the average pixel intensity and average curve width of the macula and fovea. Results: Fifty-six eyes of 28 patients, as the diabetic group, and 54 eyes of 27 healthy patients, as the control group, were included in this study. The mean aggregation index was 168.32 ± 37.18 grayscale units (gsu) in the diabetic group and 152.27 ± 30.39 gsu in the control group (p=0.014). The mean average pixel intensity value of the fovea was 150.87 ± 35.83 gsu the in diabetic group and as 141.51 ± 31.10 gsu in the control group (p=0.060). The average curve width value was statistically higher in the diabetic group than in the control group (71.7 ± 9.2 vs. 59.4 ± 8.6 gsu, respectively, p=0.03). Conclusion: Fundus autofluorescence imaging analysis revealed that diabetic patients without retinopathy have significant fluorescence alterations. Therefore, a noninvasive imaging technique, such as fundus autofluorescence, may be valuable for evaluation of the retina of diabetic patients without retinopathy.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a utilidade da autofluorescência do fundo de olho de pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia para investigar lesões precoces na retina. Métodos: Imagens de autofluorescência do fundo de olho de pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 sem retinopatia (grupo diabético) e indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo (grupo controle) foram registrados com uma câmera retiniana digital midriática CX-1 após exames oftalmológicos detalhados. O software MATLAB 2013a foi usado para medir a intensidade média do pixel e a largura média da curva da mácula e fóvea. Resultados: Cinquenta e seis olhos de 28 pacientes, como o grupo diabético, e 54 olhos de 27 indivíduos saudáveis, como grupo controle, foram incluídos neste estudo. O índice médio de agregação foi de 168,32 ± 37,18 unidades de escala de cinza (gsu) no grupo diabético e em 152,27 ± 30,39 gsu no grupo controle (p = 0,014). O valor médio da intensidade de pixel na fóvea foi de 150,87 ± 35,83 gsu no grupo diabético e de 141,51 ± 31,10 gsu no grupo controle (p=0,060). O valor médio da largura da curva foi estatisticamente maior no grupo diabético do que no grupo controle (71,7 ± 9,2 vs. 59,4 ± 8,6 gsu, respectivamente; p = 0,03). Conclusão: A análise por imagens de autofluorescência de fundo de olho revelou que pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia apresentam alterações significativas de fluorescência. Portanto, uma técnica de imagem não invasiva, como a autofluorescência de fundo de olho, pode ser valiosa para a avaliação da retina de pacientes diabéticos sem retinopatia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Retinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Optical Imaging/methods , Fundus Oculi , Retinal Diseases/physiopathology , Fluorescein Angiography/methods , Visual Acuity , Case-Control Studies
12.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 155(5): 458-462, Sep.-Oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1286543
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Patients with diabetic macular edema can develop fundus autofluorescence alterations; thus far, these alterations have been more widely studied with scanning or confocal laser systems. Objective: To describe and classify fundus autofluorescence abnormal patterns in patients with diabetic macular edema using the fundus autofluorescence system with a flash camera. Method: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. Fundus autofluorescence digital images of non-comparative cases with untreated diabetic macular edema, obtained and stored with a flash camera system, were assessed. Inter-observer variability was evaluated. Results: 37 eyes of 20 patients were included. Lens opacity was the most common cause of inadequate image quality. Five different fundus autofluorescence patterns were observed: decreased (13%), normal (40%), single-spot hyper-autofluorescent (17 %), multiple-spot hyper-autofluorescent (22 %) and plaque-like hyper-autofluorescent (8 %). The kappa coefficient was 0.906 (p = 0.000). Conclusions: Different fundus autofluorescence phenotypic patterns are observed with flash camera systems in patients with diabetic macular edema. A more accurate phenotypic classification could help establish prognostic factors for visual loss or for the design of clinical trials for diabetic macular edema.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Macular Edema/diagnostic imaging , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnostic imaging , Optical Imaging/instrumentation , Optical Imaging/methods , Phenotype , Observer Variation , Macular Edema/classification , Macular Edema/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/classification , Diabetic Retinopathy/complications , Mexico
13.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 78(4): 260-263, July-Aug. 2019. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1013684
ABSTRACT
Resumo A distrofia macular anular concêntrica benigna (DMACB) é uma patologia retiniana rara e provavelmente subdiagnosticada em nosso meio, que se caracteriza por um defeito retiniano em bull's eye sem uso prévio de antimaláricos, associado à preservação relativa da acuidade visual. Devido à escassez de publicações sobre o tema, existem poucos dados referentes aos resultados dos exames complementares nesta patologia. No presente artigo, apresenta-se a descrição da autofluorescência em um caso clássico de DMACB, ainda inédita na literatura, podendo acrescentar achados importantes para auxiliar no diagnóstico e seguimento da doença.
Abstract The benign concentric annular macular dystrophy (BCAMD) is a very rare and probably underdiagnosed eye disease, characterized by a retinal fault in bull's eye pattern, without the association with antimalarial use, but related with good visual acuity. Since there aren't many publications about this condition, is hard to find data regarding the results of complementary examination. In this article, is presented the description of fundus autofluorescence in a classic BCAMD case, yet unpublished, and capable of helping the diagnosis and follow-up of this pathology.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Retina/physiopathology , Fluorescein Angiography/methods , Hypopigmentation/diagnosis , Macular Degeneration/diagnosis , Ophthalmoscopy/methods , Atrophy , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/pathology , Optical Imaging/methods , Fundus Oculi , Lipofuscin/metabolism
14.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 65(3): 330-332, Mar. 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003036
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting, chronic acquired disease of the skin and mucosa. However, vitiligo of an unclassified type and mucosal subtype affecting only one area of the mucosa is considered quite uncommon. The diagnosis of vitiligo, regardless of its type, is clinical. Nonetheless, a device that allows the visualization of the tissue fluorescence may be useful for confirming the diagnosis. We present the use of wide-field optical fluorescence device for complementary examination and diagnosis of unusual cases of mucosal vitiligo located only in angles of the mouth.
RESUMO O vitiligo é a doença crônica adquirida despigmentante mais comum da pele e/ou da mucosa. Entretanto, o vitiligo do tipo não classificado e subtipo de mucosa afetando apenas uma área da mucosa é considerado bastante incomum. O diagnóstico de vitiligo, independentemente do seu tipo, é clínico. No entanto, o uso de um dispositivo que permite a visualização da fluorescência tecidual pode ser útil para a confirmação do diagnóstico de vitiligo. Apresentamos o uso do dispositivo de exame complementar de fluorescência óptica de campo amplo para o diagnóstico de um caso incomum de vitiligo de mucosa localizado apenas em ângulos da boca.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Vitiligo/diagnostic imaging , Optical Imaging/methods , Mouth Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Mouth Mucosa/diagnostic imaging , Vitiligo/pathology , Optical Imaging/instrumentation , Fluorescence , Middle Aged , Mouth Diseases/pathology , Mouth Mucosa/pathology
15.
Journal of Gastric Cancer ; : 157-164, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-764491
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Although standard radical gastrectomy is recommended after noncurative resection of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer in most cases, residual tumor and lymph node metastasis have not been identified after surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of sentinel node navigation surgery after noncurative ESD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This trial is an investigator-initiated, multicenter prospective phase II trial. Patients who underwent ESD for clinical stage T1N0M0 gastric cancer with noncurative resections were eligible. Qualified investigators who completed the prior phase III trial (SENORITA 1) are exclusively allowed to participate. In this study, 2 detection methods will be used: 1) intraoperative endoscopic submucosal injection of dual tracer, including radioisotope and indocyanine green (ICG) with sentinel basins detected using gamma-probe; 2) endoscopic injection of ICG, with sentinel basins detected using a fluorescence imaging system. Standard laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy will be performed. Sample size is calculated based on the inferior confidence interval of the detection rate of 95%, and the calculated accrual is 237 patients. The primary endpoint is detection rate, and the secondary endpoints are sensitivity and postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study is expected to clarify the feasibility of laparoscopic sentinel basin dissection after noncurative ESD. If the feasibility is demonstrated, a multicenter phase III trial will be initiated to compare laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery versus laparoscopic standard gastrectomy in early gastric cancer after endoscopic resection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03123042
Subject(s)
Feasibility Studies , Gastrectomy , Humans , Indocyanine Green , Lymph Node Excision , Lymph Nodes , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm, Residual , Optical Imaging , Postoperative Complications , Prospective Studies , Research Personnel , Sample Size , Stomach Neoplasms
16.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-763192
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was carried out to identify a peptide that selectively binds to kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) by screening a phage-displayed peptide library and to use the peptide for the detection of KIM-1overexpressing tumors in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopanning of a phage-displayed peptide library was performed on KIM-1–coated plates. The binding of phage clones, peptides, and a peptide multimer to the KIM-1 protein and KIM-1–overexpressing and KIM-1–low expressing cells was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorometry, and flow cytometry. A biotin-peptide multimer was generated using NeutrAvidin. In vivo homing of the peptide to KIM-1–overexpressing and KIM1–low expressing tumors in mice was examined by whole-body fluorescence imaging. RESULTS: A phage clone displaying the CNWMINKEC peptide showed higher binding affinity to KIM-1 and KIM-1–overexpressing 769-P renal tumor cells compared to other phage clones selected after biopanning. The CNWMINKEC peptide and a NeutrAvidin/biotin-CNWMINKEC multimer selectively bound to KIM-1 over albumin and to KIM-1–overexpressing 769-P cells and A549 lung tumor cells compared to KIM-1–low expressing HEK293 normal cells. Co-localization and competition assays using an anti–KIM-1 antibody demonstrated that the binding of the CNWMINKEC peptide to 769-P cells was specifically mediated by KIM-1. The CNWMINKEC peptide was not cytotoxic to cells and was stable for up to 24 hours in the presence of serum. Whole-body fluorescence imaging demonstrated selective homing of the CNWM-INKEC peptide to KIM-1–overexpressing A498 renal tumor compared to KIM1–low expressing HepG2 liver tumor in mice. CONCLUSION: The CNWMINKEC peptide is a promising probe for in vivo imaging and detection of KIM-1‒overexpressing tumors.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacteriophages , Clone Cells , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Flow Cytometry , Fluorometry , Kidney Neoplasms , Kidney , Liver , Lung , Mass Screening , Mice , Optical Imaging , Peptide Library , Peptides
17.
Neuroscience Bulletin ; (6): 425-433, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-776460
ABSTRACT
Fiber photometry is a sensitive and easy way to detect changes in fluorescent signals. The combination of fiber photometry with various fluorescent biomarkers has substantially advanced neuroscience research over the last decade. Despite the wide use of fiber photometry in biomedical fields, the lack of a detailed and comprehensive protocol has limited progress and sometimes complicated the interpretation of data. Here, we describe detailed procedures of fiber photometry for the long-term monitoring of neuronal activity in freely-behaving animals, including surgery, apparatus setup, data collection, and analysis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Brain , Metabolism , Calcium Signaling , Female , Male , Mice , Neurons , Metabolism , Neurosurgical Procedures , Optical Fibers , Optical Imaging , Methods , Photometry , Methods
18.
Biomedical Engineering Letters ; (4): 279-291, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-785523
ABSTRACT
Light sheet microscopy (LSM) is an evolving optical imaging technique with a plane illumination for optical sectioning and volumetric imaging spanning cell biology, embryology, and in vivo live imaging. Here, we focus on emerging biomedical applications of LSM for tissue samples. Decoupling of the light sheet illumination from detection enables high-speed and large field-of-view imaging with minimal photobleaching and phototoxicity. These unique characteristics of the LSM technique can be easily adapted and potentially replace conventional histopathological procedures. In this review, we cover LSM technology from its inception to its most advanced technology; in particular, we highlight the human histopathological imaging applications to demonstrate LSM's rapid diagnostic ability in comparison with conventional histopathological procedures. We anticipate that the LSM technique can become a useful three-dimensional imaging tool for assessing human biopsies in the near future.
Subject(s)
Biopsy , Dermatitis, Phototoxic , Embryology , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Lighting , Microscopy , Optical Imaging , Photobleaching
19.
Biomedical Engineering Letters ; (4): 311-325, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-785521
ABSTRACT
Preclinical neuroimaging allows for the assessment of brain anatomy, connectivity, and function in laboratory animals, such as mice and this imaging field has been a rapidly growing aimed at bridging the translation gap between animal and human research. The progress in the animal research could be accelerated by high-resolution in vivo optical imaging technologies. Optical coherence tomography-based angiography (OCTA) estimates the scattering from moving red blood cells, providing the visualization of functional micro-vessel networks within tissue beds in vivo without a need for exogenous contrast agents. Recent advancement of OCTA methods have expanded its application to neuroimaging of small animal models of brain disorders. In this paper, we overview the recent development of OCTA techniques for blood flow imaging and its preclinical applications in neuroimaging. In specific, a summary of preclinical OCTA studies for traumatic brain injury, cerebral stroke, and aging brain on mice is reviewed.
Subject(s)
Aging , Angiography , Animal Experimentation , Animals , Animals, Laboratory , Brain , Brain Diseases , Brain Injuries , Contrast Media , Erythrocytes , Humans , Mice , Models, Animal , Neuroimaging , Optical Imaging , Stroke , Tomography, Optical Coherence
20.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-761928
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine over the last three decades have made great progress in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies for damaged tissues. However, regenerative medicine is still not the first line of treatment for patients due to limited understanding of the tissue regeneration process. Therefore, it is prerequisite to develop molecular imaging strategies combined with appropriate contrast agents to validate the therapeutic progress of damaged tissues. METHODS: The goal of this review is to discuss the progress in the development of near-infrared (NIR) contrast agents and their biomedical applications for labeling cells and scaffolds, as well as monitoring the treatment progress of native tissue in living organisms. We also discuss the design consideration of NIR contrast agents for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in terms of their physicochemical and optical properties. RESULTS: The use of NIR imaging system and targeted contrast agents can provide high-resolution and high sensitivity imaging to track/monitor the in vivo fate of administered cells, the degradation rate of implanted scaffolds, and the tissue growth and integration of surrounding cells during the therapeutic period. CONCLUSION: NIR fluorescence imaging techniques combined with targeted contrast agents can play a significant role in regenerative medicine by monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of implanted cells and scaffolds which would enhance the development of cell therapies and promote their successful clinical translations.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media , Fluorescence , Humans , Molecular Imaging , Optical Imaging , Regeneration , Regenerative Medicine , Tissue Engineering , Translations
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-8,707,708,186,271,119,000 | The type i iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase messenger ribonucleic acid is localized to the s3 segment of the rat kidney proximal tubule
Wen Sen Lee, Marla J. Berry, Matthias A. Hediger, P. Reed Larsen
研究成果: 雜誌貢獻文章同行評審
31 引文 斯高帕斯（Scopus）
摘要
A complementary DNA clone encoding the type I iodothyronine 5′- deiodinase (5’DI), which converts T4 to T3, has been isolated recently. The 5′DI messenger RNA (mRNA) is most abundant in kidney and liver. To gain insight into the function of 5’DI in the kidney, Northern blot analysis was used to localize the expression of this mRNA. Our results show that 5′DI mRNA was expressed in the cortex and outer medulla, but not inner medulla and papilla, indicating that there are regional differences in its expression. Using in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that the 5′DI hybridization signal is localized predominantly over tubules in the outer stripe of the outer medulla and in medullary rays, suggesting localization to proximal tubules. To identify which tubular cells express 5′DI mRNA, we compared the profile of 5′DI message from in situ hybridization with the immunostaining of adjacent sections with proximal tubular Si, S2, and S3 segment-specific antibodies. Most of the 5′DI antisense complementary RNA hybridized to the same proximal tubular cells with which the S3-specific antibody, anti-ecto-ATPase, reacted. Cells staining with an Si or S2 segment antibody showed little, if any, 5′DI mRNA. We conclude that the expression of 5′DI mRNA is restricted to the tubular cells of the proximal S3 segment. The S3 segment is also known to express high levels of proteins required for glutathione synthesis consistent with the requirement for a reduced thiol cofactor for iodothyronine deiodination by the 5´DI pathway.
原文英語
頁（從 - 到）2136-2140
頁數5
期刊Endocrinology
132
發行號5
DOIs
出版狀態已發佈 - 5月 1993
對外發佈
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• 內分泌
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5,089,544,130,702,622,000 | Have questions? Visit https://www.reddit.com/r/SNPedia
rs79556279
From SNPedia
Orientationplus
Geno Mag Summary
(G;G) 0 common in complete genomics
(G;T) 4.11 increased risk of Behçet's disease
(T;T) 4.11 increased risk of Behçet's disease
ReferenceGRCh38.p2 38.2/147
Chromosome6
Position31362069
is asnp
is mentioned by
dbSNPrs79556279
ebirs79556279
HLIrs79556279
Exacrs79556279
Maprs79556279
PheGenIrs79556279
hapmaprs79556279
1000 genomesrs79556279
hgdprs79556279
ensemblrs79556279
gopubmedrs79556279
geneviewrs79556279
scholarrs79556279
googlers79556279
pharmgkbrs79556279
gwascentralrs79556279
openSNPrs79556279
23andMers79556279
23andMe allrs79556279
SNP Nexus
SNPshotrs79556279
SNPdbers79556279
MSV3drs79556279
GWAS Ctlgrs79556279
Max Magnitude4.11
Primary risk for Behçet's disease associated with the minor (T) allele of rs79556279 [PMID 24821759] [PMID 24876276] [PMID 24286189]
A meta-analysis totaling ~5,000 Behçet's disease (BD) patients from 78 independent studies calculated a pooled odds ratio of 5.78 (CI: 5.0-6.7) for HLA-B51/B5 allele carriers to develop BD compared with noncarriers.[PMID 19790126OA-icon.png] | {
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-4,765,097,349,970,748,000 | Medical College of Wisconsin
CTSICores SearchResearch InformaticsREDCap
Borrelia burgdorferi BBB07 interaction with integrin alpha3beta1 stimulates production of pro-inflammatory mediators in primary human chondrocytes. Cell Microbiol 2008 Feb;10(2):320-31 PMID: 17822440 PMCID: PMC2586958
Pubmed ID
17822440
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, activates multiple signalling pathways leading to induction of pro-inflammatory mediators at sites of inflammation. Binding of B. burgdorferi to integrin alpha(3)beta(1) on human chondrocytes activates signalling leading to release of several pro-inflammatory mediators, but the B. burgdorferi protein that binds integrin alpha(3)beta(1) and elicits this response has remained unknown. A search of the B. burgdorferi genome for a canonical integrin binding motif, the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) tripeptide, revealed several candidate ligands for integrins. In this study we show that one of these candidates, BBB07, binds to integrin alpha(3)beta(1) and inhibits attachment of intact B. burgdorferi to the same integrin. BBB07 is expressed during murine infection as demonstrated by recognition by infected mouse sera. Recombinant purified BBB07 induces pro-inflammatory mediators in primary human chondrocyte cells by interaction with integrin alpha(3)beta(1). This interaction is specific, as P66, another integrin ligand of B. burgdorferi, does not activate signalling through alpha(3)beta(1). In summary, we have identified a B. burgdorferi protein, BBB07, that interacts with integrin alpha(3)beta(1) and stimulates production of pro-inflammatory mediators in primary human chondrocyte cells.
Author List
Behera AK, Durand E, Cugini C, Antonara S, Bourassa L, Hildebrand E, Hu LT, Coburn J
Author
Jenifer Coburn PhD Professor in the Medicine department at Medical College of Wisconsin
Scopus
2-s2.0-38049107588 49 Citations
MESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
Animals
Bacterial Proteins
Borrelia burgdorferi
Chemokines
Chondrocytes
Cytokines
Humans
Inflammation Mediators
Integrin alpha3beta1
Ligands
Lyme Disease
Mice
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Signal Transduction
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4,933,086,825,936,953,000 | Health Library Explorer
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A-Z Listings Contact Us
Tests & Procedures
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back to Intro
Click a letter to see a list of medical procedures beginning with that letter.
Click 'Back to Intro' to return to the beginning of this section.
Biventricular Assist Device Implantation
What is a biventricular assist device?
A biventricular assist device (BiVAD) is an implantable pump designed to help your heart function better when both sides of your heart are failing.
When blood from your body returns to the right side of your heart, the right ventricle (one of the pumping chambers) pumps the blood into your lungs to receive oxygen. The oxygen-rich blood then goes back to the left side of your heart, where your left ventricle pumps blood out through the main artery leaving your heart.
Under extreme circumstances, a person may need assistance in pumping blood from both the right ventricle into the lungs and the left ventricle out to the body. There are two main types of ventricular assist devices: a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and a right ventricular assist device (RVAD). When used in combination, they are called a BiVAD. A BiVAD is a battery-operated pump that helps both your right and left ventricles move blood through your heart. Your surgeon implants a BiVAD during open-heart surgery.
Why might I need a biventricular assist device?
You may need a BiVAD if you are in severe heart failure. Heart failure means your heart is too weak to function normally. A BiVAD may be necessary:
• To keep your heart working during or after heart surgery until you recover
• To keep your heart working while you wait for a heart transplant
• As a permanent treatment for heart failure
What are the risks of biventricular assist device implantation?
BiVAD surgery is major surgery that requires general anesthesia to put you to sleep. Any general anesthesia has the risk of heart or brain injury. Major surgery also increases the risk of blood clots forming during or after surgery. These clots can break free, travel to your lungs (pulmonary embolism) or your brain (stroke), and block blood flow where the clot becomes lodged. Other risks of this surgery include:
• Infection
• Bleeding
• Device failure or device malfunction
• Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)
• Endocarditis (an infection in your heart tissue)
• Damage to the kidneys (renal failure)
There may be other risks, depending on your specific medical condition and other health problems. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor before the procedure.
How do I get ready for biventricular assist device implantation?
Before surgery, your medical and surgical team will evaluate you. They will give you X-rays, blood tests, and procedures to check the health of your lungs and heart. Your health team will also give you a specific heart test called an echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound that makes images of your heart with sound waves.
OCardio_20140303_v0_002
Cardiac catheterization is used to look at circulation through the arteries in the heart muscle and to measure the amount of pressure inside the heart chambers and the lungs.
Additional preparation may include:
• Your doctor will explain the procedure to you and ask you if you have any questions.
• You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the test. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear.
• You will be asked to fast for 8 hours before the procedure, generally after midnight.
• If you are pregnant or suspect that you are pregnant, you should tell your doctor.
• Tell your doctor if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any medications, iodine, latex, tape, or anesthetic agents (local and general).
• Tell your doctor of all medications (prescription and over-the-counter) and herbal supplements that you are taking.
• Tell your doctor if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. It may be necessary for you to stop some of these medications prior to the procedure.
• Your doctor may request a blood test prior to the procedure to determine how long it takes your blood to clot.
• If you smoke, you should stop smoking as soon as possible prior to the procedure. This may improve your chances for a successful recovery from surgery and benefit your overall health status.
Based on your medical condition, your doctor may request other specific preparations.
What happens during biventricular assist device implantation?
The operation may take between 4 and 6 hours. Here is how the surgery usually proceeds:
• You will be asked to remove any jewelry or other objects that may interfere with the procedure.
• You will be asked to remove your clothing and will be given a gown to wear.
• You will be asked to empty your bladder prior to the procedure.
• An intravenous (IV) line will be started in your arm or hand. Additional catheters will be inserted in your neck and wrist to monitor the status of your heart and blood pressure, as well as for obtaining blood samples. Alternate sites for the additional catheters include under the collarbone area and the groin.
• You will be positioned on the operating table, lying on your back.
• The anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen level during the surgery. Once you are sedated, a breathing tube will be inserted through your throat into your lungs and you will be connected to a ventilator, which will breathe for you during the surgery.
• A catheter will be inserted into your bladder to drain urine.
• The skin over the surgical site will be cleansed with an antiseptic solution.
• Anincision will be made in the front of your chest, down through your chest wall to reach your heart. Tubes will be inserted into your heart, so that a cardiopulmonary machine can keep your blood moving while the procedure is done.
• Atube will be inserted into your right atrium or ventricle and attached to a pump. An additional outflow tube from the pump will be attached to your pulmonary artery. The pump will circulate blood in the right side of your heart, through the pump and out the pulmonary artery to your lungs, to get oxygen.
• For the left side of your heart, your surgeon will insert a tube into your left ventricle and attach it to a second pump. He or she will then connect an additional outflow tube to the pump and attach it to your aorta. This pump will circulate blood in the left side of your heart, through the pump, and out the aorta to the rest of your body.
• With inflow and outflow tubes for each side of your heart attached to their own pump, your doctor will implant the two pumps either inside your upper belly or on the outside of your skin.
• A cable that comes out through your skin connects the pumps to a power source and a system controller that you will wear on the outside of your body.
PCardio_20140527_v0_001
• After all of the attachments have been completed, the pumps will be turned on to restore blood flow through your heart, lungs, and aorta.
• Once the procedure has been completed, the blood circulating through the bypass machine will be allowed to reenter your heart and the tubes to the bypass machine will be removed.
• The incisions will be closed with sutures or surgical staples.
• Tubes will be inserted into your chest to drain blood and other fluids from around the heart. These tubes will be connected to a suction device to drain fluids away from the heart.
• A tube will be inserted through your mouth or nose into your stomach to drain stomach fluids.
• A sterile bandage or dressing will be applied.
What happens after biventricular assist device implantation?
In the hospital
The length of time you stay in the hospital will depend on your overall condition after surgery.
• For the first few days, you will be in the intensive care unit (ICU) where you will be monitored closely until your vital signs have stabilized.
• As you recover, the tubes that give you nourishment, help you breathe, and drain fluids from your body will gradually be removed.
• You may have temporary pacing wires that are placed during the surgery. These wires will be removed once it is determined that your heart rhythm is stable and you no longer need them.
• Physical rehabilitation (cardiac rehab or physical therapy) and pulmonary rehabilitation are important for your long term recovery. You will begin a step-wise program of increasing time and intensity of activity in preparation for going home.
• You will be given an incentive spirometer (IS) device to use often to help expand your lungs and prevent pneumonia after the surgery.
Caregivers will help you care for your incision, provide pain relief measures, and get you up walking.
Before you leave the hospital, you will be taught how to care for the BiVAD. You will learn how it works and what to do if its alarm goes off, or there is a power loss. You will also learn how to travel with your BiVAD and keep your battery and control dry when you bathe.
At home
Once your doctors feel that you have recovered enough, you will be discharged home. Follow all your instructions for medications, pain control, diet, activity, and wound care. Make sure to keep all of your follow-up appointments. If you are waiting for a heart transplant, make sure to keep in close contact with your transplant center.
Other common instructions after surgery include:
• Walk as much as possible to help prevent blood clots.
• Avoid any heavy lifting.
• Gradually resume normal activities as much as possible (ask your doctor about driving, working, and sexual activity). You will be asked not to drive a car for a period after the surgery to allow for healing of the breastbone (sternum) and muscles of the chest wall.
• Watch your wounds for any sign of swelling, redness, bleeding, or discharge and report these to your medical and surgical team right away.
• Call your doctor or seek medical help right away for any increasing pain, fever, chest pain, or shortness of breath.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet and maintain a healthy weight. Eat foods that are low in salt, cholesterol and fat. Try to eat fruits, vegetables and lean meats.
• Don't smoke and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. Avoid all tobacco products including electronic cigarettes.
Next steps
Before you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:
• The name of the test or procedure
• The reason you are having the test or procedure
• What results to expect and what they mean
• The risks and benefits of the test or procedure
• What the possible side effects or complications are
• When and where you are to have the test or procedure
• Who will do the test or procedure and what that person’s qualifications are
• What would happen if you did not have the test or procedure
• Any alternative tests or procedures to think about
• When and how will you get the results
Who to call after the test or procedure if you have questions or problems
• How much will you have to pay for the test or procedure
Online Medical Reviewer: Sather, Rita, RN
Online Medical Reviewer: Sudheendra, Deepak, MD
Date Last Reviewed: 5/1/2018
© 2000-2020 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions.
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What is Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD)?
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition that affects the posterior tibial tendon, which plays a crucial role in supporting the arch of the foot and maintaining proper foot mechanics. When this tendon becomes damaged or inflamed, it can lead to pain, swelling, and a progressive flattening of the foot. Understanding the nature of PTTD, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options, is essential for effective management. At UFIT Podiatry, a specialized approach is adopted to provide relief and promote recovery for individuals suffering from PTTD.
PTTD is a progressive condition characterized by the weakening or tearing of the posterior tibial tendon, which runs along the inside of the ankle and foot. This tendon is responsible for supporting the arch and stabilizing the foot during movement. When the tendon becomes dysfunctional, it can lead to a collapse of the arch, resulting in flatfoot deformity. PTTD is often referred to as adult-acquired flatfoot because it typically develops in adults and leads to the gradual loss of the arch.
Symptoms of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD)
The symptoms of PTTD can vary depending on the stage of the condition but generally include:
1
Pain and Swelling
Pain along the inside of the ankle and foot, which may be accompanied by swelling. The pain often worsens with activity.
2
Flatfoot Deformity
A visible flattening of the arch, leading to an outward rolling of the ankle and foot.
3
Weakness
Difficulty in standing on tiptoe or performing activities that involve pushing off with the affected foot.
4
Limited Mobility
Reduced range of motion in the foot and ankle, making walking or other activities painful and challenging.
5
Tenderness
Tenderness along the course of the posterior tibial tendon, from the inside of the ankle to the middle of the arch.
6
Knee & Back Pain
Feeling pain in any part of your and/or have back pain after a long day of activity
Podiatry OTTD inside ankle
Arch Pain
Causes of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD)
Several factors can contribute to the development of PTTD, including:
Overuse
Repetitive stress from activities such as running, walking, or standing for long periods can lead to tendon degeneration.
Age
The risk of PTTD increases with age as the tendon loses elasticity and strength.
Obesity
Excess weight puts additional strain on the posterior tibial tendon.
Trauma
Injuries such as sprains or fractures can damage the tendon.
Inflammatory Diseases
Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can contribute to tendon dysfunction.
Biomechanical Issues
Flat feet or other structural abnormalities can increase the risk of developing PTTD.
Management of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) at UFIT Podiatry
At UFIT Podiatry, a personalized and comprehensive approach is adopted to manage PTTD, focusing on relieving symptoms, promoting healing, and preventing recurrence. The management strategy includes:
podiatry-elliott-with-client-feet
1. Thorough Assessment
A detailed initial assessment is conducted to understand the patient’s condition, lifestyle & any contributing factors. This involves a physical examination, gait analysis & a review of medical history.
Podiatry assessment inner ankle pointing
2. Custom Management Plans
Based on the assessment, a tailored management plan is developed. This may include a combination of conservative measures, physical therapy, and, if necessary, surgical interventions.
Podiatry shockwave inner ankle
3. Advanced Therapies
UFIT Podiatry offers advanced therapeutic options such as Radial Shockwave and Focal Shockwave Therapy.
UFIT Podiatry 3D printing custom insoles
4. Custom Orthotics
Custom orthotic devices are designed and fitted to provide optimal support, correct foot mechanics, and reduce strain on the arches. These orthotics are created based on precise measurements and tailored to the patient’s specific needs.
Podiatry orthotics
5. Ankle foot Orthotics
For severe cases and post surgical PTTD foot orthotics provide the maximum external support and allow full functionality.
Podiatry banner image
6. Education and Prevention
Patients are educated on proper footwear, foot care, and exercises to prevent the progression of PTTD and maintain foot health. This proactive approach helps in preventing future issues and managing existing conditions effectively.
UFIT Podiatrist Consults Client while holding insoles
7. Follow-Up Care
Regular follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor progress, adjust treatment plans as necessary, and ensure long-term recovery and management. UFIT Podiatry emphasizes continuous care to help patients achieve and maintain foot health.
PTTD, though often painful and debilitating, can be effectively managed with a combination of appropriate treatments and preventive measures. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options, individuals can take proactive steps towards relief and improved tendon health. At UFIT Podiatry, a patient-centered approach ensures that those suffering from PTTD receive the best possible care, tailored to their unique needs. Through comprehensive assessments, advanced therapies, and personalized treatment plans, UFIT Podiatry helps patients overcome the challenges of PTTD and achieve long-lasting comfort and mobility.
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We offer personalized, evidence-based lower limb care for athletes, active individuals, and parents seeking specialized treatment for their children.
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We go beyond addressing your injury or pain. Through our Circle of Care, you can access our team of experts with a vast range of specialised experience and knowledge.
What to expect on your first visit
1
FULL BODY ASSESSMENT
We recognise the interconnectedness of musculoskeletal health, so we assess your entire body, not just your feet. We also focus on vital health indicators impacting your lower limbs, like circulation, nerve function and alignment.
2
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We use cutting-edge diagnostic tools to get real-time insights into your soft tissue, joints and structures to provide a fast and accurate diagnosis.
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Post-assessment, you will receive clear and comprehensive reports detailing our findings. This will allow you to make informed decisions on your treatment plan.
4
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Together with you, we formulate a comprehensive and personalised treatment plan that suit your goals and preferences.
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+65 6225 5059
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Frequently Asked Questions
Do I need a referral to see a Podiatrist?
To consult with a podiatrist in a private practice, no referral is necessary. However, it is advisable to verify the requirements of your personal health insurance, as certain policies may necessitate a referral for insurance claims.
If you possess a doctor or professional referral, kindly inform our staff when scheduling your appointment and remember to bring the referral letter with you during your visit. This ensures that we have all relevant information to provide you with the best possible care and may also facilitate any necessary insurance processes.
At UFIT, our key pillar is the use of exercise therapy and education to empower patients to take control of their health and recovery. We consider all factors that may affect your recovery: movement, sleep, nutrition, mindset and rest.
What should I bring to my initial podiatry consultation?
Insuring a comprehensive history review is crucial as it enables our team to accurately identify issues and direct treatment more effectively. If you possess any scan results, test results, or referral notes from your GP or another healthcare professional, we recommend bringing these documents to your appointment.
Additionally, any relevant footwear such as running shoes, school shoes, cycling shoes, football boots, or ski boots can provide valuable insights into your daily activities and contribute to a more thorough assessment and effective treatment approach.
How long is a podiatry appointment?
A typical podiatry session usually lasts around 60 minutes. However, the duration may vary depending on the patient’s condition and specific requirements. Our team take the time to assess each individual’s needs and design comprehensive and effective care tailored to their unique circumstances.
Can I bring my child for a Podiatry assessment even though they don't have pain?
Absolutely! Podiatry assessments for children, even without apparent pain, are highly beneficial and our team are highly experienced in assessing children's lower limbs. Early intervention can help identify and address potential developmental or biomechanical issues that may impact your child's foot health in the long run.
Is my child too young for a Podiatry consultation?
No, your child is never too young for a Podiatry consultation. At UFIT Podiatry, we specialize in assessing and caring for the foot health of individuals of all ages. Even in the absence of specific concerns or pain, early podiatric consultations for young children can help detect and address potential developmental or biomechanical issues. Our podiatrists are experienced in providing gentle and age-appropriate assessments, ensuring that your child's feet are on the right track from an early age.
Does UFIT Podiatry offer minor procedures for ingrown toenails and plantar wart removal?
Yes, our team are trained and qualified to perform surgical procedures for conditions such as ingrown toenails and plantar wart removal.
Do you offer direct billing with Insurance?
UFIT Podiatry does not currently offer direct billing services. However, we are recognized by all major insurance providers. Our services operate on a self-pay basis, and patients are required to settle payments directly at the time of service.
For insurance claims, we provide all necessary documentation, and patients can seek reimbursement from their insurance providers according to their policy terms. Feel free to contact us for any additional information or assistance in this process. | {
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7,375,519,847,488,098,000 | Blood Coagulation: Hemostasis
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Introduction to Blood Coagulation
The ability of the body to control the flow of blood following vascular injury is paramount to continued survival. The process of blood clotting and then the subsequent dissolution of the clot, following repair of the injured tissue, is termed hemostasis. Hemostasis comprises four major events that occur in a set order following the loss of vascular integrity:
1. The initial phase of the process is vascular constriction. This limits the flow of blood to the area of injury.
2. Next, platelets become activated by thrombin and aggregate at the site of injury, forming a temporary, loose platelet plug. The protein fibrinogen is primarily responsible for stimulating platelet clumping. Platelets clump by binding to collagen that becomes exposed following rupture of the endothelial lining of vessels. Upon activation, platelets release the nucleotide, ADP and the eicosanoid, TXA2 (both of which activate additional platelets), serotonin, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and other proteins important for the coagulation cascade. In addition to induced secretion, activated platelets change their shape to accommodate the formation of the plug.
3. To insure stability of the initially loose platelet plug, a fibrin mesh (also called the clot) forms and entraps the plug. If the plug contains only platelets it is termed a white thrombus; if red blood cells are present it is called a red thrombus
4. Finally, the clot must be dissolved in order for normal blood flow to resume following tissue repair. The dissolution of the clot occurs through the action of plasmin
Two pathways lead to the formation of a fibrin clot: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Although they are initiated by distinct mechanisms, the two converge on a common pathway that leads to clot formation. Both pathways are complex and involve numerous different proteins termed clotting factors. Fibrin clot formation in response to tissue injury is the most clinically relevant event of hemostasis under normal physiological conditions. This process is the result of the activation of the extrinsic pathway. The formation of a red thrombus or a clot in response to an abnormal vessel wall in the absence of tissue injury is the result of the intrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway has low significance under normal physiological conditions. Most significant clinically is the activation of the intrinsic pathway by contact of the vessel wall with lipoprotein particles, VLDLs and chylomicrons. This process clearly demonstrates the role of hyperlipidemia in the generation of atherosclerosis. The intrinsic pathway can also be activated by vessel wall contact with bacteria.
