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Upload all models and assets for br (20251201)

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  1. .gitattributes +6 -0
  2. README.md +558 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/br_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/br_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/br_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/br_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/br_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/br_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/br_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/br_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/br_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/br_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/br_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/br_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/br_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/br_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/br_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/br_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/br_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/br_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
@@ -33,3 +33,9 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: br
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+ language_name: BR
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+ language_family: celtic_brythonic
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-celtic_brythonic
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 3.617
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.8322
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 263085
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # BR - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **BR** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.122x | 3.07 | 0.4020% | 881,322 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.329x | 3.28 | 0.4286% | 826,606 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.492x | 3.44 | 0.4496% | 788,002 |
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+ | **64k** | 3.617x 🏆 | 3.56 | 0.4657% | 760,713 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Fuentes de Jiloca zo ur gumun eus Spagn e Proviñs Zaragoza, en Aragon.`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁fu ent es ▁de ▁j il oc a ▁zo ▁ur ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 16k | `▁fu entes ▁de ▁j il oca ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
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+ | 32k | `▁fuentes ▁de ▁jil oca ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn ▁e ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
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+ | 64k | `▁fuentes ▁de ▁jil oca ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn ▁e ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Barromán zo ur gumun eus Spagn, e proviñs Ávila, en Kastilha ha León.
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+
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+ Rummad:K...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁bar rom án ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ▁e ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+ | 16k | `▁bar rom án ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ▁e ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+ | 32k | `▁bar rom án ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ▁e ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+ | 64k | `▁bar rom án ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ▁e ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Tolbaños zo ur gumun eus Spagn, e proviñs Ávila, en Kastilha ha León.
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+
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+ Rummad:K...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁tol b añ os ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ... (+15 more)` | 25 |
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+ | 16k | `▁tol b añ os ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ... (+15 more)` | 25 |
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+ | 32k | `▁tol b años ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ▁e ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+ | 64k | `▁tol b años ▁zo ▁ur ▁gumun ▁eus ▁spagn , ▁e ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+
115
+
116
+ ### Key Findings
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+
118
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 3.617x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.4020% unknown tokens
120
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
121
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
122
+
123
+ ---
124
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
125
+
126
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
127
+
128
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
129
+
130
+ ### Results
131
+
132
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
133
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
134
+ | **2-gram** | 37,795 🏆 | 15.21 | 396,301 | 15.5% | 32.7% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 361 🏆 | 8.49 | 13,774 | 60.5% | 98.2% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 147,885 | 17.17 | 858,386 | 7.1% | 19.7% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 3,461 | 11.76 | 106,981 | 21.9% | 63.7% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 382,971 | 18.55 | 1,581,104 | 3.6% | 13.2% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 22,182 | 14.44 | 580,225 | 10.3% | 33.1% |
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+
141
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
143
+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
146
+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `c '` | 168,356 |
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+ | 2 | `rummad :` | 166,928 |
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+ | 3 | `d '` | 113,851 |
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+ | 4 | `' h` | 99,333 |
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+ | 5 | `, e` | 74,128 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `ar c '` | 51,117 |
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+ | 2 | `d ' ar` | 44,541 |
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+ | 3 | `d ' an` | 33,579 |
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+ | 4 | `. rummad :` | 24,562 |
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+ | 5 | `c ' hall` | 23,162 |
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+
163
+ **4-grams:**
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+
165
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `bro - c '` | 16,536 |
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+ | 2 | `- c ' hall` | 15,614 |
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+ | 3 | `zo ur gumun eus` | 8,365 |
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+ | 4 | `ha daveennoù rummad :` | 7,182 |
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+ | 5 | `notennoù ha daveennoù rummad` | 7,173 |
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+
173
+
174
+ ### Key Findings
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+
176
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 361
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~33% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
181
+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
184
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
186
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
188
+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
191
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.7133 | 1.640 | 6.37 | 642,948 | 28.7% |
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+ | **1** | 1.1559 | 2.228 | 7.70 | 6,849 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.3934 | 1.313 | 2.35 | 4,087,653 | 60.7% |
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+ | **2** | 0.7490 | 1.681 | 4.86 | 52,722 | 25.1% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1872 | 1.139 | 1.44 | 9,600,283 | 81.3% |
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+ | **3** | 0.7699 | 1.705 | 4.16 | 256,241 | 23.0% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0950 🏆 | 1.068 | 1.19 | 13,824,129 | 90.5% |
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+ | **4** | 0.6874 🏆 | 1.610 | 3.24 | 1,065,026 | 31.3% |
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+
201
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
203
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
207
+ 1. `, job de reims . emañ o embann levrioù gant ur yezh romanek . ramsay ha`
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+ 2. `- kreiz kalotenn skorn . sonet gantañ cheñch anv ar - se ne em gavas youenn`
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+ 3. `. notennoù rummad : nobiliaire et tableaux d ' orgeraie ; barnet rust e - labour`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `c ' hommonwealth e beredoù ar brezel en ur bolz - enor e 1785 . darn all`
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+ 2. `rummad : geomorfologiezh rummad : pladennoù brezhonek rummad : ganedigezhioù 1958 rummad : ganedigez...`
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+ 3. `d ' ar gonfusianegezh lakaet e voe seitek nijour , ne c ' hoar vras paula (`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `ar c ' hentañ derez ) ofis publik ar brezhoneg . in : studia celtica18 / 19 :`
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+ 2. `d ' ar 26 a viz eost . an anv implij al lerc ' h pa ' z`
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+ 3. `d ' an arabegerion eta , evit skrivañ ar sañskriteg e vez implijet ar sistem - mañ gant`
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+
223
+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
225
+ 1. `bro - c ' hall ) , e - lec ' h zo anvet pentre e kembre . hen`
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+ 2. `- c ' hall ) d ' an 3 a viz genver 1871 . krouet e oa bet gant`
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+ 3. `zo ur gumun eus italia , e proviñs cremona , e rannvro lombardia . rummad : kumunioù lombardia rumma...`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 90.5% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (1,065,026 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
237
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
240
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
241
+
242
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
243
+
244
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
245
+
246
+ ### Statistics
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+
248
+ | Metric | Value |
249
+ |--------|-------|
250
+ | Vocabulary Size | 263,085 |
251
+ | Total Tokens | 16,823,868 |
252
+ | Mean Frequency | 63.95 |
253
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
254
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 2476.07 |
255
+
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+ ### Most Common Words
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+
258
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
259
+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | e | 717,291 |
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+ | 2 | ar | 526,767 |
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+ | 3 | a | 475,234 |
