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{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does genome-wide screening reveal an EMT molecular network mediated by Sonic hedgehog-Gli1 signaling in pancreatic cancer cells?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe role of sonic hedgehog (SHH) in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer (PC) is known, however, its mechanism is unclear. Because SHH promotes tumor development predominantly through Gli1, we sought to understand its mechanism by identifying Gli1 targets in pancreatic cancer cells. First, we investigated invasion, migration, and EMT in PC cells transfected with lentiviral Gli1 interference vectors or SHH over-expression vectors in vitro and in vivo. Next, we determined the target gene profiles of Gli1 in PC cells using cDNA microarray assays. Finally, the primary regulatory networks downstream of SHH-Gli1 signaling in PC cells were studied through functional analyses of these targets. Our results indicate there is decreased E-cadherin expression upon increased expression of SHH/Gli1. Migration of PC cells increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner within 24 hours of Gli1 expression (P<0.05). The ratio of liver metastasis and intrasplenic miniature metastasis increased markedly upon activation of SHH-Gli1 signals in nude mice. Using cDNA microarray, we identified 278 upregulated and 59 downregulated genes upon Gli1 expression in AsPC-1 cells. The data indicate that SHH-Gli1 signals promote EMT by mediating a complex signaling network including TGFΞ², Ras, Wnt, growth factors, PI3K/AKT, integrins, transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF), and S100A4.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our results suggest that targeting the molecular connections established between SHH-Gli1 signaling and EMT could provide effective therapies for PC."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does everolimus limit aortic aneurysm in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse by downregulating C-C chemokine receptor 2 positive monocytes?\n\nAbstract Context:\nWe aimed to determine the effect of mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus on abdominal aortic aneurysm within the angiotensin II (A2)-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model. Abdominal aortic aneurysm was induced via subcutaneous infusion of A2. Flow cytometry demonstrated increased circulating and aortic C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) monocytes during A2 infusion. The number of CCR2 monocytes present within the aorta was positively correlated with suprarenal aortic diameter. Simultaneous infusion of everolimus via a second subcutaneous osmotic micropump inhibited A2-induced aortic dilatation. Using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, decreased aortic dilatation was associated with reduced development of CCR2 bone marrow monocytes, fewer numbers of circulating CCR2 monocytes, and lower aortic CCR2 concentration. In vitro, everolimus inhibited A2-stimulated production of interferon (IFN)-Ξ³ and IFNΞ³-induced CCR2 expression in apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse bone marrow monocytes. Further, everolimus diminished IFNΞ³/lipopolysaccharide-stimulated M1 polarization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse bone marrow monocyte-differentiated macrophages.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Systemic administration of everolimus limits aortic aneurysm in the A2-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model via suppressed development of bone marrow CCR2 monocytes and reduced egress of these cells into the circulation."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "24. In a patient with multiple bilateral nasal polyps with x ray showing opacity in the paranasal sinuses. The treatment consists of following except:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
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[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does captopril inhibit glucose accumulation in retinal cells in diabetes?\n\nAbstract Context:\nClinical studies have detected an unexpected inhibition of diabetic retinopathy by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, but the mechanism for this action is unclear. In light of evidence indicating that the severity of hyperglycemia is a major initiating factor in the pathogenesis of the retinopathy, this study was conducted to examine the effect of ACE inhibitors on glucose accumulation in retinas of diabetic rats. Rats were made experimentally diabetic by injection of streptozotocin and treated with captopril (25 mg/kg body weight per day) or atenolol (10 mg/kg body weight per day) for 8 weeks. Bovine retinal endothelial cells were cultured in medium containing either 5.5 or 25 mM glucose and treated with different concentrations of captopril or lisinopril for 5 days. Glucose content in retinas and cultured cells was measured by spectrometry. Expression of glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 in retinas and cultured cells was determined by Western blot analysis. Glucose uptake was performed by using 3-O-methyl-D-[(3)H] glucose. Treatment of rats with captopril inhibited the diabetes-induced accumulation of glucose in the retina by 48% (P < 0.01) compared with the diabetic control, but atenolol had no significant effect. Similarly, captopril and lisinopril significantly inhibited intracellular accumulation of glucose in primary bovine retinal endothelial cells cultured in an elevated glucose concentration. These data indicate that the captopril-induced inhibition of gluco\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Inhibition of glucose accumulation within retinal cells probably contributes at least in part to the observed inhibition of diabetic retinopathy by ACE inhibitors."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Interpret this epidemiological curve from an MMWR report.\n\nFigure: Epidemic Curve of Pertussis Cases by Week of Symptom Onset β Rural Region, 2024\n\nDescription: The epidemic curve shows a prolonged plateau indicating sustained community transmission. Peak occurred during week 6 with 60 cases. The curve demonstrates a bell-shaped pattern with 13 weeks from start to peak. Cases began on week -1 with 8 cases and declined to 4 cases by week 12.\n\nIncubation period: Pertussis has an incubation period of 7-10 days.\n\nInterpret this epidemic curve and provide public health implications."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Epidemic Curve Analysis:\n\n**Outbreak Characteristics:**\n- Pattern: a prolonged plateau indicating sustained community transmission\n- Peak week 6: 60 cases indicates maximum transmission intensity\n- Shape: bell-shaped pattern suggests point-source exposure\n- Duration: 13-week epidemic consistent with pertussis transmission dynamics\n\n**Epidemiological Interpretation:**\nThe bell-shaped curve with 13-week duration from onset to peak is characteristic of pertussis outbreaks. The incubation period of 7-10 days aligns with the observed case distribution. Peak at week 6 represents maximum transmission, likely 1-2 incubation periods after the initiating exposure or introduction.\n\n**Transmission Dynamics:**\n- The curve pattern is consistent with common-source transmission\n- Secondary cases appearing 2 weeks after initial cases suggests effective person-to-person spread\n- Decline after week 6 indicates control measures taking effect\n\n**Public Health Implications:**\n1. Outbreak investigation should focus on exposure period around week -3 to week -1\n2. Case identification and isolation efforts likely contributed to epidemic decline\n3. Continued surveillance necessary for 4 additional weeks to ensure outbreak termination\n\n**Recommended Actions:**\n- Implement enhanced surveillance for 3 incubation periods post-peak\n- Conduct contact tracing for cases in weeks 5 to 7\n- Monitor for secondary transmission in high-risk settings (schools, healthcare facilities)"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": ""