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Platelet Activation and von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
In order for hemostasis to occur, platelets must adhere to exposed collagen, release the contents of their granules, and aggregate. The adhesion of platelets to the collagen exposed on endothelial cell surfaces is mediated by von Willebrand factor (vWF). Inherited deficiencies of vWF are the causes of von Willebrand disease, (vWD) (also see below for more details). The function of vWF is to act as a bridge between a specific glycoprotein complex on the surface of platelets (GPIb-GPIX-GPV) and collagen fibrils. The GPIb part of the complex is composed of two proteins, GPIbα and GPIbβ encoded by separate genes. The importance of this interaction between vWF and the GPIb-GPIX-GPV complex of platelets is demonstrated by the inheritance of bleeding disorders caused by defects in three of the four proteins of the complex, the most common of which is Bernard-Soulier syndrome (also called giant platelet syndrome).
In addition to its role as a bridge between platelets and exposed collagen on endothelial surfaces, vWF binds to and stabilizes coagulation factor VIII. Binding of factor VIII by vWF is required for normal survival of factor VIII in the circulation.
von Willebrand factor is a complex multimeric glycoprotein that is produced by and stored in the α-granules of platelets. It is also synthesized by megakaryocytes and found associated with subendothelial connective tissue.
The initial activation of platelets is induced by thrombin binding to specific receptors on the surface of platelets, thereby initiating a signal transduction cascade (see below for Figure). The thrombin receptors are protease-activated receptors (PAR), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by the action of thrombin cleaving a peptide from the extracellular domain of the receptor which then binds to the ligand-binding domain activating the receptor-mediated signal transduction process. There are three PARs to which thrombin binds identified as PAR-1 (PAR1), PAR-3 (PAR3), and PAR-4 (PAR4). These thrombin receptors are coupled to either Gq- or G12/13-type G-proteins. The Gq-type G-proteins activate PLCβ that in turn hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) leading to the formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 induces the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores, and DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC). The G12/13-type G-proteins in turn activate the small monomeric Rho G-proteins.
The collagen to which platelets adhere as well as the release of intracellular Ca2+ leads to the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which then hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids, leading to liberation of arachidonic acid. The arachidonic acid release leads to an increase in the production and subsequent release of thromboxane A2 (TXA2). TXA2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and inducer of platelet aggregation that functions by binding to GPCRs termed the TP receptors. These receptors are coupled to Gq and, therefore, binding of TXA2 activates the PLCβ pathway. Another enzyme activated by the released intracellular Ca2+ stores is myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Activated MLCK phosphorylates the light chain of myosin which then interacts with actin, resulting in altered platelet morphology and motility.
One of the many effects of PKC is the phosphorylation and activation of a specific 47,000-Dalton platelet protein. This activated protein induces the release of platelet granule contents; one of which is ADP. ADP further stimulates platelets increasing the overall activation cascade. The important role of ADP in platelet activation can be appreciated from the use of the ADP receptor (P2Y12) antagonist, Plavix® (clopidogrel), in the control of thrombosis (see below). ADP also modifies the platelet membranes leading to exposure platelet glycoprotein receptor complex: GPIIb-GPIIIa. GPIIb-GPIIIa constitutes a receptor for vWF and fibrinogen, resulting in fibrinogen-induced platelet aggregation. The GPIIb-GPIIIa complex is a member of the integrin family of cell-surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix. The GPIIb-GPIIIa complex is also called integrin α2bβ3. The importance of the GPIIb-GPIIIa in platelet activation and coagulation is demonstrated by the fact that bleeding disorders result from inherited defects in this glycoprotein complex. The most commonly inherited platelet dysfunction is Glanzmann thrombasthenia which results from defects in the GPIIb protein of this complex. In addition, the importance of this complex in overall hemostasis is demonstrated by the use of antibodies that block this receptor as anti-coagulants (e.g. ReoPro®, abciximab: see below).
Activation of platelets is required for their consequent aggregation to a platelet plug. However, equally significant is the role of activated platelet surface phospholipids in the activation of the coagulation cascade.
signaling pathways in platelet activation
Signaling pathways involved in the regulation of platelet activation. Regulation of platelet activation occurs via the interaction of numerous effector molecules with receptors present in the plasma membranes of platelets. Several important receptors are the glycoproteins GPIb-GPIX-GPV and GPIIb-GPIIIa as described above. Numerous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are also involved in platelet functions. Five different GPCRs, their respective ligands, and brief representations of their signal transduction pathways are shown. The prostacyclin receptor is IP. The represented thrombin receptor is protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). PAR-1 is knoiwn to activate both Gq- and G12/13-type heterotrimeric G-proteins. The platelet serotonin receptor is 5HT2A. The thromboxane (TXA2) receptor is TP. The platelet ADP receptor is P2Y12. Although complex, the complete signaling pathways are not shown for simplicity. Rho represents a typical member of the Rho family of monomeric G-proteins. The β and γ subunits of the Gi-type heterotrimeric G-protein associated with the ADP receptor can activate the kinase, PI3K while the α subunit simultaneously inhibits the activation of adenylate cyclase. NOS is nitric oxide synthase.
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Primary Factors
Factor Trivial Name(s) Pathway Characteristic
Prekallikrein (PK) Fletcher factor Intrinsic Functions with HMWK and factor XII
High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) contact activation cofactor; Fitzgerald, Flaujeac Williams factor Intrinsic Co-factor in kallikrein and factor XII activation, necessary in factor XIIa activation of XI, precursor for bradykinin (a potent vasodilator and inducer of smooth muscle contraction
I Fibrinogen Both
II Prothrombin Both Contains N-term. gla segment
III Tissue Factor Extrinsic
IV Calcium Both
V Proaccelerin, labile factor, accelerator (Ac-) globulin Both Protein cofactor
VI (same as Va) Accelerin Both This is Va, redundant to Factor V
VII Proconvertin, serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA), cothromboplastin Extrinsic Endopeptidase with gla residues
VIII Antihemophiliac factor A, antihemophilic globulin (AHG) Intrinsic Protein cofactor
IX Christmas Factor, antihemophilic factor B,plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) Intrinsic Endopeptidase with gla residues
X Stuart-Prower Factor Both Endopeptidase with gla residues
XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) Intrinsic Endopeptidase
XII Hageman Factor Intrinsic Endopeptidase
XIII Protransglutaminase, fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF), fibrinoligase Both Transpeptidase
Functional Classification of Clotting Factors
Zymogens of Serine Proteases Activities
Factor XII binds to exposed collagen at site of vessel wall injury, activated by high-MW kininogen and kallikrein
Factor XI activated by factor XIIa
Factor IX activated by factor XIa in presence of Ca2+
Factor VII activated by thrombin in presence of Ca2+
Factor X activated on surface of activated platelets by tenase complex and by factor VIIa in presence of tissue factor and Ca2+
Factor II activated on surface of activated platelets by prothrombinase complex
Cofactors Activities
Factor VIII activated by thrombin; factor VIIIa is a cofactor in the activation of factor X by factor IXa
Factor V activated by thrombin; factor Va is a cofactor in the activation of prothrombin by factor Xa
Factor III (tissue factor) a subendothelial cell-surface glycoprotein that acts as a cofactor for factor VII
Fibrinogen Activity
Factor I cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin clot
Transglutaminase Activity
Factor XIII activated by thrombin in presence of Ca2+; stabilizes fibrin clot by covalent cross-linking
Regulatory/Other Proteins Activities
von Willebrand factor associated with subendothelial connective tissue; serves as a bridge between platelet glycoprotein GPIb/IX and collagen
Protein C activated to protein Ca by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin; then degrades factors VIIIa and Va
Protein S acts as a cofactor of protein C; both proteins contain gla residues
Thrombomodulin protein on the surface of endothelial cells; binds thrombin, which then activates protein C
Antithrombin III most important coagulation inhibitor, controls activities of thrombin, and factors IXa, Xa, XIa and XIIa
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The Clotting Cascades
Blood coagulation cascades
The clotting cascades: The intrinsic cascade (which has less in vivo significance in normal physiological circumstances than the extrinsic cascade) is initiated when contact is made between blood and exposed negatively charged surfaces. The extrinsic pathway is initiated upon vascular injury which leads to exposure of tissue factor, TF (also identified as factor III), a subendothelial cell-surface glycoprotein that binds phospholipid. The green dotted arrow represents a point of cross-over between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The two pathways converge at the activation of factor X to Xa. Factor Xa has a role in the further activation of factor VII to VIIa as depicted by the green arrow. Active factor Xa hydrolyzes and activates prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin can then activate factors XI, VIII and V furthering the cascade. Ultimately the role of thrombin is to convert fribrinogen to fibrin and to activate factor XIII to XIIIa. Factor XIIIa (also termed transglutaminase) cross-links fibrin polymers solidifying the clot. HMWK = high molecular weight kininogen. PK = prekallikrein. PL = phospholipid.
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The Kallikrein-Kinin System in Coagulation
The kallikrein-kinin system comprises a complex of proteins that when activated leads to the release of vasoactive kinins. The kinins are released from both high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and low molecular weight kininogen (LMWK) as a result of activation of either tissue kallikrein or plasma kallikrein. The kallekreins themselves exist in inactive pre-forms. The kinins are involved in many physiological and pathological processes including regulation of blood pressure and flow (via modulation of the renin-angiotensin pathway), blood coagulation, cellular proliferation and growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Kinin action on endothelial cells leads to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), production of nitric oxide (NO), and the mobilization of arachidonic acid, primarily resulting in prostacyclin (PGI2) production by endothelial cells. Although the activities of the kallikrein-kinin system are involved in numerous processes, this section will deal only with their function in blood coagulation. With respect to hemostasis the most important kinin is bradykinin which is released from HMWK.
The two forms of prekallikrein, plasma and tissue, are derived from distinct genes on different chromosomes. The plasma kallikrein gene (symbol KLKB1) is on chromosome 4q34–q35 and the tissue kallikrein gene (symbol KLK1) located on chromosome 19q13.2–q13.4. These two kallikreins are serine proteases whose major substrates are HMWK (plasma kallikrein) and LMWK (tissue kallikrein). When plasma prekallikrein is activated to kallikrein it cleaves HMWK in a two-step process that ultimately releases bradykinin. Bradykinin is a 9-amino acid vasoactive peptide that induces vasodilation and increases vascular permeability. Activated tissue kallikrein cleaves lysyl-bradykinin (also called kallidin) from LMWK. Lysyl-bradykinin is bradykinin with a lysine residue at the N-terminus making it a 10-amino acid vasoactive peptide. Its activities are essentially identical to those of bradykinin.
Both HMWK and LMWK are derived from the same gene on chromosome 3q26–qter which is composed of 11 exons. Exons 1 to 9 encode the heavy chain of both kininogens. Exon 10 encodes bradykinin as well as the light chain of HMWK. Exon 11 encodes the light chain of LMWK. The heavy and light chain nomenclature refers to the disulfide-bonded structure of each kininogen after their activation, which results from kallikrein cleavage.
HMWK is considered an α-globulin and is composed of six functional domains. The protein circulates in the plasma as single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of 88–120 kDa dependent upon the level of glycosylation. The heavy chain is 64 kDa and contains domains 1, 2, and 3 whereas the light chain is 45–56 kDa and comprises domains 5 and 6. The heavy and light chains are linked together through domain 4 which also contains the bradykinin sequence. Domain 1 contains a low affinity calcium-binding site. Domains 2 and 3 contain amino acid sequences (QVVAG) that inhibit cysteine proteases. Domain 3 also has platelet and endothelial cell-binding activity. Domain 5 has sequences for heparin binding, cell-binding sites, and antiangiogenic properties. The binding of HMWK to negatively charged surfaces occurs through a histidine region of the light chain which is in domain 5. Domain 6 contains the prekallikrein and factor XI-binding sites. By being able to bind to charged surfaces via domain 5 and simultaneously bind factor XI and prekallikrein via domain 6, HMWK can serve as the cofactor in contact activation of plasma. LMWK is considered a β-globulin and has a molecular weight of 50 - 68 kDa. The structure of LMWK is similar to that of HMWK, however, the light chain is only 4–5 kDa and has no contact activation nor prekallikrein-binding sites.
The plasma kinin forming system is called the contact system of plasma and is composed of factor XII, factor XI, prekallikrein and HMWK. Factor XII, prekallikrein, and HMWK saturably and reversibly bind to endothelial cells, platelets, and granulocytes in a zinc-dependent reaction. When plasma makes contact with a negatively charged surface factor XII binds and is autoactivated to factor XIIa (the "a" signifies the activated factor). Factor XIIa then activates prekallikrein to kallikrein and kallikrein cleaves HMWK releasing bradykinin. There is also reciprocal activation of factor XII by kallikrein resulting in amplification of the system. The actual surface that leads to factor XII autoactivation is unknown however, several physiologic substances support the process. These substances include hematin, skin, fatty acids, sodium urate crystals, protoporphyrin, sulfatides, heparins, chondroitin sulfates, articular cartilage, endotoxin, L-homocysteine, and amyloid β-protein. Once the contact system is activated the intrinsic pathway (described below) is initiated.
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The Intrinsic Clotting Cascade
The intrinsic pathway (also called the contact activation pathway) is much less significant to hemostasis under normal physiological conditions than is the extrinsic pathway. However, abnormal physiology such as hyperlipidemic states or bacterial infiltration can lead to activation of thrombosis via the intrinsic clotting cascade.
The intrinsic pathway requires the clotting factors VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Also required are the proteins prekallikrein (PK) and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK or HMWK), as well as calcium ions and phospholipids secreted from platelets. The role of PK and HMWK is described in the above section. Each of these pathway constituents leads to the conversion of factor X (inactive) to factor Xa. Initiation of the intrinsic pathway occurs when prekallikrein, high-molecular-weight kininogen, factor XI and factor XII are exposed to a negatively charged surface. This is termed the contact phase and can occur as a result of interaction with the phospholipids (primarily phosphatidylethanolamine, PE) of circulating lipoprotein particles such as chylomicrons, VLDLs, and oxidized LDLs. This is the basis of the role of hyperlipidemia in the promotion of a pro-thrombotic state and the development of atherosclerosis.
Contact activation of the intrinsic pathway can also occur on the surface of bacteria, and through the interaction with urate crystals, fatty acids, protoporphyrin, amyloid β, and homocysteine. Indeed, elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood have been shown to correlate with cardiovascular dysfunction. Therefore, it is important to ensure that proper function of the methionine synthase reaction is maintained. Although it would be assumed that increased intake of vitamin B12 should lead to increased conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and thus reduced levels of circulating homocysteine, controlled studies have shown that this does not occur.
The assemblage of contact phase components results in conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein, which in turn activates factor XII to factor XIIa. Factor XIIa then activates factor XI to factor XIa. Factor XIIa will also hydrolyze more prekallikrein to kallikrein, establishing a reciprocal activation cascade. Kallikrein acts upon HMWK leading to the release of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator.
In the presence of Ca2+, factor XIa activates factor IX to factor IXa. Factor IX is a proenzyme that contains vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxyglutamate (gla) residues, whose serine protease activity is activated following Ca2+ binding to these gla residues. Several of the serine proteases of the cascade (II, VII, IX, and X) are gla-containing proenzymes. Active factor IXa cleaves factor X at an internal arg-ile (R-I) bond leading to its activation to factor Xa.
The activation of factor Xa requires assemblage of the tenase complex (Ca2+ and factors VIIIa, IXa and X) on the surface of activated platelets. One of the responses of platelets to activation is the presentation of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) on their surfaces. The exposure of these phospholipids allows the tenase complex to form. The role of factor VIII in this process is to act as a receptor, in the form of factor VIIIa, for factors IXa and X. Factor VIIIa is termed a cofactor in the clotting cascade. The activation of factor VIII to factor VIIIa (the actual receptor) occurs in the presence of minute quantities of thrombin. As the concentration of thrombin increases, factor VIIIa is ultimately cleaved by thrombin and inactivated. This dual action of thrombin, upon factor VIII, acts to limit the extent of tenase complex formation and thus the extent of the coagulation cascade.
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Extrinsic Clotting Cascade
Activated factor Xa is the site at which the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades converge. The extrinsic pathway is initiated at the site of injury in response to the release of tissue factor (factor III) and thus, is also known as the tissue factor pathway. Tissue factor is a cofactor in the factor VIIa-catalyzed activation of factor X. Factor VIIa, a gla residue containing serine protease, cleaves factor X to factor Xa in a manner identical to that of factor IXa of the intrinsic pathway. The activation of factor VII occurs through the action of thrombin or factor Xa. The ability of factor Xa to activate factor VII creates a link between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. An additional link between the two pathways exists through the ability of tissue factor and factor VIIa to activate factor IX. The formation of complex between factor VIIa and tissue factor is believed to be a principal step in the overall clotting cascade. Evidence for this stems from the fact that persons with hereditary deficiencies in the components of the contact phase of the intrinsic pathway do not exhibit clotting problems. A major mechanism for the inhibition of the extrinsic pathway occurs at the tissue factor-factor VIIa-Ca2+-Xa complex. The protein, lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor, LACI specifically binds to this complex. LACI is also referred to as extrinsic pathway inhibitor, EPI or tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI and was formerly named anticonvertin. LACI is composed of 3 tandem protease inhibitor domains. Domain 1 binds to factor Xa and domain 2 binds to factor VIIa only in the presence of factor Xa.
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Activation of Prothrombin to Thrombin
The common point in both pathways is the activation of factor X to factor Xa. Factor Xa activates prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin (factor IIa). Thrombin, in turn, converts fibrinogen to fibrin. The activation of thrombin occurs on the surface of activated platelets and requires formation of a prothrombinase complex. This complex is composed of the platelet phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine, Ca2+, factors Va and Xa, and prothrombin. Factor V is a cofactor in the formation of the prothrombinase complex, similar to the role of factor VIII in tenase complex formation. Like factor VIII activation, factor V is activated to factor Va by means of minute amounts and is inactivated by increased levels of thrombin. Factor Va binds to specific receptors on the surfaces of activated platelets and forms a complex with prothrombin and factor Xa.
Prothrombin is a 72 kDa, single-chain protein containing ten gla residues in its N-terminal region. Within the prothrombinase complex, prothrombin is cleaved at 2 sites by factor Xa. This cleavage generates a 2-chain active thrombin molecule containing an A and a B chain which are held together by a single disulfide bond.
In addition to its role in activation of fibrin clot formation, thrombin plays an important regulatory role in coagulation. Thrombin combines with thrombomodulin present on endothelial cell surfaces forming a complex that converts protein C to protein Ca. The cofactor protein S and protein Ca degrade factors Va and VIIIa, thereby limiting the activity of these 2 factors in the coagulation cascade (see details below).
Thrombin binds to a class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called protease activated receptors (PARs), specifically PAR-1, -3 and -4. PARs utilize a unique mechanism to convert the result of extracellular proteolytic cleavage into an intracellular signaling event. PARs carry their own ligand which remains inactive until protease cleavage, such as by thrombin, "unmasks" the ligand. Following thrombin cleavage the unmasked ligand is still a part of the intact PAR but is now capable of interacting with the ligand-binding domain of the PAR resulting in the activation of numerous signaling cascades. Because the activation of PARs requires proteolytic cleavage the activation process is irreversible. The signaling cascades activated by thrombin-activated PARs include release of the interleukins, (ILs), IL-1 and IL-6, increased secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The thrombin-induced signaling also leads to increased platelet activation and leukocyte adhesion.
thrombin-mediated activation of PAR-1
Thrombin-mediated activation of PAR-1: On the surface of platelets thrombin binds to PAR-1 resulting in release of the ligand portion of the receptor. Activation of the receptors leads to activation of G-proteins of the Gq and G12/13 families. The response to the activated signal transduction cascades includes granule secretion, release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, and changes in cytoskeletal architecture. All of these effects of thrombin activation of a PAR on platelets leads to further platelet activation and ultimately blood coagulation.
Thrombin also activates thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) thus modulating fibrinolysis (degradation of fibrin clots). TAFI is also known as carboxypeptidase U (CPU) whose activity leads to removal of C-terminal lysines from partially degraded fibrin. This leads to an impairment of plasminogen activation, thereby reducing the rate of fibrin clot dissolution (i.e. fibrinolysis).
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Control of Thrombin Levels
The inability of the body to control the circulating level of active thrombin would lead to dire consequences. There are 2 principal mechanisms by which thrombin activity is regulated. The predominant form of thrombin in the circulation is the inactive prothrombin, whose activation requires the pathways of proenzyme activation described above for the coagulation cascade. At each step in the cascade, feedback mechanisms regulate the balance between active and inactive enzymes.
The activation of thrombin is also regulated by 4 specific thrombin inhibitors Antithrombin III is the most important since it can also inhibit the activities of factors IXa, Xa, XIa and XIIa, plasmin, and kallikrein. The activity of antithrombin III is potentiated in the presence of heparin by the following means: heparin binds to a specific site on antithrombin III, producing an altered conformation of the protein, and the new conformation has a higher affinity for thrombin as well as its other substrates. This effect of heparin is the basis for its clinical use as an anticoagulant. The naturally occurring heparin activator of antithrombin III is present as heparan and heparan sulfate on the surface of vessel endothelial cells. It is this feature that controls the activation of the intrinsic coagulation cascade.
However, thrombin activity is also inhibited by α2-macroglobulin, heparin cofactor II and α1-antitrypsin. Although a minor player in thrombin regulation α1-antitrypsin is the primary serine protease inhibitor of human plasma. Its physiological significance is demonstrated by the fact that lack of this protein plays a causative role in the development of emphysema.
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Protein C: Control of Coagulation and Sepsis
Protein C (PC) is a trypsin-like serine protease that serves as a major regulator of the coagulation process. Protein S (PS) serves as a co-factor for the functions of activated protein C (abbreviated aPC, and also APC). The human protein C gene (gene symbol = PROC) is located on chromosome 2p13–14 and is composed of 9 exons that encode a protein of 419 amino acids. Protein C undergoes a series of post-translational modifications that include several N-linked glycosylation sites and γ-carboxylation of nine glutamate residues (gla residues) in the amino terminus. These gla residues in the amino terminus of PC constitute the "gla domain" of the protein. In addition to the gla domain, PC contains two epidermal growth factor-like regions (EGF domains), the serine protease domain, and an activation peptide.
Thrombin cleavage of PC removes the activation peptide generating aPC. When activated through cleavage by thrombin, aPC cleaves both factor Va and factor VIIIa into inactive enzymes. This results in the termination of the role of VIIIa as the scaffold for the formation of the tenase complex and Va as a co-factor in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the prothrombinase complex. The net effect, at the level of coagulation, of the activation of PC is termination of further increases in thrombin production and a halt to further fibrin clot formation. The activation of PC by thrombin occurs on the surface of the endothelium when thrombin binds to thrombomodulin and "captures" circulating PC. Following activation, aPC interacts with PS and cleaves VIIIa and Va.
thrombin-mediated activation of protein C
Thrombin-mediated activation of Protein C (PC): Thrombomodulin serves as a receptor for thrombin and protein C allowing an interaction between the two proteins. Thrombin cleaves protein C resulting in its activation (aPC). Following thrombin cleavage aPC hydrolyzes both factor Va and VIIIa rendering them inactive. This results in loss of active "tenase" complexes and active prothrombinase complexes.
The importance of aPC in controlling Va activity can be seen in the hypercoagulopathy (thrombophilia) referred to as factor V Leiden. This thrombophilia is caused by a mutation in the factor V gene resulting in a protein that is not effectively degraded by aPC. Factor V Leiden is the most common inherited thrombophilia in caucasian populations of European descent. Overall, 5% of the world population harbors the factor V Leiden mutation. The symptoms of factor V Leiden are deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, both of which can be fatal. In fact it is estimated that in as many as 30% of patients who experience DVT and/or pulmonary embolisms are carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation. Loss of protein C results in massive and usually lethal thrombotic complications in infants with homozygous PC deficiency. In individuals who are heterozygous for PC deficiencies there is an increased risk for venous thrombosis.
Although the role of aPC in the termination of coagulation is extremely important it also serves many additional functions that alter the inflammatory processes occurring in the vasculature. Activated PC binds to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and leads to the activation of PAR-1 (see above for the role of thrombin in PAR activation) which elicits cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory responses within endothelial cells. The EPCR functions as a co-receptor for aPC-mediated cleavage and activation of PAR-1. The EPCR is also found on monocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. The cytoprotective effects elicited via aPC activation of PAR-1 include protection of the endothelial cell barrier and induction of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways as well as expression of eNOS. Additional endothelial responses to aPC activation of PAR-1 occur via inhibition of the expression and actions of the potent pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFκB. The suppression of NFκB action results in downregulation of the synthesis of endothelial pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8, the chemokine MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1).
The binding of aPC to the EPCR on monocytes leads to inhibition of the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα) from these cells which results from inhibition of the actions of NFκB. Additional monocyte effects of aPC include decreased tissue factor (factor III) expression and inhibition of the release of the chemokines MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) and MCP-1.
The anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of aPC were the basis for the development of the sepsis drug Xigris® (dotrecogin alpha). Although used for several years, this drug has been removed from the market due to insignificant reductions in sepsis-induced mortality. Sepsis is initiated by infection whereby microbes and/or microbial toxins released into the blood trigger a systemic and uncontrolled activation of both the coagulation cascade and inflammatory pathways. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care patients who are not coronary patients. Severe sepsis afflicts more than 700,000 people in the United States each year with a mortality rate of 30% to 50%.
In addition to its demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of sepsis, aPC is currently being investigated for the treatment of numerous conditions. These include the treatment of stoke since in mouse models the anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant actions of aPC have the additional benefit of exerting neuroprotective effects. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) results when tissues are temporarily deprived of oxygenated blood (ischemia) and the return of blood flow (reperfusion) results in additional tissue damage. The secondary damage of I/R is a consequence of the intense inflammatory reactions that are initiated in response to anoxia. The damage from reperfusion can occur in tissues or organs that were not affected by the initial ischemic episode. In mouse models it has been shown that infusion of aPC attenuates the oxidative tissue damage of ischemia and this effect may be due to direct aPC-mediated inhibition of neutrophil activation. Additional conditions that may be treated with aPC infusion include acute lung injury, asthma, and acute pancreatitis. Studies have also demonstrated that aPC may promote wound healing and angiogenesis.
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Activation of Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Fibrinogen (factor I) consists of 3 pairs of polypeptides ([Aα][Bβ][γ])2. The 6 chains are covalently linked near their N-terminals through disulfide bonds. The A and B portions of the Aα and Bβ chains comprise the fibrinopeptides, A and B, respectively. The fibrinopeptide regions of fibrinogen contain several glutamate and aspartate residues imparting a high negative charge to this region and aid in the solubility of fibrinogen in plasma. Active thrombin is a serine protease that hydrolyses fibrinogen at four arg-gly (R-G) bonds between the fibrinopeptide and the a and b portions of the protein.
Thrombin-mediated release of the fibrinopeptides generates fibrin monomers with a subunit structure (αβγ)2. These monomers spontaneously aggregate in a regular array, forming a somewhat weak fibrin clot. In addition to fibrin activation, thrombin converts factor XIII to factor XIIIa, a highly specific transglutaminase that introduces cross-links composed of covalent bonds between the amide nitrogen of glutamines and ε-amino group of lysines in the fibrin monomers.
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Dissolution of Fibrin Clots
Degradation of fibrin clots is the function of plasmin, a serine protease that circulates as the inactive proenzyme, plasminogen. Any free circulating plasmin is rapidly inhibited by α2-antiplasmin. Plasminogen binds to both fibrinogen and fibrin, thereby being incorporated into a clot as it is formed. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and, to a lesser degree, urokinase are serine proteases which convert plasminogen to plasmin. Inactive tPA is released from vascular endothelial cells following injury; it binds to fibrin and is consequently activated. Urokinase is produced as the precursor, prourokinase by epithelial cells lining excretory ducts. The role of urokinase is to activate the dissolution of fibrin clots that may be deposited in these ducts.
Active tPA cleaves plasminogen to plasmin which then digests the fibrin; the result is soluble degradation product to which neither plasmin nor plasminogen can bind. Following the release of plasminogen and plasmin they are rapidly inactivated by their respective inhibitors. The inhibition of tPA activity results from binding to specific inhibitory proteins. At least 4 distinct inhibitors have been identified, of which 2: plasminogen activator-inhibitors type 1 (PAI-1) and type 2 (PAI-2) are of greatest physiological significance.
mechanism of tPA activation of plasmin and fibrin clot dissolution
Mechanism of tPA activation of fibrin clot breakdown. Release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from vascular endothelial cells leads to the onset of the dissolution of fibrin clots. Low levels of circulating tPA are kept inactive by interaction with various inhibitors, where plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2) are the most significant. tPA is also removed from the circulation by heptaic cell uptake. The clot dissolving enzyme, plasminogen, binds to the fibrin clot as the inactive zymogen. Once tPA interacts with plasminogen it hydrolyzes the protein releasing catalytically active plasmin. Plasmin then can hydrolyze the cross-linked fibrin polymers of the clot resulting in its dissolution (breakdown). Excess plasmin is controlled from over activity via interaction, in the plasma, with plasmin inhibitors such as α2-antiplasmin.
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Blood Coagulation Tests and Interpretations
Bleeding time assays are used to evaluate the vascular and platelet responses that are associated with hemostasis. The bleeding time is a frequent assay performed on preoperative patients to ensure there is an adequate response to vessel injury prior to surgery. As indicated above, the rapid responses to vascular injury (occurring within seconds) are vessel constriction and platelet adhesion to the vessel wall. The Ivy method for determining the bleeding time involves the use of a blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer) which is placed on the forearm and inflated to 40mmHg. A superficial incision is then made on the forearm and the time it takes for bleeding to stop is recorded. With the Ivy method bleeding should stop within 1–9 minutes. Any bleeding time greater than 15 minutes would be indicative of a defect in the initial responses of vessels and platelets to vascular injury. A less invasive bleeding time assay involves the use of a lancet or special needle and a 3–4mm deep prick is made on the fingertip or earlobe. This bleeding time assay is referred to as the Duke method and in this assay bleeding should cease within 1–3 minutes. The bleeding time is affected (prolonged) by any defect in platelet function, by vascular disorders, and in von Willebrand disease but is not affected by other coagulation factors. Disorders that are commonly associated with an increased bleeding time include thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Bernard-Soulier syndrome and Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Abnormal bleeding times are also found in patients with Cushing syndrome, severe liver disease, leukemia, and bone marrow failure.
Defects associated with factors of the pathways of blood coagulation can also be assessed with specific assays. The prothrombin time (PT) is an assay designed to screen for defects in fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X and thus measures activities of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. When any of these factors is deficient then the PT is prolonged. A normal PT is 11.0–12.5 seconds. A PT greater than 20 seconds is indicative of coagulation deficit. The PT is measured using plasma after the blood cells are removed. A blood sample is collected in a tube containing citrate or EDTA to chelate any calcium and thus inhibit coagulation and then the cells are removed by centrifugation. After the cells are removed excess calcium is added to the plasma to initiate coagulation. The most common measure of PT is to divide the time of coagulation of a patients blood by that of a known standard and this value is referred to as the international normalized ratio (INR). Normal INR values range from 0.8–1.2. PT is used to determine the correct dosage of the warfarin class of anti-coagulation drugs (e.g. Coumadin), for the presence of liver disease or damage, and to evaluate vitamin K status.
The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is used to assay for defects in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. The PTT assay has been modified by the addition of activators that shorten the normal clotting time and this form of the assay is referred to as the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The PTT is normally prescribed in patients with unexplained bleeding or clotting. The assay will evaluate the function of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. A defect in any of these factors will result in a prolonged PTT (or aPTT). A normal PTT is 60–70 seconds, whereas for the aPTT the normal range is 30–40 seconds. The PTT is a standard assay used to assess the efficacy of heparin anticoagulant therapy. Prolonged PTTs are associated with acquired or congenital bleeding disorders associated with coagulation factor deficiency, vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, DIC, von Willebrand disease, leukemia, hemophilia, and during heparin administration.
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Clinical Significances of Hemostasis
The Bleeding Disorders
Defects in the process of hemostasis, leading to bleeding disorders, have been identified at the level of the proteins of the clotting cascades, platelet activation and function, contact activation and antithrombin function This list is not all inclusive and for more details please visit the Inborn Errors: Clotting Factors page.
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia A is classic hemophilia (a disease referring to the inability to clot blood). It is an X-linked disorder resulting from a deficiency in factor VIII, a key component of the coagulation cascade. There are severe, moderate and mild forms of hemophilia A that reflect the level of active factor VIII in the plasma.
Hemophilia A arises from a variety of mutations. Some 150 different point mutations have been characterized in the factor VIII gene in hemophilia A. Inheritence of the disorder occurs with a frequency of 1:5,000 to 1:10,000 males in all populations. Factor VIII is a cofactor in the activation of factor X to factor Xa in a reaction catalyzed by factor IXa. Activation of factor VIII occurs via proteolytic cleavage by thrombin and factor Xa. Inactivaqtion of factor VIIIa occurs by limited proteolysis by factor Xa or activated protein C.
Individuals with deficiencies in factor VIII suffer joint and muscle hemorrhage, easy bruising and prolonged bleeding from wounds. Treatment of hemophilia A is accomplished by infusion of factor VIII concentrates prepared from either human plasma or by recombinant DNA technology.
Hemophilia B
Hemophilia B results from deficiencies in factor IX. The prevalence of hemophilia B is approximately one-tenth that of hemophilia A. All patients with hemophilia B have prolonged coagulation time and decreased factor IX clotting activity. Like hemophilia A, there are severe, moderate and mild forms of hemophilia B and reflect the factor IX activity in plasma.
At least 300 unique factor IX mutations have been identified, 85% are point mutations, 3% are short nucleotide deletions or insertions and 12% are gross gene alterations.
Disorders of Fibrinogen and Factor XIII
Several cardivascular risk factors are associated with abnormalities in fibrinogen. As a result of the acute-phase response or through other poorly understood mechanisms, elevated plasma fibrinogen levels have been observed in patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. In addition, pregnancy, menopause, hypercholesterolemia, use of oral contraceptives and smoking lead to increased plasma fibrinogen levels.
Although rare, there are inherited disorders in fibrinogen. These disorders include afibrinogenemia (a complete lack of fibrinogen), hypofibrinogenemia (reduced levels of fibrinogen) and dysfibrinogenemia (presence of dysfunctional fibrinogen). Afibrinogenemia is characterized by neonatal umbilical cord hemorrhage, ecchymoses, mucosal hemorrhage, internal hemorrhage, and recurrent abortion. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Hypofibrinogenemia is characterized by fibrinogen levels below 100mg/dL (normal is 250-350mg/dL) and can be either aquired or inherited. Symptoms of hypofibrinogememia are similar to, but less severe than, afibrinogenemia. Dysfibrinogenemias are extremely heterogeneous affecting any of the functional properties of fibrinogen. Clinical consequences of dysfibrinogenemias include hemorrhage, spontaneous abortion and thromboembolism.
Factor XIII is the proenzyme form of plasma transglutaminase and is activated by thrombin in the presence of calcium ions. Active factor XIII catalyzes the cross-linking of fibrin monomers. Factor XIII is a tetramer of two different peptides, A and B (forming A2B2). Hereditary deficiencies (autosomal recessive) occur resulting in the absence of either subunit. Clinical manifestation of factor XIII deficiency is delayed bleeding although primary hemostasis is normal. Deficiency leads to neonatal umbilical cord bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage and soft tissue hematomas.
von Willebrand Disease
von Willebrand disease (vWD) is due to inherited deficiency in von Willebrand factor (vWF). vWD is the most common inherited bleeding disorder of humans. Using sensitive laboratory testing, abnormalities in vWF can be detected in approximately 8000 people per million. Clinically significant vWD occurs in approximatley 125 people per million. This is a frequency at least twice that of hemophilia A.
Deficiency of vWF results in defective platelet adhesion and causes a secondary deficiency in factor VIII. The result is that vWF deficiency can cause bleeding that appears similar to that caused by platelet dysfunction or hemophilia. vWD is an extremely heterogeneous disorder that has been classified into several major subtypes. Type I vWD is the most common and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This variant is due to simple quantitative deficiency of all vWF multimers. Type 2 vWD is also subdivided further dependent upon whether the dysfunctional protein has decreased or paradoxically increased function in certain laboratory tests of binding to platelets. Type 3 vWD is clinically severe and is characterized by recessive inheritance and virtual absence of vWF.
Factor XI and Contact Activation
When blood makes contact with negatively charged surfaces it triggers a series of interactions that involve factor XI, prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen leading to blood coagulation. This process is referred to as contact activation. Deficiency in factor XI confers an injury-related bleeding tendency. This deficiency was identified in 1953 and originally termed hemophilia C. Factor XI deficiency is very common in Ashkenazic Jews and is inherited as an autosomal disorder with either homozygosity or compound heterozygosity. Three independent point mutations in factor XI have been identified.