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+ | 4 | an | 331,609 |
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+ | 5 | ha | 233,395 |
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+ | 6 | c | 194,241 |
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+ | 7 | gant | 192,785 |
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+ | 8 | en | 189,181 |
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+ | 9 | da | 173,430 |
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+ | 10 | rummad | 169,617 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
275
+ | 1 | maghrebonkoud | 2 |
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+ | 2 | fidefide | 2 |
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+ | 3 | 2024he | 2 |
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+ | 4 | ougandachess | 2 |
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+ | 5 | ouganda365 | 2 |
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+ | 6 | inmediares | 2 |
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+ | 7 | cytonn | 2 |
282
+ | 8 | malinga | 2 |
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+ | 9 | ablainville | 2 |
284
+ | 10 | remonter | 2 |
285
+
286
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
287
+
288
+ | Metric | Value |
289
+ |--------|-------|
290
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.1027 |
291
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995216 |
292
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
293
+
294
+ ### Coverage Analysis
295
+
296
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
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+ |-------------|----------|
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+ | Top 100 | 40.0% |
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+ | Top 1,000 | 64.0% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 79.7% |
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+ | Top 10,000 | 85.1% |
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
304
+
305
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9952 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
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+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 40.0% of corpus
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+ - **Long Tail:** 253,085 words needed for remaining 14.9% coverage
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+
309
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
311
+
312
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
314
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
316
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
318
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
320
+ ### Model Comparison
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+
322
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
323
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
324
+ | **mono_32d** | 165,065 | 32 | 3.529 | 1.159 | 0.8322 🏆 |
325
+ | **mono_64d** | 165,065 | 64 | 4.045 | 1.139 | 0.8224 |
326
+ | **mono_128d** | 165,065 | 128 | 4.668 | 1.127 | 0.8005 |
327
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
329
+ ### Key Findings
330
+
331
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8322 (more uniform distribution)
332
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
333
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 165,065 words
334
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
335
+
336
+ ---
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+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
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+
339
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
341
+ ### Production Recommendations
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+
343
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
344
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
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+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (3.62x) with low UNK rate |
346
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (361) |
347
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (90.5%) |
348
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
349
+
350
+ ---
351
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
352
+
353
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
354
+
355
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
356
+
357
+ **Compression Ratio**
358
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
359
+ >
360
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
361
+ >
362
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
363
+
364
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
365
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
366
+ >
367
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
368
+ >
369
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
370
+
371
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
372
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
373
+ >
374
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
375
+ >
376
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
377
+
378
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
379
+
380
+ **Perplexity**
381
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
382
+ >
383
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
384
+ >
385
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
386
+
387
+ **Entropy**
388
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
389
+ >
390
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
391
+ >
392
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
393
+
394
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
395
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
396
+ >
397
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
398
+ >
399
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
400
+
401
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
402
+
403
+ **Average Entropy**
404
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
405
+ >
406
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
407
+ >
408
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
409
+
410
+ **Branching Factor**
411
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
412
+ >
413
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
414
+ >
415
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
416
+
417
+ **Predictability**
418
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
419
+ >
420
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
421
+ >
422
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
423
+
424
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
425
+
426
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
427
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
428
+ >
429
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
430
+ >
431
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
432
+
433
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
434
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
435
+ >
436
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
437
+ >
438
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
439
+
440
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
441
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
442
+ >
443
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
444
+ >
445
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
446
+
447
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
448
+
449
+ **Isotropy**
450
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
451
+ >
452
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
453
+ >
454
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
455
+
456
+ **Average Norm**
457
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
458
+ >
459
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
460
+ >
461
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
462
+
463
+ **Cosine Similarity**
464
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
465
+ >
466
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
467
+ >
468
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
469
+
470
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
471
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
472
+ >
473
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
474
+ >
475
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
476
+
477
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
478
+
479
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
480
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
481
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
482
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
483
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
484
+
485
+
486
+ ### Visualizations Index
487
+
488
+ | Visualization | Description |
489
+ |---------------|-------------|
490
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
491
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
492
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
493
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
494
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
495
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
496
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
497
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
498
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
499
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
500
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
501
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
502
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
503
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
504
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
505
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
506
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
507
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
508
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
509
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
510
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
511
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
512
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
513
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
514
+
515
+ ---
516
+ ## About This Project
517
+
518
+ ### Data Source
519
+
520
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
521
+
522
+ ### Project
523
+
524
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
525
+
526
+ ### Maintainer
527
+
528
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
529
+
530
+ ### Citation
531
+
532
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
533
+
534
+ ```bibtex
535
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
536
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
537
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
538
+ year = {2025},
539
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
540
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
541
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
542
+ }
543
+ ```
544
+
545
+ ### License
546
+
547
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
548
+
549
+ ### Links
550
+
551
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
552
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
553
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
554
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
555
+ ---
556
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
557
+
558
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 08:17:06*
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