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
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[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do [ Limbal allografting from related live donors for limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to ocular chemical burn ]?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo investigate the efficacy and complications of limbal allografting from related live donors (RL-LAT) for limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to ocular chemical burn. Retrospective comparative case series. Limbal allografting from related live human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched (n = 10) and-unmatched donors (n = 2) was performed in 12 consecutive patients (12 eyes) with limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to ocular chemical burn, including 9 alkali burn and 3 acid burn; whereas allolimbal cadaver transplant was performed in another 15 patients in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between April 2006 to December 2007. Systemic cyclosporine A was administered to later eight recipients in living related donor group and all patients in cadaver donor group. Main outcome measures were restoration of corneal epithelium, reduction in corneal vascularization, improved corneal clarity, and visual improvement. Mean follow-up was (11.4 Β± 3.6) months (from 12 to 27). In living related donor group, ten patients (83.3%) achieved initially reepithelialize, and epithelial healing time was (9.6 Β± 3.4) d. Nine patients (75.0%) achieved stable ocular surface (stable corneal epithelium, decreased vascularization of corneal surface, and reduced corneal opacification). However, in seven eyes (77.8%) achieved stable ocular surface, gradual recurrence of peripheral corneal vascularization occurred after 5 to 8 months postoperatively. Whereas in cadaver donor group, twelve patients (80.0%) achieved i\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Limbal allografting from related live donors is more effective to reconstruct the ocular surface of limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to ocular chemical burn than allolimbal cadaver transplant. HLA-matched limbal allografting could reduce postoperative graft rejection and systemic cyclosporine A is useful in ensuring long-term survival."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does bioimpedance analysis highlight changes in body composition at the early stages of impairment of kidney transplant function?\n\nAbstract Context:\nKidney transplantation restores renal filtration, although it does not achieve the function of 2 native kidneys, and with time it may involute back to chronic renal failure. We hypothesized that bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) might highlight differences for body compartments among kidney transplants (Tx) with different filtration rates. Thirty transplantation patients (19 male, 11 female) were studied at 62.4+/-26.6 months postsurgery and were divided into 3 groups: good creatinine clearance (crCl, mL/min/1.73 m2; >65.0), borderline (35.0<crCl<60.0), and bad (crCl <35.0). BIA was assessed 3 times in 1 year. Total body water, extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), Na:K exchangeable ratio (Nae:Ke), and phase angle were studied. Healthy (n=11) and hemodialysis (n=11) groups were studied as well. BIA showed no differences between healthy controls and good Tx, whereas both borderline and bad Tx presented a significantly higher ECW and lower ICW than either good Tx or normal controls. Only good crCl was different from predialysis.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: A good graft kidney manages to restore and maintain normal body composition, whereas with mild renal dysfunction a change in body compartments was observed, moving toward the body water composition of chronic renal failure patients."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Most efficient antiΒlarval measure to prevent urban malaria is"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does magnetization transfer imaging demonstrate a distributed pattern of microstructural changes of the cerebral cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo date, damage of the cerebral cortex neurons in ALS was investigated by using conventional MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy. We explored the capability of MTI to map the microstructural changes in cerebral motor and extramotor cortices of patients with ALS. Twenty patients with ALS and 17 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. A high-resolution 3D SPGR sequence with and without MT saturation pulses was obtained on a 1.5T scanner to compute MTR values. Using the FMRIB Software Library tools, we automatically computed the MTR of the cerebral cortex GM in 48 regions of the entire cerebral cortex derived from the standard Harvard-Oxford cortical atlas. The MTR values were significantly lower in patients with ALS than in healthy controls in the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus), nonprimary motor areas (superior and middle frontal gyri and superior parietal lobe), and some extramotor areas (frontal pole, planum temporale, and planum polare). No correlation was found between regional MTR values and the severity of clinical deficits or disease duration.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: MTI analysis can detect the distributed pattern of microstructural changes of the GM in the cerebral cortex of patients with ALS with involvement of both the motor and extramotor areas."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Which age group most often present with jaundice due to Omphalitis in infants is -"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
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[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What is the mechanism of obstruction of blood to the femoral head in Legg-CalvΓ©-Perthes?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "In Legg-CalvΓ©-Perthes, there is an idiopathic mechanism of obstruction of blood to the femoral head."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are an AI assistant. User will you give you a task. Your goal is to complete the task as faithfully as you can. While performing the task think step-by-step and justify your steps.\n\nWhat type of details about oliver barnett can be gathered from the following bio? Bio: oliver wesley barnett -lrb- born april 9 , 1966 in louisville , kentucky -rrb- is a former american football defensive lineman in the national football league who played for the atlanta falcons , buffalo bills , and san francisco 49ers .\nAnswer:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "From the given bio, we can gather the following details about Oliver Barnett:\n\n1. Full Name: Oliver Wesley Barnett\n - The bio provides his full name, which includes his first, middle, and last names.\n\n2. Date of Birth: April 9, 1966\n - The bio mentions his birthdate, which we can use to determine his age or his zodiac sign.\n\n3. Place of Birth: Louisville, Kentucky\n - We learn that he was born in Louisville, a city in the state of Kentucky in the United States.\n\n4. Career: Former American Football defensive lineman\n - The bio states that Oliver Barnett had a career as an American Football defensive lineman, which gives us an idea of his profession and the position he played on the field.\n\n5. Association with National Football League (NFL):\n - It is mentioned that Oliver Barnett played in the NFL, which is a professional American football league.\n\n6. Teams played for: Atlanta Falcons, Buffalo Bills, and San Francisco 49ers\n - The bio lists the names of the three NFL teams Oliver Barnett played for during his career, giving us an understanding of his sports history.