Antithrombin Deficiency
Antithrombin functions to inhibit several activated coagulation factors including thrombin, factor IXa and factor Xa, by forming a stable complex with the various factors. Heparin and heparan sulfates increase the activity of antithrombin at least 1000 fold.
Deficiency in antithrombin is seen in approximately 2% of patients with venous thromboembolic disease. Inheritance occurs as an autosomal dominant trait. The prevalence of symptomatic antithrombin deficiency ranges from 1 per 2000 to 1 per 5000 in the general population. Deficiencies results from mutations that affect synthesis or stability of antithrombin or from mutations that affect the protease and/or heparin binding sites of antithrombin.
Clinical manifestations of antithrombin deficiency include deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arterial thrombosis is rare in anththrombin deficiency. Thrombosis may occur spontaneously or in association with surgery, trauma or pregnancy. Treatment of acute episodes of thrombosis is by infusion of heparin (for 5-7 days) followed by oral anticoagulant therapy.
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Pharmacological Intervention in Bleeding
Inhibitors of Vitamin K-Dependent gla Residue Formation
The coumarin drugs (based on the chemical benzopyrone), such as warfarin (trade name Coumadin®) inhibit coagulation by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation reactions necessary to the function of thrombin, and factors VII, IX, and X as well as proteins C and S. These drugs act by inhibiting the reduction of the quinone derivatives of vitamin K to their active hydroquinone forms. Because of the mode of action of coumarin drugs, it takes several days for their maximum effect to be realized. For this reason, heparin is normally administered first followed by warfarin or warfarin-related drugs.
Activation of Antithrombin III
The glycosaminoglycans, heparin and heparan sulfate, are useful as anticoagulants. Heparin functions as an anticoagulant because it binds to, and activates, antithrombin III which then inhibits the serine proteases of the coagulation cascade. Heparin is abundant in granules of the mast cells that line the vasculature. In response to injury, the heparin is released and inhibits coagulation.
Plasminogen Activators
The plasminogen activators also are useful for controlling coagulation. Because tPA is highly selective for the degradation of fibrin in clots, it is extremely useful in restoring the patency of the coronary arteries following thrombosis, in particular during the short period following myocardial infarct. Streptokinase (an enzyme from the Streptococci bacterium) is another plasminogen activator useful from a therapeutic standpoint. However, it is less selective than tPA, being able to activate circulating plasminogen as well as that bound to a fibrin clot.
Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis
Aspirin is an important inhibitor of platelet activation. By virtue of inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase, aspirin reduces the production of TXA2 by platelets. Aspirin also reduces endothelial cell production of prostacyclin (PGI2), an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a vasodilator. Localized to the site of coagulation is a balance between the levels of platelet derived TXA2 and endothelial cell derived PGI2. This allows for platelet aggregation and clot formation but preventing excessive accumulation of the clot, thus maintaining blood flow around the site of the clot. Endothelial cells regenerate active cyclooxygenase faster than platelets because mature platelets cannot synthesize the enzyme, requiring new platelets to enter the circulation (platelet half-life is approximately 4 days). Therefore, PGI2 synthesis is greater than that of TXA2. The net effect of aspirin is more in favor of endothelial cell-mediated inhibition of the coagulation cascade. This reflects one of the the cardiovascular benefits to low dose administration of aspirin. Aspirin also has important effects on inflammatory processes that impact cardiovascular systems (see the Lipid-Derived Inflammatory Modulators page for more details).
Inhibition of Platelet Activation / Function
Newer classes of anticoagulation drugs are being developed that function by inhibiting the activation of platelets and their subsequent aggregation. The drug clopidogrel: Plavix® (Bristol-Myers Squibb) is an irreversible inhibitor of the ADP receptor on platelet membranes. When ADP binds to platelets they are activated and aggregate leading to amplification of the coagulation response, thus Plavix interferes with this process. Plavix is prescribed for the treatment of peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease as well as coronary artery disease to prevent the formation of thrombotic plaques.
Another target of pharmacologic intervention in coagulation involving platelets is the role of GPIIb-GPIIIa in fibrinogen-induced platelet aggregation. Glanzmann thrombasthenia is an inherited platelet function defect characterized by a lack of platelet aggregation in response to all physiological agonists. This disorder is due to a lack of the GPIIb-GPIIIa receptor complex on platelets. Patients with this disorder present with significantly increased bleeding times. Although a rare disorder, study of the pathophysiology of the disease led to the development of anticoagulant drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation regardless of the agonist. Therefore, the GPIIb-GPIIIa antagonists more completely inhibit platelet aggregation than do aspirin or Plavix. The current family of these drugs includes ReoPro® (abciximab: a human monoclonal antibody), Integrilin® (eptifibatide: a cyclic hexapeptide derived from a protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake) and Aggrastat® (tirofiban: a synthetic organic non-peptide molecule).
Inhibition of Thrombin
Individuals that suffer from atrial fibrillation (AF) are at increased risk of strokes, in particular if other vascular conditions are present such as hypertension. AF is the most common cause of cardiac arrhythmia which is associated with palpitations, chest pain, and fainting. The direct reversible inhibitor of thrombin, dabigatran (Pradaxa®) is now prescribed to AF patients to prevent the occurrence of stroke in these patients. The primary use of dabigatran is in patients being switched from warfarin.
Inhibition of Factor Xa
Another mechanism to prevent the increased risk of stroke in patients suffering from atrial fibrillation is the inhibition of factor Xa. The drug rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) is a direct inhibitor of factor Xa either free or within the prothrombinase complex. In addition to prevention of stroke risk in AF patients, rivaroxaban is useful in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Another recently approved drug in the direct factor Xa inhibitor family is apixaban (Eliquis®).
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Michael W King, PhD | © 1996–2014 themedicalbiochemistrypage.org, LLC | info @ themedicalbiochemistrypage.org
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5,871,882,417,086,963,000 | What’s a keto lifestyle?
“Ketogenic” is a term for a low-carb diet (like the Atkins diet). The idea is for you to get more calories from protein and fat and less from carbohydrates. You cut back most on the carbs that are easy to digest, like sugar, soda, pastries, and white bread.
Why is keto bad for you?
The keto diet could cause low blood pressure, kidney stones, constipation, nutrient deficiencies and an increased risk of heart disease. Strict diets like keto could also cause social isolation or disordered eating. Keto is not safe for those with any conditions involving their pancreas, liver, thyroid or gallbladder.
What can you eat on a keto diet?
Here are some healthy foods to eat on a ketogenic diet.
• Seafood. Fish and shellfish are very keto-friendly foods. …
• Low-carb vegetables. …
• Cheese. …
• Avocados. …
• Meat and poultry. …
• Eggs. …
• Coconut oil. …
• Plain Greek yogurt and cottage cheese.
Is Keto a good lifestyle?
Mayo’s verdict: While the ketogenic diet may be recommended for some people with uncontrolled epilepsy, the high fat content — and especially the high level of unhealthy saturated fat — combined with limits on nutrient-rich fruits, veggies and grains is a concern for long-term heart health.
IT IS INTERESTING: Does keto rash go away?
Is keto really bad?
In fact, the keto diet has serious risks. For one thing, it’s high in saturated fat, which has been linked to heart disease. Additionally, a nutrient deficiency and constipation could occur since the keto diet is very low in fibrous foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Does keto hurt your liver?
The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, moderate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that can induce weight loss and improvement in glycemic control, but poses a risk of inducing hyperlipidemia, elevation of liver enzymes and onset of fatty liver disease.
How long should you stay on a keto diet?
Registered dietitians warn that nutrient deficiencies may be possible if you’re on it for too long. Stick to the keto diet for three to six months max, says Mancinelli, noting that some people opt to cycle in and out of the diet throughout the year.
Are bananas Keto?
Are bananas keto? Bananas are not keto friendly and not recommended to enjoy even in small amounts. While a healthy fruit with plenty of vitamins and nutrients, they are primarily carbs and contain smaller amounts of fiber.
Do you lose belly fat on keto diet?
Interestingly, a ketogenic diet is a very effective way to lose belly fat. As shown in the graph above, a ketogenic diet reduced total weight, body fat and abdominal trunk fat much more than a low-fat diet did ( 11 ).
How fast will I lose weight on keto?
Depending on your size and how much water weight you’re carrying, this weight loss can vary. Anecdotally, people report losses within the first week of anywhere from 1 pound (0.5 kg) to 10 or more pounds (5 kg). The larger you are, the more water weight you’re likely to lose after starting keto.
IT IS INTERESTING: What protein shakes are good for Keto?
Is keto bad for your kidneys?
Eating a lot of animal foods on the keto diet can lead to more acidic urine and a higher risk of kidney stones. This acidic state can also worsen the progression of chronic kidney disease.
Can you drink milk on keto?
Can you drink dairy milk on the keto diet? Yes, but you’ll have to be careful of serving size! Be sure to pick whole milk for the higher fat content and measure how much you drink. A single cup of whole milk has almost 12 grams of carbohydrates, which takes up nearly half of some dieters’ daily carb allowance.
Why is keto bad for thyroid?
Another concern for hypothyroid patients may be that when the body remains in ketosis too long, accumulated acidity can lead to inflammation. Many people with hypothyroidism already struggle with chronic inflammation, and adding an overly acidic diet can be like adding gasoline to a fire.
What happens when you quit Keto?
Without carbohydrates to build up glycogen stores, or muscle fuel, muscles will run out of gas. And when you don’t have the energy to work out, muscle loss can occur. This is especially true since carbs are necessary to renew and repair muscles.
What are the pros and cons of Keto?
The Pros and Cons of a Keto Diet
• Pro: Weight loss. …
• Con: Fewer Carbs isn’t necessarily a good thing. …
• Pro: It might be helpful for the days spent at your desk job. …
• Con: You may not be getting enough sugar. …
• Pro: It may help prevent Cancer. …
• Con: It could have a negative impact on heart health. …
• Final Thoughts.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you get high levels of ketones?
What is the healthiest diet to do?
2, 2020 — For the third year in a row, the Mediterranean diet has been named the best diet overall in the U.S. News & World Report annual rankings. In 2018, the Mediterranean diet shared top honors with the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet. Both focus on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
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-7,785,046,529,572,061,000 | It is a nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder causing mild to severe disabilities throughout life. This condition is manifested as a group of persisting qualitative motor disorders which appear in young children due to damage to the brain during delivery or due to some pathological conditions in the intrauterine life. The neurological problems are multiple but nonprogressive in nature. Approximately 2 per 100 live birth is having this problem. This disease is having no hereditary tendency.
Causes of cerebral palsy
1. Injury to the brain during delivery.
2. As a complication of forceps delivery.
3. Lack of oxygen supply to the baby during delivery.
4. Infections during delivery.
Signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy
The signs and symptoms may not be similar in all babies affected. Depending on the damage to the brain there may be mild to severe lesions.
1. Mild cases: – 20% of children will have a mild disability.
2. Moderate cases: -50% cases are having a moderate disability. The affected children require self-help for assisting their impaired ambulation capacity.
3. Severe cases: -About 30% of the affected children are totally incapacities and bedridden and they always need care from others.
Abnormal findings in cerebral palsy
1. Abnormal neonatal reflexes.
2. The stiffness of all muscles with awkward motion.
3. Extension of extremities on the vertical suspension of the infant.
4. Scissoring of the lower limbs due to spasm of the adductor muscles of the thigh.
5. In severe cases, the backbend backward likes and arch.
6. May have total or partial paralysis.
7. The arrest of neurological and behavioral development.
8. Swallowing may be difficult in some cases.
9. Drooling of saliva.
10. Mild to severe mental retardations.
11. Abnormal movements are seen in some cases.
12. Tremors with typical movements.
13. If cerebellum is affected there will be a loss of muscle tone with difficulty in walking.
14. Complete or partial loss of hearing.
15. Speech may be affected.
16. Squint and other visual problems may be associated.
17. Convulsions may be seen in some children.
Cerebral palsy is diagnosed by detailed clinical examination and by eliminating other similar diseases like a brain tumor, progressive atrophy actual investigations like CT scan, MRI and routine investigations are needed to rule out other diseases.
Management of cerebral palsy
1. General management:
This includes proper nutrition and personal care. Symptomatic medicines are needed to reduce convulsions and muscle stiffness. Diazepam can reduce spasticity and athetosis. Dantrolene sodium helps to relax skeletal muscles.
2. Physiotherapy:
Here massage, exercise, hydrotherapy and etc are needed. Special training is given to training walking, swallowing and talking. The affected children are also trained to hold articles for routine activities.
3. Rehabilitation:
Moral and social support should be given to these children. They should be sent to special schools where special training can be given by trained staff. Mentally retarded children need special training. Depending upon the disability special instruments and machines are given for locomotion and to assist their day-to-day activities.
4. Occupational therapy:
This is given by occupational therapists. They train the disabled people to do some suitable works so that these people can have their own income. | {
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-1,562,004,501,553,801,700 | Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible for hormone production. The hormones produced by this area of the brain govern body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body. This area of the brain controls the pituitary gland and other glands in the body. This area of the brain is small, but involved in many necessary processes of the body including behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine functions. The hypothalamus' primary function is homeostasis, which is to maintain the body's status quo system-wide. Hypothalamic hormones include thyrotropin-releasing, gonadotropin-releasing, growth hormone-releasing, corticotrophin-releasing, somatostatin, and dopamine hormones. These hormones release into the blood through the capillaries, traveling to the pituitary gland where their effects are exerted. Oxytocin and vasopressin are also hypothalamic hormones. The hypothalamus uses a set-point to regulate the body's systems including electrolyte and fluid balance, body temperature, blood pressure, and body weight. It receives inputs from the body, then initiates compensatory changes if anything differentiates from this set-point. The set-point can migrate, but remains remarkably fixed from day-to-day.
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5,416,217,053,438,617,000 |
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LncRNA Research
Wake Up and Smell the Chromatin Regulation of LncRNA Gene Expression
Introduction
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, eukaryotic RNA molecules greater than 200 nucleotides in length that have no protein-coding capacity. Many LncRNAs are transcribed within the intragenic regions of protein-coding genes, in either sense or antisense orientation, while a subset, known as "lincRNAs" (for large intergenic noncoding RNAs) are transcribed from chromosomal regions occurring between genes (Figure 1). Growing evidence suggests that LncRNAs are important regulators of a surprisingly wide variety of cellular functions, including epigenetic silencing, transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, and RNA modification1-4. In addition, LncRNAs have been associated with human diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, and heart disease2. Having a better understanding of the functional roles of LncRNAs offers promise to advance our knowledge of cell regulatory and disease mechanisms.
1
Figure 1. Possible expression patterns of lncRNAs. Blue and green boxes represent exons of protein-coding genes. Angled intervening lines represent introns. Coiled lines represent intergenic genomic regions. Bent arrows represent direction of transcription. lncRNAs can be transcribed either from within protein-coding genes (red) or from intergenic regions of the genome (green). This latter class is also referred to as "long intergenic non coding RNAs" (lincRNAs). lncRNA transcription can also occur in either sense or antisense orientation relative to protein-coding genes.
Regulation of LncRNA gene expression
Recently, increased attention has been focused on the transcriptional regulation of the LncRNA genes themselves. LncRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and most of them have the hallmarks typical of pol II-transcribed gene products: 7-methylguanosine capping and polyadenylation. Many LncRNAs are expressed in tissue- and/or developmental specific patterns5. Therefore, the transcription of the LncRNA genes must be tightly controlled. As is typical for RNA polymerase II-transcribed protein-coding genes, LncRNA gene expression can be regulated by several different mechanisms (Figure 2).
2
Figure 2. LncRNA expression can be regulated by transcription and epigenetic factors. Blue coiled line represents an lncRNA promoter. Red coiled line represents an RNA polymerase II-transcribed, polyadenylated lncRNA (although not all lncRNA transcripts are polyadenylated). Bent arrow indicates direction of transcription. lncRNA transcription has been shown to be positively regulated by several well-characterized transcription factors (such as Oct4, Nanog, and p53). Epigenetic factors can have opposing effects on lncRNA transcription. Cytosine methylation (such as at CpG islands) can repress lncRNA expression, whereas methylation of lysine residues on histones (such as trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3) can activate lncRNA transcription.
Control by transcription factors
Recently, LncRNA genes have been shown to be targets of a number of well-characterized transcription factors. Several LncRNA promoters were found to contain putative binding sites for Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog6-8. Treatment of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with the differentiation factor retinoic acid causes the downregulation of Oct4 and Nanog RNA levels, as well as a concomitant decrease and increase of the LncRNAs AK028326 and AK141205, respectively. Subsequent RNA interference of Oct4 and Nanog led to similar effects on the expression levels of these LncRNAs. Further, Oct4 was found to be necessary for the transcription of no fewer than three LncRNAs in ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)8. Similarly, it was recently shown that lincRNA-p21 is one of many LncRNAs whose promoter regions contain canonical binding sites for the tumor suppressor protein p537,9. lincRNA-p21's transcription is directly induced by p53 in response to DNA damage, and loss of this induction leads to a loss of repression of many downstream p53 target genes. lincRNA-p21 was further shown to be necessary for p53's role in DNA damage-dependent apoptosis9. Therefore, the regulation of LncRNA expression is a critical factor associated with the initiation and development of many human cancers.
Control by epigenetic mechanisms
Several groups have further demonstrated that LncRNA expression levels are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modificationas well as DNA methylation. In a large screen7, 1,675 mouse lincRNA genes in ESCs, embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and lung fibroblasts (MLFs) were identified on the basis of harboring a "chromatin signature": Histone H3 Lysine 4 trimethylation in promoter regions, and Histone H3 Lysine 36 trimethylation in the body of the gene. These so-called "K4-K36 domains" are also found in protein-coding genes and are therefore excellent predictors of the occurrence of transcribed units. In another study10, it was shown that the promoters of a subset of LncRNAs expressed in embryonic stem cells (ES cells) occur in regions for Histone H3 Lysine 4 and Histone H3 Lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, respectively). However, Many of these " bivalent marks" were lost in more differentiated NPCs and fibroblasts.
DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides also plays a significant role in regulating the expression of LncRNA genes. In a lncRNA profiling study, microarray analysis was used to determine which LncRNAs were upregulated in the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 following treatment of these cells with the DNA demethylating agent 5'-aza-2'-deozycytidine. It was revealed that the expression of several lncRNAs are significantly upregulated due to the demethylation at the CpG islands in their promoters following exposure to the drug, indicating that the expression of these lncRNAs are controlled by their promoter DNA methylation level., In addition, two groups12,13 found silencing of expression of LncRNA Glt2 (Meg3) in both mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as human hepatocellular cancer (HCC). In the HCC model, MEG3 expression is indirectly controlled by a micro RNA, mir-29a, which regulates the expression of methyltransferases necessary for DNA methylation, and inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity in HCC cells causes de-repression of MEG3 expression. Together, these results suggest that the mechanism of regulation of the expression of a LncRNA in two disparate systems is conserved.
Summary
In summary, recent experimental results from several groups have revealed the coordinated regulation of expression of the long non-coding RNAs in a plethora of cell types. These studies have uncovered a major role of the epigenetic regulation of the LncRNA genes, opening up new possible therapeutic targets of the pathways involved with this novel class of non-protein coding RNAs, in many diseases including cancer.
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References1. Mercer, T.R., Dinger, M.E. & Mattick, J.S. Long non-coding RNAs: Insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet 10, 155-9 (2009).
2. Amaral, P.P., Dinger, M.E., Mercer, T.R. & Mattick, J.S. The eukaryotic genome as an RNA machine. Science 319, 3. 1787-9 (2008).
3. Wang, X., et al. Induced ncRNAs allosterically modify RNA-binding proteins in cis to inhibit transcription. Nature 454, 126-31 (2008).
4. Dinger, M.E., et al. Long noncoding RNAs in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Genome Res. 18, 1433-45 (2008).
5. Khalil, A.M., et al. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 11667-72 (2008).
6. Sheik Mohamed, J., et al. Conserved long noncoding RNAs transcriptionally regulated by Oct4 and Nanog modulate pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. RNA 16, 324-337 (2010).
7.Guttman, M., et al., Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature 458, 223-7 (2009).
8. Loewer, et al. Large intergenic non-coding RNA-RoR modulates reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature Genet. 1113-9 (2010).
9. Huarte, M., et al. A Large Intergenic Noncoding RNA Induced by p53 Mediates Global Gene Repression in the p53 Response. Cell 142, 409-19 (2010).
10. Wu, S.C., E.M. Kallin, and Y. Zhang. Role of H3K27 methylation in the regulation of lncRNA expression. Cell Res 20, 1109-16 (2010).
11. Lujambio, A., et al. CpG island hypermethylation-associated silencing of non-coding RNAs transcribed from ultraconserved regions in human cancer. Oncogene, 29, p. 6390-401 (2010).
12. Stadtfeld, M., et al. Aberrant silencing of imprinted genes on chromosome 12qF1 in mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 465, 175-83 (2010).
13. Braconi, C., et al. (2011). microRNA-29 can regulate expression of the long non-coding RNA gene MEG3 in hepatocellular cancer. Oncogene (advance online publication) 1-7.
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-8,163,746,171,585,596,000 | ocular bobbing
Also found in: Encyclopedia.
oc·u·lar bob·'bing
sudden conjugate downward deviation of the eyes with a slow return to the normal position; seen in some comatose patients who have bilateral hemisphere lesions.
bobbing, ocular
Spontaneous, rapid downward movements of both eyes followed by a slow drift to the straight-ahead position. It occurs in patients, usually comatose, who have lesions of the brainstem.
oc·u·lar bob·bing
(okyū-lăr bobing)
Sudden conjugate downward deviation of eyes with slow return to normal position. | {
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8,365,277,123,189,897,000 | Millie Grosz – Issue #191
This issue of Making a Difference! is brought to you by…
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248.504.8574
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In this issue…
A deep dive into… your digestion! What causes digestive problems?
Want great health? Focus on your digestion first!
♦ Chronic conditions of the digestive tract Supplements for gut health…
Your gut… a powerful disease-fighting system
How to keep your gut happy and healthy…
A multi-masking primer… ♦ Is your skin just dry or… dehydrated?
Your body is constructed of natural nutritional elements. All inorganic, unnatural substances are just so much excess baggage [that] may become the breeding ground of disease. Are you willing to risk such a calamitous adversity?
~ Dr. Forrest C. Shaklee, Sr.
A deep dive into… your digestion!
In today’s fast-paced world, more than half of Americans eat “ultra-processed” and/or fast foods on a daily basis. It’s called the Western diet, and it consists largely of processed foods, lots of fat, red meat, white flour products, added sugar and refined grains. So it stands to reason that these same Americans suffer from Western diseases… Type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Unfortunately, the Western diet has very little nutritional value… just empty calories. As a result, obesity is soaring, with more than 2 billion overweight and 600 million obese adults inhabiting our planet as of 2014.
While the Western diet is loved by many, it’s disliked by the body because it throws the whole immune system out of sync. The main culprits are foods that contain things like palmitic acid and fructose… ingredients found in sweets which cause an immune reaction in your body. Only a change in the diet to remove these ingredients will restore the immune system. And… it all starts with your digestion.
What causes digestive problems?
While there are many reasons you might be suffering from digestive issues, most of them begin with the “bad” foods you eat… and the “good” ones you don’t. For example, many people consume…
• too few vegetables and fruit
• foods lacking in enzymes
• beverages high in sugar
• processed and fast foods
• industrialized animal products like cheese, meat, and milk
• refined wheat products
• genetically modified foods
Want great health? Focus on your digestion first!
When you understand the whole digestive process and learn helpful tips to keep it healthy, you will be able to diagnose as well as treat many of your own digestive issues. A strong digestive system is an absolute imperative for good health; in fact, it’s the very foundation upon which good health is built!
♦♦ Your digestive system is a complex combination of hormones, nerves, blood and bacteria. They all work together to do the intricate job of digesting the liquids and foods you consume every day. Your digestive system also interacts with all the other systems of your body.
♦♦ Critical components of the digestive process are the stomach acid and enzymes that speed up all the chemical reactions in your body, breaking down the food you eat and extracting nutrients.
♦♦ Cells are found both in the lining of your stomach and the small intestine which release and produce hormones. These hormones stimulate your digestive juices and regulate the appetite.
♦♦ Your digestive system is largely controlled by nerves that connect your digestive organs to the spinal cord and the brain, which release chemicals that contract and relax your muscles. There are also nerves in your gastrointestinal (GI) tract that are automatically triggered when food is present, enabling the digestive system to function properly.
Chronic conditions of the digestive tract
How is your digestive health? That’s a question not always easy to answer. While digestive health includes how well you digest food and absorb nutrients, that complex process plays a massive role in your overall health. When the system breaks down, it means big trouble such as:
Hemorrhoids
There are few experiences that are as immensely upsetting and frightening as rectal bleeding, often the first sign of hemorrhoids… extremely inflamed veins in the rectum and around the anus. This painful condition can result from poor hydration, constipation, autoimmune disease, and a host of other illnesses.
Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is a serious condition that is characterized by an intense sensitivity to gluten that causes the body to destroy villi in your intestines, responsible for extracting nutrients from food. Symptoms range from diarrhea to scarier things like seizures. All are serious, life-threatening illnesses.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is the persistent action of stomach acids travelling up the esophagus. This condition, often linked to obesity, can be caused by a wide range of health conditions from emotional issues to physical impairments.
Supplements for gut health…
Digestion is such an essential part of health that it affects your skin, immunity, energy level and much, much more. Here are a few supplements to help keep your gut strong and healthy:
Fiber. Found in most natural foods, processing removes the majority of fiber from the American diet. Fiber keeps the large intestine free of waste particles that can cause pockets to form in the lining of the intestines. Fiber also has soluble components that help lower cholesterol by attracting free floating fat particles in the blood stream. In all cases, fiber is essential for keeping things clean, so taking fiber supplements such as Fiber Plan, Fiber Plan Tablets and Fiber Advantage Bars, can help to reduce ill effects, as well as sweep away food remnants that rot and produce gas.
Enzymes. These little chemistry enabling components of the body are one of biology’s most amazing achievements. When you ingest food, it has to be broken down into its most basic parts in order for your body to be able to convert it into fuel and raw material to build new cells. Enzymes play a vital role in this process. Illness, prescription drugs, and just normal aging can kill these essential enzymes, so taking EZ-Gest can get you back to normal and help repair any gut damage.
Antifungals. Prevent the buildup of dangerous fungi like candida, which can disrupt digestion, cause severe illness, and lead to even more serious diseases. Taking Garlic Complex, Stomach Soothing Complex, Zinc Complex, CarotoMax, Vita-C, and of course, new Optiflora DI, is a wise move to make.
Your gut… a powerful disease-fighting system
Did you know that enzymes and digestive acids not only break down food and extract nutrients, but also work to sterilize your food. By doing this, your body is protected from infection and food poisoning. Your digestive system also aids in the function of the immune system through a cluster of lymphoid tissue that is found in the walls of your small intestine. Since your gastrointestinal lining is actually exposed to the external environment of your system as you ingest food, bad bacteria can sometimes gain access to your gut. The lymphoid tissue aids in monitoring the lining of your digestive system and when necessary, produces antibodies to fight off any ‘enemies’ that get through.
Your digestive system is home to different types of bacteria which play a critical role in fighting off disease and keeping you healthy. Most people don’t realize that when an infection invades your body, the risk of cancer is increased. While friendly bacteria will fight off the infection, it’s your responsibility to nurture and protect your digestive system in order for it to do its job and stay healthy.
How probiotics help keep you healthy
In recent years, new information has been released proving the benefits of taking supplemental probiotics. Doctors have recently started using these “good” bacteria to treat those who develop life-threatening conditions like Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection, characterized by diarrhea and more serious intestinal conditions such as colitis, C. diff is known as a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) which can be caused by the long-term use of antibiotics and hospitalization, especially among the elderly. In 2011, the germ C. difficile caused almost half a million infections in the United States. 29,000 of those infected died within 30 days of the initial diagnosis. Regular ingestion of probiotic foods and supplements can help lower the risk that you’ll ever develop such an infection, let alone succumb to it.
But probiotics do much more than just bolster your immunity. They,,,
> Keep skin healthy and youthful. You might not know this, but digestive health plays a massive role in skin health. When “bad” bacteria build to high levels, the health effect often manifests in the form of acne.
> Combat bacterial inflammation. In many chronic illnesses like Crohn’s disease and IBS, the inflammation of the bowel is caused by an abundance of harmful bacteria that are continuously multiplying and attacking the tissues of your intestines. Many of these negative effects can be neutralized by ingesting high amounts of probiotics, which break down the cellular walls of harmful bacteria and kill them.
Think of your digestion system like you would a bank account… you need to invest in it in order to reap the rewards.
How to keep your gut happy and healthy…
You simply cannot afford to let your digestive system become ill. Here are some important steps to help it to function efficiently:
⇒⇒ Chew your food well before swallowing. The more food is broken down in your mouth, the easier it is on your digestion system.
⇒⇒ Fiber, fiber, and more fiber keeps food moving easily through your intestines and breaks down fatty foods.
⇒⇒ Drink plenty of Get Clean Water to help dissolve soluble fiber, allowing your food to pass through the intestines easily.
⇒⇒ Exercise to move food quickly through the digestive system and increases the flow of blood to your organs. Exercise also tones the wall of the colon, reducing the risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcers.
⇒⇒ Eat warm foods… they’re friendly to your spleen.
⇒⇒ Cut down on your alcohol consumption. Heartburn, diarrhea, and liver problems can occur when you drink too much alcohol.
⇒⇒ Lose weight. Even a few pounds over your ideal weight can affect your digestion.
⇒⇒ Take probiotics and fiber to maintain the right microflora balance.
⇒⇒ Get screened regularly for colorectal cancer.
⇒⇒ Eat mindfully and slowly to prevent gas, bloating, indigestion and more serious digestive problems.
A multi-masking primer…
Today there are so many new face mask formulas that it can be difficult to find the right one for you.
Here’s a little secret… one mask doesn’t have to do it all! In order to get the best results you sometimes have to use different products to address different skin issues. Here are three of our favorite mask combinations:
Combination skin ===>>
The T-zone… your forehead, nose, and chin… tends to be the oiliest part of your face. YOUTH Purifying Clay Mask has a triple blend of mineral-rich clays, superfine charcoal powder, and volcanic ash that absorbs toxins and excess oil in the skin. At the same time, use YOUTH Hydrating Gel Mask with hyaluronic acid to hydrate even the driest of cheeks.
<<=== Hormonal breakouts
Women between the ages of 20 and 40 who experience pimple eruptions are likely suffering from hormonal fluctuations, Use Purifying Clay Mask the week before your menstrual cycle so that it can absorb the oil before breakouts can happen, and then Hydrating Gel Mask so that your skin doesn’t over-produce oil.
Anti-aging and spot treatment ===>>
It’s possible to treat both occasional breakouts, wrinkles, and other aging signs all at the same time with multi-masking. After using a gentle cleanser, apply Hydrating Gel Mask, treating any problem spots with Purifying Clay Mask.
Is your skin just dry or… dehydrated?
Dry skin is either genetic or develops later in life, especially post-menopause. Dry skin can look rough, flaky and sometimes feel itchy.
Dehydrated skin is caused by hormonal imbalances, diet, environmental factors, aging, or changes in the weather. Dehydrated skin looks dull and feels tight.
Both result in skin cells that lack sufficient levels of water, a condition you can address with the YOUTH Hydration regimen.
Making a Difference! is not an official Shaklee publication. It is compiled from publicly available information and is published for educational purposes only. No promises or guarantees are intended or implied. Copyright © October 2018 SHAIDS LLCwww.ShaidsShop.com[email protected]720-733-6780 or 888-395-0136 | {
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6,256,086,134,145,726,000 | Would filler work well on a very mildly recessed chin and jowls? (photos)
I'm only 20 and recently my facial skin has dropped, leaving me with jowls and an emphasis on my slightly off chin. I already know with my luck that a chin implant would only cause irritation (I have intermittent inflammation and my body doesn't heal itself well). I want a minor enhancement to my chin and for my jawline to be restored. Is this possible? (I am not considering surgery for either of these problems and would rather keep up with fillers as they last long in my skin).
Doctor Answers 1
Filler?
Hello, and thanks for your question and photos.I do think you're a candidate for facial rejuvenation using a small amount of a hyaluronic acid filler. I recommend an in-person consultation with a well-trained dermatologist or plastic surgeon. Best of luck, Dr. Frucht.
Filler?
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Hello, and thanks for your question and photos.I do think you're a candidate for facial rejuvenation using a small amount of a hyaluronic acid filler. I recommend an in-person consultation with a well-trained dermatologist or plastic surgeon. Best of luck, Dr. Frucht.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship. | {
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3,158,315,171,284,685,000 | Nizagara
2017, Western Governors University, Tufail's review: "Nizagara 100 mg, 50 mg, 25 mg. Cheap online Nizagara.".
Power out- through the knee buy nizagara 25mg amex, there is a very high impact put that is required for the push-off power burst can be generated only with force as the weight is shifted on the loading a concentric contraction cheap nizagara 50mg with mastercard, in which the muscle actually shortens. The poor limb; this is seen best on the vertical vector prepositioning of the ankle joint in terminal stance often precludes signifi- of the ground reaction force (A). If the ankle cant push-off power generation (see Figure 7. The secondary adaptations then also develops a premature plantar flex- for the decreased ankle push-off power generation require that the hip ex- ion in midstance called a vault, power that tensors become the primary power generators for forward motion of gait. This change increases the total energy of walking, but is a good trade-off when motor control is not sufficient to manage the more distal ankle power generation. This same process is invoked in the role of fashion by the use of high-heeled shoes. The high-heeled shoes prevent the prepositioning of the ankle in slight dorsiflexion during terminal stance, therefore precluding the push-off power from the gastrocsoleus. This forces power generation to the hip extensors, which also increases the amount of pelvic rotation. Treatment of the plantar flexion prepositioning of the ankle at the start of terminal stance can include the use of orthotics. Although the orthotic can block the midstance problems of vault, back-kneeing, or increased crouch, it will not preposition the foot to allow push-off power burst because it pre- vents active plantar flexion. An articulated AFO may preserve some push off power; however, it is greatly reduced from normal. The use of a leaf-spring orthosis is another option; however, the stiffness required to prevent the midstance phase plantar flexion almost always prevents the terminal stance phase plantar flexion burst as well.
Because the proton concentration is higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix cheap 25mg nizagara overnight delivery, uncouplers pick up protons from the intermembrane space cheap nizagara 50 mg with mastercard. Their lipid solubility enables them to diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane while carrying protons and release these A skeletal muscle biopsy performed on Ivy Sharer indicated proliferation of subsarcolemmal mitochondria with degeneration of muscle fibers (ragged-red fibers) in approximately 55% of the total fibers observed. An analysis of mitochondrial (mtDNA) indi- cated no genetic mutations but did show a moderate quantitative depletion of mtDNA. Ivy Sharer’s AIDS was being treated with zidovudine (AZT), which also can act as an inhibitor of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase (polymerase ). A review of the drugs’ potential adverse effects showed that, rarely, it may cause varying degrees of mtDNA depeletion in different tissues, including skeletal muscle. The depletion may cause a severe mitochondrial myopathy, including “ragged-red fiber” accumulation within the skeletal muscle cells associated with ultrastructural abnormalities in their mitochondria. Dinitrophenol (DNP) is lipid soluble and can therefore diffuse across the mem- brane. Thus, in the intermembrane space where [H ] is high (pH low), DNP picks up a proton, which it carries across the membrane. At the lower proton concentration of the matrix, the H dissociates. As a consequence, cells cannot maintain their electrochemical gradient or synthesize ATP. DNP was once recom- mended in the United States as a weight loss drug, based on the principle that decreased [ATP] and increased electron transport stimulate fuel oxidation. The rapid influx of protons dissipates the electrochemi- cal potential gradient; therefore, the mitochondria are unable to synthesize ATP. Eventually, mitochondrial integrity and function are lost. UNCOUPLING PROTEINS AND THERMOGENESIS Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) form channels through the inner mitochondrial mem- brane that are able to conduct protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix, thereby short-circuiting ATP synthase.
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Stance phase is divided into loading response cheap 100 mg nizagara amex, midstance cheap 100 mg nizagara fast delivery, terminal stance, and preswing (C). Late stance, or terminal stance, is the last half of single limb support, and is the time when the body is in front of the planted foot when the foot can put energy into causing forward progression of the body. Preswing is a period corresponding to the second double support time just before swing phase. This is the time when the foot rapidly transfers weight to the other side and prepares for swing phase. Swing Phase Swing phase has the requirement of moving the foot forward. The time of initial swing phase takes up approximately the first third of swing phase. This period lasts from toe-off until the foot is opposite the planted foot. The role of the initial swing is to bring the limb from a trailing position to the position of the stance foot, with the swing foot clearing the floor. Midswing begins with the swing foot even with the stance foot, and ends when the tibia is vertical to the floor. At this point, the hip and knee flexion are approxi- mately equal. Midswing takes up approximately 50% of the swing phase. Terminal swing occurs with the knee extending and the limb preparing for foot contact. Body Segments Important in the Gait Cycle To understand the gait cycle in more detail, the body has to be considered as segments linked together. The concept popularized by Perry is to consider the passenger, or cargo segment, and the locomotor segments.