\n\nIn conclusion, from this bio, we can extract details about Oliver Barnett's personal details (full name, date of birth, and place of birth) as well as his professional background (position played, NFL association, and teams he played for)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do kawasaki disease patients with six principal symptoms have a high risk of being a non-responder?\n\nAbstract Context:\nA diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD) is established using six principal symptoms. Because the principal symptoms are deeply connected with KD, it is thus important to investigate the usefulness of the principal symptoms for evaluating the disease severity of KD. Patients with definite KD or suspicion of KD were retrospectively examined. Blood test data and the incidence of patients who failed to respond to the initial i.v. immunoglobulin treatment (non-responders) were compared between patients with six principal symptoms, including fever of β€ 4 days, before treatment of KD (six-symptom patients), and those with five or fewer symptoms (five-symptom patients). The study group of 207 patients who were treated with immunoglobulin consisted of 121 six-symptom patients and 86 five-symptom patients. The six-symptom patients were older and had higher neutrophil proportion and total bilirubin, and lower serum sodium at diagnosis than the five-symptom patients. Although the treatments did not differ between the groups, the six-symptom patients had a higher incidence of non-responders than the five-symptom patients (17% vs 5%; P= 0.008). Logistic regression analysis showed that six-symptom status was related to the risk of being a non-responder (odds ratio [OR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.6-17.4). This association was still significant after adjustment for the effect of age, neutrophil proportion, and total bilirubin and sodium (OR, 4.4; 95%CI: 1.4-17.3).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The number of principal symptoms before treatment is a useful guide to KD disease severity. Six-symptom patients have a higher risk of being a non-responder than five-symptom patients."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What is the suffix that is associated with the Carbapenem class of antimicrobials?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The suffix that is associated with the Carbapenem class of antimicrobials is -penem. Carbapenems are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. The -penem suffix is derived from the parent compound, thienamycin, which was first isolated from a soil sample in Japan in the 1970s. The Carbapenem class of antimicrobials includes drugs such as imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem, which are often used as last-resort antibiotics for serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. The -penem suffix is an important characteristic of this class of antibiotics, as it helps to distinguish them from other classes of antimicrobials."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze this infectious disease surveillance data from 2001-2014.\n\nData: Disease: Influenza Death (<65 years of age) | County: Butte | Year: 2013 | Sex: Male | Count: 0 | Population: 109868\n\nProvide epidemiological interpretation and trends analysis."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Infectious Disease Surveillance Analysis (2001-2014):\n\n**Data:** Disease: Influenza Death (<65 years of age) | County: Butte | Year: 2013 | Sex: Male | Count: 0 | Population: 109868\n\n**Epidemiological Context:**\nLong-term infectious disease surveillance data provides critical insights into disease trends, seasonal patterns, and the effectiveness of public health interventions over time.\n\n**Public Health Implications:**\n- Monitor disease burden trends across years\n- Identify emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases\n- Assess impact of vaccination programs\n- Inform resource allocation and prevention strategies\n- Guide policy decisions for disease control\n- Support global health security preparedness"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Most malignant testicular tumors is:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
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[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does transcription Factor KLF5 bound a Cyclin E1 Polymorphic Intronic Enhancer to Confer Increased Bladder Cancer Risk?\n\nAbstract Context:\nIt is well established that environmental toxins, such as exposure to arsenic, are risk factors in the development of urinary bladder cancer, yet recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide compelling evidence that there is a strong genetic component associated with disease predisposition. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs8102137, was identified on chromosome 19q12, residing 6 kb upstream of the important cell-cycle regulator and proto-oncogene, Cyclin E1 (CCNE1). However, the functional role of this variant in bladder cancer predisposition has been unclear because it lies within a non-coding region of the genome. Here, it is demonstrated that bladder cancer cells heterozygous for this SNP exhibit biased allelic expression of CCNE1 with 1.5-fold more transcription occurring from the risk allele. Furthermore, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, a novel enhancer element was identified within the first intron of CCNE1 that binds Kruppel-like Factor 5 (KLF5), a known transcriptional activator in bladder cancer. Moreover, the data reveal that the presence of rs200996365, a SNP in high-linkage disequilibrium with rs8102137 residing in the center of a KLF5 motif, alters KLF5 binding to this genomic region. Through luciferase assays and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, a novel polymorphic intronic regulatory element controlling CCNE1 transcription is characterized. These studies uncover how a cancer-associated polymorphism mechanistically contributes to an incre\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: A polymorphic KLF5 binding site near the CCNE1 gene explains genetic risk identified through GWAS. Mol Cancer Res; 14(11); 1078-86. Β©2016 AACR."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does [ Combination of lapatinib with chlorogenic acid inhibit breast cancer metastasis by suppressing macrophage M2 polarization ]?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo determine the effect of the combination of lapatinib with chlorogenic acid on metastasis of breast cancer in mouse model. The classical macrophage M2 polarization model induced by interlukin13in vitro was adopted in the study. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to detect the expression of M2 marker CD206. The transcription of M2-associated genes was measured by RT-PCR. HE staining was used to analyze the metastatic nodes of breast cancer in lungs of MMTV-PyVT mice. Immunostaining analysis was used to detect the expression of related proteins in breast cancer. The combination of lapatinib and chlorogenic acid inhibited the expression of CD206 induced by IL-13[(42.17%Β±2.59%) vs (61.15%Β±7.58%), P<0.05]. The combination more markedly suppressed expression of M2-associated gene Ym1 than lapatinib alone[(0.9Β±0.1) vs (1.8Β±0.0), P<0.05]. The combination of lapatinib and chlorogenic acid significantly reduced metastatic nodes in lung[P<0.05], and also significantly decreased the percentage of CD206(+) cells in breast cancer compared to controls[(6.08%Β±2.60%) vs(29.04%Β±5.86%), P<0.05].\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The combination of lapatinib and chlorogenic acid can effectively inhibit macrophage M2 polarization and metastasis of breast cancer."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer in HIV patients cause prolonged CD4 cell count suppression?