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Thus buy 100 mg nizagara visa, dur- ing mild and moderate-intensity exercise 25mg nizagara with visa, the release of lactate diminishes as the aerobic metabolism of glucose and fatty acids becomes predominant. Blood Glucose as a Fuel At any given time during fasting, the blood contains only approximately 5 g glu- cose, enough to support a person running at a moderate pace for a few minutes. Therefore, the blood glucose supply must be constantly replenished. The liver per- forms this function by processes similar to those used during fasting. The liver pro- duces glucose by breaking down its own glycogen stores and by gluconeogenesis. The major source of carbon for gluconeogenesis during exercise is, of course, lac- tate, produced by the exercising muscle, but amino acids and glycerol are also used (Fig. Epinephrine released during exercise stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by causing cAMP levels to increase. During long periods of exercise, blood glucose levels are maintained by the liver through hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The amount of glucose that the liver must export is greatest at higher work loads, in which case the muscle is using a greater proportion of the glucose for anaerobic metabolism. With increasing duration of exercise, an increasing proportion of blood glucose is supplied by gluconeogene- sis. However, for up to 40 minutes of mild exercise, glycogenolysis is mainly respon- sible for the glucose output of the liver. However, after 40 to 240 minutes of exercise, the total glucose output of the liver decreases. This is caused by the increased utiliza- tion of fatty acids, which are being released from adipose tissue triacylglycerols (stim- ulated by epinephrine release). Glucose uptake by the muscle is stimulated by the increase in AMP levels and the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase, which stimulates the translocation of GLUT4 transporters to the muscle membrane. The hormonal changes that direct the increased hepatic glycogenolysis, hepatic glu- coneogenesis, and adipose tissue include a decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Plasma levels of growth hormone, cortisol, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also increase and may make a contribution to 876 SECTION EIGHT / TISSUE METABOLISM Remember from Chapter 1 that a 2. | {
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-9,092,999,116,223,444,000 | Catalogo Articoli (Spogli Riviste)
OPAC HELP
Titolo:
hnRNP A2 and hnRNP L bind the 3 ' UTR of glucose transporter 1 mRNA and exist as a complex in vivo
Autore:
Hamilton, BJ; Nichols, RC; Tsukamoto, H; Boado, RJ; Pardridge, WM; Rigby, WFC;
Indirizzi:
Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Med, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA Dartmouth Coll Lebanon NH USA 03756 Med, Dept Med, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA Dartmouth Coll Lebanon NH USA 03756 Dept Microbiol, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA Vet Adm Med Ctr, White River Junction, VT 05009 USA Vet Adm Med Ctr WhiteRiver Junction VT USA 05009 Junction, VT 05009 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA 90095 Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Inst Brain Res, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA 90095 Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Titolo Testata:
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
fascicolo: 3, volume: 261, anno: 1999,
pagine: 646 - 651
SICI:
0006-291X(19990811)261:3<646:HAAHLB>2.0.ZU;2-W
Fonte:
ISI
Lingua:
ENG
Soggetto:
HUMAN BRAIN-TUMORS; GLUT1 MESSENGER-RNA; 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGION; GENE-EXPRESSION; LUNG-CANCER; PROTEINS; TRANSCRIPTION; CELLS; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; PURIFICATION;
Tipo documento:
Article
Natura:
Periodico
Settore Disciplinare:
Life Sciences
Citazioni:
28
Recensione:
Indirizzi per estratti:
Indirizzo: Hamilton, BJ Dartmouth Coll, Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Med, Hanover, NH 03756 USA Dartmouth Coll Hanover NH USA 03756 d, Hanover, NH 03756 USA
Citazione:
B.J. Hamilton et al., "hnRNP A2 and hnRNP L bind the 3 ' UTR of glucose transporter 1 mRNA and exist as a complex in vivo", BIOC BIOP R, 261(3), 1999, pp. 646-651
Abstract
Recent work identified an RNA binding protein whose presence in brain tumors correlated with translational repression of Glut1 expression. RNase T1 mapping demonstrated that this protein bound an AU-rich response element (AURE) in the Glut1 3'UTR. Facilitated by its differential expression in braintumor cytosols, we identified this Glut1 RNA binding protein as hnRNP A2. Studies further demonstrated that hnRNP A2 was the major Glut1 RNA binding activity in other cell lines. Recombinant hnRNP A2 exhibited equivalent Glut1 RNA binding specificity, quite distinct from the related AURE binding protein hnRNP Al. These data indicate that hnRNP A2 is the Glut1 AURE bindingprotein whose cytoplasmic expression in gliomas is associated with translational repression and mRNA instability, Using this approach, we also identified the other major Glut1 3'UTR RNA binding activity as hnRNP L. Stimuli (hypoxia and hypoglycemia) which increase Glut1 mRNA stability selectively decreased polysomal levels of hnRNP A2 and L,. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that hnRNP A2 and L, exist as a complex in vivo. As a result of these and other studies, we conclude that hnRNP A2 and L associate in vivo and independently bind the 3'UTR of Glut1 mRNA. (C) 1999 Academic Press.
ASDD Area Sistemi Dipartimentali e Documentali, Università di Bologna, Catalogo delle riviste ed altri periodici
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-1,027,004,766,126,224,900 | Preclinical evaluation of semi-automated laser ablation for pulmonary vein isolation: A comparative study
Kenji Kuroki, Vivek Y. Reddy, Jin Iwasawa, Iwanari Kawamura, Petr Neuzil, Brian Estabrook, Gerald Melsky, Srinivas R. Dukkipati, Jacob Koruth
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Scopus citations
Abstract
Introduction: Visually-guided laser balloon ablation (VGLA) currently requires careful manual rotation of the laser to create overlapping lesions. A novel semi-automated VGLA may reduce ablation times and lesion gaps. We aimed to compare semi-automated (SA) VGLA to that of manual (MN) VGLA. Methods: Acute: Nine swine underwent right superior pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using either SA (n = 3, 13–18 W), MN (n = 3, 8.5–12 W), or radiofrequency (RF, n = 3, 25–40 W) and were killed acutely. Chronic: 16 swine, underwent PVI using either SA (n = 8, 15 W) or MN (n = 8, 10 W), and were survived for 1 month before being killed. All hearts were then submitted for pathological evaluation. Results: Acute: PVI was successful in all 9/9 swine with lesion counts significantly lower in the SA arm (5.3 ± 5.9, 33.7 ± 10.0, and 28.0 ± 4.4 in SA, MN, and RF arms; p =.007 for SA and MN). At necropsy, circumferentiality and transmurality were 98% and 94% in SA, 98% and 80% in MN, and 100% and 100% in RF arms. A single steam pop was noted on sectioning in the SA arm swine and occurred in the high dose (18 W) strategy. Chronic: PVI was acutely successful in 16/16 swine with no difference in PVI durability rates (62.5% vs. 75.0%), lesion transmurality (95.8 ± 17.4% vs.91.9 ± 25.9%), and circumferentiality (95.8 ± 6.6% vs. 94.8 ± 6.3%) between SA and MN arms. Catheter use time and lesion counts were lower in the SA arm compared to the MN arm (11.5 ± 12.7 vs. 21.8 ± 3.8 min, p =.046 and 4.8 ± 3.83 vs. 35.4 ± 4.4, p <.001). Conclusion: Motor-assisted semi-automated laser balloon ablation can improve upon procedural efficiency by reducing ablation time.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)315-324
Number of pages10
JournalJournal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
Volume34
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 2023
Keywords
• atrial fibrillation
• automated
• catheter ablation
• endoscopic
• laser balloon
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-666,668,710,100,156,200 | Long term wakefulness is a serious snooze condition that affects large indefinite quantity of population in the United States. Persistent insomnia, which is sometimes titled hardened insomnia, is defined by the cognition to slumber that frequently persists for several nights. This sort of sleep lightly madness can even closing for up to months depending on the gravity of the hitch.
Long occupancy restlessness is ofttimes caused by a figure of factors although utmost experts clutch distressing as the offender obligated. However not all experts recognize that mental factors are the heart of obstinate to this disarray. In whatsoever cases, it can even be a event of few group of blue-collar difficulty.
Certain biology factors have been found to motivation ruthless wakefulness in more than a few patients that participated in a revise conducted by the Association of Sleep Disorders in the United States. An specific beside physiological disorders such as as uncharacteristic contractor hustle and bustle or breathing snags commonly experience take a nap disorders that can be as thoughtful as relentless restlessness.
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Long term restlessness can also be attributed to two distinguished psychological factors that is to say collapse and emphasis. Research has as well shown that more women are at venture of experiencing it due to birth factors such as climacteric. Other factors that can cause the madness can too be caused by an inflamed lifestyle beside too substantially caffeine, plant toxin or inebriant as recovered as posthumous hours of darkness snacks.
Dependence on prescription drugs specified as anti-depressants can also lead to have forty winks disorders. Several biology factors can besides metallic element to persistent sleep disorder like-minded inordinate restrained or noise, in use the nighttime shift, and jet lag. Sleeping on an disquieting bed can too head to it.
Easy Techniques to Ease Long Term Insomnia
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Despite woman a solemn sleep disorder, ethnic group torment from obstinate sleep disorder inevitability not worry, as there are automatic remedies that can be on the job to backing confidence the hold-up. The furthermost synthetical mixture would be to hold back from yield naps during the day. Too more than nod off during the day will create it harder to take a nap at period of time.
Yoga is a terrible exert that can help a lenient misfortune harassing insomnia modify up and immersion. Yoga is a uncomparable add up to of growth method that can drill a party to cogitate and see away their worries. Reducing highlighting will backing alteration anxiety hormones.
Other than yoga, insomniacs can as well move in really energising workouts to angle neurotransmitter levels and proliferate the body's soul temperature. Exercise such as as this is longest through in the daylight or even in the earlyish eventide as the internal secretion levels go fur 5 to six work time after pe can oblige puff insightful physiological state. Avoid exercising accurate until that time bedtime, as the physical structure will be too stirred to spatter asleep.
Pass up a lashing dinnertime at most minuscule cardinal hours past touch the sheets. Going to bed on a loaded abdomen will variety it harder to sleep, as the corporation feels bloated; nevertheless consumption a cup of warming beverage earlier bedtime can backing forward sleep lightly as it contains essential amino acid.
Aside from milk, separate protein-rich foods approaching nuts, tuna, dates, and even potatoes can assistance advance slumber. These foods comprise tryptophan, which is a chemic that sends a communication to the brain that initiates the emancipation of the internal secretion monoamine neurotransmitter to back a organism change state.
Alternative remedies such, as treatment may be a medicine to unrelenting sleep disorder. This ancient Chinese remediation is famous to be fairly influential in treating a assortment of sicknesses and is a tried and true secondary to taking prescription drugs that at nowadays can be addictive.
Vitamin and granite supplements can too be understood to nourishment continual insomnia. These may consider calcium, zinc, and magnesium. Other types of supplements that can be understood to appease the panicky set of connections would be vitamins B3, B6, and C.
The general status of the chamber can incentive a being to miss slumber. In few cases, shattering divider colours or awkward beddings, curtains or carpets near frenzied patterns can livelihood a human out of bed all dark. It helps to have chamber walls painted in napped pastel colors that are sedative to air at.
Severe ingrained insomnia will want professional assist and a lot of self-control on the part of a set of the forbearing. It is besides a smashing content to activation a snooze schedule wherein the tolerant can create downcast their observations in charge to determine any shape that could have led to the dormant status.
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2,024,424,275,270,446,000 | Menu
Terza classe scheletrica intercettata precocemente.
caso clinico
Terza classe scheletrica intercettata precocemente. by Dott. Gianfranco Paolini 23-02-2011 3878 visualizzazioni
Soggetto asiatico con morso inverso anteriore completo.
Crescita scheletrica tendente alla terza. Impossibilita di determinare il carico genetico del problema.
Scritto da Dott. Gianfranco Paolini
Milano (MI)
terza classe deep
finalmente la paziente comincia il trattamento intercettivocon il damon 4 x 2
inserimento e funzionalizzazione di 4x 2 le molle open coil agiscono sviluppando il mascellare superiore e correggendo il rapporto di classe dentale ,lentamente e dolcemente ,le forze leggere continue possono correggere il problema iniziale che altrimenti avrebbe preso il sopravento nella crescita della bimba .
corretto il crossbite si partecipa alla corezione dentale lentamente e dolcemente.
il caso e' rappresentato in presa diretta e prossimamente postero altre diapositive
caso finito
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-4,050,484,397,864,984,600 | What is cure?
Cure is the process embarked upon when moving from a state of ill health to a state of health.
To define cure it is therefore necessary to define health. Health is not merely the absence of physical symptoms, but a state of being in which the individual possesses a certain quality of energy and vitality. Health implies a degree of freedom - freedom from pain being the most obvious. But it may also include freedom from the limitations imposed by illness (physical or emotional), or even being free from certain feelings (such as tiredness or inappropriate anxiety). It may include the ability to adapt quickly to new or changing circumstances.
We all have our own idea of what health means. It may be worth thinking about what it means to you before you seek out a 'cure'.
Real cure follows what homeopaths call the ‘Law of Cure’. This states that the disease process acts from the inside out, from more important to less important organs, from top to bottom. Additionally, the most important symptoms will go first, followed by more long-standing complaints.
It is common to see a skin eruption during the process of cure, or sometimes an individual may get a cold, a bout of diarrhoea or a temporary return of old, previously suppressed symptoms. These are simply different ways of the body attempting to eliminate toxins, and will pass quickly if left alone(usually a few hours and up tp two days). The worst thing to do in this situation is to stop this expression (with medication or external applications) – this will merely drive the ‘dis-ease’ back into the body and the process of cure may be delayed. Always contact your homeopath if in any doubt.
The connection between asthma and eczema is mentioned above. During the process of cure, an asthmatic may experience a temporary return of eczema which was long considered ‘cured’ although in actual fact it had merely been replaced by the asthma. Often adults who come for treatment can’t remember suppressing a skin eruption; it may have happened during child- or baby-hood or appeared so insignificant that it was forgotten about.
(If confronted with a skin eruption during treatment, try to remember that although it may be cosmetically unsightly, the skin is the organ which is least important to maintaining life and is the most external area of the body. As such it is the body’s first and most superficial line of defence. Therefore, to a homeopath a skin eruption is a very positive sign that the body’s defence mechanisms are in a good state and the prognosis for complete cure is good.)
It is important to view cure as a process. It is very rare that we see a ‘miracle cure’, although these occasionally happen. Invariably, it takes time and effort on the part of both homeopath and patient. It may be that the first remedy given does not bring about a complete cure and only brings about some temporary improvement. In such a situation, more than one remedy will be required to complete the curative process. If this happens, it is vital not to give up hope, but to invest time and be patient. The human body-mind is very complex and we cannot expect to fully understand it in just one, two or sometimes three sessions.
How long will homeopathy take to cure me?
Cure is a process that cannot be rushed. Every individual will react differently to remedies, depending on many factors. Such influencing factors include family history, amount of medication used over the lifetime, the strength of the immune system, the general energy and vitality of the individual, and physical or emotional circumstances that may affect the individual’s well-being. It is, therefore, virtually impossible for a homeopath to predict the length of time required for cure, although an educated guess can be made in most cases, based on past experience.
Certain conditions are complicated and will require a minimum amount of time to be sure that a complete cure has been brought about. For example, hayfever will take an absolute minimum of two seasons, but usually three, to bring about a complete cure (it will improve and decrease in intensity over this time). Your homeopath will be able to advise you further on this issue.
What sort of conditions can homeopathy treat?
As you will probably have gathered, the prescription of a homeopathic remedy is based on a collection of symptoms, not on the name of the presenting disease. However, homeopathy has been proved particularly useful in the following conditions:-
Acne, Insomnia, Anxiety, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Arthritis, Low Energy, Asthma, M.E, Childhood behavioural problems, Menstrual or Menopausal Problems, Depression, Migraines, Digestive Disorders, Poor immune system, Eczema, Pregnancy fitness, Glandular Fever, Sinusitis, Hayfever, Stress.
The underlined conditions have corresponding case studies which can be read.
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-1,268,715,394,530,521,900 | Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening Guidelines and Bellevue’s High-Risk Population
June 22, 2011
By Ramoncito David
Faculty Peer Reviewed
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world.[1] The prevalence of this fatal disease greatly varies among different nations, due to the fact that almost 80% of cases are secondary to hepatitis B or C.[2]
The implementation of an effective vaccine against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has reduced the prevalence of HBV carriers in North America to 0.1-2%; however, hepatitis B remains a global public health problem due its high prevalence in Asia and Africa, where 10-20% of the general population are carriers.[3]
Hepatitis C in the United States is more prevalent in urban areas with higher populations of immigrants and intravenous drug users. Bellevue’s patient population is at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma because of our many Asian, African, and IV-drug-using patients and our relatively high rates of hepatitis B and C.
According to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), patients at high risk for developing HCC should be entered into a surveillance program that screens them at regular intervals to check for new lesions in the liver. By examining current guidelines and looking at how they are applied at Bellevue, we can shed some light on the question of whether we are screening too many patients or too few.
AASLD guidelines published in 2010 state that high-risk groups should be screened with ultrasonography every 6 months.[4] Ultrasound as a screening test for HCC has a sensitivity that ranges from 65% to 80% and a specificity greater than 90%. The main disadvantage of this test is that it is operator-dependent; hence the wide range in sensitivity.[5] In addition, lesions in the liver are more difficult to detect sonographically in obese and cirrhotic patients, further decreasing the sensitivity. Overall, due to its cost-effectiveness, safety, and efficacy, ultrasonography is the preferred HCC screening and surveillance modality.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum marker that can be elevated in patients with primary liver cancer. The optimal threshold for elevated AFP levels in HCC screening tests was found to be 20 ng/mL, but even then a screening test employing this cut-off would have a sensitivity of only 60% and a positive predictive value of only 41.5% when the prevalence of HCC is assumed to be 5%, as seen in most liver clinics.[6] Some institutions use a combination of ultrasonography and AFP levels for screening, which results in increased sensitivity at the cost of a higher false positive rate.[7] However, screening with AFP alone is not recommended, since it was shown in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment Against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) Trial to be ineffective.[8] Interestingly, studies imply that AFP is even less sensitive for the diagnosis of HCC in African-Americans with cirrhosis due to hepatitis C.[9]
Some have suggested triple-phase CT scanning or MRI as alternative imaging options, but their use has not been studied in non-biased populations where there has not already been suspicion for HCC.[10] Moreover, given that the suggested interval time for screening is 6 months, CT scanning would expose the patient to high levels of radiation. Serial MRIs and triple-phase CTs would also accrue significant costs. However, given the availability of resources at some institutions and the lack of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the United States [11], CT scanning may be the best option for screening since it has been shown to have high sensitivity for finding lesions and is not as user-dependent as ultrasonography. At Bellevue, surveillance for HCC in at-risk patients is done by CT scan or MRI every 6 months, which is typically the length of time it takes for tumor size to double.
Limiting screening to high-risk patients makes sense because of the potential harm involved: false positives can lead to further unnecessary testing and IV contrast can harm patients with renal insufficiency. The many risk factors for developing HCC include race, male gender, hepatitis B carrier state, chronic hepatitis C infection, hereditary hemochromatosis, cirrhosis , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, exposure to environmental toxins (aflatoxin, contaminated drinking water), smoking, and alcohol abuse.[12-15] For non-cirrhotic hepatitis B patients, the AASLD guidelines suggest screening all Asian males over the age of 40, Asian females over the age of 50, patients with a positive family history of HCC, and Africans over the age of 20, regardless of carrier status or viral load. They also recommend screening all patients with cirrhosis of any etiology.[16]
Using the subset of Asian HBV carriers as a study group, we can look more closely at the impact that screening has on mortality. A 2004 trial based in Shanghai randomized 18 816 Chinese patients between the ages of 35 to 59 with chronic hepatitis B to an active surveillance group followed with an AFP level and ultrasound every 6 months or to an observation group to be followed for up to 20 years. After 5 years they found that mortality due to HCC was significantly lower in the surveillance group compared to the observation group (83 per 100 000 vs. 132 per 100 000, mortality rate ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.98).[17] The 37% decrease in mortality was attributed to detection of the lesions at an earlier stage in the surveillance group. The number needed to treat (NNT) for this sample was 2,041. Since the treatment offered in the study was resection, it is important to note that in the setting of chronic hepatitis B, HCC may arise prior to the development of cirrhosis, thus improving the prognosis for non-cirrhotic patients undergoing resection.
Given the demonstrated benefit of early detection of HCC through screening, it is important to examine whether we healthcare providers are using screening to its full potential. Cost-effectiveness is one way to assess this, and it is generally accepted that surveillance is cost-effective in cirrhotics who have an expected annual incidence of HCC greater than 1.5% per year. Since the incidence of HCC in cirrhotic liver disease of any etiology typically ranges from 3% to 8% per year, it is clear that screening for these high-risk groups is cost-effective and potentially life-saving, given the high mortality rate associated with HCC.[18-19]
The final question to answer is how well the guidelines work when implemented at a hospital with a high volume of at-risk patients. Here at Bellevue we see many patients with chronic hepatitis B, most of whom are immigrants from China who likely acquired the viral infection by vertical transmission during birth. These patients have had a longer course of infection compared to patients who acquired HBV at a later age. They can develop HCC earlier in their lives, prior to reaching the age at which screening is recommended according to the AASLD guidelines. When there is no family history and no clinical finding of cirrhosis prompting us to screen these patients, they are often not diagnosed unless the lesion is found incidentally or the disease reaches an advanced stage and becomes symptomatic. Ironically, these young patients with non-cirrhotic livers are also the ones who would benefit most from early detection and subsequent resection. Unfortunately, they are not usually screened since they do not meet the criteria under the current guidelines. One study has shown that in young HBV patients smoking and cirrhosis were significant risk factors for developing HCC.[20] In order to wield the tool of screening to its full potential, more studies need to be done to create a targeted algorithm that includes those patients at highest risk for developing HCC .
Ramoncito David is a 3rd year medical student at NYU Langone Medical Center
Peer reviewed Michael Poles, section editor, Clinical Correlations
References
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2. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006;45(4):529-538.
3. Maynard JE. Hepatitis B: global importance and need for control. Vaccine. 1990;8(Suppl):S18-S20. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0264410X90902095
4. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update. http://www.aasld.org/practiceguidelines/Documents/Bookmarked%20practice%20Guidelines/Hccupdate2010.pdf
5.Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2001;48(2):251- 259.
6. Trevisani F, D’Intino PE, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: influence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol. 2001;34(4):570-575.
7. Zhang B, Yang B. Combined alpha fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography as a screening test for primary liver cancer. J Med Screen. 1999;6(2):108-110. http://jms.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/2/108
8. Lok AS, Sterling RK, Everhart JE, et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein as biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(2):493–502.
9. Nguyen MH, Garcia RT, Simpson PW, Wright TL, Keeffe EB. Racial differences in effectiveness of alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2002;36(2):410–417.
10. Bartolozzi C, Lencioni R, eds. Liver Malignancies: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1999:71-94.
11. Wilson SR, Greenbaum LD, Goldberg BB. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: what is the evidence and what are the obstacles? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):55-60. http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/193/1/55
12. Davila JA, Morgan RO, Shaib Y, McGlynn KA, El-Serag HB. Hepatitis C infection and the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5):1372-1380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15521006
13. Chen CJ, Wang LY, Lu SN, et al. Elevated aflatoxin exposure and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1996;24(1):38-42.
14. Kuper H, Tzonou A, Kaklamani E, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2000;85(4):498-502.
15. Yu MC, Tong MJ, Govindarajan S, Henderson BE. Nonviral risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in a low-risk population, the non-Asians of Los Angeles County, California. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991;83(24):1820-1826.
16. Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2005;42(5):1208–1236.
17. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004;130(7):417-422.
18. Wong GL, Wong VW, Tan GM, et al. Surveillance programme for hepatocellular carcinoma improves the survival of patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Liver Int. 2008;28(1):79-87.
19. Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost-effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med. 1996; 101(4):422-434.
20. Wan DW, David R, Sarpel U, et al. Comparison of early-onset and late-onset hepatocellular carcinoma in Asian patients with hepatitis B in the United States: the Bellevue experience. Abstract S1884. Digestive Diseases Week, New Orleans, LA, May 2, 2010. | {
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8,715,555,698,630,646,000 | Sun-protection-tips
Did you know?
South Africa has the 2nd highest rate of skin cancer in the world. Up to 1 500 South Africans are diagnosed with melanoma yearly.
Just 15 minutes of exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can cause skin damage. Protecting your skin against the harsh South African sun will prevent you from developing melanoma.
This summer will continue to be extremely hot so we recommend you take all the necessary precautions to protect your skin this summer! Read our tips below:
Stay out of the intense sun
The sun is most intense between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. so, to avoid getting sunburnt, seek shade during this time. You should also wear protective clothing and use sunscreen, even when you’re in the shade.
Wear sunscreen every day
Sunscreen should be worn every day, even in winter. Dermatologists recommend using sunblock with a minimum of SPF 30. Make sure you reapply sunblock every two hours or after swimming or sweating.
Wear protective sunglasses
Invest in a proper pair of sunglasses that provide UVA and UVB protection. This will prevent damage from happening to the sensitive skin around your eyes as well as sun damage to your eyes.
Don’t use sunbeds
Although you may want the bronzed body that sunlamps and tanning beds promise you, sunbeds can increase your chances of skin cancer as they expose your skin to very harmful UVA and UVB rays. Any tan is the skin’s reaction to exposure to UV rays – the skin darkens as it produces more melanin to protect itself.
Cover your head
Make sure you wear a hat that covers your face, ears and neck if you’re in direct sunlight. This will prevent sunburn; however, also remember to wear sunblock, even if you’re covering yourself.
Take into account any medication you’re taking
Some medications increase your sensitivity to the sun; therefore, read the medication side effects to see if you should take extra precautions when being exposed to the sun. Common medications that can make you more sensitive to sunlight include certain aspirin, antihistamines, antibiotics and diabetic medications.
Monitor your skin
Look for any changes in birthmarks, freckles or moles as well as if any new marks on your skin. If you see any abnormalities, visit your general practitioner or dermatologist as soon as possible.
Other factors that can affect your skin
There are other factors that keep you from maintaining a healthy skin, such as smoking, drinking, taking excessively long showers. So make sure you look after your skin this summer by eating a healthy diet, drinking enough water and getting sufficient sleep! Also make sure that you moisturise your skin properly every day, especially if the sun has burnt or dried out your skin. See men’s facial conditioner.
0
Leave a Comment | {
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4,815,762,528,137,681,000 | Category:
What are the Best Bodybuilding Tips?
Article Details
• Written By: Matthew F.
• Edited By: C. Wilborn
• Last Modified Date: 09 April 2017
• Copyright Protected:
2003-2017
Conjecture Corporation
• Print this Article
Bodybuilding is an activity that involves a number of steps for successful results. From the food that a bodybuilder eats, to how much weight he lifts, to the amount of sleep he gets, each plays an important role in the bodybuilding process. The best bodybuilding tips for each step, when combined, produce better results that focusing on just one element.
Good bodybuilding tips start in the most important area of any type of exercise routine: What the bodybuilder is putting into his body. The amount and type of food he is eating is essential for weight gain or weight loss. Food is as important as what the bodybuilder is doing in the weight room, because what he can do in the weight room depends on the fuel he is ingesting.
When considering food for a bodybuilder, it's important to understand how many calories a person ought to ingest on a daily basis. A good place to start with caloric intake is to write down how many calories per day the bodybuilder is eating, and add 300 to 500 calories per day if weight gain is the goal, which is necessary to build muscle. If, after the additional calories are added to the diet, no weight gain is recorded, more calories should be added to the diet until mass is being added onto the body.
There is no formula for how many calories one ought to take in per day, because everybody has a different target calorie intake. It is important, however, to remember that anyone looking to build body mass should have a diet that is balanced between the proper amount of carbohydrates, protein, and fat. It is usually recommended that someone looking to take on body mass ought to ingest at least 1 gram of protein per pound (0.45 kg) in the body per day.
When discussing bodybuilding tips, it is important to note the importance of lifting the adequate amount of weight. Size is directly proportional to strength, so a bodybuilder has to constantly be pushing the amount of weight he is lifting. A spotter is often necessary for bodybuilding, because if the bodybuilder is pushing the weight and lifting to the point that he should be, he will usually have a hard time lifting it on his own. In order to achieve the type of micro-tears in the muscle that a bodybuilder ought to be achieving, it is important to regularly increase the amount of weight lifted.
Sleep is also an often overlooked topic when it comes to bodybuilding tips. Sleep is very important to any bodybuilding routine. The body does not repair and build itself up when the bodybuilder is at the gym, but when he is at home, resting. It is important to get an adequate amount of rest every night to ensure a thorough recovery.
Along with dieting, water should be on anyone's list of bodybuilding tips. When a bodybuilder is eating the amount of protein that he should be, water helps the body deal with the added intake. It also has many other positive health benefits in the process of building muscles.
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249,934,005,224,946,880 | The Elements of Evolution (38-6) Sex Ratios
Sex Ratios
At the moment of conception, the sex ratio in humans is 1 to 1. Yet more boys than girls are born: ~105 males for every 100 females.
Girls develop more quickly in the womb but are also more likely to die there, at least in the first few months. Out of the womb, boys are more prone to death throughout life, tending the ratio to return to 1 to 1.
Boys face a triple whammy. They are more likely to be born preterm, and if they are, they have a greater risk of death, disability or blindness. And even when they are full term, they have a higher risk of birth complications. ~ English physician Joy Law
While sex ratio skewed toward males is common in several animal species besides humans, researchers cannot account for this balancing, as no feedback cycle is apparent. | {
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-4,594,553,550,057,672,000 | Learn about stem cell banking
Stem cell banking refers to the collection, processing and storage of potentially life-saving stem cells for future use in therapies and regenerative medicine. The process is managed and carried out by a professional stem cell bank.
While public banks allow people to donate their stem cells for public use, private stem cell banks allow you to store stem cells specifically for your child and family. Here we will explain the function of stem cells, what they can do and how you can store them privately for potential future use.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells play a vital role in the function of our bodies. They are a specialist cell type with the ability to divide and transform into a wide variety of other cells, in a process called ‘differentiation’. When stem cells differentiate, they help to develop, repair and maintain function within blood, muscle, bone, organs, skin and other tissues in the human body.
First stem cell transplant is a success
Treat over 85 diseases and conditions
Everyone is born with stem cells, but they diminish over time
Present in over 5,000 clinical trials
Uses of stem cells
There are two main categories of stem cell; embryonic and adult. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can become any cell type. However, they are often regarded as unethical and invasive to collect.1 On the other hand, adult stem cells – or multipotent stem cells – can be collected from cord blood, skin, bone marrow and milk teeth using much less invasive procedures.
The therapeutic uses of adult stem cells depend on whether they are haematopoietic (HSCs) or mesenchymal (MSCs).
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Can differentiate into all types of blood cells; white, red and platelets. They are found in abundance within cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow. HSCs are used in over 85 standard therapies to treat blood and inherited disorders such as anaemia, bone marrow cancers and leukaemia.2
Future Health Biobank specializes in cord blood stem cell banking; a non-invasive process where the cells are collected from the baby’s umbilical cord after delayed cord clamping.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
Can differentiate into a variety of tissue cells within bone, cartilage, muscle and fat. They are found within bone marrow and milk teeth and are present in over 1,000 clinical trials3 into treating a large number of disorders, including spinal cord injury, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.4
Future Health Biobank specializes in tooth stem cell banking; a non-invasive process where the cells are collected from your child’s fallen milk teeth.
Why choose stem cell banking for your family?
Turning to a private stem cell bank gives you the opportunity to collect and preserve your children’s own stem cells (autologous stem cells), should they ever need them in future therapies.
Future Health Biobank specializes in storing HSCs and MSCs found in umbilical cord blood, cord tissue and milk teeth. These are a 100% DNA match to the child they are collected from, and offer a 25% match to their siblings. Stem cells with a close DNA match have a much higher likelihood of transplant success and carry a lower risk of rejection in the patient.
One small umbilical cord or tooth sample can yield a high stem cell count for multiple potential uses, if processed and stored by a professional stem cell bank. This can act as a valuable lifeline for decades to come.
References:
[1] stemcellresearchdebate
[2] www.aabb.org
[3] clinicaltrials.gov
[4] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Why Store with Future Health Biobank
By storing your baby’s stem cells you’re investing not only in their future health, but also that of the rest of your family’s. We’ve spent 19 years perfecting our processes, providing you with the highest quality and most reliable service available to your family.
• Was this Helpful ?
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213,806,379,005,125,400 | Скачать презентацию HAYFEVER Seasonal allergic rhinitis How you can manage Скачать презентацию HAYFEVER Seasonal allergic rhinitis How you can manage
60263d87d6264d5b17b6c672a1a452c2.ppt
• Количество слайдов: 9
HAYFEVER Seasonal allergic rhinitis How you can manage your symptoms HAYFEVER Seasonal allergic rhinitis How you can manage your symptoms
ABOUT HAYFEVER u It is a common condition also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis. ABOUT HAYFEVER u It is a common condition also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis. u It is an allergic condition where the body’s immune system overreacts to substances that are usually harmless, for example pollen from grasses, flowers, weeds or trees. u It affects around 1 in 5 people in the UK and it often runs in families. u It is more likely to affect people who suffer from asthma and eczema.
ABOUT HAYFEVER u Pollen causes the release of a chemical called histamine from cells ABOUT HAYFEVER u Pollen causes the release of a chemical called histamine from cells in the nose, eyes and airways. u Histamine causes inflammation and this inflammation causes the symptoms of hayfever. u Some people suffer symptoms all year round. ØThey are allergic to indoor allergens such as house dust mites, pets and indoor moulds. ØThis is called perennial allergic rhinitis.
SYMPTOMS u Sneezing u Fatigue u Itchy, blocked or runny nose u Red, itchy, SYMPTOMS u Sneezing u Fatigue u Itchy, blocked or runny nose u Red, itchy, puffy or watery eyes u Itchy throat u Headaches and sinus pain
MANAGING YOUR HAYFEVER u The severity of symptoms can vary. u Some people need MANAGING YOUR HAYFEVER u The severity of symptoms can vary. u Some people need medication to manage their symptoms. u Others manage their condition by avoiding triggers. u If treatment is needed, a wide range of medications can be purchased from community pharmacies and supermarkets. u These medications are usually cheaper than a prescription and you can get them without seeing your doctor.
How can I avoid triggers? u Keep the windows shut in the house and How can I avoid triggers? u Keep the windows shut in the house and the car especially when the pollen counts are high. u Avoid cutting the grass, grassy areas, woodland, pollutants and car fumes. u Wear wrap-around sunglasses. u When you get indoors wash your hands, face, hair, rinse your eyes and change your clothes.
How can I avoid triggers? u If possible stay indoors when the pollen count How can I avoid triggers? u If possible stay indoors when the pollen count is high. u Use petroleum jelly inside your nose to block inhalation of pollen. u Keep your house clean and wear a mask and glasses when doing house work. u Don’t dry washing outside to avoid pollen sticking to your clothes. u You could buy a pollen filter for the air vents in the car.
What treatments can I buy? u Antihistamine tablets and syrup, for example; Speak to What treatments can I buy? u Antihistamine tablets and syrup, for example; Speak to a local pharmacist to get advice on the best treatment for your symptoms Ø Chlorphenamine Ø Cetirizine Ø Loratadine Ø Acrivastine u Antihistamine nasal sprays, e. g. Rhinolast u Steroid nasal sprays, e. g. Beconase and Flixonase u Eye drops, e. g. Hay-Crom, Opticrom and Alomide Allergy u Decongestants, e. g. Sinutab u Simple pain relief, e. g. paracetamol
When should I see a GP? u If you are experiencing wheezing, breathlessness or When should I see a GP? u If you are experiencing wheezing, breathlessness or tightness in your chest. u If you are pregnant or breastfeeding. u If your symptoms are not relieved by over the counter treatments in combination with measures to reduce your exposure to pollen. | {
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-6,618,614,865,424,817,000 | Activity
• Berger Fleming posted an update 1 month, 3 weeks ago
A frequent misconception about fat reduction is that there is certainly a "swift correct," but burning body body fat and developing muscle mass sustainably normally takes time, patience, and devotion, in accordance to Robert Sikes, a bodybuilder who has 6 a long time of expertise on the keto diet program.
Typical blunders men and women make when trying to get rid of weight are not generating a personalized strategy, slicing calories also speedily, and staying on a diet for too extended, Sikes mentioned in a modern presentation for KetoCon On the web.
To keep away from these, Sikes gives easy steps — be strategic, don’t overdo it, and give your entire body a opportunity to get well — to aid people burn excess fat without having getting rid of muscle mass, regardless of whether or not you’re on a keto diet.
Know how a lot of energy and grams of protein you need
The very first phase to burning fat although sustaining muscle mass is to understand your metabolic baseline, in accordance to Sikes.
low carb wraps involves how many calories you need to have per day to preserve your existing bodyweight, as nicely as how a lot of calories you normally take in in a day, and what proportion of that is carbs, unwanted fat, and protein.
"If you don’t know exactly where you might be commencing from, you are unable to enhance for the place you might be heading," Sikes mentioned.
From there, you can figure out what balance of macronutrients performs best for your human body by experimenting with diverse ratios of carbs, unwanted fat, and protein.
Sikes endorses obtaining all around .8 – 1.2 grams of protein for each pound of entire body fat a day to start off, and increasing as necessary right up until you locate what performs for your entire body. As well considerably protein, specially on a keto diet program, can trigger bloating, digestive troubles, and greater blood sugar, as properly as other extended-phrase wellness concerns.
If you’re chopping calories, do it gradually and never sacrifice nutrition
After you have establish a harmony, you can figure out how several energy you want to minimize to be in a deficit — ingesting fewer energy than you burn off is what prompts the body to melt away fat.
Sikes endorses carrying out this slowly, tapering off proportional amounts of unwanted fat and protein (and carbs if you are not keto) each week so you are little by little obtaining less calories. This can help prevent your body from commencing to burn off muscle mass or slow your metabolic process, the two of which are survival mechanisms utilized in response to an abrupt or serious calorie deficit.
"This is the toughest phase and the most uninteresting stage," Sikes explained. "So many folks occur to me and they’re wanting to have this short-expression fix. By performing it constantly with discipline and concerted work, you’re going to get so considerably better a return on that expense than if you just bounce from a single crash diet plan to the next."
For Sikes, this can imply up to six months whole of slow, constant chopping for a bodybuilding competitors.
At the identical time, concentrate on large-good quality, nutrient dense food, so you might be nonetheless receiving the constructing blocks (like protein and amino acids) you need to maintain muscle mass, he said.
Contain a increased calorie ‘cheat day’ when a week
Throughout the cutting phase, Sikes explained it is crucial to preserve your muscle and fat burning capacity by possessing at minimum 1 higher-calorie working day a week so your entire body can refuel.
You must nonetheless focus on balanced, nutritious foodstuff, but consuming much more energy gives a break that retains weight loss sustainable both mentally and physically.
Sikes endorses taking in about 30 to forty% far more calories on refeeding days, and experimenting with obtaining a single or two of them each 7 days. You can also be strategic and plan these days for when you have more intensive exercises.
Never continue to be on a diet program eternally
Last but not least, Sikes mentioned that once you’ve arrived at a goal physique fat proportion, or spent a specified volume of kind in a deficit, it is time for the "reverse dieting" stage. These indicates increasing your calories back again to maintenance or even a slight surplus to permit your physique get well and go back to creating and maintaining lean muscle. Sikes, for occasion, said he will take up to two several years of calorie maintenance or surplus to recuperate from a 6-thirty day period stint of opposition slicing.
Performing so not only prevents the well being hazards of long-term dieting (like losing muscle mass and disrupting hormones or fat burning capacity) but it also let you to create far more lean muscle mass and enhance your calorie-and-excess fat-burning prospective total.
"It truly is challenging to create muscle mass when you’re in a long-term deficit. You need to have a surplus of energy, constructing blocks, amino acids acids to construct lean muscle tissue," Sikes said. " The a lot more lean muscle mass tissue you have, the better your metabolic fee is going to be in the initial spot." | {
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-3,823,836,143,398,294,500 | Health & Medical Public Health
Influenza Vaccines and Antiviral Drug Availablity in Africa
Influenza Vaccines and Antiviral Drug Availablity in Africa
Background
Influenza is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in Africa. Among 15 countries of the African Network for Influenza Surveillance and Epidemiology (ANISE), 10% and 22% of inpatient and outpatient respiratory cases, respectively, tested positive for influenza between 2006–2010. For many years, influenza epidemiology has been described in countries with temperate climates like South Africa and Morocco but there are now data that comprehensively describe influenza viruses in tropical countries like Kenya and Zambia. In Africa, influenza causes severe illness and deaths in both temperate and tropical settings.
Populations in low and middle income countries like many of those in Africa are more vulnerable to influenza-related complications because of the high prevalence of underlying medical conditions and limited access to health care. For example, outbreaks of influenza A(H3N2), which circulates widely across the globe, have caused unusually high case fatality ratios in Madagascar and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In addition, the elderly in South Africa are four times more likely to die from an influenza infection than their counterparts in the United States. The high prevalence of comorbidities including human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis contribute to increased influenza-associated mortality in Africa.
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza illness and antiviral drugs help treat viral infection. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are important particularly among high risk groups such as young children, pregnant women, the elderly and persons with underlying medical conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO), however, reports that none of the countries in the African Region have capacity to produce seasonal influenza vaccines and that only 2 of the 54 countries on the continent have access to them. A separate report from the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers states that countries in Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia combined receive only 1% to 4% of the global seasonal influenza vaccine supply each year. With growing data on the burden of influenza across the African continent, many countries are considering introducing or expanding strategies to prevent and manage influenza infection. We conducted this study to gather more data on the availability of influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs in Africa as well as related national policies and guidelines.
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7,013,859,484,120,574,000 | How do you get rid of unhealthy gut bacteria?
A balanced gut has less difficulty processing food and eliminating waste. While good bacteria thrive on fibre and plant foods, bad bacteria and yeast love processed foods and sugar. And if your diet is full of processed foods and sugar, as is the case with many Western diets, the well-fed bad bacteria begin to crowd out the good ones. Chronic bad breath is called halitosis.
When the gut is inflamed or irritated, proteins from the gut can leak into the skin, causing irritation and itching.
What are the symptoms of a bad gut?
This can lead to difficulty digesting the trigger foods and unpleasant symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. If you have more of these super gas-producing bad strains, this can lead to more fermentation, trapping gas in the gut and causing bloating. You will also be free of symptoms such as diarrhoea, constipation, loose stools, gas, bloating and abdominal pain. Every year, digestive disorders affect nearly 70 million Americans, from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
What are the causes of poor gut health?
Digestive symptoms such as gas, bloating and irregularity are signs of gut imbalance, which can also show up in other areas of health such as mood, concentration, skin and more. Medical researchers continue to find new evidence of the gut’s influence on the immune system. Liver disease can cause a range of gastrointestinal problems and affect a person’s overall health. Antibiotics, for example, can completely decimate the good bacteria in the gut while fighting the bad bacteria.
The gut has been shown to have such a huge impact on bodily functions that it is often referred to as the “second brain”.
How can I restore my gut health?
To get your digestion in order, you first need to understand what is throwing your gut out of balance in the first place. My gut healing protocol, based on kill and heal, has eliminated my symptoms and given me a much better standard of living. The stress put even more strain on my immune system and allowed Blasto and many other bad gut bacteria to proliferate. Add whole grains or legumes to every meal and it will contain much more fibre, which will help you reach your daily 30 grams.
Collagen is rich in glycine and glutamine, two amino acids that have a positive effect on digestion and support a healthy intestinal barrier. | {
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-8,955,803,101,954,597,000 | About TMJ Pain
Neuromuscular and TMJ dentist, Dr. Tom Meyer
We believe that…
TMJ pain has dental solutions
Have you been at wits end trying to get relief for all sorts of pains which just won’t go away? There comes a time when you have popped too many pills and they no longer have much effect. You may have found that your physician is unsure of what is wrong and you are beginning to despair of ever having a normal life again.
If you have never heard of the temporomandibular joint or TMJ, that is not unusual. The name itself is bit of a tongue twister but the link between a TMJ disorder (known as a temporomandibular disorder or TMD) and a whole bag of symptoms, which are mostly uncomfortable and painful, has been a medical realty for years. Perhaps more surprisingly to most people it is a dentist who may be able to provide a solution to a TMJ problem.
What is involved in TMD?
Temporomandibular disorder or TMD is often hard to diagnose. It is quite common for TMJ sufferers to go to their dentist when they haven’t been able to get a proper diagnosis from their own physician. The TMJ joint is affected by persistent bad bite, which is when the teeth on the lower jaw do not closely match the teeth on the upper jaw, so it is a strain when you bite your teeth together. The strain affects the TMJ joints that allow the jaws to open and close like a hinge. If the TMJ has been thrown out a little, it can pinch or press against an important nerve and this can cause a series of muscle pains as well as make it difficult to sleep and lead to lack of coordination.
At our Chicago area dentist office, we believe that TMJ sufferers should get a proper diagnosis from a TMJ dentist. If this is confirmed there may be a dental solution just around the corner.
How we can tackle your TMD
No solution to your problems can be made without a full and thorough analysis of your teeth and the position and state of the TMJ. Once a diagnosis has been made, then the main options may include relaxing the muscle and surrounding soft tissue close to the jaw joint affected.
Once the muscle starts to relax, the patient may be fitted with a special fitting called an orthotic device. This is always custom made for the person who needs it.
Another solution for more sever TMJ pain is a full mouth reconstruction – where we rebuild and reshape the teeth to allow for a better bite, relieving the muscles and joints in the area.
No need to suffer in silence
TMD is so varied in its symptoms that it is hard to diagnose but when positive confirmation has taken place, we at the Meyer Dental Group may be able to treat the problem.
We use several state of the art analytical machines which allow low powered and noninvasive technology to help determine the nature of the problem. There is no need to suffer untreated and undiagnosed TMD in silence.
Make a visit to Meyer Dental Group today and we will show you what our expertise and commitment to your care looks like in action, when you see us practicing what we preach.
Suspecting TMJ Disorder?
Book a TMJ consult for proper diagnosis
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8,819,818,924,247,315,000 | The benefits of group fitness
Improving your squat
Improving your squat
7 June 21
The squat – Three common mistakes to avoid
It’s one of the most frequently seen moves around the gym or in a group fitness class, but do you know the common squat mistakes to look out for and how to avoid them?
Mistake #1: Excessive shoulder protraction
What is it?
The shoulder is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The shoulder joint is formed from the humerus fitting into the scapula, creating a ball and socket joint.
A lack of stabilisation through the shoulder joint, can lead to the scapula protraction, which causes a rounding of the shoulder joint.
What is it caused by?
Excessive shoulder protraction is typically caused by poor posture habits, muscular imbalances, lack of active stabilisation and prioritising anterior strength work over posterior strength work.
Not activating your posterior chain (back muscles) when squatting may potentially disrupt how the muscles in the neck, back and shoulders normally function, which places increased stress on the shoulder joints and can cause pain around the neck and upper back. Lack of stability infers increasing instability, a reduction in neural control thus a decrease in performance.
What to do instead:
Increasing shoulder stability in a squat, no matter what type, through the activation of stabilising muscles such as serratus anterior (shoulder blade control), rhomboids, and trapezius can improve postural imbalances, prevent unwanted injuries and enhance movement technique.
Mistake #2: Excessive knee valgus
What is it?
The knee is a hinge joint stuck between two more mobile joints of the hip and ankle. Knee valgus is where the knees cave in towards each other during a squat. Sometimes a lack of knee control can be obvious and sometimes more subtle, regardless it has the ability to cause frustrating knee pain and lack of performance increases.
What is it caused by?
Knee valgus can occur for different reasons, they most common ones being poor coordination, poor hip/ankle mobility, weak stabilising muscles, or the weight being too heavy. When using corrective exercises it is important to understand why this is occurring for you.
What to do instead:
If we think of the knee as a door hinge, when is has been pulled off its axis, it won’t be as smooth to open or close. The same can be thought about the knee when squatting and moving away from alignment. Prolonged uneven force may cause the smooth lining to deteriorate resulting in long term pain and frustration, so focus on keeping the alignment straight and the force even throughout your squat.
Mistake #3:The “butt wink”
What is it?
The “butt wink” is a posterior tilt of the pelvis when in the bottom position of a squat, and occurs when the lumbar spine goes into flexion. When the spine is in neutral it can handle large amounts of compressive forces, however when excessive butt wink occurs, these compressive forces are not well handled.
Over repetitive movements excessive butt wink may result in increased and perhaps exceeded demands of the sacroiliac and surrounding joints. This in turn causes pain, along with a decreased utilisation of larger muscles that will negatively affect performance and load tolerance.
What causes it?
One of the most common reasons is tight hamstrings, but the truth is it’s not that simple. The hamstrings are biarticulate, meaning they cross two joints, therefore when there is equal hip and knee flexion there is no change in hamstring length.
Other causes include stability or mobility issues, particularly in relation to hip and ankle mobility.
Hip and ankle mobility may prevent deep squat patterns, and result in the compensating mechanism of a posterior pelvic tilt.
What to do instead:
Increasing hip flexion and internal/external rotations, along with ankle dorsiflexion may help increase squat depth preventing the butt wink.
If mobility if is already good, then improving hip and ankle stability, increasing neural control through balance, and improving coordination and proprioception become more important, especially when attempting to increase squat weight.
Need help?
If you’re concerned about your shoulder positioning, need to improve your knee stability or simply want some more information on how to improve your squat, chat to one of our expert gym instructors next time you're at Lords and they be able to help you out!
– Written by gym instructor Shannon
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1,759,498,972,509,231,600 | fbpx
Morton’s Neuroma
Overview of Morton's Neuroma Morton's neuroma is one cause of metatarsalgia, which is pain in the ball of the foot. In 1876, Thomas Morton described it. It is due to inflammation of a nerve in the foot. The inflammation is caused by entrap¬ment of the nerve under the metatarsal heads. "Neuroma" means nerve tumor. Tumor [...]
Morton’s Neuroma
Plantar Fasciitis
What is Plantar Fasciitis? Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common conditions causing heel pain. The condition involves inflammation of the plantar fascia -- a tough, fibrous band of tissue that runs along the sole of the foot with attachments to the calcaneus (or heel bone) and to the base of the toes. The [...]
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Bunions
What is a Bunion? A bunion (hallux valgus) is an enlargement of the bone or tissue around a joint at the base of the big toe or at the base of the little toe (in which case it is called a "bunionette" or "tailor's bunion"). Bunions often occur when the joint is stressed over a [...]
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-682,506,088,424,779,800 | Welcome to Medivizor!
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Posted by on Jan 3, 2023 in Infertility | 0 comments
In a nutshell
This study evaluated the effectiveness of different ovarian stimulation protocols for patients with poor ovarian response (POR). The data showed that delayed start gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and microdose GnRH agonist were the two most effective regimens for the treatment of these patients.
Some background
Many couples with infertility opt to use assisted reproductive techniques (ART). In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an ART in which eggs (oocytes) are collected and fertilized in the lab. Fertilized embryos are then implanted in the uterus (womb). The first step of IVF is to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs for collection. However, women with POR do not produce many eggs in response to ovarian stimulation.
Two methods are commonly used. These are GnRH agonist (GnRHa) and GnRH antagonist (antGnRH) protocols. GnRH is a chemical produced by the brain to stimulate the ovaries to release other hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The GnRHa protocol takes a longer period of time but may improve the body’s own level of FSH. FSH promotes ovarian follicle development.
AntGnRH is the other commonly used option to reduce LH levels. This protocol takes a shorter period of time and may be gentler for women with POR. It also allows the option to use GnRHa as the trigger injection before egg collection. The effectiveness of different ovarian stimulation protocols for patients with POR is still not known.
Methods & findings
This study analyzed 15 studies and involved 2173 women with POR. Patients were treated with one of the following protocols- delayed start antGnRH, antGnRH, long GnRHa, short GnRHa, microdose GnRHa, and multiple-dose antGnRH.
Delayed start antGnRH had the highest probability to be the best treatment regimen in terms of clinical pregnancy rate per initiating cycle (74.04%), low risk of cycle cancellation (75.3%), number of oocytes retrieved (68.67%), number of metaphase II oocytes (97.98%) and endometrial thickness on triggering day (81.97%).
Microdose GnRHa had the highest probability to be the best treatment regimen for estradiol level on triggering day (99.25%).
There were no significant differences in terms of the number of embryos obtained and the number of transferred embryos between the different ovarian stimulation protocols.
The bottom line
This study concluded that delayed start GnRH antagonist and microdose GnRH agonist were the two most effective regimens for the treatment of patients with poor ovarian response.
The fine print
The studies analyzed had different criteria for including patients with POR. Also, the doses of GnRHa and antGnRH used were different. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings.
Published By :
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Date :
Jun 11, 2022
Original Title :
Ovarian stimulation protocols for poor ovarian responders: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
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3,240,114,462,553,490,400 | Top
30
Doctor insights on: Using Oatmeal To Cure Boils
Share
Boil (Definition)
A boil is an infected epidermoid cyst of the skin. Usually related to sebaceous glands, which secrete waxy/oily lubricant ...Read more
2
2
I have a problem with digestion. I take a probiotic, I eat oatmeal everyday, I exercise 3-5 times a weak. Does lemon, ginger, and honey cure bloating?
I have a problem with digestion. I take a probiotic, I eat oatmeal everyday, I exercise 3-5 times a weak. Does lemon, ginger, and honey cure bloating?
Need more info: Having a "problem" with digestion includes at lot of illnesses. The first thing you need to do is find out what is causing your digestive problem. After that then you will find out what to do about it. It may be medication and/or advice as to proper diet. ...Read more
3
3
Is it true that eating oatmeal is good?
Is it true that eating oatmeal is good?
Yes: Traditionally prepared oatmeal is very healthy food, not instant oatmeal. Take 10 to 15 min to prepare it, add slices of banana, blueberries & strawberries. Organic honey, a teaspoon of organic coconut oil with ground cinnamon can be added & it will make a perfect breakfast together with a cup of black coffee or tea without sugar. Yummy yummy! ...Read more
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4
How big is a serving of oatmeal? What are the advantages of eating oatmeal?
How big is a serving of oatmeal? What are the advantages of eating oatmeal?
A "serving": Is usually meant to be a bowl for cereals of which oatmeal is a very popular item. There is some evidence that oatmeal may reduce the total cholesterol including the LDL (heart affecting)
Hope this is helpful
Dr Z ...Read more
5
5
Does oatmeal contain gluten?
Does oatmeal contain gluten?
Maybe not: Oats and oatmeal are listed as a gluten-containing grain. More recent reports say that oats don't have the gluten proteins but have small amounts of another protein that may cause reactions in some celiac disease patients. Sometimes the same equipment that processes oats also processes wheat, so there can be traces of gluten from the wheat getting into the oats. So, "pure" oats probably are ok. ...Read more
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6
Can I eat oatmeal before bed?
Can I eat oatmeal before bed?
That is an excellent: Snack. Before bed is ok if you are not excessive. Slow cook oatmeal for a filling snack with soluble fiber that can help to reduce your LDL cholesterol. ...Read more
7
7
Does oatmeal contain any soy?
Does oatmeal contain any soy?
It should not: But in the processing, if soy is also on the conveyor belt, there may be cross contamination. Best to read the label and call the manufacture of the product you purchased. ...Read more
8
8
Can oatmeal lowers my LDL level?
Possibly: Diets with a lot of oatmeal have been reported to help lower cholesterol. They go hand in hand with weight loss where every pound might drop cholesterol by 2 points. Ldl will be most significantly affected. ...Read more
10
10
Is there any side effect for oatmeal?
Is there any side effect for oatmeal?
Sure R Side effects: I find that one of the most troublesome and consistent side effects following a bowl of good piping hot, steaming, delicious oatmeal together with dried fruit toppings, blueberries, and UNprocessed (but pasteurized) honey, using non fat steamed milk is that I want at least 1 more bowl...and if there's time....I want another one....especially now the weather is getting a little cooler. ...Read more
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11
What amount iron in porridge/oatmeal?
Basically none: Unless it's fortified. I hope you are not planning to go on an oatmeal-only diet. ...Read more
12
12
Is oatmeal as healthy if I add honey?
YES: Oatmeal is a healthy whole-grain food
it's fine to have a little sweetener to make it taste better.
Some people think honey is more healthy than sugar or brown sugar because it's a sweetener that's been part of humans' diet for > 30, 000 years. Contrast this with refined sugar being around for < 5000 years.
Not sure there's science to support honey v sugar, but whole grain oatmeal is great! ...Read more
14
14
Why does oatmeal always make me nauseous?
Why does oatmeal always make me nauseous?
Just oatmeal?: Food intolerance is common, variable, and individual and may even include such innocuous ingestants as water. Reference: elaine shimberg, "relief from ibs". ...Read more
15
15
Is it okay to eat oatmeal before running?
Is it okay to eat oatmeal before running?
Yes: It is ok to eat many things before running, but usually simple carbohydrates are best. Also, a small-to-moderate size meal, so as to not upset your stomach. Practice first with a small bowl of oatmeal ~30 mins before running, before you try that out on race morning, if you are considering running a race. ...Read more
16
16
Which is healthier? Oatmeal or banana diet?
Which is healthier? Oatmeal or banana diet?
Neither: A fad diet which focuses primarily on consumption of one particular food is usually not balanced. ...Read more
17
17
Wondering why oatmeal is good for breakfast?
Wondering why oatmeal is good for breakfast?
Oatmeal 4 breakfast?: Oatmeal is good for fiber. It is usually combined with fruits, nuts, and milk. Some products are fortified with vitamins. Also an oatmeal breakfast is easy to prepare especially if one is 30 minutes late for work and still has to get the kids off to school. ...Read more
18
18
Could overnight oatmeal cause diverticulitis?
Could overnight oatmeal cause diverticulitis?
No: It is still a common myth that certain foods (undigestible foods like grains, corn) lead to more recurrences of diverticulitis. Many medical professionals still believe this however. Some people get recurrent diverticulitis no matter what they eat. ...Read more
19
19
How does eating oatmeal lower your cholesterol?
How does eating oatmeal lower your cholesterol?
Trap: Oatmeal is a fiber rich grain that is able to trap some fat from the gastrointestinal tract and therefore prevent its absorption leading to decrease in cholesterol. It works like a broom to propel junk out. ...Read more
20
20
Is oatmeal always the best way for losing weight?
Oatmeal: Oatmeal, although healthy, has calories. Get your proper mix of carbs, proteins, & fats. ...Read more
22
22
What exactly does aveeno (oatmeal) daily scrub do?
What exactly does aveeno (oatmeal) daily scrub do?
Scrubs: Scrubs away the dead layer of skin (keratin), thus preventin blockage of hair follicles. If blocked sweat, skin secretions stay inside and bacteria grows causing acne. ...Read more
24
24
I am dieting and oatmeal is disgusting how can I eat it?
You don't need to: Weight loss is mostly about changing how you feel about food, limiting portions, and getting out and exercising. Nobody says you have to eat oatmeal. ...Read more
26
26
Is it ok to eat oatmeal after an attack of diverticulitis?
Is it ok to eat oatmeal after an attack of diverticulitis?
Not right away: Generally I recommend that for 2 weeks following a diverticulitis episode, my patients remain on a low residue diet. Which is a diet low in fiber. Oatmeal tends to have a high fiber content and I would only start that after 2 weeks. ...Read more
27
27
Is it considered unhealthy to eat oatmeal if you have gout?
Is it considered unhealthy to eat oatmeal if you have gout?
Monitor amount: Oatmeal does not cause gout, but there are purines in oatmeal. Therefore, you may need to limit the intake of oatmeal. Gout comes from dehydration and is a form of arthritis. If you are having problems, you need to see a rheumatologist to have this evaluated. ...Read more | {
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figure-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-expansion \u0022 id=\u0022F1\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022ANCPA with markedly increased cochlear signal intensity in a 71-year-old man. A, On 3D T2-weighted image (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 250 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), a large acoustic neuroma (arrowhead) is visible in the widened internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle cistern that compresses the brain stem. High signal intensity in the cochlea (arrow) is also observed. B, On 3D FLAIR image (TR = 8000 ms, TE = 280 ms, inversion time = 2400 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), the signal intensity of the affected cochlea is markedly increased (arrow) in contrast to the suppressed CSF signal. C, To measure the signal intensity of the cochlea, a region inside the cochlea was selected by using the Wand tool, which resulted in automatic growing of the region of interest by comparing the signal intensities of all unallocated neighboring pixels with that of the selected region with a predetermined threshold (yellow circle). A circular region of interest (red circle) was placed on the 3D FLAIR image to measure the signal intensity of the pons. These were repeated for each section showing the cochlear turns. The relative signal intensity of the cochlea is 0.690. The PTA result of this patient was a 42-dB hearing level.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-1580533489\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;AN\u0026lt;sub\u0026gt;CPA\u0026lt;\/sub\u0026gt; with markedly increased cochlear signal intensity in a 71-year-old man. \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;A\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, On 3D T2-weighted image (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 250 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), a large acoustic neuroma (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;arrowhead\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) is visible in the widened internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle cistern that compresses the brain stem. High signal intensity in the cochlea (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;arrow\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) is also observed. \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;B\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, On 3D FLAIR image (TR = 8000 ms, TE = 280 ms, inversion time = 2400 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), the signal intensity of the affected cochlea is markedly increased (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;arrow\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) in contrast to the suppressed CSF signal. \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;C\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, To measure the signal intensity of the cochlea, a region inside the cochlea was selected by using the Wand tool, which resulted in automatic growing of the region of interest by comparing the signal intensities of all unallocated neighboring pixels with that of the selected region with a predetermined threshold (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;yellow circle\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;). A circular region of interest (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;red circle\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) was placed on the 3D FLAIR image to measure the signal intensity of the pons. These were repeated for each section showing the cochlear turns. The relative signal intensity of the cochlea is 0.690. The PTA result of this patient was a 42-dB hearing level.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig 1.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F1.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022143\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig 1.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F1.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022143\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig 1.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/42702\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003EAN\u003Csub\u003ECPA\u003C\/sub\u003E with markedly increased cochlear signal intensity in a 71-year-old man. \u003Cem\u003EA\u003C\/em\u003E, On 3D T2-weighted image (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 250 ms, flip angle = 90\u00b0), a large acoustic neuroma (\u003Cem\u003Earrowhead\u003C\/em\u003E) is visible in the widened internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle cistern that compresses the brain stem. High signal intensity in the cochlea (\u003Cem\u003Earrow\u003C\/em\u003E) is also observed. \u003Cem\u003EB\u003C\/em\u003E, On 3D FLAIR image (TR = 8000 ms, TE = 280 ms, inversion time = 2400 ms, flip angle = 90\u00b0), the signal intensity of the affected cochlea is markedly increased (\u003Cem\u003Earrow\u003C\/em\u003E) in contrast to the suppressed CSF signal. \u003Cem\u003EC\u003C\/em\u003E, To measure the signal intensity of the cochlea, a region inside the cochlea was selected by using the Wand tool, which resulted in automatic growing of the region of interest by comparing the signal intensities of all unallocated neighboring pixels with that of the selected region with a predetermined threshold (\u003Cem\u003Eyellow circle\u003C\/em\u003E). A circular region of interest (\u003Cem\u003Ered circle\u003C\/em\u003E) was placed on the 3D FLAIR image to measure the signal intensity of the pons. These were repeated for each section showing the cochlear turns. The relative signal intensity of the cochlea is 0.690. The PTA result of this patient was a 42-dB hearing level.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022last\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022element-fig-data clearfix figure-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-expansion \u0022 id=\u0022F2\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022ANIAC with a slightly increased cochlear signal intensity in a 39-year-old woman. A, On 3D T2-weighted image (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 250 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), there is a small acoustic neuroma (arrowhead) that is confined to the internal auditory canal. High signal intensity of the cochlear fluid (arrow) is also observed. B, On 3D FLAIR image (TR = 8000 ms, TE = 280 ms, inversion time = 2400 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), the signal intensity of the affected cochlea is slightly increased (arrow). C, Two ROIs are placed on the 3D FLAIR image to measure the signal intensities of the cochlea (yellow circle) and the pons (red circle) in the same way as described in Fig 1. The relative signal intensity of the cochlea is calculated as 0.294 from the region-of-interest measurement. The PTA result of this patient was an 11-dB hearing level.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-1580533489\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;AN\u0026lt;sub\u0026gt;IAC\u0026lt;\/sub\u0026gt; with a slightly increased cochlear signal intensity in a 39-year-old woman. \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;A\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, On 3D T2-weighted image (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 250 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), there is a small acoustic neuroma (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;arrowhead\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) that is confined to the internal auditory canal. High signal intensity of the cochlear fluid (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;arrow\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) is also observed. \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;B\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, On 3D FLAIR image (TR = 8000 ms, TE = 280 ms, inversion time = 2400 ms, flip angle = 90\u0026#xB0;), the signal intensity of the affected cochlea is slightly increased (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;arrow\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;). \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;C\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, Two ROIs are placed on the 3D FLAIR image to measure the signal intensities of the cochlea (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;yellow circle\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) and the pons (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;red circle\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) in the same way as described in Fig 1. The relative signal intensity of the cochlea is calculated as 0.294 from the region-of-interest measurement. The PTA result of this patient was an 11-dB hearing level.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig 2.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F2.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022143\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig 2.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F2.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022143\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F2.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig 2.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/ajnr\/35\/9\/1825\/F2.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/42836\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig 2.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EAN\u003Csub\u003EIAC\u003C\/sub\u003E with a slightly increased cochlear signal intensity in a 39-year-old woman. \u003Cem\u003EA\u003C\/em\u003E, On 3D T2-weighted image (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 250 ms, flip angle = 90\u00b0), there is a small acoustic neuroma (\u003Cem\u003Earrowhead\u003C\/em\u003E) that is confined to the internal auditory canal. High signal intensity of the cochlear fluid (\u003Cem\u003Earrow\u003C\/em\u003E) is also observed. \u003Cem\u003EB\u003C\/em\u003E, On 3D FLAIR image (TR = 8000 ms, TE = 280 ms, inversion time = 2400 ms, flip angle = 90\u00b0), the signal intensity of the affected cochlea is slightly increased (\u003Cem\u003Earrow\u003C\/em\u003E). \u003Cem\u003EC\u003C\/em\u003E, Two ROIs are placed on the 3D FLAIR image to measure the signal intensities of the cochlea (\u003Cem\u003Eyellow circle\u003C\/em\u003E) and the pons (\u003Cem\u003Ered circle\u003C\/em\u003E) in the same way as described in \u003Cspan id=\u0022xref-fig-1-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022\u003EFig 1\u003C\/span\u003E. The relative signal intensity of the cochlea is calculated as 0.294 from the region-of-interest measurement. The PTA result of this patient was an 11-dB hearing level.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022fig-data-tables\u0022 class=\u0022group frag-table\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-data-title-jump clearfix\u0022\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\u0022fig-data-group-title\u0022\u003ETables\u003C\/h3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-data-jump-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022fig-data-jump-links-list links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022figure first last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022#fig-data-figures\u0022 class=\u0022fig-data-jump-link fig-data-jump-link-figure link-icon\u0022\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0022icon-caret-up\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022title\u0022\u003EFigures\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022item-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022fig-data-list clearfix\u0022 id=\u0022fragments-table\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022first\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022element-fig-data clearfix table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-expansion \u0022 id=\u0022T1\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022inline table-expansion-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup first last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/42806\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables-808144592\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 1:\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EClinical findings in the study patients\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ctable frame=\u0022hsides\u0022 id=\u0022table-1\u0022 alt=\u0022Table 1:\u0022\u003E\u003Cthead valign=\u0022bottom\u0022 id=\u0022thead-1\u0022 class=\u0022table-vbottom\u0022\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cth rowspan=\u00222\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-1\u0022\u003E\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00222\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-2\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003ETotal\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 colspan=\u00222\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-3\u0022 class=\u0022table-center table-bborder\u0022\u003ETumor Location\u003C\/th\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-4\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003EIAC (AN\u003Csub\u003EIAC\u003C\/sub\u003E)\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-5\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003EIAC and CPA Cistern (AN\u003Csub\u003ECPA\u003C\/sub\u003E)\u003C\/th\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody valign=\u0022top\u0022 id=\u0022tbody-1\u0022 class=\u0022table-vtop\u0022\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-3\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-1\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003ENo. of patients\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-2\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E102\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-3\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E22\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-4\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E80\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-4\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-5\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003EMale\/female\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-6\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E58:44\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-7\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E10:12\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-8\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E48:32\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-5\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-9\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003EMean age (yr)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-10\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E49.9 \u00b1 12.4\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-11\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E50.1 \u00b1 12.6\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-12\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E49.8 \u00b1 12.4\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-1-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-6\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-13\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003ETime interval between PTA and MRI (days)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-14\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E25.7 \u00b1 31.2\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-1-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-15\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E23.1 \u00b1 28.1\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-1-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-16\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E26.4 \u00b1 32.0\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-1-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-7\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-17\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003ENo. of patients with hearing disturbance\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022(\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-18\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E70 (69%)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022(\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-19\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E11 (50%)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022(\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-20\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E59 (74%)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-8\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-21\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003ENo. of patients with tinnitus\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022(\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-22\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E45 (44%)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022(\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-23\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E9 (41%)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022(\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-24\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E36 (45%)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-foot\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022table-footnotes\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn-other\u0022 id=\u0022fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-fn-1-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fn-label\u0022\u003Ea\u003C\/span\u003E Mean \u00b1 SD.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022element-fig-data clearfix table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-expansion \u0022 id=\u0022T2\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022inline table-expansion-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup first last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/42743\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables-808144592\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 2:\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022\u003EPure tone audiometry and rSI results of the cochlea on 3D FLAIR MR images according to tumor location\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ctable frame=\u0022hsides\u0022 id=\u0022table-2\u0022 alt=\u0022Table 2:\u0022\u003E\u003Cthead valign=\u0022bottom\u0022 id=\u0022thead-2\u0022 class=\u0022table-vbottom\u0022\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-9\u0022\u003E\u003Cth rowspan=\u00222\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-6\u0022\u003E\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00222\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-7\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003ETotal\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 colspan=\u00222\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-8\u0022 class=\u0022table-center table-bborder\u0022\u003ETumor Location\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00222\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-9\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-3\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/th\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-10\u0022\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-10\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003EIAC (AN\u003Csub\u003EIAC\u003C\/sub\u003E)\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-11\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003EIAC and CPA Cistern (AN\u003Csub\u003ECPA\u003C\/sub\u003E)\u003C\/th\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/thead\u003E\u003Ctbody valign=\u0022top\u0022 id=\u0022tbody-2\u0022 class=\u0022table-vtop\u0022\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-11\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-25\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003EMeasured cochlear volume (mm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-26\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E181.98 \u00b1 26.5\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-27\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E177.5 \u00b1 26.0\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-28\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E183.1 \u00b1 25.8\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022.\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-29\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E.637\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-12\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-30\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003EPTA (dB)\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-4\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-31\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E43.4 \u00b1 21.5\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-32\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E30.3 \u00b1 17.3\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-33\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E46.2 \u00b1 21.4\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022.\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-34\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E\u0026lt;.001\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-13\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-35\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003ErSI of the cochlea on 3D FLAIR\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-4-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-4\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-36\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E0.57 \u00b1 0.18\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-37\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E0.42 \u00b1 0.15\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022\u0026#xB1;\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-38\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E0.60 \u00b1 0.17\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022char\u0022 char=\u0022.\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-39\u0022 class=\u0022table-char\u0022\u003E\u0026lt;.001\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-14\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-40\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003ECorrelation coefficient\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-5\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-41\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003Er\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.277\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-42\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003Er\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.471\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-43\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003Er\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.090\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-44\u0022\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-15\u0022\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022left\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-45\u0022 class=\u0022table-left\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fn-5-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table-fn\u0022 href=\u0022#fn-5\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-46\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E.005\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-47\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E.027\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-48\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003E.427\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022td-49\u0022\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-foot\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022table-footnotes\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn-other\u0022 id=\u0022fn-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-23\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENote:\u003C\/strong\u003E\u2014rSI indicates relative signal intensity divided by the mean of the signal intensities of the corresponding brain stem.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn-other\u0022 id=\u0022fn-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-24\u0022\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-fn-3-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fn-label\u0022\u003Ea\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E between the results of AN\u003Csub\u003EIAC\u003C\/sub\u003E and AN\u003Csub\u003ECPA\u003C\/sub\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn-other\u0022 id=\u0022fn-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-25\u0022\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-fn-4-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fn-label\u0022\u003Eb\u003C\/span\u003E The results are expressed as the mean \u00b1 SD.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn-other\u0022 id=\u0022fn-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-26\u0022\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-fn-5-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fn-label\u0022\u003Ec\u003C\/span\u003E Correlation coefficient and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E between the results of PTA and the rSI of the cochlea on 3D FLAIR images.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022last\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022element-fig-data clearfix table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-expansion \u0022 id=\u0022T3\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022inline table-expansion-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup first last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/42847\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables-808144592\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 3:\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-27\u0022\u003ECochlear rSI results as determined by the presence of symptoms in patients with AN\u003Csub\u003EIAC\u003C\/sub\u003E and AN\u003Csub\u003ECPA\u003C\/sub\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ctable frame=\u0022hsides\u0022 id=\u0022table-3\u0022 alt=\u0022Table 3:\u0022\u003E\u003Cthead valign=\u0022bottom\u0022 id=\u0022thead-3\u0022 class=\u0022table-vbottom\u0022\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-16\u0022\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00222\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-12\u0022 class=\u0022table-center\u0022\u003ESymptoms\u003C\/th\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 colspan=\u00222\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-13\u0022 class=\u0022table-center table-bborder\u0022\u003ECochlear rSIs\u003C\/th\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr id=\u0022tr-17\u0022\u003E\u003Cth align=\u0022center\u0022 rowspan=\u00221\u0022 colspan=\u00221\u0022 id=\u0022th-14\u0022 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-5,914,774,221,574,642,000 | Tag: wellbutrin side effects
Smoking Wellbutrin
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i Who Answers? | {
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-76,616,270,922,830,800 | Healthy Living
5 Key Differences Between Polymyalgia and Fibromyalgia
5 Key Differences Between Polymyalgia and Fibromyalgia
While those who have either polymyalgia and fibromyalgia know what makes both disorders different, they are often confused with one another by those who don't have it and even by some doctors. Besides having very similar names, these two disorders have overlapping symptoms.