\n\nAbstract Context:\nDespite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, anal cancer remains a significant health problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. We present the clinical features and treatment outcomes of anal cancer in 60 HIV-positive patients over a 20-year period. A prospective database of all HIV-positive individuals managed in a specialist unit since 1986 includes 11 112 patients (71 687 person-years of follow-up). Sixty patients with anal cancer were identified. Their clinicopathological and treatment details were analysed. At anal cancer diagnosis, the mean age was 44 years (range: 28-75 years) and the median CD4 cell count was 305 mm(-3) (range: 16-1252 mm(-3)). Fifty (83%) had chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Forty-six (92%) responded, of whom 10 (22%) subsequently relapsed with locoregional (70%), metastatic disease (10%) or both (20%). The overall 5-year survival is 65% (95% confidence interval 51% to 78%). The median CD4 count fell from 289 mm(-3) before CRT to 132 mm(-3) after 3 months and to 189 mm(-3) after 1 year (P<0.05). Six patients in remission of anal cancer died of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining illnesses.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The management of anal cancer with CRT achieves similar outcomes as the general population. CRT is associated with significant prolonged CD4 suppression that may contribute to late deaths of patients in remission."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Structure superficial to mylohyoid in anterior digastric triangle is/are"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on the study findings, what are the key public health implications?\n\nStudy findings: During 2014β2019, the prevalence of male circumcision increased 42% in ChΓ³kwΓ¨ District in southern Mozambique. The largest increase occurred among males aged 15β24 years; the prevalence among those 25β59 years remained below the national objective of 80%. Fear of complications, cultural reasons, and lack of time were among the most common reasons reported for not undergoing circumcision by males aged 25β59 years.\nArticle: Prevalence of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Infection Prevention Γ’ΒΒ ChΓΒ³kwΓΒ¨ District, Mozambique, 2014Γ’ΒΒ2019 (MMWR 2021)"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Public health implications:\n\nA multifaceted strategy addressing concerns about the safety of the procedure, cultural norms, and competing priorities could help overcome barriers to circumcision among males aged β₯25 years."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze the sentiment of this Weibo post about COVID-19: ε»ε»γ"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Sentiment: 2"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does activation of the ERK signalling pathway contribute to the adaptive changes in rat hearts during naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal?\n\nAbstract Context:\nWe have previously demonstrated that morphine withdrawal induced hyperactivity of the heart by activation of noradrenergic pathways innervating the left and right ventricle, as evaluated by noradrenaline turnover and c-Fos expression. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been implicated in drug addiction, but its role in activation of the heart during morphine dependence remains poorly understood. Here, we have looked for activation of ERK during morphine withdrawal and if this activation induced gene expression. Dependence on morphine was induced by s.c. implantation of morphine pellets for 7 days. Morphine withdrawal was precipitated on day 8 by injection of naloxone (2 mg kg(-1), s.c.). ERK1/2, their phosphorylated forms and c-Fos were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry of cardiac tissue. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal activated ERK1/2 and increased c-Fos expression in cardiac tissues. c-Fos expression was blocked by SL327, a drug that prevents ERK activation.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: These results indicate that signalling through the ERKs is necessary for morphine withdrawal-induced hyperactivity of the heart and suggest that this pathway may also be involved in activation of immediate-early genes in both cytosolic and nuclear effector mechanisms that have the potential to bring about long-term changes in the heart."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "A 37 year old female patient complains of discoloration with her upper front teeth. Intra-oral examination reveals Intrinsic staining with maxillary incisors. Dentist prepares teeth to receive direct composite veeners. Which of the following instrument material cannot be used in this case ?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze the sentiment of this Weibo post about COVID-19: ε₯³δΊΊδ½θ¦δΈΊιΎε₯³δΊΊ~ε₯³δΊΊεδ½θ¦δΈΊιΎθͺε·±ζ·±η±ηη·δΊΊ~"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Sentiment: 1"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze this infectious disease surveillance data from 2001-2014.\n\nData: Disease: Chlamydia | County: Solano | Year: 2010 | Sex: Female | Count: 1511 | Population: 207038\n\nProvide epidemiological interpretation and trends analysis."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Infectious Disease Surveillance Analysis (2001-2014):\n\n**Data:** Disease: Chlamydia | County: Solano | Year: 2010 | Sex: Female | Count: 1511 | Population: 207038\n\n**Epidemiological Context:**\nLong-term infectious disease surveillance data provides critical insights into disease trends, seasonal patterns, and the effectiveness of public health interventions over time.\n\n**Public Health Implications:**\n- Monitor disease burden trends across years\n- Identify emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases\n- Assess impact of vaccination programs\n- Inform resource allocation and prevention strategies\n- Guide policy decisions for disease control\n- Support global health security preparedness"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze the quantitative patterns in this epidemiological data.\n\nTable: TABLE. Age-standardized rate* of hospitalization with acute kidney injuryβ and dialysis-treated acute kidney injuryΒ§ among men and women aged β₯20 years with and without diagnosed diabetes, by sex and diabetes status β United States, 2000, 2006, and 2014\nArticle: Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury Γ’ΒΒ United States, 2000Γ’ΒΒ2014 (MMWR 2018)"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Quantitative analysis:\n\nThe data shows values ranging from 4108 to 21871994, with an average of 5940907.4. This range indicates variability in the epidemiological measure across the study population."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are smad3 and Smad3 phosphoisoforms prognostic markers of gastric carcinoma?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe transforming growth factor-Ξ²/Smads signaling pathway plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression in cancer, and may closely be related to the biological behaviors of some malignant tumors, such as gastric carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the roles of Smad3 and Smad3 phosphoisoforms in the prognosis of gastric carcinoma. We investigated the expressions of Smad3, pSmad3C(S423/425), pSmad3L(T179), pSmad3L(S204), and pSmad3L(S213) in tumor tissue microarrays of 442 gastric carcinoma patients who underwent curative surgery using immunohistochemistry and assessed their correlation with clinical outcome. Positive Smad3 expression was observed in 33.5 % of gastric carcinoma. The rates of positive Smad3 phosphoisoforms expression varied according to the location of phosphorylation within Smad3: pSmad3C(S423/425) 28.5 %, pSmad3L(T179) 5.9 %, pSmad3L(S204) 1.8 %, and pSmad3L(S213) 20.8 %. Positive Smad3 expression was associated with diffuse type (p = 0.003), poorer histologic differentiation (p = 0.005), more frequent lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001), and higher AJCC stage (p = 0.006). Multivariate analyses revealed that Smad3 expression (p = 0.041), pSmad3L(T179) expression (p = 0.011), pSmad3L(S213) expression (p = 0.003), and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage were independent predictors of shorter disease-free survival. Smad3 expression (p = 0.033), pSmad3L(T179) expression (p = 0.012), pSmad3L(S213) expression (p = 0.005), and AJCC stage wer\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Smad3, pSmad3L(T179), and pSmad3L(S213) expression might be independent predictors of both shorter disease-free survival and shorter overall survival in gastric carcinoma patients after curative surgery, and might help clinicians identify patients at high risk of recurrence."