In both disorders, the term "myalgia" means pain or discomfort in the muscles, and this symptom isn't seen by those who are outside of it, which makes them both difficult to understand by friends and family members. What is common between polymyalgia and fibromyalgia is that they are both often misdiagnosed, sometimes for each other, and these conditions can easily be overlooked.
Before we get into the key differences between fibromyalgia and polymyalgia, let's get into what these diseases are and how they are caused.
Fibromyalgia
This is a type of disorder that results in fatigue, memory problems, sleep problems, and chronic pain. According to statistics, this ailment is more common in women than in men. In the past, an individual would be diagnosed with this condition if he or she had tenderness and widespread pain in at least eleven of the already known eighteen trigger points.
Doctors used to detect the painful parts by pressing the suspected, and these points are:
• Shoulders
• Upper chest
• Knees
• Back of the head
• Hips
• Outer elbows
Nowadays, doctors do not use these procedures while diagnosing fibromyalgia. If a patient complains of widespread pain or a related form of discomforts for more than 3 months, while also not having any other symptoms, the doctors can make a formal diagnosis. The FM/a test can also be used to make a diagnosis or just to rule out fibromyalgia, and it is now being used more often because of the awareness around it and the amount of insurance companies covering it.
Causes of Fibromyalgia
The actual cause of this ailment is not well-known. In fact, doctors and medical researchers cannot tell the actual cause of this disturbing ailment. However, these professionals suspect that the condition is caused by the factors discussed below:
• Trauma: Individuals who experience emotional or physical trauma can develop this condition. Many doctors and medical researchers associate it with post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Genetics: This ailment has actually been found in families. Any person with a family member suffering from the ailment has a high chance of suffering from it. Some scientists suspect that some genetic mutations play an important role in the development of fibromyalgia. However, the concerned genes have not yet been detected.
• Stress: When an individual suffers from stress for a relatively long period of time, he or she may experience a variety of ailments that includes fibromyalgia. Stress is associated with hormonal disturbances that can cause the disorder.
Polymyalgia
Polymyalgia or Polymyalgia rheumatica is a type of disease in which the patient experiences stiffness, inflammation, and pain within the muscles in the hips, neck, and shoulders. The symptoms of this disease are usually worse during the morning. In most cases, fibromyalgia affects individuals who are 50 and above.
Polymyalgia is also commonly associated with a type of ailment known as giant cell arteritis, which causes vision difficulties, scalp tenderness, jaw pain, and headaches. It is possible for an individual to suffer from both giant cell arteritis and Polymyalgia rheumatica. According to a study done by Per Fauchald, M.D. and his friends, a person suffering from polymyalgia should take medications for about two years during the treatment.
Causes of Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Like fibromyalgia, the actual cause of this ailment is not yet known. However, there are two main factors that are believed to trigger the development of this condition. These factors are discussed below:
• Environmental exposure: New incidents of this condition tend to develop seasonally. In other words, they come in cycles. This means that an environmental trigger like a virus may be the actual cause of the condition. However, there is no one who can show the virus that causes polymyalgia.
• Genetics: Some genes and gene variation can increase the chances of an individual suffering from this disease. | {
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1,922,540,935,274,500,900 | How Breast Pumps Work
Types of Breast Pumps
Manual breast pumps are inexpensive and small, but require more effort to operate.
Manual breast pumps are inexpensive and small, but require more effort to operate.
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Now that we understand how breast pumps draw milk out of the body and into bottles and containers, let's examine the different available types:
Manual pumps: As mentioned in the previous section, these devices run on old-fashioned elbow grease. The user creates suction by squeezing a lever or handle or pumping a cylinder-shaped tube within a larger cylinder (a piston) [source: FDA]. There are also foot-pedal pumps that rely on lower-body strength to create suction. Once let-down occurs, milk collects in attached containers. Manual pumps are small, discrete and relatively inexpensive; however, they work slower than other pumps and can cause strain because the user provides all the power.
Battery-powered pumps: This option relies on a small motor -- connected to the breastshield by plastic tubing -- usually powered by AA or C batteries. Because it can take 10 to 50 seconds to reach optimum vacuum, these pumps might cycle about 10 times per minute [source: Knorr]. That's not too fast if you remember that babies' nurse about 50 to 90 times per minute at the beginning of a feeding. These pumps can be uncomfortable (because of the constant vacuum) and take more time, but they're portable, affordable and work anywhere. With a hands-free pump, which fits inside a bra and comes with an AC adapter, the milk slowly travels from a flexible valve stem into a bag [source: Consumer Reports].
Electric pumps: Out of the three types, electric pumps are the most efficient and the most expensive. A cord connects the motor to an electrical outlet, allowing enough power to drain breasts quickly and completely. Women can achieve total efficacy by double pumping both breasts at the same time, usually at a rate of about 40 to 60 cycles per minute. Users are also able to customize suction rhythm by adjusting the settings. A powerful hospital-grade pump, available for rent and for users in medical facilities, is a good option if your baby has a hard time latching on or you don't plan on pumping for more than three months [source: Consumer Reports]. If you plan on expressing your milk longer than that or will be returning to work, consider personal-use automatic pumps. Like their hospital-grade counterparts, personal-use pumps reduce pumping time and feature individualized settings. As the name implies, these lightweight pumps, which usually come in discrete backpacks and tote bags, and can't be shared as hospital pumps can. Some of these pumps come packaged with manual pumps as well. | {
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Food 'Cravings' and Diabetes
If you have type 2 diabetes, you may have been advised by your healthcare team to change your diet, and incorporate healthier foods. In addition, you may have visited with a dietitian and mapped out a personalized meal plan to help you reach weight-loss or glucose-control goals. But what happens when despite your best efforts, you still crave a food that’s not so healthy? For people with diabetes, this can be a serious problem.
"Everyone experiences cravings for foods," states Karen Hanson Chalmers, M.S., R.D., CDE, and Joslin's Amy E. Campbell, M.S., R.D., CDE, in their book, 16 Myths of a Diabetic Diet. However, Chalmers and Campbell say that it is crucial to learn how to manage these cravings before they become a more serious problem. Here are a few of their ideas:
Know the difference between hunger and appetite. According to Chalmers and Campbell, few people understand the difference between real hunger and appetite. "Hunger is more physiological, whereas appetite is more psychological," they state. The authors advise that it may take some time to distinguish one from the other, but eventually, it can be done. So the next time you experience a "craving," remember to ask yourself whether it is hunger talking, or your brain only imagining it needs food. Also, it is important to check your blood glucose (sugar) when you experience these feelings to make sure you’re not low.
Know your "emotional triggers." Many people use food as a source of comfort, which can lead to the consumption of excess calories, and, as the authors point out, eating for comfort doesn’t really solve the problems that cause us to eat in the first place. If stress causes you to eat, Chalmers and Campbell recommend channeling that energy elsewhere—such as going for a walk, calling a friend, or participating in any other activity you enjoy.
Know when to give in. Yes, you read that statement correctly. Chalmers and Campbell don’t recommend completely cutting out your favorite foods, or always denying yourself what you truly crave. They say this is especially true when you’ve tried all other measures, and still feel the need to indulge. The authors recommend you indulge with reservation, however, and only eat a small portion of what you crave, since satisfying a craving and binging on a particular food is not the same thing.
"If you need help, don’t hesitate to talk with a therapist or counselor who specializes in the area of eating disorders. He or she can help you change how you think about and react to food and eating," state Chalmers and Campbell.
Important note: People with diabetes should also check their blood sugar frequently in order to differentiate between low glucose and a craving. Be sure to always carry your glucose meter with you and test when you can’t tell if your craving is actually low blood glucose.
You can purchase 16 Myths of a Diabetic Diet at the Joslin Store.
Page last updated: November 19, 2017
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-4,751,710,521,378,741,000 | The Challenge of Eating without Teeth
Eating is a pleasurable activity, something that people look forward to doing in the most enjoyable manner. However, that may not be the case for those who have missing teeth problems. If you have lost most or all of your natural teeth, eating becomes a very difficult thing to do, and meal times cease being pleasurable moments. Without teeth, the gums will take on the role of cutting and chewing food. As gum tissue is not designed for this task, eating can be a challenging and painful task for a person suffering from tooth loss.
tooth loss meals
There are ways to minimise the discomfort of eating when you have multiple tooth loss. Food can be cut into very small pieces so they can be consumed with minimal effort from the gums. A diet consisting of mostly soft food items – instead of crunchy, chewy, or tough food – can also make mealtimes more comfortable and that much easier to go through for those who have most or all teeth missing. However, a more long-lasting and convenient solution can be achieved with an implant treatment at Life Dental Implants.
Dental implants are used to restore the form and function of missing teeth. Embedded into the jaw, the implants are then attached to teeth restorations to bring back the normal appearance and use of the smile. After an implant treatment, you can once again eat your favourite food items without worrying about embarrassment or pain – giving you back the pleasure of enjoying your mealtimes.
#toothlessproblems #solvetoothloss #missingteeth #dentalimplants | {
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4,793,730,882,013,286,000 | TY - JOUR T1 - Phosphodiesterase expression targeted to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons inhibits luteinizing hormone pulses in transgenic rats JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA SP - 17191 LP - 17196 DO - 10.1073/pnas.012678999 VL - 99 IS - 26 AU - Paruthiyil, Sreenivasan AU - Majdoubi, Mohammed El AU - Conti, Marco AU - Weiner, Richard I. Y1 - 2002/12/24 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/99/26/17191.abstract N2 - Experiments in the GT1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cell line have shown that the cAMP signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating the excitability of the cells. Lowering cAMP levels by expressing the constitutively active cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D1 in GT1 cells inhibited spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and intrinsic pulsatile GnRH secretion. To address the role of cAMP levels in endogenous GnRH neurons, we genetically targeted expression of PDE4D1 (P) to GnRH neurons in transgenic rats (R) by using the GnRH gene promoter/enhancer regions (G). Three lines of transgenic rats, GPR-2, -4, and -5, were established. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR studies demonstrated that transgene expression was specifically targeted to GnRH neurons. Decreased fertility was observed in female but not in male rats from all three lines. The mean luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in ovariectomized rats were significantly reduced in the GPR-4 and -5 lines but not in the GPR-2 line. In castrated male and female GPR-4 rats, the LH pulse frequency was dramatically reduced. Six of twelve GPR-4 females studied did not ovulate and had polycystic ovaries. The remaining six females ovulated, but the magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge was inhibited by 63%. These findings support the hypothesis that cAMP signaling may play a central role in regulating excitability of GnRH neurons in vivo. The GPR-4 line of transgenic rats provides a genetic model for the understanding of the role of pulsatile gonadotropin release in follicular development. GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone LH, luteinizing hormone CNG, cyclic nucleotide-gated PDE4D1, constitutively active cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase GPR, GnRH promoter (G) PDE4D1 cDNA (P) transgenic rat line (R) ER - | {
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7,785,531,773,226,813,000 | Products
Pre-Nursing
Nursing Student
NCLEX Prep
New Grad
Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Pharmacology Considerations
What is the Generic Name for Aleve?
naproxen
What is the Trade Name for naproxen?
Aleve
What are the Indications of Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Pharmacology Considerations?
pain, dysmenorrhea, fever, inflammation
What are the Actions of Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Pharmacology Considerations?
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
What is the Therapeutic Class of Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Pharmacology Considerations?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics
What is the Pharmacologic Class of Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Pharmacology Considerations?
none
What are the Nursing Considerations of Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Pharmacology Considerations?
• use caution with GI bleeding
• may increase risk for stroke and MI
• can cause GI bleeding, anaphylaxis, Steven’s Johnson syndrome
• aspirin can decrease blood levels and effectiveness
• assess pain
• patients should remain up-right for 30 minutes after administration
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-3,499,945,395,252,563,500 | Bronchitis Asthma - Know The Signs Of a Bronchial Cough
Bronchitis Remedy Natural Bronchitis Treatment Treat Bronchitis Naturally Bronchitis cure
Know The Signs Of a Bronchial Cough
There are many times of the year when bronchial infections seem to increase. While not a researcher or medical professional, I have noticed that cold and rainy weather along with the changes in seasons, my kids seem to have more than their share of colds and flu like symptoms.
Bronchitis, like many illnesses is broken down as either acute or short term, and chronic which is much longer. A major sign of an upper respiratory tract infection is a persistent cough. In an attempt to remove yellow or green mucus. When infection hits, the pulmonary tract, it's not unusual for a body to generate huge amounts of mucus. One symptom of bronchitis is an ongoing and persistent bronchial cough.
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A bronchial cough can quickly be identified by a tight feeling in a person's chest and usually wheezing. The person with bronchitis may also not be able to breathe deeply and breathing may be difficult or painful.
Wheezing often sounds as if there's an air leak characterized as a whistling noise in the chest that occurs when breathing. This is due to the obstructions and constrictions of the bronchial tubes due to infection.
The absolute best cure for bronchitis and a chesty cough is to make an appointment with your doctor. There are medications available that can provide relief not only for the cough, but also the infection. This is especially important if the coughing is keeping the person from sleeping or is more violent than normal.
Hard coughing can lead to ruptures or pulled muscles that then make it painful to cough. Anyone with an illness like a respiratory tract infection also needs the rest in a medical doctor can help with both.
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Bronchitis treatment
Until you're able to get in to see the doctor however, have the person with bronchitis resting in a more upright position. This sometimes can help control the coughing. Hot tea with honey has also been known as a home remedy for a cough.
Neither of these two ideas however can replace an appointment with the doctor. Left to itself, a bronchial infection can result in pneumonia, asthma or other serious and chronic diseases. Abigail Franks has done extensive research into Asthma,Allergies, and their triggers. Visit the Asthma site for more information on bronchitis and Asthma and to get a free report on Asthma and Bronchitis Triggers
Learn More about Natural Bronchitis Remedy
A cough may be more than just a cough and could indicate the presence of any of several debilitating diseases. Lungs accumulate a lot of secretions as a result of illnesses, making breathing laborious. In the normal course, people inhale bacteria with their breath and pass it through easily, if they are healthy. But in case of illnesses of the lungs, mucus is built up. Bacteria are blocked by...
This article should guide you very deep into the topic, simply follow the points described. In the beginning, very few illnesses and diseases were known, people would endure from different ailments mystifying to them. As time passed, the number of diseases cropping up continued to increase. Millions of people get ahead illnesses at some point in their lives; from common colds, coughs, to...
What is n-acetyl cysteine (NAC)?Why is n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) good for emphysema disease?How much n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) should you take for emphysema disease? What Is N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)? The amino acid n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) helps to increase the levels of the powerful antioxidant glutathione in the respiratory track. Apart from emphysema, n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) supplements...
Treatment of Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the main air passages (bronchi) to your lungs. It causes a cough, shortness of breath and chest tightness. Coughing often brings up yellow or greenish mucus. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.Bronchitis is inflammation of the large airways that branch off the trachea (bronchi), usually caused by infection but...
how do doctors diagnose bronchitis | herbal remedy for bronchitis | effects of bronchitis on lungs | between asthma and bronchitis | symptoms of severe bronchitis | bronchitis herbal recipe | bronchitis and exercise | bronchitis medical dictionary | chronic bronchitis antibiotic | what is acute bronchitis | bronchitis patients | definition of bronchitus | chronic bronchitis mediions |
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26,365,946,644,235,850 | Editors' ChoiceImmunology
NKG2D in Tumor and Graft Surveillance
+ See all authors and affiliations
Science's STKE 30 Aug 2005:
Vol. 2005, Issue 299, pp. tw311
DOI: 10.1126/stke.2992005tw311
Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in graft rejection and may contribute to tumor recognition and elimination. Ogasawara et al. report that increased production of NKG2D ligands may be one mechanism by which certain tissues are prone to graft rejection and that antibodies against NKGD2 can prevent rejection in these cases. Oppenheim et al. report that localized high expression of NKG2D ligands inhibited NK cell function, contributing to evasion of the immune system by tumors. To study graft rejection, Ogasawara et al. evaluated NKG2D ligand expression (by antibody staining) of bone marrow cells from BALB/C or C57BL/6 mice that were transplanted into irradiated F1 progeny from a BALB/C C57BL/6 cross, an example of F1 hybrid resistance. The BALB/C cells expressed the ligand Rae-1 and were rejected by the F1 progeny mice. The C57BL/6 mouse cells were also rejected, but they did not express any NKG2D ligands; thus, there are at least two mechanisms for NK cell-mediated rejection. Depletion of the NK cells from the recipient mice allowed the transplanted cells from both parental strains to survive; however, only in the case of the BALB/C transplanted cells did neutralizing antibodies to NKG2D increase the incorporation of the transplanted cells in the spleens of the recipient mice. The Rae-1 ligand was also the focus of the studies by Oppenheim et al. In this case, two kinds of transgenic mice were generated: those expressing Rae-1ε in squamous epithelium only (lines 110 and 121) and those expressing Rae-1ε ubiquitously (line 187). Both types of transgenic mice showed decreased abundance of NKG2D-positive NK cells; however, the abundance of other proteins (such as CD94) typically expressed by this population of NK cells was normal. Thus, the NKG2D receptor itself appeared to be down-regulated rather than the cell population depleted. Coculturing of NKG2D-positive splenocytes with the splenocytes from the 187 line (high Rae-11ε) resulted in loss of NKG2D from the nontransgenic cells. Injection of a mixture of splenocytes from the 187 line and control splenocytes into control mice or transgenic mice showed that clearance of the Rae-1-positive cells was impaired in the transgenic mice. Activation of the NK cells with poly (I:C) restored killing of the Rae-1-positive cells in the epithelial transgenic mice only, suggesting that a residual population of NKG2D-positive cells could be rescued in the 110 and 121 lines. Finally, the transgenic mice showed increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis (chemical induced and injection of tumor cells). Thus, the NKG2D receptor is a critical player in tumor surveillance and graft rejection.
K. Ogasawara, J. Benjamin, R. Takaki, J. H. Phillips, L. L. Lanier, Function of NKG2D in natural killer cell-mediated rejection of mouse bone marrow grafts. Nat. Immunol. 6, 938-945 (2005). [Online Journal]
D. E. Oppenheim, S. J. Roberts, S. L. Clarke, R. Filler, J. M. Lewis, R. E. Tigelaar, M. Girardi, A. C. Hayday, Sustained localized expression of ligand for the activating NKG2D receptor impairs natural cytotoxicity in vivo and reduces tumor surveillance. Nat. Immunol. 6, 928-937 (2005). [Online Journal] | {
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8,724,942,047,236,739,000 | Congenital Limb Differences
Also known as: congenital limb abnormalities, congenital limb deformities, upper and lower limb reduction defects
What are congenital limb differences?
Any kind of problem with how an arm or leg develops in the fetus can be classified as a congenital limb defect. In some cases, the limb has mild abnormalities, while in other cases it fails to develop at all.
What causes congenital limb difference?
A combination of genetic defects, environmental factors like chemicals or tobacco, smoke, or medications may all play a role in the formation of a congenital difference.
What are the symptoms of congenital limb difference?
Symptoms of congenital limb differences can vary widely based on the nature of the condition. They can range from minor problems to very severe disabilities that can interfere with hand function or the ability to walk.
What are congenital limb difference care options?
Treatments such as rehabilitation, physical therapy, braces, splints, surgery, and prosthetic/orthotic fitting can help children with congenital limb differences live the most fulfilling life possible.
Reviewed by: Scott J Schoenleber, MD
This page was last updated on: October 14, 2020 01:58 PM
Limb Lengthening and Deformity Correction Program
Life-changing results for children in need of limb deformity correction surgery and treatments.
Learn more
Learn more about
Melorheostosis
Melorheostosis is a rare genetic disorder that affects that cortex, which is the outer layer of the bones. Learn more
Orthotic Shoes and Inserts
Custom shoe inserts can be used to help treat a wide variety of foot and leg specific problems or other medical conditions. providing additional support and comfort. Learn more
Epiphysiodesis
One method for treating a severe leg length discrepancy is known as epiphysiodesis. This surgical procedure involves halting the growth of the longer leg in order to allow the shorter leg to “catch up” over time. Learn more | {
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3,218,874,609,522,277,400 | Smoking in Men
Armen Hareyan's picture
Advertisement
Did you know that men who smoke raise their risk of lung cancer by more than 22 times? Did you know that smoking could affect more than just your lungs?
Not only does smoking cause lung diseases (such as lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis), it can increase your risk for other health problems:
• heart disease: blood flow to the heart is critically reduced
• stroke: lack of blood flow to the brain from a blood clot, or bleeding in the brain from a broken blood vessel
• osteoporosis: thinning or weakening of your bones
• other cancers: such as cancer of the throat, mouth, esophagus (food pipe), pancreas, kidney, bladder, and prostate
• impotence and infertility: problems having an erection and getting your wife or partner pregnant
• wrinkles: damages the skin and causes wrinkling
Smoking around your wife, partner, or children can also cause serious health problems for them. They have a higher chance of developing lung cancer, asthma, allergies, ear infections, and other health problems.
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Smoking around your pregnant wife or partner can also cause health problems for her and your baby. If your wife or partner smokes, it increases her chances of having a miscarriage (losing her pregnancy), stillbirth (the baby dying in her womb), infant death, premature or early birth, or having a baby with low birth weight.
Smoking also affects your baby when she breastfeeds. If she smokes and breastfeeds, your baby is exposed to the same harmful chemicals. Heavy smoking can reduce your wife's or partner's milk supply and can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea in your baby. But health care providers agree, if she has tried to quit smoking and can't, it still is better to breastfeed your baby than to give your baby formula.
-----------------------------------
Provided by www.4woman.gov
Advertisement | {
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8,194,176,215,579,571,000 | Are All Calories Created Equal?
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By: , SparkPeople Blogger
10/28/2010 6:00 AM : 38 comments : 15,652 Views
Ideally, a healthy body is comprised of about 55-60 percent water, 10-20 percent muscle and lean tissue, 6-8 percent bone minerals and about 18 (men) or 22 (women) percent fat. When fat reserves rise higher than desired and weight loss is indicated, many diet options can be considered. However, the tried and true equation has been:
Cutting calories + Increasing activity + maintaining this lifestyle for life = healthy weight
Dietitians from the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and other nutrition professionals have long held the belief that it's not what you eat, it's how much. Based on this belief, any eating plan can achieve weight loss as long as eating is balanced and sensible and moderate exercise is included. Today, sensible eating has become defined as one that is low in fat, sugar, cholesterol and salt and rich in whole grains and lean proteins much like the DASH diet plan. Now a growing number of researchers are looking at the idea that perhaps the source of calories is just as important as the number. Do their findings show that not all calories are created equal?
In a 2009 Swedish study, investigators tested this theory. Volunteers consumed 20 extra calories per half pound of body weight from either candy or peanuts. This meant that someone weighing 150 pounds would over consume by 1,300 additional calories a day. After two weeks of this daily overconsumption, you would expect weight gain to occur in both groups. They found the peanut snackers did gain a small amount of weight, but it was only a third of the amount gained by the candy snackers. More surprising was the additional increase in waist circumference, rise in cholesterol and overall body fat that was also experienced by the candy snacking group.
So what was the biggest reason for the difference in responses? The insulin response initiated by the simple carbohydrates found in the candy is felt to be the biggest contributor. As blood sugar levels rise, the body responds with more insulin in an attempt to maintain normal blood glucose levels. When extra glucose and extra insulin are both present, they become packaged for storage in body fat for future energy use. Since peanuts do not contain simple carbohydrates, they did not initiate the same insulin response or increase in reserved energy storage. The peanut group experienced another benefit, which was a rise in resting metabolism. This increase in the body's ability to burn calories also limits weight gain because more energy is being burned so it doesn't need to be stored. If studies like this show composition is important, why do many health professionals continue to insist that eating a variety of foods and cutting back on total calories and increasing activity is the key to weight loss success? Based on my professional and personal experience, I believe the answer is easy. They are both right.
For health professionals, a regular or standard diet is one that provides the body with the energy it needs through protein, carbohydrate, and fat, with vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and water from a variety of foods from all food groups to maintain optimal nutritional health. It assumes health and is geared to maintain health. In a state of optimal nutritional health, when five to ten pounds have been acquired from overconsumption, simply changing the number of calories from the variety of foods typically consumed allows for changes in energy usage and body fat storage. Weight loss occurs when less energy is provided to the body from an exogenous (external) source like food causing the body to use endogenous (internal) sources (fat reserves) to supply the energy the body requires.
A therapeutic diet is a regular diet modified or adjusted to accommodate specific physical or metabolic limitations. The modifications may need to be in consistency, specific nutrients, energy or fluid levels, the timing of meals or the elimination of certain foods. A low sodium diet, a diabetic or carbohydrate controlled diet, a low or high protein diet, a low fat diet or a low cholesterol diet are all examples of a modified or therapeutic diet. In an ideal situation, a Registered Dietitian provides a modified diet that has been specifically designed to meet the nutritional needs of the recipient. Sometimes people choose to follow modified diets on their own by limiting carbohydrates, enhancing protein or restricting complete food groups. These self imposed modified diets are not always properly balanced to meet the bodies metabolic needs which can cause alternative and less efficient metabolic pathways to be used by the body. Weight loss in these situations (in my experience) becomes based more on the how the body responses to the composition of the exogenous energy source than in the amount of energy provided.
As a Clinical Dietitian, I dealt with people coping with end-stage-organ disease or who had received a solid organ (kidney, pancreas, or liver) transplant. They were all on a therapeutic diet of one type or another. If they only focused on the number of calories and not the composition of those calories, their bodies did not respond well related to weight loss goals. The key to success was finding the correct balance of nutrients based on their specific body needs. Accomplishing that was more of an art than a science and success came more from individualized adjustments in food composition than from strictly following calculated calorie totals.
The Bottom Line
Nutrition professionals have long held the belief that changing the number of calories you consume and being more active is all that is necessary to lose weight. For people of normal health who are only a few pounds over their typical weight, this is true. However, as we become heavier and heavier and have a variety of medical conditions, that may no longer be true for all. More and more studies are showing it is not only how much you eat but what you eat that influences weight control success.
More and more people every year need to modify their diets for sodium, fat, sugar, or all of the above. This means we are no longer following the long-standing "regular" diet of our parents' or grandparents' generation. Today, how we make those adjustments can have a direct impact on our weight loss success or add to our frustration. If you are having trouble meeting your weight loss goals and only focusing on total calories you eat and are following a modified diet of one type or another, making composition changes may be your key to success. Learning to adjust your macronutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) composition in your diet while maintaining in a healthy range can help you find the right combination for your body that will help you move toward your weight loss goals.
What do you think about the Swedish study? What has your weight loss journey shown to be true for you? Does calorie adjustments alone do the trick or is diet composition the key to your success.
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Comments
• 38
This article is great. Very helpful! Calories are definitely not created equal. You can have x amount of calories worth of chips and candy...or you can have x amount cals worth of fruits and veggies. The fruit and veggies are definitely going to be way better for your body. - 11/5/2010 5:10:22 AM
• 37
I'm vegan and have been for 13 years. I managed to gain extra weight while being vegan, and am taking it off while being vegan. It is entirely possible to eat within a normal calorie range but eat/drink junk and gain weight, and entirely possible to eat the same amount in calories, however with those calories coming from produce sources and still lose weight. I'm not sure how this happens. Maybe I miscalculate my produce calories and I'm actually eating fewer calories, or maybe it's really what I'm eating. I just know that I'm losing weight (and doing the yo-yo thing, but that's entirely my fault) while eating a very healthy diet. - 11/4/2010 9:58:13 AM
• 36
All calories are definitely not created equal. In theory, a person could lose weight eating at McDonalds every single day as long as they burned more calories then they took in. However, while a person might lose "weight" this way, how healthy will their internal organs be ? People assume that just losing weight will help keep them healthy. Well, there are plenty of unhealthy ways to lose. So, that's no good.
To me, weight loss is nothing more than a byproduct of a healthy lifestyle. If you're eating right, the weight will come off on its own. I'm one of those folks leaning towards a more vegetarian based diet. Yes, I still eat meat. I do love a good BBQ ! However, I am eating more veggies now than I did when I started my journey towards a healthy lifestyle. I do think that eating more veggies/fruits has done more for my body than just losing weight per se.
So, yes, I do think that eating higher quality foods and fewer highly processed foods do have a huge impact on my health. - 11/2/2010 9:13:02 AM
• 35
I agree with some of the other people who said they lose weight on a plant based diet. When I switched to vegan I noticed I can eat more calories and still lose. Even before I went totally vegan the only animal products I was eating were turkey and chicken white meat, and eggs, but I had to struggle to lose weight. I was not having any dairy or fatty cuts of meat. So it's amazing how incorporating more whole grains, legumes, and fresh fruits and veggies can help with the weight loss. I know I'm also healthier in general for it too. - 10/31/2010 9:53:37 PM
• 34
Awesome blog!Really makes you think about the glycemic index. Balance is at the fore front of good health and I had to learn that. Anyone else thinking we must be balanced in all we do? Hmmm...the end result of simple carbohydrate metabolism is SUGAR right? I have also learned that you can eat "right" but unless you incorporate exercise your efforts are almost moot. BALANCE is key! - 10/30/2010 11:37:15 PM
• 33
I really needed to read this. I've basically known it in my head, but in my heart I love candy and everything sweet. I'm slowing "weaning" myself off of it and hope at some point soon I will have a much healthier diet in every way. - 10/30/2010 10:53:09 PM
• 32
This article was very useful. I have never before read such a good explanation of what extra insulin does to the body. Thanks. This will definitely shape how I eat. - 10/30/2010 9:35:26 AM
• 31
My personal experience has been that what I eat is almost as important as how much. As a diabetic, I carefully monitor and control my sugar levels. When I eat "clean", natural foods, I lose weight and feel good. When I eat junk foods, I gain. - 10/29/2010 8:32:38 PM
• 30
How does one find a dietitian that will analyze your health problems and advise you as to the composition of your diet. I have been shopping for a friend who is diabetic w/ CHF - on his way home from the hospital he elected me to be his shopper - I buy what he likes, but have found the low sodium/lower fat options - have encouraged his fruit and veggie consumption, am trying to reduce processed foods as much as possible. But I have asked him to have his MD - prescribe a nutrition consult - and it was very limited - what he was told - keep doing what you are doing. This man is over 300 pounds and wants to loose weight - can't exercise much because of a balance problem. - 10/29/2010 7:55:22 PM
• JMOORESK8
29
I think that sodium awareness was a huge contributor to me becoming more healthy - and now at a healthy weight. In the middle of last year, I joined the gym to get a little "me" time. Two weeks into that, my 3 yo was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and went on a 12 week steroid regime. That meant 1 gram of salt a day for her. I decreased (although not to 1 g) as well. Having to make healthy choices of no processed food, no fast food, and sodium substitutes put us on the path to healthy eating. I lost 25 pounds, and have been at my healthy weight for about six months now. Now, I can really tell when I've had too much sodium because I am starving for no reason (probably just a thirst feeling that I've always misinterpreted as hunger). Watching the amount and quality of what my daughter and I put into our bodies has made us much healthier in the long run. She's great now, and has not had any relapses. - 10/29/2010 2:26:36 PM
• 28
I think High Protein and fewer carbs is what will work for me. I lost 20lbs almost effortlessly doing that. Now that I am only a few pounds from my ultimate goal, I'm trying to eat a few more carbs and fat to make my intake more realistic for the long haul. The weight just is not coming off like it used to. - 10/29/2010 11:41:01 AM
• 27
Next month marks my 3-year anniversary of having gastric bypass surgery. (I used to weigh 400, but have maintained at about 180 since last January; I am just over 5'5".) Having a small "pouch" for a stomach limits the amount of food I can eat, so I try to put the healthiest (read: most nutritious) food into my body that I can, because there isn't room for many extras! Because I need to maintain my muscle health (read: organs like heart, lungs, liver, kidneys!), protein is my number one priority. I don't count protein in items such as my shredded wheat cereal, but in the chicken, fish, lean hamburg, nuts, dairy, and eggs that I eat. Next, I focus on getting my veggies, then fruit, and THEN, if I have room, some good carbs. "Good" carbs include potatoes, sweet potatoes, brown rice (though I can't eat much more than 1/4 c. at one sitting), and MAYBE whole wheat bread - usually those Sandwich Thins. Forget eating sub rolls, bulkie rolls, or white bread of any kind, or white rice. It's just too filling, and I would rather have more nutrient-rich foods in my body. I do love chocolate, though, so one challenge I have is to try and switch from eating milk chocolate to eating only dark chocolate. I love ALL chocolate, so the switch won't be too tough; it's just breaking the habit that is all! I eat very little processed food, and try to eat as close to the original source as possible. Chocolate is practically my only indulgence outside of that rule! - 10/29/2010 10:13:54 AM
• 26
Great blog, great reminder! Now, if only I could convince myself not to eat out of boredom... - 10/29/2010 10:07:21 AM
• PARISTASAI
25
Low fat protein, complex carbs, low sodium,
seems to be a combination that works for me as far as diet--as well as foods with varied color, texture, and flavor.
Varied work and play that is strenuous and joyful seems to have a better effect than dreaded, boring--and abandoned--exercise. - 10/29/2010 9:36:51 AM
• 24
I know that when I eat lots of raw veggies and whole fruits and whole grains and very little meat the weight just falls off. Of course, limiting portion size is also key. As Michael Pollan (Omnivore's Dilemma; In Defense of Food) says: Eat Food, Not too much, mostly Plants. - 10/29/2010 9:35:32 AM
• 23
I agree. Also, I think exercise is the key. Staying active, and changing your diet to support your needs is a must. Don't be in a "diet" mode all the time. - 10/29/2010 9:31:23 AM
• 22
It's been a given for a long time....empty calories are empty - 10/29/2010 7:35:56 AM
• SUSANGO123
21
I find that if I eat healthy calories like veggies, protein from a plant source etc, I lose weight. When I eat a lot of simple carbs, like white flour, I gain. With that being said, if I eat too much of either, weight gain is will happen. Also, exercising has helped me in losing the weight as well. - 10/29/2010 6:56:06 AM
• 20
In my own mind I have always felt that it can't be just as simple as calories in vs calories out! If I ate 100 calorie candy bar, vs a 100 calories of almonds, I would assume that my body is going to thank me in other ways! That candy bar is not doing much at all for my body, as where the nuts are giving me protein and some fiber. No preservatives or artificial anythings! Nuts; good fats, Candy bar; bad fats...Come on, it has got to metabolize better in your body, even if it was the same calories to start!
Blessings,
wildflowerr
:)
- 10/29/2010 1:30:04 AM
• 19
In the "SOUTH BEACH DIET" Arthur Agatston, M.D. teaches about Metabolic Syndrome/Insulin Resistance. He developed the diet because his heart patients were dying on the AHA (American Heart Association) Diet. So, for me it isn't about calories, but about eating right to avoid diabetes and heart disease. - 10/29/2010 1:19:29 AM
• 18
I don't feel guilty now about eating all the peanuts I have added to my diet to increase my protein consumption - 10/28/2010 9:37:13 PM
• GOSPODYINA
17
My nutritionist has asked me to add protein throughout the day, but I look at the fat content of nuts and just can't do it. Lunch includes beef jerky and a raisin-heavy trail mix that does include a variety of nuts, but she's talking about handfuls of almonds, and all I can see is that 72% of the calories come from fat. At least the jerky is closer to half! - 10/28/2010 4:46:56 PM
• 16
I am one of those people who falls into a restricted diet category. I have both celiac disease and allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Whole grain bread? forget it. Snacking on nuts? not an option. I watch what I eat, seldom snack, eat small portions and still now weight loss. I wish I could find that magic formula that would help me lose weight - 10/28/2010 3:52:45 PM
• 15
I'm snacking on whole natural and dry roasted almonds right now. I mix them up. I have quit snacking on candy. Besides the reasons given in the article candy also makes you crave more after you eat a piece. It it very difficult to stop at one. I used to prowl the candy aisles at all holidays and loved the clearance sales after a holiday. Now, I avoid them or walk through with out stopping because I know candy is not for me. I do eat 1/3 oz. to 1 oz. of dark chocolate when I need a fix. I don't crave more, it satisfies me, and there are benefits to eating dark chocolate. The higher percentage of cacao the better. - 10/28/2010 2:55:42 PM
• 14
Very interesting blog. I really appreciate the SP Nutrition tracker - I've been able to personalize the nutrients followed and the daily feedback positively affects my food selections. Cholesterol, sodium and iron were things I need to monitor. - 10/28/2010 1:54:07 PM
• 13
I'd be curious to know what amount, if any, high fructose corn syrup was in that candy? - 10/28/2010 1:35:12 PM
• 12
I needed to lose 60+ pounds when I started Sparkpeople. I found that I needed to eliminate simple carbs from my program, and even restrict some other carbs for a while to lose the weight. I am now 2.6 pounds away from reaching my goal. - 10/28/2010 11:43:25 AM
• LIVINGONMYTERMS
11
For myself--I have to take the scientific approach. If I get just enough fat then my protein is to low and carbs are to high. If I get enough protein then the fat is to high and so on. Since I typically don't eat sweets, breads and other garbage but lose slowly and gain quickly. It is frustrating and a person can only work out so much. - 10/28/2010 11:30:57 AM
• 10
... and this doesn't even take into consideration the effect the quality of foods have on our appetite or other health benefits to our bodies. I know if I eat sugars or simple carbs, it makes it hard to resist eating more. You don't have to convince me that all calories are not created equal! - 10/28/2010 10:43:01 AM
• RUQAYYAH3
9
I know this before I read it
It's a good reminder
I always try new things out
and I know having a healthier food choices well appear on my body on the long run - 10/28/2010 8:43:28 AM
• 8
I think a little bit of both have helped me to realize the weight loss I've seen so far. Since I am (was!) an emotional eater, there were a lot of extra calories. Now that I'm learning to pay attention to my hunger/satiety cues, I eat fewer calories. And since I've been using the SP Nutrition Tracker, I am able to see what kinds of calories I'm consuming. When I eat at the lower end of my carb range (especially avoiding simple carbs, like sugar), I see a bit more weight come off. I have yet to find the "ideal" formula for me, but the tools I'm getting from SP definitely have me on the right track! - 10/28/2010 8:38:48 AM
• 7
The study goes a long way to support the long-held belief that less-processed foods (like nuts) are better than more processed foods (like candy, sugar, etc.) Although dietitians and nutritionists talk about a 'standard' diet, it's standard as much from tradition as from its quality. We live in a culture of unprecedented wealth--and our most easily available and least expensive consumables have less value nutritionally than the 'standard' diet available throughout history to many peasants.
For me, the key is portion control AND staying away from processed food. I aim for whole grain bread because I'm a bread-and-cheese nut, but I try to make that as high up the processed-food chain as I'm willing to go on a regular basis. - 10/28/2010 8:34:15 AM
• 6
I find I lose weight when I consume at the lower end of my "ideal caloric range", continue to exercise regularly, and eat foods that have a lower glycemic index, example: cantalope instead of watermelon. As soon as I eat too much starches and red meats, I tend to gain weight. For me, as I age, I find that I must be a bit more "scientific" when I approach my daily nutrition needs. The regular exercise is a constant. - 10/28/2010 8:20:58 AM
• 5
I am just like oburrel: I really only loose weight on a raw vegan diet. Meats, and really processed foods (and I don't even mean THAT processed, just things that are not in their whole form) tend to really slow me down and cause me a lot of stomach problems. Whole, raw fruits, veggies, nuts and seeds make my body VERY happy. But it can also be expensive, so I am looking into ways to tweak that programmand see what kind of results I have. - 10/28/2010 8:01:48 AM
• 4
I totally agree. For some, it's as easy as just cutting back but it doesn't work that way for everyone. It's not just "calories in, calories out". I lose weight when I increase my activity significantly and cut back on any type of meat and carbs. I have had to go to a mainly fruit and veggie diet in order to lose weight because my stomach doesn't digest food well and keeps me from losing weight. Articles such as these help people like me remember that we are doing well and we aren't failures just because the "normal" way of losing weight doesn't work for us. - 10/28/2010 7:46:58 AM
• 3
I think the composition thing explains alot - for example everyone knows simple carbs cause BS/insulin spikes, and everyone knows you can't lose weight if your insulin is high. This would also explain why the Atkins system of finding what your carb tolerance level metabolicly is (I forget exactly what they call it; I'm not an Atkins fan) and this would explain why Atkins and South Beach and Mediterranean work so well for so many, but only some and not all. Some people believe in food combining, and this would explain that too - food combining might be beneficial to some if certain combos result in undesirable body chemistry.
To me the bottom line is North Americans eat too much. Plain and simple. I use The No S Diet, which curbs overeating, binging, high insulin from sweets, etc. If you eat moderate amounts of good food, you can change back to healthy. See my page for team icon if interested in the No S Diet. - 10/28/2010 7:20:06 AM
• 2
I do agree. I can stay in the middle of my calorie range, exercise, but still not lose any weight. Changing the total calories in can affect my loss in small ways.. but the best way for me is to adjust what I eat. I just haven't found the best combination for my body... Losing is very, very slow.. and frustrating... and I gain ever so easily!!! - 10/28/2010 6:35:14 AM
• TWOOFTHREE
1
Great blog.
I've known this, from my personal experience, from a long time.
I know my own body and that I need consume high protein/lower carb in order to lose. And this is what I do.
2/3 - 10/28/2010 6:18:47 AM
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6,247,591,083,904,872,000 | pharyngitis
pharyngitis is a topic covered in the Taber's Medical Dictionary.
To view the entire topic, please or purchase a subscription.
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Nursing Central
-- The first section of this topic is shown below --
(far″ĭn-jīt′ĭs )
[pharyng- + -itis]
Inflammation of the mucous membranes and lymphoid tissues of the pharynx, usually as a result of infection.
INCIDENCE
In the U.S., approx. 11 million are diagnosed annually with all forms of pharyngitis.
CAUSES
The disease typically is caused by viral or bacterial infections, including influenza virus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Occasionally, diphtheria or Candida albicans is responsible.
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
The predominant symptom is throat pain. Fever, malaise, muscle aches, and painful swallowing are often present.
DIAGNOSIS
It is difficult to distinguish between viral and bacterial causes of sore throat based on symptoms alone; throat swabs may be taken to rule out a bacterial cause.
TREATMENT
Gargling with warm salty water provides topical relief. Analgesic drugs, fluids, throat lozenges, or topical anesthetics also are helpful. If clinical suspicion, rapid tests, or culture results identify streptococci, penicillin or an erythromycin is usually curative.
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1,618,140,491,524,787,500 | Monday, September 26
Nutritional Supplements – Could they be Dangerous?
protetox ebayDietary supplements mention any health products which can supplement the diet of ours. They include vitamins, herbal supplements, Probiotics, digestive enzymes, amino acids, minerals, glandular extracts and dietary fibers etc.
The use of dietary supplements continues to be rising every year. Whereas a lot of men and women think that dietary supplements can improve the health of theirs or protect against certain illnesses, some customer groups and medical professionals have warned that dietary supplements can be dangerous. Thus, the question is: are nutritional supplements really dangerous? Regrettably, the question doesn’t have an easy answer.
Dietary supplements, by the broad definition of its, include a huge protetox phone number – see page, of products that are numerous. In 2004, Consumer Reports mentioned twelve potentially risky nutritional supplements. A lot of them are organic products. Several of these herbs were consumed by herbalists for hundreds of years and are viewed as secure. Nonetheless, when the effective substances in these herbs are extracted in concentrated or pure type and eaten over prolonged period, they can be harmful to some people.
Many dietary supplements such as vitamins and minerals are protected and can supplement what is missing in the diet of ours. However, even the benign supplement could become dangerous in overdose. In news which is local, a woman was reported to offer her 2 teenage daughters mega dose of vitamin A for prolonged time, thinking the supplement is good for the eyes. Both experienced acute liver failure and 1 called for a liver transplant to save the life of her. Vitamin A isn’t hazardous but mega measure of vitamin A is hepatotoxic. In this situation, ignorance is dangerous!
The quality of dietary supplement is likewise a vital factor. The presence of contaminations, such as toxic substances, drugs, and heavy metal are able to generate- Positive Many Meanings – a benign supplement risky. A good example is the presence of microcystin toxin in blue green algae dietary supplements. Microcystins are natural toxins from certain strains of blue green algae which can result in liver harm and liver tumors. Based on the research conducted by Health Canada, only one strain of blue green algae, Spirulina, is free from microcystins as Spirulina is harvested from controlled ponds. A lot of the non Spirulina blue green algae supplements are polluted by microcystins, particularly those harvested from healthy lakes. Daily consumption of these dietary supplements would go beyond the acceptable level of microcystin consumption established by Health Canada and WHO.
Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is another critical factor to safeguard the quality as well as safety of soluble supplements. Dietary supplement makers in compliance of GMP requirements have testing the identity of raw materials, apply a good management product, provide expiration date for the finished items, keep very good records of batch creation plus authored methods, as well hire personnel who are trained to recognize as well as follow GMP. This practice can reduce the chance of getting batch to batch perturbation for power, composition, virginity and quality of finished products.
To sum up, even thought nearly all nutritional supplements are safe when consumed based on the label, customers might want to teach themselves prior to taking these supplements. What exactly are the features of these supplements? How long should I be taking them? Are they manufactured by reputable businesses in compliance of good manufacturing practices? Never ever consume more than the suggested dose unless supervised by healthcare professionals. If you are pregnant, breast feeding, or perhaps suffering from pre-existing health problems, you must also take additional precaution and check with your doctors or nutritionists.
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-6,753,059,698,942,228,000 | Anxiety Tips: Diet & Exercise
Anxiety is part of modern living and oftentimes cannot be avoided. Outside of medication and therapy, daily coping techniques aid anxious acceptance and recovery exponentially. This section describes several helpful ideas and habits to adopt when living with anxiety.
Discover 30 more articles on this topic
Browse Full Outline
At this point in the course, you have a wider understanding of the causes of fear and anxiety, common anxiety disorders, and long-term anxiety interventions including therapy and medication. Even if you do not personally suffer from an anxiety disorder, anxiety is and will remain a presence in your life. It may arise gradually or suddenly; either way, you'll need a powerful set of tools to cope with its influence, embrace its positive aspects, and avoid its negative, lifelong effects.
The next three sections of the course are dedicated to the behaviors, lifestyle changes, and positive mental habits you can begin incorporating into your life to reduce anxiety. Several of these concepts have origins in the therapeutic schools previously discussed, but none of them require extensive training or tremendous expense to implement. You can begin these techniques today!
If you are ready to turn a new leaf in how you interpret and react to anxiety and the fear response, these next sections are for you.
Exercise
The importance of exercise for reducing symptoms of mental disorders—not just anxiety and depressive disorders—cannot be overstated. Exercise releases endorphins, chemicals which help regulate energy levels and promote good sleep. More energy means less time for rumination and worry and more time putting other anxiety-reduction plans into action. More sleep means less stress overall. As little as 5 minutes of high-intensity aerobic exercise is enough to improve motivation, self-esteem, and trigger anti-anxiety and immune system chemicals.
For someone with depressive symptoms, 10 minutes of vigorous exercise has the same positive mental effect as a longer 45-minute workout—temporary but hours-long improvements in mood and concentration. Exercise also has a preventative role to play: One study showed participants who exercised regularly were 25% less likely to develop an anxiety or depressive disorder for a full 5 years. Another showed that a regimen of 30-40 minutes of exercise 3 times a week produced the same positive gains for Panic Disorder as did taking the drug clomipramine in just 10 weeks.
What's more, the same neurons that are excited in the hippocampus (the brain's memory center) during exercise seem to activate other inhibitive neurons. The more healthy excitement neurons experience, the better prepared they are to counteract negative, stress- or anxiety-related responses, and the more easily the hippocampus remembers to activate them.
Aside from study specifics, regular exercise also promotes these overarching anti-anxiety moods and mental conditions:
• Gaining confidence
• Meeting goals
• Taking the mind off worries
• More chances for social interaction/support
• Reinforces more healthy coping strategies
Proper Diet
The food and nutrients you supply your body with affect your physical and mental well-being. While most experts agree that the brain's biochemistry and one's life experiences acting on predispositions to anxiety and stress are responsible for the majority or anxiety disorders, there is mounting evidence that indirect links between nutrition and anxiety exist.
The unregulated market for homeopathic and supplemental cure-alls is rife with misinformation about the role certain chemicals play when it comes to anxiety. (Many combinations of natural supplements and psychopharmaceutical medications can actually be deadly!) In an effort to combat these hucksters, here is a brief but scientifically-backed list of foods and nutrients that affect—positively and negatively—anxiety:
• Eat Omega-3 Fatty Acids – Commonly found in fish, these chemicals are severely lacking in most modern diets. While the exact mechanism is still unknown, research has found omega-3s reduce anxious reactions by restricting the concentration of cytokines, proteins which carry out inflammatory cardiovascular roles during anxiety-inducing situations. Less inflammation during bouts of anxiety means healthier stress reactions on the body and heart. Diets high in omega-3s promote this reaction.
• Eat Tryptophan – This amino acid (famously found in turkey) is the catalyst for the production of serotonin, the mood-altering neurotransmitter the levels of which SSRIs attempt to elevate. Controlled studies have shown increased serotonin production with more tryptophan in the body, and a reduction of cortisol, a stress hormone.
• Eat Complex Carbohydrates – Foods high in complex carbs—notably whole grains—may contribute to serotonin production more than simple carbs—foods high in sugar and little nutrients.
• Avoid Sugary Foods/Empty Calories – Speaking of, blood-sugar levels affect the body's energy and mood levels. Spikes and drops in blood sugar can leave you more vulnerable to stress and anxiety triggers. Eliminating simple carbs and sugars without nutrients (have actual fruits and vegetables, not juices or concentrates) reduces anxiety's preemptive appearance.
• Avoid Alcohol & Caffeine – Alcohol is a depressant; its immediate effect on the body is calming but once metabolized can increase feelings of edginess and interfere with sleep. Caffeine is a stimulant; for people hypervigilant about sensations of danger and anxiety, caffeine's effects on the body (shaky palms, sweating, racing heart) can be confused with anxious symptoms and set off false panic alarms.
Full reference:
(Jun 26, 2015). Anxiety Tips: Diet & Exercise. Retrieved Jul 24, 2019 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/e/diet-and-exercise
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US3727602A - Instrument for taking samples from internal organs - Google Patents
Instrument for taking samples from internal organs Download PDF
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Publication number
US3727602A
US3727602A US3727602DA US3727602A US 3727602 A US3727602 A US 3727602A US 3727602D A US3727602D A US 3727602DA US 3727602 A US3727602 A US 3727602A
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US
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Grant
Patent type
Prior art keywords
cannula
plunger
needle
end
body
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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Inventor
V Hyden
S Larsson
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V Hyden
S Larsson
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• AHUMAN NECESSITIES
• A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
• A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
• A61B10/00Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
• A61B10/02Instruments for taking cell samples or for biopsy
• A61B10/04Endoscopic instruments
• AHUMAN NECESSITIES
• A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
• A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
• A61B10/00Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
• A61B10/02Instruments for taking cell samples or for biopsy
• A61B10/0233Pointed or sharp biopsy instruments
• A61B10/0283Pointed or sharp biopsy instruments with vacuum aspiration, e.g. caused by retractable plunger or by connected syringe
• AHUMAN NECESSITIES
• A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
• A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
• A61B90/00Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
• A61B90/03Automatic limiting or abutting means, e.g. for safety
• A61B2090/033Abutting means, stops, e.g. abutting on tissue or skin
• A61B2090/034Abutting means, stops, e.g. abutting on tissue or skin abutting on parts of the device itself
Abstract
An instrument for taking samples from internal organs of humans and animals in which a cannula for insertion into the organ is detachably connected to a handle portion provided with a plunger pump for drawing the sample into the cannula and a needle of homogeneous material is secured in the pump plunger for axial movement within the cannula and serves to prevent undesired fragments of connective tissues entering the cannula when the cannula passes through the tissues surrounding the internal organ being sampled.
Description
United States Patent [191 Hyden et a1.
[ INSTRUMENT FOR TAKING SAMPLES FROM INTERNAL ORGANS Inventors: Victor Holger Hyden; Sune Torsten Larsson, both of Goteborg, Sweden Assignee: said Hyden and Victor, by said Larsson Romeo 128/304 1 Apr. 17, 1973 l 3,088,454 5/1963 Shute ..128/2 B 2,522,108 9/1950 Flagg ....l28/2 B 1,867,624 7/1932 Hoffman ..l28/2 B 3,040,744 6/ 1962 HOg gard 128/218 C FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 193,900 3/1923 Great Britain... ..128/347 459,483 5/1928 Germany ...l28/347 587,586 1/1959 Italy ....128/2 13 187,228 4/1967 U.S.S.R ..128/2 B Primary Examiner-l yle L. Howell Attorney-Holman & Stern [5 7 ABSTRACT An instrument for taking samples from internal organs of humans and animals in which a cannula for insertion into the organ is detachably connected to a handle portion provided with a plunger pump for drawing the sample into the cannula and a needle of homogeneous material is secured in the pump plunger for axial movement within the cannula and serves to prevent undesired fragments of connective tissues entering the cannula when the cannula passes through the tissues surrounding the internal organ being sampled.
3 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures 1 INSTRUMENT FOR TAIKHNG SAMPLES FROM INTERNAL ORGANS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION PRIOR TECHNIQUES 'A pathologic change of cells in an internal organ, for example the liver, requires an early and safe diagnosis for allowing the curing of the condition by simple means. Sucn pathologic changes heretofore have been diagnosed by an indirect method, viz. by examining the body liquids secreted from the organ in question. This indirect method, however, did not allow for a sufficiently early diagnosis which was its greatest disadvantage. When using a direct method by taking a small tissue sample from the organ, the diagnosis can be made at a very early stage. For this reason, the direct method was introduced for trial purposes. Due to the absence of an instrument of greater suitability, a usual hypodermic syringe. was used and which was provided with a relatively large cannula having an outside diameter of about 2 mm and a conventionally ground clown point into which a tissue sample was sucked. The tissue samples thus taken are to a high degree mixed with connective tissues from the tissues surrounding the internal organ in question. For this reason, introduction was made of the method of placing into the cannula a needle of a homogenous material, and removing the needle after the cannula had penetrated through the tissues in front of the organ into the organ. The quality of the sample thus taken was improved, but the sampling technique showed, certain disadvantages restricting its application. The large cannula, as a matter of fact, in many cases gave rise to complications in the form of bleedings and infections and was somewhat painful for the patient.
A device for taking samples from internal organs which was developed at a later date utilizes a capillary cannula with an outer diameter of 0.3 0.4 mm, the point of which is cutoff perpendicularly and ground to a cone angle of 40 50 to form a circular edge. With this device, the inconvenience and the risk of complications are at a minimum, and the sample taken, when correctly applying the sampling technique, is substantially free of undesirable connective tissue fragments. The device, however, is not entirely satisfactory since it involves obtaining an accurately adjusted vacuum of about 150 mm water-column for sucking the sample into the cannula. A further objection is that this vacuum has to be connected to a separate pump or suc tion hose, which has made it relatively difficult to handle thedevice in practical use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION the sampling technique is improved and simplified. By securing the needle in the plunger, it draws itself automatically back out of the cannula when the sample is being sucked in, and the sample cannot, by the strong vacuum, be sucked up through the cannula to the pump. The cannula preferably is so designed in accordance with the above mentioned prior art device that the advantages of a capillary canuia with its special grinding of the point can be utilized. The outer diameter possibly is to be increased to about 0.5 mm, for preventing the needle from being so thin that it would be uncomfortable to insert the needle into the cannula when the instrument is to be cleaned and sterilized. This increase in diameter by some tenth of a millimeter is so insignificant that it does not imply any disadvantages. The needle diameter is so adjusted in relation to the inner diameter of the cannula that the play therebetween allows the pump to effect sucking through the gap formed, but prevents the tissue sample sucked in to pass the needle. The length of the needle is so adjusted that its free end terminates immediately outside of the cannula mouth when the plunger is in its end position closest to the cannula. When a desired sample quantity has been sucked into the cannula, a pressure balance takes place which interrupts the sucking operation, due to the fact that the plunger on its way exposes a connection to the outer air. The plunger is actuated by a sliding portion on the front part of the handle. The sliding portion is mounted on a cover plate covering a gap, in which a spring clip runs which is secured on the lower surface of the cover plate. The spring clip embraces the plunger in a groove and acts as a carrier. The gap in the pump tube limits the pump stroke. The outer cross-section of the handle can be given a round shape or, which is more advantageous, an angular shape with slightly rounded corners, or it may be given another suitable shape providing a comfortable and safe grip for the hand holding the instrument in the manner of a thick pencil.
In order to avoid the risk of transferring to the patient, for example, infectious yellow jaundice by an unsatisfactorily sterilized cannula, use is made increasingly of throw-away instruments, for example hypodermic syringes, packed in sterile packages and discarded after use. These instruments are assembled of a few simple plastic parts, and as only the cannula is of metal, these instruments are quite inexpensive. The principle can be applied alternatively to an instrument according to the invention. The instrument in such case can be manufactured to be of the throw-away type in its entirety, or it may be sufficient to manufacture only those instrument parts for discard which are to be inserted into the body tissues, i.e. the cannula and the needle. The invention is designed so asto allow for a rapid and simple mounting and dismounting of the cannula and needle.
A preferred embodiment of the instrument is described in greater detail in the following, with reference to the accompanying drawing. i
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view of longitudinal section through the instrument, with the plunger being in its forward position, I
, FIG. 2 is a view taken along-the line 11-11 in FIG. 1, the view looking in the direction of the arrows,
' with the needle controlled by the plunger, in which FIG. 3 shows the needle position when the plunger is fully inserted, and
FIG. 4 the needle position when the plunger is fully retracted, and
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary view illustrating the manner in which the needle is secured in the plunger.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION F T INVENTION The instrument shown in FIG. 1 comprises a tubular body defining an elongated pump tube ll having a hexagonal outer cross-section with slightly rounded corners, FIG. 2, so as to provide a safe and comfortable grip for the hand. The grip is improved in that the forward portion of the pump tube 1 is knurled. In the forward portion of the pump tube 1 is movably arranged a long plunger 2 provided with a sealing ring 4 mounted in a groove 3 in the plunger. The plunger 2 is actuated by a finger portion 5 on a cover plate s which is connected with the plunger 2 by a spring clip 7 embracing a groove 19 in the plunger 2. A slot 8 for the spring clip 7 is provided in the pump tube l and limits the length of the pump stroke. An aperture 9 in the pump tube ll connects the interior of the pump tube l with the outer air and brings about a pressure balance immediately prior to the arrival of the plunger 2 at its retracted end position, when the aperture 9 is exposed after a suffi ciently great tissue sample has been sucked into the instrument. The rearward portion of the pump tube l is closed by a-rounded plug ill), and the forward portion of tube 1 is designed as a reduced end piece llll having an axial through bore and a gasket l2. On the forward portion of the end piece 11, a quick-coupling 13 of a bayonet type serves to detachably connect a capillary sampling cannula 14 to the end piece. The cannula Rd has a pointed end 15, FIGS., 3 and i which preferably is ground conical to form a sharp circular edge, but it also may have another suitable form (not shown). in the plunger 2, a needle 16 of a homogeneous material is fastened and the needle extendsthrough the axial bore in the end piece 11 and the cannula 11d and terminates in a point 17. The point 1'7 extends immediately outside of the pointed end 15 of the cannula 14 when the plunger 2 isin its inner end position (MG. 3). The diameter of the needle 16 is so adjusted in relation to the inner diameter of the cannula id as to form a narrow gap 18 therebetween, which, during the pumping operation,v allows for a pressure balance between the cannula 14 and the interior of the pump tube ll, but which is sufficiently narrow to prevent the tissue sample taken from passing past the point E7 of the needle (FIG. 4).
For enabling a rapid exchanger or replacement, the needle 16 is mounted detachably in the plunger 2, and more specifically, the plunger 2 is provided with an axial cylindrical hole 20, the forward portion or mouth of which is widened to provide a conical guide 21 for a twice-folded resilient holder 22 of the needle 16. Upon mounting the needle 16, the resilient holder 22 is moved in the direction of the arrow against the plunger 2 with the insertion into the hole ill) being facilitated by the guide 21. The needle 16 having reached the bottom of the hole 20, is resiliently secured in the plunger 2. The force of resilience is sufficient for the needle to to participate in the movements of the plunger 2, but the force is such that the needle easily can be withdrawn from the hole Jill for exchange purposes. The length of the needle T16 is so adjusted that it projects after mounting, some distance outside of the pointed end i5 of the cannula lid. This piece is cut old to align with the pointed end 115.
Before sampling, it is desirable to make certain that the joints between the end piece Ill and the quickcoupling l3 and between the quick-coupling l3 and the cannula l t respectivelyare tight. This can be simply effected by sucking up into the instrument, a liquid innocuous to the body tissues, for example a sterile isotonic saline solution which thereafter is sprayed out of the instrument. The liquid residue remaining in the gap 18 and in cavities behind the gap does not disturb the sampling, but acts as an additional barrier, not necessary per so, when thee instrument passes through the tissue in front of the organ in question.
The instrument is then held similar to a pencil with one finger on the sliding portion 5, which is held in its forward position while the cannula 14 is inserted through the tissue surrounding the organ until the pointed end l5 reaches the sampling area in the internal organ. The plunger 2 is slowly retracted by means of the sliding portion 5 at the same time as the cannula M is inserted an additional short distance whereby a tissue sample is sucked into the forward portion of the cannula id in front of the returning needle 16. When the plunger 2 exposes the aperture 9, the vacuum in the instrument is balanced, and the suction of the tissue sample is completed. The instrument can now carefully be pulled. out while the plunger 2 still is in its retracted position. The sample then removed from the cannula id for examination by moving the plunger 2 to its forward position.
The design of the individual parts as well as the choice of the construction material can be varied to a substantial degree without departing from the basic idea of the invention. it can be imagined, for example, to manufacture the instrument of metal and/or glass, with a constructional design which is suitable in such a case, not the-least in consideration of a repeated use of the instrument, or the instrument can be given a highly simplified design, with most of the details made of plastic, when the instrument is intended to be discarded after use. i
We claim:
1. An instrument for taking tissue samples from internal organs of humans and animals comprising a tubular body having an open end and a closed end, a plunger mounted for axial movement within the body, said body and plunger constituting a vaccum pump, with said body also serving as a handle for the instrument, a cannula constituting a sampling portion of the instrument, said cannula having an outer diameter of about 0.4 min, means detachahly connecting the cannula to the open end of the body, a needle of homogeneous material, means resiliently supporting the needle in the plunger, said needle extending through the open end of the body into the cannula and terminating in a point located immediately outside the end of the cannula when the plunger is at the end of its strolte towards the open end of the body, the outer diameter of the needle and the inner diameter of the cannula being such as to provide a narrow annular gap between the needle and cannula, said gap allowing for a pressure balance between the cannula and the body upon movement of the plunger from the open end toward the closed end of the body yet preventing the passage of the tissue sample past the point of the needle during the movement of the needle with thee plunger, said body having an axial slot therein, means attached to the plunger and projecting through said axial slot, a member slidably mounted on the outside of said body to which said attaching means is secured, the length of the axial slot limiting the stroke of the plunger, and said body having an aperture in proximity to the open end of the body to provide communication between the body and the outer air, said aperture being closed when the plunger is adjacent the open end of the body but being exposed when the plunger moves toward the end of its stroke in the direction of the closed end of the body after a tissue sample has been drawn into the cannula to effect the pressure balance.
2. The instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that said attaching means is a spring clip and said slidably mounted member is a cover plate.
3. The instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the resilient supporting means for the needle comprises a twice-folded resilient holder and an axial cylindrical hole in the plunger having a widened mouth to form a conical guide into which the holder may be inserted and removed.
Claims (3)
1. An instrument for taking tissue samples from internal organs of humans and animals comprising a tubular body having an open end and a closed end, a plunger mounted for axial movement within the body, said body and plunger constituting a vacuum pump, with said body also serving as a handle for the instrument, a cannula constituting a sampling portion of the instrument, said cannula having an outer diameter of about 0.4 mm, means detachably connecting the cannula to the open end of the body, a needle of homogeneous material, means resiliently supporting the needle in the plunger, said needle extending through the open end of the body into the cannula and terminating in a point located immediately outside the end of the cannula when the plunger is at the end of its stroke towards the open end of the body, the outer diameter of the needle and the inner diameter of the cannula being such as to provide a narrow annular gap between the needle and cannula, said gap allowing for a pressure balance between the cannula and the body upon movement of the plunger from the open end toward the closed end of the body yet preventing the passage of the tissue sample past the point of the needle during the movement of the needle with thee plunger, said body having an axial slot therein, means attached to the plunger and projecting through said axial slot, a member slidably mounted on the outside of said body to which said attaching means is secured, the length of the axial slot limiting the stroke of the plunger, and said body having an aperture in proximity to the open end of the body to provide communication between the body and the outer air, said aperture being closed when the plunger is adjacent the open end of the body but being exposed when the plunger moves toward the end of its stroke in the direction of the closed end of the body after a tissue sample has been drawn into the cannula to effect the pressure balance.
2. The instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that said attaching means is a spring clip and said slidably mounted member is a cover plate.
3. The instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the resilient supporting means for the needle comprises a twice-folded resilient holder and an axial cylindrical hole in the plunger having a widened mouth to form a conical guide into which the holder may be inserted and removed.
US3727602A 1970-06-15 1971-01-28 Instrument for taking samples from internal organs Expired - Lifetime US3727602A (en)
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CA (1) CA927702A (en)
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ES (1) ES383777A1 (en)
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US3882849A (en) * 1974-03-25 1975-05-13 Khosrow Jamshidi Soft Tissue Biopsy Device
US3938505A (en) * 1974-08-16 1976-02-17 Khosrow Jamshidi Soft tissue biopsy aspirating device
US4230128A (en) * 1978-03-30 1980-10-28 Aramayo Rene S Catheter attachment for blood sampling
US4396022A (en) * 1980-07-22 1983-08-02 Marx Alvin J Endometrial tissue sampling apparatus
US4532935A (en) * 1982-11-01 1985-08-06 Wang Ko P Bronchoscopic needle assembly
EP0186256A1 (en) * 1984-10-24 1986-07-02 Hakko Electric Machine Works Co. Ltd. Biopsy needle set
US4766906A (en) * 1981-05-06 1988-08-30 Ko Pen Wang Bronchoscopic needle assembly
US4785826A (en) * 1987-03-02 1988-11-22 Ward John L Biopsy instrument
US5116323A (en) * 1991-01-22 1992-05-26 Becton, Dickinson And Company Arterial catheter
US5197485A (en) * 1991-10-15 1993-03-30 Pilling Co. Method and apparatus for sampling aortic plaque
US5246011A (en) * 1992-01-30 1993-09-21 Caillouette James C Fine needle aspiration syringe
US5255688A (en) * 1989-09-27 1993-10-26 Bredam Medical Distribution S.A. Instrument for handling biopsies and specimens
US5423330A (en) * 1993-03-10 1995-06-13 The University Of Miami Capsule suction punch instrument and method of use
US5651372A (en) * 1995-06-28 1997-07-29 Caillouette; James C. Biopsy syringe
US20050165328A1 (en) * 2002-03-19 2005-07-28 Norbert Heske Biopsy device and biopsy needle module that can be inserted into the biopsy device
US20050203439A1 (en) * 2002-03-19 2005-09-15 Norbert Heske Vacuum biopsy device
WO2006005343A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2006-01-19 Sonion Roskilde A/S Length detection system for biopsy device
US20080306406A1 (en) * 2005-08-10 2008-12-11 C.R. Bard Inc. Single-Insertion, Multiple Sampling Biopsy Device With Linear Drive
US20080319341A1 (en) * 2005-08-10 2008-12-25 C.R. Bard Inc. Single-Insertion, Multiple Sample Biopsy Device with Integrated Markers
US20090227893A1 (en) * 2005-08-10 2009-09-10 C.R. Bard Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sampling biopsy device usable with various transport systems and integrated markers
US20100030108A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2010-02-04 C.R. Bard, Inc. Large sample low aspect ratio biopsy needle
US20100106053A1 (en) * 2006-10-06 2010-04-29 Videbaek Karsten Tissue handling system with reduced operator exposure
US20100234760A1 (en) * 2006-08-21 2010-09-16 Dan Almazan Self-contained Handheld Biopsy Needle
US20110021946A1 (en) * 2003-03-29 2011-01-27 C.R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy needle system having a pressure generating unit
US20110054349A1 (en) * 2007-12-27 2011-03-03 Devicor Medical Products, Inc. Clutch and valving system for tetherless biopsy device
US20110054350A1 (en) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-03 Videbaek Karsten Biopsy apparatus having a tissue sample retrieval mechanism
US20110077551A1 (en) * 2009-09-25 2011-03-31 Videbaek Karsten Charging station for battery powered biopsy apparatus
US20110087131A1 (en) * 2009-10-12 2011-04-14 Videbaek Karsten Biopsy probe assembly having a mechanism to prevent misalignment of components prior to installation
EP1915949A3 (en) * 2004-07-09 2011-04-20 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy device
US20110105946A1 (en) * 2009-10-31 2011-05-05 Sorensen Peter L Biopsy system with infrared communications
US20110105945A1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2011-05-05 Videbaek Karsten Biopsy driver assembly having a control circuit for conserving battery power
US20110208085A1 (en) * 2005-01-31 2011-08-25 C.R. Bard, Inc. Quick cycle biopsy system
US8597205B2 (en) 2007-12-20 2013-12-03 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy device
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Cited By (95)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3882849A (en) * 1974-03-25 1975-05-13 Khosrow Jamshidi Soft Tissue Biopsy Device
US3938505A (en) * 1974-08-16 1976-02-17 Khosrow Jamshidi Soft tissue biopsy aspirating device
US4230128A (en) * 1978-03-30 1980-10-28 Aramayo Rene S Catheter attachment for blood sampling
US4396022A (en) * 1980-07-22 1983-08-02 Marx Alvin J Endometrial tissue sampling apparatus
US4766906A (en) * 1981-05-06 1988-08-30 Ko Pen Wang Bronchoscopic needle assembly
US4532935A (en) * 1982-11-01 1985-08-06 Wang Ko P Bronchoscopic needle assembly
EP0186256A1 (en) * 1984-10-24 1986-07-02 Hakko Electric Machine Works Co. Ltd. Biopsy needle set
US4785826A (en) * 1987-03-02 1988-11-22 Ward John L Biopsy instrument
US5255688A (en) * 1989-09-27 1993-10-26 Bredam Medical Distribution S.A. Instrument for handling biopsies and specimens
US5116323A (en) * 1991-01-22 1992-05-26 Becton, Dickinson And Company Arterial catheter
US5197485A (en) * 1991-10-15 1993-03-30 Pilling Co. Method and apparatus for sampling aortic plaque
US5246011A (en) * 1992-01-30 1993-09-21 Caillouette James C Fine needle aspiration syringe
US5423330A (en) * 1993-03-10 1995-06-13 The University Of Miami Capsule suction punch instrument and method of use
US5651372A (en) * 1995-06-28 1997-07-29 Caillouette; James C. Biopsy syringe
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US20050203439A1 (en) * 2002-03-19 2005-09-15 Norbert Heske Vacuum biopsy device
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US20080071193A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2008-03-20 Claus Reuber Length Detection System for Biopsy Device
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US20080183099A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2008-07-31 Martin Bondo Jorgensen Tissue Sample Flushing System for Biopsy Device
US20080287826A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2008-11-20 Bard Peripheral Vasular, Inc. Transport System for Biopsy Device
US8052615B2 (en) 2004-07-09 2011-11-08 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Length detection system for biopsy device
WO2006005343A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2006-01-19 Sonion Roskilde A/S Length detection system for biopsy device
US9161743B2 (en) 2005-01-31 2015-10-20 C. R. Bard, Inc. Quick cycle biopsy system
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US8262585B2 (en) 2005-08-10 2012-09-11 C. R. Bard, Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sampling biopsy device with linear drive
US8267868B2 (en) 2005-08-10 2012-09-18 C. R. Bard, Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sample biopsy device with integrated markers
US20090227893A1 (en) * 2005-08-10 2009-09-10 C.R. Bard Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sampling biopsy device usable with various transport systems and integrated markers
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US20080306406A1 (en) * 2005-08-10 2008-12-11 C.R. Bard Inc. Single-Insertion, Multiple Sampling Biopsy Device With Linear Drive
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US20100234760A1 (en) * 2006-08-21 2010-09-16 Dan Almazan Self-contained Handheld Biopsy Needle
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US9566045B2 (en) 2006-10-06 2017-02-14 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Tissue handling system with reduced operator exposure
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US9655599B2 (en) 2009-08-12 2017-05-23 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy apparatus having integrated thumbwheel mechanism for manual rotation of biopsy cannula
US9173641B2 (en) 2009-08-12 2015-11-03 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy apparatus having integrated thumbwheel mechanism for manual rotation of biopsy cannula
US20110054350A1 (en) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-03 Videbaek Karsten Biopsy apparatus having a tissue sample retrieval mechanism
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US20110077551A1 (en) * 2009-09-25 2011-03-31 Videbaek Karsten Charging station for battery powered biopsy apparatus
US8283890B2 (en) 2009-09-25 2012-10-09 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Charging station for battery powered biopsy apparatus
US8597206B2 (en) 2009-10-12 2013-12-03 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy probe assembly having a mechanism to prevent misalignment of components prior to installation
US20110087131A1 (en) * 2009-10-12 2011-04-14 Videbaek Karsten Biopsy probe assembly having a mechanism to prevent misalignment of components prior to installation
US20110105945A1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2011-05-05 Videbaek Karsten Biopsy driver assembly having a control circuit for conserving battery power
US8808197B2 (en) 2009-10-29 2014-08-19 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy driver assembly having a control circuit for conserving battery power
US8430824B2 (en) 2009-10-29 2013-04-30 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy driver assembly having a control circuit for conserving battery power
US20110105946A1 (en) * 2009-10-31 2011-05-05 Sorensen Peter L Biopsy system with infrared communications
Also Published As
Publication number Publication date Type
ES383777A1 (en) 1973-03-01 application
CA927702A1 (en) grant
DE2043843C3 (en) 1973-10-31 grant
DE2043843B2 (en) 1973-04-05 application
JPS4925037B1 (en) 1974-06-27 grant
DE2043843A1 (en) 1972-01-27 application
FR2095435A5 (en) 1972-02-11 application
GB1283309A (en) 1972-07-26 application
CA927702A (en) 1973-06-05 grant
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1,327,459,128,012,645,400 | Nature's Water
weight loss by drinking water
Tips to lose weight by drinking water
The researchers describe that drinking water and weight loss are positively related to each other. More drinking water may help in weight loss and also encourage and give a healthy life. By the consumption of more water, the obese person can lose body fat and weight. When you do some work and exercise, must drink water from time to time. In this way, you can lose your body weight by release fats out to the body.