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "After the first postoperative year of cardiac transplantation, the most common cause of death is"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Pneumonic plague transmission route:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does neonatology have always been a bargain -- even when we were n't very good at it?\n\nAbstract Context:\nWe wondered whether Neonatal Intensive Care Unit resources for Extremely Low Birth Weight infants have always been disproportionately devoted to survivors, even when ELBW infants were very likely to die. We documented survival and length of stay (LOS) for 2354 ELBW infants (BW 450-1000 g) admitted to the NICU at the University of Chicago between 1978 and 2003. NICU bed-days were a proxy for medical expenses. Over the past 25 years, ELBW admissions have risen four-fold from 25 to 100/year, and ELBW bed-days have risen ten-fold, from 700 to 7000/year. In 1978, when ELBW mortality was 80%, only 30% of ELBW bed-days were expended on non-survivors. Currently, the percentage of ELBW non-survivor bed days (NSBD) is below 10%. Even more striking, as soon as there were any survivors with BW 450-750 g, the NSBD index fell below 30%, and settled quickly around 10%.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: It is almost self-evident that there are no credible distributive justice arguments to deflect NICU care for ELBW infants now, when survival is so good. But, surprisingly, even when NICU survival was much worse, there have never been credible distributive justice arguments against NICU care for infants with BW <1000 g, whether dollars spent on survivors or 'intact survivors' is the outcome measure."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is abnormal expression of serum soluble E-cadherin correlated with clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast cancer?\n\nAbstract Context:\nIncreased amounts of soluble E-cadherin (E-cad) have been found in the serum in various cancers, but the role of serum soluble E-cad in the prognosis of breast cancer patients has not been explored in Asian populations. Blood samples from 111 consecutive patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 55 healthy controls were investigated.Serum soluble E-cad expression levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) with an immunoassay kit according to the manufacturer's directions. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate the association between serum soluble E-cad expression level and survival. All statistical tests were 2-sided. The serum levels of soluble E-cad in breast cancer patients were significantly higher than those of the control group (2218.9Β±319.6 ng/ml vs. 742.8Β±91.7 ng/ml, p<0.001). Serum levels of soluble E-cad correlated significantly with TNM stage (P=0.007), tumor grade (P=0.03), and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test indicated that high serum levels of soluble E-cad had a significant impact on overall survival (55.4% vs. 81.4%; P=0.032) and disease-free survival (36.8% vs. 67.8%; P=0.002) in breast cancer. Multivariate analysis revealed that serum levels of soluble E-cad were independently associated with overall survival and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Serum soluble E-cad level is an independent prognostic factor in Asian breast cancer patients."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are an AI assistant. User will you give you a task. Your goal is to complete the task as faithfully as you can. While performing the task think step-by-step and justify your steps.\n\nQuestion: who are the girls from the bad girls club?? Would \"The show centers on seven feisty and mischievous women with different backgrounds and personalities, who have a number of psychological and behavioral problems.\" be a reasonable answer?\n\nAvailable choices: *No *Yes\nThe answer is:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Yes, \"The show centers on seven feisty and mischievous women with different backgrounds and personalities, who have a number of psychological and behavioral problems.\" could be a reasonable answer to the question \"who are the girls from the bad girls club?\" However, it is important to note that there have been many different cast members on the show over the years, so this answer may not be specific enough for someone looking for information on a particular season or group of girls."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "A Schizophrenic patient is responding well to haloperidol. But, now he has developed symptoms of parkinsonism. What is the drug of choice to treat this condition -"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "First heart sound is soft in all, except"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Large doses of vitamin K administered to a newborn result in: September 2012"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Answer this infectious disease question based on the provided context.\n\nContext: The reemergence of measles in 2018-2019 highlighted the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage to prevent outbreaks. In 2019 an outbreak in Sao Paulo State revealed that some individuals who were adequately vaccinated still contracted measles. A study was conducted at CRIE-HC-FMUSP to assess measles IgG antibody levels in vaccinated adults focusing on healthy individuals who had received at least two Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccines. The study found that the seropositivity rate was 32.7% by ELISA and 75.3% by CLIA with a notable correlation between the two testing methods. Key factors influencing seropositivity included age and the interval since the last vaccine dose suggesting that immunity may decline over time even in those who are vaccinated.\n\nQuestion: Where was the measles outbreak reported in 2019?\n\nProvide a clear, evidence-based answer."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Sao Paulo State"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Which of the following drains directly into inferior vena cava?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What does fat necrosis of breast tissue present as on mammography?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "What does fat necrosis of breast tissue present as on mammography? Fat necrosis of breast tissue presents as a calcified oil cyst on mammography."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are genetic and environmental factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in older African Americans?\n\nAbstract Context:\nLow circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is prevalent in African Americans, but predictors of vitamin D status are understudied compared to Caucasian populations. We investigated whether certain environmental and genetic factors are predictors of circulating 25(OH)D in 989 elderly African Americans participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Regression analysis estimated the cross-sectional association of nongenetic (environmental) factors with 25(OH)D. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 25(OH)D in Caucasian genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were analyzed for association with serum 25(OH)D, including analyses of all imputed SNPs in identified genomic regions. Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) evaluated the association of all (genome-wide) genotyped SNPs with serum 25(OH)D in the Health ABC Study with replication in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Gender, study site, season of blood draw, body mass index, dietary supplement use, dairy and cereal consumption, Healthy Eating Index score, and walking >180 min/wk were associated with 25(OH)D (P < 0.05), jointly explaining 25% of the variation in circulating 25(OH)D. Multivitamin supplement use was the strongest predictor of circulating 25(OH)D, and supplement users had a 6.3-ΞΌg/L higher serum 25(OH)D concentration compared with nonusers. Previous GWAS-identified gene regions were not replicated in African Americans, but the nonsynonymo\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Modifiable dietary and lifestyle predictors of serum 25(OH)D were identified in African Americans. GCTA confirms that a proportion of 25(OH)D variability is attributable to genetic variation, but genomic regions associated with the 25(OH)D phenotype identified in prior GWASs of European Americans were not replicated in the Health ABC Study in African Americans."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": ""