Water can increase metabolism and, burn many calories daily. To lose weight, the timing of drinking water is also very significant. The water does not contain calories. So drink a lot of water instead of coffee, juices, cold drinks, tea, and soda and loss weight without much effort.
If you want that your body works accurately so, it is necessary to drink clean and germs free water. By using the water filters, you can easily get water that is free from chemicals and germs. So purchase good filters for drinking water. If you drink clean water then, it helps you in reducing your body weight.
The water helps in weight loss due to some reasons which are given below.
Suppress your hunger
The water has a natural quality that controls the hunger situation. When someone feels hungry, it starts looking for food. But eating is not a way to lose weight. More eating food can increases body weight. In this vital situation, water helps you. By drinking water, takes space in an empty stomach and sends a signal to the brain that your belly is full. It makes you feel full and reducing hunger.
Ability to burn calories
The water can burn calories that help in weight loss. The study shows that drinking more water release calories from your body. After drinking the water, between 2 to 3 percent of calories are burnt in 90 minutes. To increase the number of burning calories, drink warm water.
Remove waste from the body
Water is a significant element for the removal of waste from the body. If the body is dehydrated, then it cannot remove the waste things. Dehydration causes many problems like constipation and indigestion of food, etc. Water helps the body in the digestion process. If the process of digestion in the body works properly, then you get relief from overweight.
Essential for burn fat
The water is necessary to burn the body fat. In the lipolysis process, the first step is hydrolysis, which occurs when the water interacts with fat to create fatty acids and glycerol. Its process is very helpful to burn fat. So drink water enough to burn fat and lose weight.
There are a few steps by which you lose your weight by drinking water.
Enhance water utilization
Increase the consumption of water because it helps you in feeling full without eating high calories like milk, snacks, tea, and juices, etc. By consuming fewer amounts of calories each day, you can lose weight rapidly. To lose weight, drinking water is integral. No matter if you like to drink it or not, it is an action that can help you to be healthy. Adding flavor to water can kill the purpose. All the flavored has additives, sugar, and calories so, drink plain water.
Many people forget drinking water so, set an alarm which reminds you after some time to take water. In this way, a drinking water habit produces in you. Always keep the water closer. When you are in the workplace, home, and doing some exercise, keep the water bottle in hand. In this way, you drink water throughout the day. It is necessary to keep the body hydrated so, drunk at least eight glasses of water in one day.
Drink water before a meal
You eat in fewer amounts when you drink more water because it helps to make you feel fuller. By doing this, you take fewer calories and, the chance of weight loss is increases. The water helps in the digestion of food. It breaks the food into small pieces and digests its nutrients. The best way to weight loss by drink water is to drink it before eating anything. In this way, the digestion process works fast and the bodyweight decrease speedily. Water plays a significant role in body functions.
Replace drinks with water
For the weight loss purpose, drink water instead of cold drinks, juices, soda, and beverage, etc. the water has zero-calorie which burn hundreds of useless calories each day. Except for water, any fluid you drink does not add up to your daily water drinking amount. By not taking salt and drink more water, helps in reducing body weight. By not taking much salt and drinking more water helps in reducing body weight.
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4,407,430,267,923,757,600 | All i Want For my Birthday
Mars Is a delightful and enlightening book that reveals the unparalleled complexity of the human brain. Sacks, an accomplished neurologist and author, presents seven case studies that highlight different neurological phenomena. In his case studies, Sacks follows a newly colliding painter, a man who can create no new memories, a surgeon with Trustee’s syndrome, a blind man who regains his sight, a painter obsessed with images from his childhood, an autistic boy artist, and a high-functioning autistic roofless.
Sacks does not treat his case studies as dry medical oddities but rather discusses their neurological experiences within their broader human existence. Unlike other authors who know their patients only distantly, Sacks works intimately with his case studies and develops meaningful relationships that translate into a deeper, more Insightful understanding of his patients and their experiences. While Sacks Is clearly a brilliant neurologist, what makes this book so powerful Is his ability to weave In medicine, science, history, and philosophy Into a coherent narrative.
Every case study illuminates a series of important and thought-provoking questions that challenge the everyday assumptions of perception, reality, intelligence, and what it means to be human. In the end, the reader emerges with a better appreciation of the complexity of the human mind. Sacks does not look at simply the pathological and physiological way that the disease affects the individual but how the individual reacts to the disorder and how, in each of these cases, they retain their own sense of self despite what the disease/doodler does to them.
Sacks does not Just throw a barrage of patients with neurological scissors at the reader, but rather goes through the lives of seven patients and observes them In their natural life. He presents not only their disorder, but how It affects their daily life, how their perception of the world is different, and the creative ways that they have come up to deal with their disorder. According to his case studies and brief synopsis there are seven cases he presented in the book.
One is “The Case of the Colliding Painter this case his case talks about the predicament of a painter who after sixty five years had an accident which robbed him entirely of his color vision. A man, who had had a distinguished career as an artist with numerous vividly colored paintings and abstractions In his studio, could no longer even Imagine color. The painter eventually accepted his predicament and started to paint black-and-white representations Instead of dwelling on the loss of his ability to paint In color.
As Sacks explains, “… A revision was occurring, so that as his former color world and even the memory of it became fainter and died inside also involves an artist who loses his color perception ability after an accident. “Would it be “normal” from the moment vision was restored? Was not experience necessary to see? Did one have to learn to see? ” (Sacks 109). The author details the patient cases and uses it as one of the ways in giving an account of how the modern understanding of vision works.
From this, there are lessons learnt from the inability of the artist to also remember the colors. The diseases focused on in the essays affect the ways in which individuals know and understand themselves.. In this case they call this illness is “Cerebral achromatic is a type of color-blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain, rather than abnormalities in the cells of he eye’s retina. It is often confused with congenital achromatic but underlying physiological deficits of the disorders are completely distinct.
It is shows the signs and symptoms of Patients with cerebral achromatic deny having any experience of color when asked and fail standard clinical assessments like the Farnsworth- Mussels 100-hue test (a test of color ordering with no naming requirements). Patients may often not notice their loss of color vision and merely describe the world they see as being “drab”. Most describe seeing the world in “shades of gray”. This observation totes a key difference between cerebral and congenital achromatic, as those born with achromatic have never had an experience of color or gray.
It can diagnosis he most common tests perform to diagnose cerebral achromatic are the Farnsworth-Mussels 100-hue test, the Ashier plate test, and the color-naming test. Testing and diagnosis for cerebral achromatic is often incomplete and misdiagnosed in doctor’s offices. 2 Remarkably, almost 50% of tested patients diagnosed with cerebral achromatic are able to perform normally on the color-naming test. However, these results are Mathew in question because of the sources from which many of these reports come.
Only 29% of cerebral achromatic patients successfully pass the Ashier plate test, which is a more accepted and more standardized test for color blindness. In order for one to be in a position to understand their subjects appropriately, the personality method of investigation is vital. Therefore, spending ample time with your subjects is very crucial in this field. I find “An anthropologist on Mars” fascinating since it gives man opportunity to view peoples’ brains conditions as well as study them to the letter. The fascinating neurological stories explore some of the unique experiences and perceptions of oneself.
The saddest thing about the study on disorders of the nervous system and the brain is that the condition of most of the patients is beyond repair. This is irrespective of the diverse scope of knowledge in the book. The passion in me to know more about science related cases especially on first hand authors method of finding ways to help patients to be fit again is fantastic. I arrive to this conclusion after reading how he has tackled cases in certain disorders facing the neuron system and the brain. These are Kormas syndrome and Trustees syndrome.
Patients in these unusual disorders should be given information on how to cope to the conditions they find themselves in. This should be done without necessarily considering whether the patient’s outcome. All the professionals involved in this field should incorporate this idea into their profession to spur them to enviable success. In addition, utilizing different neurological techniques to learn each of the subjects in a respectful and personal manner is also important. 3 Most of those operating in this field tend to go by the results given by the clinic.
However, this is not always advisable since you maybe condemning someone to a their death whereas a lot can be done to improve his condition. Having the curiosity to discover the beauty in the minds of the affected people will help you achieve this goal far much easier. All this should be done in environments that make the affected feel comfortable rather than undermined. This is through creating time for private outings with every patient you are in contact with as well making arrangements to bond with them through their activities. This enables one to learn more and figure out their problems.
Being a step ahead and having better ideas on how to treat the individual under medical examination is also important. Each of the chapters in “An anthropologist on Mars” has a cast of significant characters, setting, and plot. The elements portrayed in the book weave together creating a fascinating story. The individuals undergoing examination are astonishing and how the author manages to counter the sterile account of the relative neurological functioning found in psychiatric Journals is brilliant. I am amazed by how the author describes interactions, setting and personal feelings of the subjects.
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3,282,360,272,551,959,000 | How Can You Improve Your Health In The Office?
How Can You Improve Your Health In The Office?
in Overall Health by
How Can You Improve Your Health In The Office?We need offices in order for the world to function as it should. There are so many tasks that are carried out daily all over the world in an office but unfortunately sitting in front of a computer for hours each day does not allow you to get out, stretch your legs and reap the constant rewards of a healthy lifestyle. It can be easy to fall into a routine filled with less beneficial habits while you are working in an office, ranging from sitting in a position that can cause you injury to eating too many biscuits. Thankfully there are things you can do while in an office each day that will contribute to a healthier working lifestyle.
Rest your eyes
Sleeping while at work may not be an option but it is still highly recommended that you take the opportunity to rest your eyes at certain intervals by having some time away from the computer screen. Working continuously at a screen puts particular strain on your eyes so while there might be a workload to get through it is still necessary to find a few minutes to either rest or take on a different type of task.
Nutritional options
It goes without saying that the more unhealthy food you eat while sitting in the office the more detrimental it will be to your waistline. Besides getting exercise outdoors or at the gym in your time off you can make substitutions to what you eat during work and making the food yourself will generally be a better option than buying something ready-made. Hydrating yourself by drinking water is also a very useful tip.
Correct seating position
Even if you think that it does not matter greatly how you sit while you are working it is certainly important for your well-being. You should be seated in an upright position with your feet flat on the floor and you should not have to stretch to use your mouse or keyboard.
Exercise while working
You can help yourself with regard to your circulation if you take the time while working to do some simple exercises. It is as basic as keeping your feet moving from time to time or performing circular motions with your ankles for example. Getting out of your seat on regular occasions is also something that will help but naturally your employer may not take too kindly to you doing it every five minutes.
Article written by Steve Hadley representing the office equipment supplier www.officespot.ie who specialise in affordable options. | {
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-6,247,437,582,209,358,000 | The Free Keto App Of Incremental Health
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-3,447,475,910,197,575,000 | What Is CPT Therapy?
CPT Therapy Treats Patients Who have PTSD. You Can Read More About It.
Get The Help That You Need With An Online Therapist
Source: media.recovery.org
Many patients who struggle with PTSD don't have a set treatment that works on its own. In fact, because the range of symptoms and triggers for PTSD are so wide it's understandable that the solutions (and treatment options which work) will differ from patient to patient. That being said, almost every PTSD patient practices some form of CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy. Typically this is used in conjunction with individual and group treatments as well. One of the individual treatments that may be considered alongside CBT is CPT. Cognitive processing therapy is similar to CBT and is usually done as a 12 session format.
CPT works on the principal that PTSD cannot be cured, merely managed, something that is refreshing for many victims to hear since many will try to convince them they can be "fixed." People who have PTSD have strong feelings about their traumatic memories, and because of this, they can be difficult to cope with. The way PTSD works is that the sufferer often blocks their recovery by simply avoiding the triggers. This leaves them stuck in a loop where every time they are triggered they return to the same negative behavior instead of breaking the cycle using a different behavior which leaves them stuck.
How To Learn CPT
Source: pixabay.com
Clinicians who want to study CPT need to take an accredited course from a professional organization like the APA, CA BBS or NBCC. CPT training is a two-day course module in addition to professional psychiatric training to become qualified to practice. In addition to this, students may also choose to do specialized modules like CPT for Military PTSD which may be done as online courses lasting around 9 hours. These courses alone are not for certification but for better understanding specific PTSD environments and the patients who experience it.
If you are a patient who is going through or has been prescribed CPT, then there is also an app called the CPT Coach which will help organize your worksheets during treatment and help you learn more about it.
How CPT Works
CPT works by giving the patient an understanding of the event and their negative behavior attached to it. It's necessary for the patient to understand both and their emotions connected to it. The focus of CPT is to create this deeper understanding of their behavior and their reaction to trigger stimuli from it.
The first phase of CPT therapy is a cooperation between the therapist and patient to establish what the patient understands about the event and their behaviors. What comes out is mostly automatic responses - things that they feel they cannot control, and often a detailed explanation of their negative behavioral response. It also helps identify the things that are causing them to get stuck in the loop rather than recovering from the experience.
The second phase of CPT requires the patient to process the traumatic event that caused the PTSD. The therapist will ask the patient to write a statement about it and then read it back to the therapist. By being forced to confront the event rather than avoid it in a safe environment, they are better able to process what has happened emotionally. The process involves something called Socratic Questioning which prompts the patient to explain further and challenge anything they have assumed about the experience so they can better understand it. The method also prompts them to look for alternative perspectives and conflicts within their thinking.
After the patient has begun to question their experience and how they have processed the trauma they have to write another account of the events. This shows the difference between their initial perception in the first phase and whether they have started to break the cycle using the thinking processes of the second phase. Some therapists prefer to do this step without a written record using only Socratic questioning, and both methods are considered equally effective. This is known as the CPT-C method.
Finally, the patient is taught new coping skills and processes so that when they are confronted with a situation where their PTSD is triggered, they can use those coping strategies to modify their behavior by evaluating what is going on at the time. People who experience PTSD often have generalized reactions which are why CPT is so specific at pinpointing the exact trauma and thinking associated with it.
What To Expect With CPT
Individual CPT sessions are usually done once or twice a week for a total of 12 sessions that last approximately 50 minutes. In addition to this patients are also given homework assignments for outside of session time. The main written piece where you will write about your trauma is done after the third session as a homework assignment. The therapy may include written accounts or may be purely verbal depending on the therapist's technique.
This is important if you're looking to find a therapist you'll want someone who works with a method that you think you can connect to. If you're not keen on writing essays or in writing at all then choosing a therapist who uses the verbal method may be more successful. Websites like BetterHelp can help you identify a therapist who works with your preferred method.
In addition to the individual sessions, a patient will also go through group therapy. There are also 12 sessions for group therapy, but they are normally 90-120 minutes long. Group therapy is done in small groups of around eight patients with two clinicians to a group. Depending on the method the clinicians prefer you will either be working with the same written or verbal processing choices except the experience will be analyzed by the whole group.
Talking About Trauma
Since CPT is mostly verbal based you will be expected to talk about your trauma even in a group environment. You do not have to be specific in the details, but you will need to have your feelings and beliefs that relate to the experience examined.
Because for some people it's easier to write their feelings than express them verbally there is an option to use writing for this in standard CPT. Just because you feel you would be better writing them it does not mean your therapist agrees and they may feel you will progress better with verbal discussion instead. Even if you prefer the written method, you will still have to discuss and evaluate the piece you have written.
CPT Therapy Treats Patients Who have PTSD. You Can Read More About It.
Get The Help That You Need With An Online Therapist
Source: pixabay.com
Different Cognitive Processes
There are six recognized cognitive processes which are used during CPT to identify the reaction in the patient and how to change it. The six processes are attention, higher reasoning, language, memory, perception, and learning. They each play a role in how we understand and process experiences before reacting to them.
• Attention: Used to select the stimulus to which we react to, e.g., loud noise vs. the book we are reading. For PTSD, patients are often hyper-aware and overstimulated which is why it's important to have them hone their attention down.
• Perception: Used to understand the objects in the world around us using the sensory organs. For patients with PTSD, their perception can often be suddenly taken away during a flashback, and one of the goals of PTSD is to reconnect with the world around them.
• Memory: Used to store and access knowledge or experiences. It allows us to recall experience and react accordingly. In PTSD patients the memory process is often flawed because the reaction that has been linked to the traumatic event is triggered by similar experiences that are mundane. By filtering the new information of the mundane situation and understanding that it is not the same as the memory the patient can avoid being pulled into a flashback.
• Language: Communication is language. By being able to communicate the patient and therapist can foster a better understanding of the trauma.
• Learning: By learning new coping methods to replace the negative ones patients can use this knowledge in situations which would otherwise have been triggering. Learning how to better deal with trauma will also serve them in future if they experience any additional trauma which could set them back.
• Higher Reasoning: This process brings together the other cognition processes by using reasoning and decision making so that the patient has better problem-solving skills when it comes to their reaction to negative stimuli. The more the patient uses their higher reasoning to consciously process their trauma and reactions to it the more likely they are to be able to consciously react appropriately when dealing with a triggering situation in future.
Are There Risks?
CPT itself isn't risky, it will likely be uncomfortable, and it can be difficult to talk about difficult memories, especially in the beginning. While most patients will feel better with CPT over time and eventually open up the results are the most important part. It may seem like there is some mental anguish, but there is no actual risk, especially when a trained, licensed clinician performs sessions.
The idea of talking about your trauma is scary, and it's something that many people will shy away from simply because it's difficult. The important thing if you're considering CPT or if you've been prescribed it is to remember that it's the outcome which is most important to learn better to live with PTSD.
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The information on this page is not intended to be a substitution for diagnosis, treatment, or informed professional advice. You should not take any action or avoid taking any action without consulting with a qualified mental health professional. For more information, please read our terms of use. | {
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-8,075,258,611,994,696,000 | Dental Implants
Dental Implants
What are Dental Implants?
A Dental Implant is a titanium post (like a tooth root) that is surgically positioned into the jawbone beneath the gum line that allows your dentist to mount replacement teeth or a bridge into that area. Dental implants are the best option when it comes to replacing a missing or broken tooth. It’s a painless procedure of about 40 minutes in which a titanium frame is placed within the jaw of the patient.
Usually, it takes about 3-6 months for the implant to set in the bone and become a part of it, once that is done it can be restored with a crown. To receive implants, you need to have healthy gums and adequate bone to support the implant. You must also commit to keeping these structures healthy. Prateek Jain, a dentist based out of Jaipur, is a specialist Maxillofacial Surgeon trained to do Implants in any type of a case.
Why should I get a Dental Implant done?
When you lose a tooth, it also leads to loss of the bone which supports the tooth. Dental implants are an option for replacing missing or badly diseased teeth. They are artificial replacements for natural tooth roots. Dental implants not only preserve the bone but also help restore the ability to chew food. They help fill out a face that otherwise could look sunken because of missing teeth.
Should I get the dental implant surgery done from a dentist near me?
The dental implant treatment is a long process that can take several months. It is the job of a specialist Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon who has got proper training in dental implants. There are usually three steps to the process. In the first step, the dentist surgically places the implant in the jaw. A screw is inserted into the implant to prevent gum tissue and other debris from entering.
The implant will remain covered for about three to six months while it fuses with the bone. In the second step, the implant is uncovered and the dentist attaches an extension, called a post, to the implant. The gum tissue is allowed to heal around the post.
In the third and final step, the dentist makes a crown, which has a size, shape, colour and fit that will blend with your other teeth. Once completed, the crown is attached to the implant post. At Face Kraft Clinic in Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, the goal has always been to deliver the best quality of Dental Care and treatments to every patient
What is the cost of a dental implant?
The cost of a dental implant depends on your needs and the type of implant brand needed for your treatment. The implants range from low-cost dental implants to the costly brands. Patients visiting our clinic are told about the positives and negatives of each and every brand. The best way to get an accurate idea of what the dental implants will cost is to come in for a consultation at our clinic.
What are the benefits of Dental Implants?
Dental implants restore a lost tooth so that it looks feels, fits and functions like a natural tooth and help you eat, chew, smile, talk and look completely natural. This is the only dental restoration option that preserves and stimulates natural bone. A face without teeth can appear sunken; dental implants allow you to maintain the natural shape of your face and smile. This functionality imparts social, psychological and physical well-being.
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-6,031,821,885,012,608,000 | Can You “Catch” Bronchitis or Pneumonia?
So your friend has bronchitis. Should you be worried about catching it? How about pneumonia? Is it contagious?
The answers can be a little confusing. Let's explain each condition to help clarify.
The U.S. National Library of Medicine explains that there are two types of bronchitis:
Acute bronchitisis contagious. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. These are the airways that carry air to your lungs. Bronchitis causes a cough that often brings up mucus.
Bronchitis can cause:
• Cough
• Production of mucus
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Low fever and chills
• Fatigue
Most bronchitis is caused by viruses. The same viruses that cause colds and flu often cause acute bronchitis. These viruses spread through the air when people cough and through touch. This can happen when someone with the viruses on their hands touches a person or surface without washing their hands.
If the acute bronchitis is viral, antibiotics won’t help. Most of the time, viral acute bronchitis goes away within several days. Sometimes the cough can last several weeks after the infection goes away.
Occasionally, bacterial infections can also cause acute bronchitis. This tends to occur in people with weakened immune systems and in smokers.
Acute bronchitis can also be caused by exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, vapor, fumes or air pollution. Avoiding the irritants can resolve the condition.
To diagnose acute bronchitis, your health care provider will likely ask about your symptoms. The provider may also listen to your breathing. Some tests may also be ordered, but are rarely needed.
If you’re diagnosed with acute bronchitis, rest, fluids and aspirin or acetaminophen will be recommended. Honey is also a good natural cough suppressant. A humidifier or steam can also help. Inhaled medicine may help open airways if you’re wheezing.
If tests show the acute bronchitis is a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed.
Chronic bronchitisis not contagious. Like acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. However, chronic bronchitis is not caused by a virus or bacteria. Instead, chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution or dust. Chronic bronchitis lasts a few months or more.
Chronic bronchitis can keep coming back. It usually won’t go away completely until there’s no further exposure to the irritants that caused the bronchitis.
Since smoking is a common cause of chronic bronchitis, it’s important to quit smoking.
The signs of chronic bronchitis are similar to those of acute bronchitis (see above).
Diagnosis of chronic bronchitis will also involve your health care provider asking about your symptoms. Listening to your breathing will likely be part of the diagnosis. Tests may also be ordered.
Treatment will include eliminating exposure to irritants. Medicines may help open your airways and clear mucus. For some sufferers, oxygen therapy may be recommended. Pulmonary rehabilitation (a medically supervised program of exercise training and breathing techniques) may also be prescribed.
Pneumonia — can be contagious. Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Bacteria are the most common cause. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling a liquid or chemical.
When the germs or irritants enter the lungs, they can overwhelm the immune system. In that case the delicate lung tissue can become infected. Once infected, the air sacs in the lungs fill with fluid. This can cause coughing with phlegm and breathing problems.
Other signs of pneumonia include:
• High fever
• Chills that cause shaking
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain when breathing or coughing
• Fatigue or feeling worse after a cold or flu
To diagnose pneumonia, your health care provider will review your symptoms, your medical history and listen to your lungs. The provider may also recommend tests. If the pneumonia is caused by bacteria, your health care provider may prescribe an antibiotic. If the cause is a virus, an antibiotic will not help.
Pneumonia Comes in Different Types
Different bacteria can cause bacterial pneumonia. Pneumoccoal bacteria are a common cause of pneumonia. If you’re concerned about pneumococcal pneumonia, talk to your health care provider about the pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine.
You may have heard of Legionnaire’s disease. This is severe type of pneumonia caused by a specific bacteria.
Walking pneumonia refers to mild cases of bacterial pneumonia. Symptoms are similar to a cold, including low fever, fatigue, shortness of breath and loss of appetite.
Viral pneumonia accounts for about a third of cases. It’s the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than age five. Some vaccines are given to prevent these sorts of virus as well as bacteria in children.
The flu virus is the most common cause of viral pneumonia in adults.
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is a severe pneumonia. It’s caused by a type of virus that can cause the common cold.
Fungal pneumonia can be caused by fungi that live in soil. Most people who inhale fungi don’t get sick. Because of that, this type of pneumonia tends to be more prevalent in people with already weakened immune systems.
How You Can Stop the Spread of Germs
Washing hands can help prevent the spread of contagious diseases. This would include acute bronchitis and pneumonia caused by virus or bacteria. See how to wash your hands.
So, when someone close to you has bronchitis or pneumonia, it’s always a good idea to wash your hands.
If you have questions about a possible contagious condition, check with your health care provider. You can find out if it’s contagious. You can also learn how long it might be contagious and what your risks could be.
Meet the Author
Vanessa L Abejuela-Matt, DO is a family practice physician at the Aurora Health Center in Racine, WI
Read more posts from this author
The information presented in this site is intended for general information and educational purposes. It is not intended to replace the advice of your own physician. Contact your physician if you believe you have a health problem.
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-3,919,817,296,846,826,000 | Treatment with CPAP mask
How does CPAP treatment work?
Help by Cpap breathing mask problems
Alternative to Cpap mask
CPAP mask therapy is a symptomatic treatment in which the device has to be worn consistently during sleep throughout the patient’s life.
Sleep apnoea is a life-threatening condition that manifests itself in frequent pauses in breathing during sleep.
Effectiveness of Cpap treatment
In most cases, the symptoms of this illness are treated with a so-called CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) mask. Air with excess pressure of 5 to 20 millibars is forced into the lungs by a ventilator. This prevents the airways from collapsing and alleviates the interruptions to breathing. The effect only lasts as long as the mask is worn. This makes it necessary to wear the artificial respiration device throughout the night. Since the introduction of this treatment at the end of the 1980s, it has been possible to reduce the incidence of secondary conditions in users of CPAP masks significantly. The effectiveness of this treatment depends on the correct respiration pressure and a mask that fits perfectly.
Common problems with CPAP breathing mask
In many cases, however, these optimal conditions are not met. Unfortunately, there are therefore frequent problems and side effects associated with CPAP treatment. These can be so severe that the patient becomes frustrated and terminates the treatment. Many CPAP mask wearers report the following side effects and impairments::
• Night-time panic attacks due to fear of suffocation, as breathing out is very difficult through the mask
• Pressure points from wearing the mask
• Contact allergies due to material intolerances
• Swelling and inflammation of the eyes as the mask can leak (leaking respiration air is constantly blown into the eyes)
• Severe flatulence due to air in the stomach, caused by excess respiration pressure
• Chest or lung pain, as breathing out is always against pressure
• Long-term damage to the lungs (bronchiectasis) and lung inflammation as a result of microaspiration caused by breathing through the mask
• Frequent colds while using the breathing mask
• Dry oral and nasal mucous membranes due to artificial respiration
• Excessive urge to urinate at night
• Loud noises due to technical respiratory equipment, especially when it moves
• Restriction on living with a partner due to the breathing equipment
• Impaired movement during sleep
• The mask can only be used to a limited extent, if at all, in the case of colds or hay fever
• Despite the reduction in breathing interruptions due to the CPAP mask, there is often still a significant health risk as the number of apnoea episodes is not reduced sufficiently
Cpap therapy success rate
As the CPAP therapy cannot cure sleep apnoea, mask respiration must be used for the rest of the patient’s life. A variety of patient reports show that the CPAP ventilation procedure often does not treat respiratory disorders sufficiently (still more than 10 breathing interruptions per hour of sleep). In practice it has been shown that around 20% to 30% of patients do not use the CPAP therapy prescribed by their doctor consistently and regularly as they cannot tolerate the breathing mask. In these cases, treatment is unsuccessful. On the contrary: these patient groups continue to be at a high risk of sequelae (complications), particularly of the cardiovascular system. Untreated sleep apnoea often then leads to a significant shortening of life expectancy. To prevent this, the CPAP pressure ventilation therapy must be carried out consistently during sleep and without interruptions. If this not possible for the reasons mentioned above, a specialist doctor should be contacted immediately to find a suitable alternative form of therapy.
Alternatice to Cpap therapy
Lifelong use of the CPAP mask can only be avoided if the causes of the obstructive sleep apnoea are removed with a surgical procedure. During this operation, the upper airway is permanently enlarged by moving the upper and lower jaw forward.
Sleep apnoea is cured permanently using the surgical method of “rotation advancement” developed by Professor Sailer, which is the only procedure of its type in the world. The side effects of the CPAP mask and the restrictions it imposes on quality of life are then a thing of the past.
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1,724,090,436,251,484,400 | Brill Online
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bm2022.0120_ESM.pdf (623.39 kB)
Supplementary materials for Beneficial Microbes BM-20220120: Effects of food matrix on the prebiotic efficacy of inulin-type fructans: a randomised trial
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journal contribution
posted on 2023-07-26, 15:31 authored by P.P.J. Jackson, A. Wijeyesekera, S. Theis, J. Van Harsselaar, R.A. Rastall
Recently there is much debate in the scientific community over the impact of the food matrix on prebiotic efficacy of inulin-type fructans. Previous studies suggest that prebiotic selectivity of inulin-type fructans towards bifidobacteria is unaffected by the food matrix. Due to differences in study design, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from these findings with any degree of certainty. In this randomised trial, we aimed to determine the effects that different food matrices had on the prebiotic efficacy of inulin-type fructans following a standardised 10-day, 4-arm, parallel, randomised protocol with inulin either in pure form or incorporated into shortbread biscuits, milk chocolate or a rice drink. Similar increases in Bifidobacterium counts were documented across all four interventions using both fluorescence in situ hybridisation (pure inulin: +0.63; shortbread: +0.59; milk chocolate: +0.65 and rice drink: +0.71 (log10 cells/g wet faeces) and 16S rRNA sequencing quantitative microbiome profiling data (pure inulin: +1.21×109; shortbread: +1.47×109; milk chocolate: +8.59×108 and rice drink: +1.04×109 (cells/g wet faeces) (all P≤0.05). From these results, we can confirm that irrespective of the food matrix, the selectivity of inulin-type fructans towards Bifidobacterium is unaffected, yet the compositional make-up of the food matrix may have implications regarding wider changes in the microbiota.
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3,242,155,656,243,243,000 | Tuesday, 28-09-2021
sweat workout
gym-near-me
Why is it good to sweat while working out?
23 September 2020
Workout has become one of the most practiced and important parts of our daily life. Because everybody is now concerned about the health and maintaining fitness. Fitness brings strength and stamina into your body. That is why most people choose ...
trending post | {
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-1,360,774,066,135,741,700 | Purpose Anatomic variations complicate surface landmark-guided needle placement, thereby increasing nerve
Purpose Anatomic variations complicate surface landmark-guided needle placement, thereby increasing nerve blockade failure rate. and 25.3??8.0?mm, respectively, in the extended supine position. In the extended supine position, the cricoid cartilage was more cephalad than C6TP and C7TP in all patients. The distance from the cricoid cartilage to C6TP was 12.1??7.6?mm in men and 17.2??7.7?mm in women. Conclusion C6TP and C7TP are located approximately 15 and 25?mm, respectively, caudal to the cricoid cartilage in the extended supine position. Our results spotlight the fact that there can be significant anatomic variation between the extended and neutral supine positions used in stellate ganglion block, which should be kept in mind when devising easily identifiable and palpable surface landmarks. test was used to compare differences between buy 488-81-3 the extended and neutral positions. The two-sample test was used to compare differences by sex. A value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used Rabbit polyclonal to ZNF484. for all statistical analyses. Results Forty-two patients (16 men, 26 women; mean age 54.5?years; range 27C91?years) were included in the study. Demographic data buy 488-81-3 for the participants are shown in Table?1. Table?1 Demographic data of the patients In the neutral supine position, the mean distances from the cricoid cartilage to buy 488-81-3 the C6TP and C7TP were 6.0 and 15.1?mm, respectively. In the extended supine position, these distances were 15.2 and 25.3?mm, respectively. The difference between the corresponding distances in the neutral and extended supine positions was statistically significant (p?p?=?0.028) and extended (p?=?0.041) supine positions. The distance from the cricoid cartilage to the C6TP was significantly different between the neutral and extended supine positions in both sexes (p?p?=?0.148) or in the extended supine position (p?=?0.132); however, it was different between the two positions in both men (p?p?
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-4,699,168,839,773,880,000 | You might have seen many newspaper advertisements which advertise their spas and steam rooms by mentioning how they can aid in weight loss. Have you ever wondered how that is possible? People try different ways of losing weight, they can be in the form of diets, exercising, yoga and now steam rooms too. One of the major ways we realized how steam rooms help the weight loss process is through sweating it out. Let’s go into some deeper details as to how exactly this takes place.
The Rise In Metabolism Rate
When you are in a steam room, with a high temperature, it has been found that the heart rate increases, causing the rate of metabolism to increase as well. An increase in the rate of metabolism is very important to lose weight, this aids the process in a faster and more effective manner. So, after your appointment at sauna Australia you will have enough energy to go through your workout schedule.
Removes The Toxins
Sweating it out, as mentioned previously is highly beneficial to the insides of your body. By sweating, all kinds of toxins, mercury and other toxic particles can be eliminated from your system resulting in a clean system, again with a higher metabolism rate.
This can not only remove the toxins, but it would help with the elimination of the water weight present in a person. There are times where water makes up most of your weight instead. In comparison to fat, getting rid of the water can clear the path to losing fat as well.
Reduces Stress
Now workout schedule would work if your mind is stressed and not fully calm. Spas are generally known as wellness centers that work towards the relieving of stress and invoking relaxation. Therefore, after a visit to a spa with a steam room, you can be guaranteed to be stress-free hence allowing the smooth weight loss process to carry on.
Relieves Muscles
Similar to removing any pressurized things running in your minds, this works its magic towards joints and muscles as well. People who play sports should make sure to pay a visit to the spa or sauna to assist them with the recovery of an injury. It helps to relieve the stress and compression of muscles and joints through this steamy procedure.
Spas and saunas can benefit people in many ways, especially people today, who are deemed to be way more stressed out and caught up in a busy schedule on a daily basis. Making a small arrangement to visit a wellness center can get your life back on track with the increasing rates of metabolism and the elimination of toxic particles that are in your system.
Therefore, we can conclude with the explanation that spas and steam rooms do actually help with the weight loss procedure. It is also considered to be one of the most effective methods that can be used as preparation to lose unnecessary weight from your body.
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Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | {
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"rps_doc_word_count": 508,
"rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": 0,
"rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": 0,
"rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": 0,
"rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": 0,
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"rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": 0,
"rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": 0.006446070037782192,
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"rps_doc_books_importance": -270.0704650878906,
"rps_doc_books_importance_length_correction": -270.0704650878906,
"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": -182.91287231445312,
"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance_length_correction": -182.91287231445312,
"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": -156.00048828125,
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},
"fasttext": {
"dclm": 0.12067192792892456,
"english": 0.9712358713150024,
"fineweb_edu_approx": 1.954489827156067,
"eai_general_math": 0.0043466100469231606,
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}
} | {
"free_decimal_correspondence": {
"primary": {
"code": "613.7",
"labels": {
"level_1": "Industrial arts, Technology, and Engineering",
"level_2": "Medicine",
"level_3": "Health and Hygiene"
}
},
"secondary": {
"code": "613.704",
"labels": {
"level_1": "Industrial arts, Technology, and Engineering",
"level_2": "Medicine",
"level_3": "Health and Hygiene"
}
}
},
"bloom_cognitive_process": {
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"code": "2",
"label": "Understand"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "3",
"label": "Apply"
}
},
"bloom_knowledge_domain": {
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"code": "2",
"label": "Conceptual"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "3",
"label": "Procedural"
}
},
"document_type_v1": {
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"label": "Reference/Encyclopedic/Educational"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "6",
"label": "Promotional/Advertisement"
}
},
"extraction_artifacts": {
"primary": {
"code": "0",
"label": "No Artifacts"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "3",
"label": "Irrelevant Content"
}
},
"missing_content": {
"primary": {
"code": "0",
"label": "No missing content"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "-1",
"label": "Abstain"
}
},
"document_type_v2": {
"primary": {
"code": "10",
"label": "Knowledge Article"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "17",
"label": "Product Page"
}
},
"reasoning_depth": {
"primary": {
"code": "2",
"label": "Basic Reasoning"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "3",
"label": "Intermediate Reasoning"
}
},
"technical_correctness": {
"primary": {
"code": "3",
"label": "Mostly Correct"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "2",
"label": "Partially Correct"
}
},
"education_level": {
"primary": {
"code": "1",
"label": "General Audience"
},
"secondary": {
"code": "2",
"label": "High School Level"
}
}
} | b755ed28a90d11d590ef646404f4afc5 |
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