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer.\n\nShe married twice , the first time in 1749 with the Prince Kazimierz Poniatowski , the second time with the Prince Antoni Lubomirski on January 21 , 1751 .\nShe married twice . The first time with Prince Antoni Lubomirski in 1749 , and the second time with Prince Kazimierz Poniatowski on 21 January 1751 .\n\nAre these two sentences paraphrases of each other?\nSelect from:\n (A). no.\n (B). yes."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "(B). yes.\n\nThe two sentences provide essentially the same information, with only small differences in the order that the information is presented. In both sentences, it is stated that the person in question married twice, first with Prince Kazimierz Poniatowski and then with Prince Antoni Lubomirski. Additionally, both sentences provide the dates of the respective marriages. Therefore, the two sentences can be considered as paraphrases of each other."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Heart failure cells are seen in"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"Females never understand that guys dont give af about females that they dont like liking them. Stop trippin, he dont know that hoe\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "All are steroids except"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Read the following article and select the best answer. Article: Every evening, 15-year-old Rashida returns home from school, changes out of her uniform, and rushes to a neighboring farm to help her mother harvest vegetables. Her father is disabled, so the modest profit the two of them earn must cover food, clothing and other necessities for all seven children and their parents. Despite having precious little time to study, Rashida is one of the top students at her junior secondary school. But with so much responsibility on her small shoulders, she admits that it is sometimes hard for her to imagine a more promising future. Last year, Rashida was invited to join 155 other girls at Camfed Ghana's first Girls' Career Camp, a program designed to inspire girls growing up in the country's Northern Region to dream big, and to support them to pursue those dreams. \"We organized this camp because we wanted to let girls know that even if they are struggling with poverty, their lives will not be defined by limitations,\" says Dolores Dickson, Camfed Ghana's Executive Director. Over the course of five days, the camp led the junior and secondary school students through a range of experiences and career opportunities that were entirely new to them. Dr. Agnes Apusiga, a lecturer from the University of Development Studies, ran the workshop on goal-setting and career choices, describing the universities and training colleges in Ghana that could help them achieve their dreams. Participants then visited the University for Development Studies, where they toured the medical school and science labs. Another highlight was a workshop at the computer lab at Tamale Secondary School. Many of the girls had studied information technology from a book but had never before seen a computer. \"When the girls arrived at camp, they were not ambitious, because they didn't have any idea what the world held for them,\" says Eugenia Ayagiba, Project Officer with Camfed Ghana. \"Many had scarcely traveled beyond their own villages.\" \"I think the most important thing that happened at the camp is that we opened a... Question: According to the passage, Camfed Ghana's first Girls' Career Camp is _ . - a program to help poor girls to have ambition - a program to help poor girl students to get university education - a program to help poor girls to study hard - a program to help the poor families\nThe answer to this question is:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "a program to help poor girls to have ambition"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Assess the depression severity level in this Reddit post.\n\nPost: I agreed and the four of us had dinner and I dropped them back home to Kate[18F]'s house where they were staying the night because her parents were not home. As I was pulling away Jamie[17F] ran up to my car and asked me if I wanted to stay the night with them, at first I was hesitant but I eventually agreed because I thought other guys were coming round. It turned out the other guys couldnt make it and it was just me and the three drunk girls. I asked Kate[18F](it was her house) if I could get some MDMA and drop it tonight and she agreed if I got her some. I drove us to the bottle shop where Jamie[17F] got her friend to buy us some more alcohol and went to get the MDMA which me and Kate did while Jamie and Sophie just drank.\n\nClassify as: minimum, mild, moderate, or severe."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Depression Severity Assessment: minimum\n\nThis post indicates minimum depression severity. In public health monitoring, such assessments help identify individuals who may need mental health support and resources."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Shape of the interdental papilla in midline diastema cases is"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Which metabolite is involved in glycolysis, HMP shunt pathway as well as gluconeogenesis"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Extract the answer to the following question from the movie plot. If the question isn't answerable, please output \"Can't answer\". Question: What are the monks doing in the hotel ? Title: Le fantΓΒ΄me de la libertΓΒ© Movie plot: Toledo, 1808, a Spanish city occupied by French Napoleonic troops. A firing squad executes a small group of Spanish rebels who cry out Down with liberty! or Long live chains! The troops are encamped in a Catholic church which they desecrate by drinking, singing, and eating the communion wafers. The captain caresses a statue of a medieval woman and is knocked unconscious by her husband (a knights funerary statue). In revenge, the captain exhumes the body of the wife to find her face has not decomposed; there is a suggestion of intended necrophilia.Cut to the present day where a nanny is reading the voice-over from a book whilst seated on a park bench. The children in her care are given some pictures by a strange man in the park; there are implications of child abduction or pedophilia. Cut to a close-up of a spider and the interior of a bourgeois apartment where a man is fed up with symmetry as he rearranges his mantelpiece. The children arrive home and show the pictures to their parents who are shocked that the girls have such images. The parents are disgusted and yet erotically stimulated by the images which we assume to be pornographic when we see the images, they are revealed as picture postcards of architecture (there is a satirical nod towards Freudian symbolism in the images of tunnels and columns). The parents then let the children keep the pictures and dismiss the nanny. At bedtime, the husband cant sleep as he is woken in the night by a cockerel, a postman and an emu wandering through his bedroom.In the next scene, the husband visits his doctor, who dismisses these nighttime experiences as apparitions despite the fact that the husband has physical evidence in the form of a letter from the nocturnal postman. The evidence is never considered as the doctors nurse interrupts the conversation to tell her employer that she must visit her sick father. The nurse drives through a rainy night, meeting a military tank on the road that is apparently hunting foxes. The soldiers tell her that the road ahead is...\nThe answer to this question is:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Can't answer."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"“@JayStacks25: I might fuck around and fuck yo bitch 😈💯😏” eat her ass when your steal her so you'll be a real ass nigga\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "To diagnose well being of fetus, most reliable method :"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can.\n\nPlease answer the following question: All My Darling Daughters is a one-shot Japanese manga written and illustrated by Fumi Yoshinaga. It is published by Hakusensha.It is licensed and published in North America by Viz Media on January 19 2010. It is licensed in French by Casterman and in Traditional Chinese by Sharp Point Press. Given a list of categories: company, educational institution, artist, athlete, office holder, mean of transportation, building, natural place, village, animal, plant, album, film or written work, what category does the paragraph belong to?\nAnswer:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The paragraph belongs to the category of \"written work\"."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does postoperative pain detract from early health status improvement seen after video-assisted thoracoscopic lung volume reduction surgery?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo assess the impact of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) on postoperative pain. Fifty-two patients, 34 male/18 female, median age 59 (46-70) years, underwent unilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic (VAT) LVRS. FEV(1), TLC, RV and RV/TLC ratio were assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post surgery. At the same time interval health status was assessed by Euroquol and SF 36 questionnaires. Significant improvements in health status, as assessed by SF 36, persisted from 3 months to 1 year. However, in the pain domain there was a worsening of the mean score from 74 preoperatively to 64 at 3 months, 68 at 6 months, 73 at 12 months and 65 at 24 months. The improvements in Euroquol score were not statistically significant. However, they became significant for at least 2 years postoperatively, when those patients who had a worsening pain score postoperatively were excluded. While the percentage of patients with a worsening of pain scores measured with SF 36 remained between 40 and 45% even 2 years after LVRS, when using Euroquol this percentage did decrease from 30% at 3 months to 14% at 2 years. There was no significant correlation between the change of scores and length of operation, hospital stay or air leak. It was also not statistically significant whether these patients had an extra procedure (redo thoracotomy or insertion of extra drain postoperatively). There were some significant correlations between changes in hyperinflation and changes in pain scores but\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Postoperative pain detracts from global improvement in health status after LVRS even after unilateral VATS. There may be an influence of alterations in chest mechanics after surgery on the development of pain."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": ""
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does intermittent hypoxia-induced protein phosphatase 2A activation reduce PC12 cell proliferation and differentiation?\n\nAbstract Context:\nIntermittent hypoxia (IH) plays a critical role in sleep breathing disorder-associated hippocampus impairments, including neurocognitive deficits, irreversible memory and learning impairments. IH-induced neuronal injury in the hippocampus may result from reduced precursor cell proliferation and the relative numbers of postmitotic differentiated neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying IH-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation effects on cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation remain largely unknown. ROS generation significantly increased after 1-4 days of IH without increased pheochromocytoma-12 (PC12) cell death, which resulted in increased protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) mRNA and protein levels. After 3-4 days of IH, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) protein phosphorylation decreased, which could be reversed by superoxide dismutase (SOD), 1,10-phenanthroline (Phe), the PP2A phosphorylation inhibitors, okadaic acid (OKA) and cantharidin, and the ERK phosphorylation activator nicotine (p < 0.05). In particular, the significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased proportions of cells in the G0/G1 phase after 1-4 days of IH (p < 0.05), which resulted in decreased numbers of PC12 cells, could be reversed by treatment with SOD, Phe, PP2A inhibitors and an ERK activator. In addition, the numbers of nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced PC12 cells with neurite outgrowths after 3-4 days of IH were less than those after 4 days of RA, which was \n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our results suggest that IH-induced ROS generation increases PP2A activation and subsequently downregulates ERK1/2 activation, which results in inhibition of PC12 cell proliferation through G0/G1 phase arrest and NGF-induced neuronal differentiation."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this MMWR article, generate an executive summary following CDC format.\nArticle: Effectiveness of 2-Dose Vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19Γ’ΒΒAssociated Hospitalizations Among Immunocompromised Adults Γ’ΒΒ Nine States, JanuaryΓ’ΒΒSeptember 2021 (MMWR 2021)"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**What is already known about this topic?**\nStudies suggest that immunocompromised persons who receive COVID-19 vaccination might not develop high neutralizing antibody titers or be as protected against severe COVID-19 outcomes as are immunocompetent persons.\n\n**What is added by this report?**\nEffectiveness of mRNA vaccination against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19βassociated hospitalization was lower (77%) among immunocompromised adults than among immunocompetent adults (90%). Vaccine effectiveness varied considerably among immunocompromised patient subgroups.\n\n**What are the implications for public health practice?**\nImmunocompromised persons benefit from COVID-19 mRNA vaccination but are less protected from severe COVID-19 outcomes than are immunocompetent persons. Immunocompromised persons receiving mRNA COVID-19 vaccines should receive 3 doses and a booster, consistent with CDC recommendations, practice nonpharmaceutical interventions, and, if infected, be monitored closely and considered early for proven therapies that can prevent severe outcomes."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "A child presents with infective skin lesion of the leg. Gram stain from the specimen shows pus cells with gram+ve cocci in chains and culture is done which shows hemolytic colonies. The test to confirm the organism is -"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does tumor necrosis factor-alpha contribute to below-level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury?\n\nAbstract Context:\nOur objective was to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for below-level pain after partial spinal cord injury (SCI). We used lateral hemisection to model central neuropathic pain and herpes simplex viral (HSV) vector-mediated transfer of the cleaved soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) to evaluate the role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of below-level pain. We found activation of microglia and increased expression of TNF-alpha below the level of the lesion in the lumbar spinal cord after T13 lateral hemisection that correlated with emergence of mechanical allodynia in the hind limbs of rats. Lumbar TNF-alpha had an apparent molecular weight of 27 kDa, consistent with the full-length transmembrane form of the protein (mTNF-alpha). Expression of the p55 TNF soluble receptor (sTNFRs) by HSV-mediated gene transfer resulted in reduced pain behavior and a decreased number of ED1-positive cells, as well as decreased phosphorylation of the p38 MAP kinase (p-p38) and diminished expression of mTNF-alpha in the dorsal horn.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: These results suggest that expression of mTNF-alpha after injury is related to development of pain, and that reverse signaling through mTNF-alpha by sTNFR at that level reduces cellular markers of inflammatory response and pain-related behavior."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does taqman real-time PCR detect Avipoxvirus DNA in blood of Hawai ' i 'amakihi ( Hemignathus virens )?\n\nAbstract Context:\nAvipoxvirus sp. is a significant threat to endemic bird populations on several groups of islands worldwide, including Hawai'i, the Galapagos Islands, and the Canary Islands. Accurate identification and genotyping of Avipoxvirus is critical to the study of this disease and how it interacts with other pathogens, but currently available methods rely on invasive sampling of pox-like lesions and may be especially harmful in smaller birds. Here, we present a nested TaqMan Real-Time PCR for the detection of the Avipoxvirus 4b core protein gene in archived blood samples from Hawaiian birds. The method was successful in amplifying Avipoxvirus DNA from packed blood cells of one of seven Hawaiian honeycreepers with confirmed Avipoxvirus infections and 13 of 28 Hawai'i 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens) with suspected Avipoxvirus infections based on the presence of pox-like lesions. Mixed genotype infections have not previously been documented in Hawai'i but were observed in two individuals in this study.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: We anticipate that this method will be applicable to other closely related strains of Avipoxvirus and will become an important and useful tool in global studies of the epidemiology of Avipoxvirus."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "A 10 year old child comes to you with exarticulation of 11.\nChoice of transport medium is"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": ""
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is mitral regurgitation an independent predictor of 1-year mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients presenting in cardiogenic shock on admission?\n\nAbstract Context:\nCardiogenic shock (CS) remains the most serious complication of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a frequent complication of STEMI and a well-known predictor of mortality in STEMI without CS. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of MR in STEMI patients with CS on admission. Mitral regurgitation was assessed in 147 consecutive STEMI patients with CS on admission and treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Color Doppler of MR was graded with a 0 to 3 scale (none, n = 26; 1 = mild, n = 62; 2 = moderate, n = 40; 3 = severe, n = 19). Overall one-year mortality in the study cohort was 27%. One-year mortality was 8%, 23%, 30% and 58% for patients with no, mild, moderate and severe MR respectively (P <0.001). For each grade of MR increase, the odds for mortality increased with 71% (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.02-2.87; P = 0.043) when adjusted for age, gender, previous myocardial infarction, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, multivessel disease and no-reflow.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The presence of MR on early echocardiography is an important independent predictor of one-year mortality in STEMI patients with CS on admission treated by primary PCI."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is the Enterococcus faecalis superoxide dismutase essential for its tolerance to vancomycin and penicillin?\n\nAbstract Context:\nEnterococcus faecalis is a human commensal that has the ability to become a pathogen. Because of its ruggedness, it can persist in the hospital setting and cause serious nosocomial infections. E. faecalis can acquire multiple drug resistance determinants but is also intrinsically tolerant to a number of antibiotics, such as penicillin or vancomycin, meaning that these usually bactericidal drugs only exhibit a bacteriostatic effect. Recently, evidence has been presented that exposure to bactericidal antibiotics induced the production of reactive oxygen species in bacteria. Here, we studied the role of enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response in the survival of E. faecalis after antibiotic treatment. Mutants defective in genes encoding oxidative stress defence activities were tested by time-kill curves for their contribution to antibiotic tolerance in comparison with the E. faecalis JH2-2 wild-type (WT). In killing assays, WT cultures lost 0.2 +/- 0.1 and 1.3 +/- 0.2 log(10) cfu/mL after 24 h of vancomycin or penicillin exposure, respectively. A deletion mutant of the superoxide dismutase gene (DeltasodA) exhibited a lack of tolerance as cultures lost 4.1 +/- 0.5 and 4.8 +/- 0.7 log(10) cfu/mL after 24 h of exposure to the same drugs. Complementation of DeltasodA re-established the tolerant phenotype. Bacterial killing was an oxygen-dependent process and a model is presented implicating the superoxide anion as the mediator of this killing. As predicted from the model, \n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: SodA is central to the intrinsic ability of E. faecalis to withstand drug-induced killing, and the superoxide anion seems to be the key effector of bacterial death."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does malnutrition-inflammation score predict long-term mortality in Chinese PD patients?\n\nAbstract Context:\nMalnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) has proved to predict the prospective mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, its value of long-term mortality predictability in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has not been adequately studied. A total of 155 chronic stable PD patients from November 2005 to December 2006 were enrolled. At baseline, the MIS, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), as well as clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric parameters were recorded. All patients were followed until October 2009 to evaluate mortality as a primary outcome. The MIS correlated very well with SGA and other nutrition and inflammation markers. Patients with a higher MIS had a worse survival rate compared to those with lower MIS. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, one unit increase of MIS was associated with a 1.27-fold greater death risk (hazard ratio: 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 - 1.36; p < 0.001). MIS had a superior mortality predictability compared with SGA. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses denoted MIS, age, dialysis vintage, and comorbidities as independent predictors of total mortality.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: MIS is a promising marker for malnutrition inflammation assessment and an independent predictor of long-term mortality in Chinese PD patients."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are genetic variants within obesity-related genes associated with tumor recurrence in patients with stages II/III colon cancer?\n\nAbstract Context:\nObesity is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and it is also linked to CRC recurrence and survival. Polymorphisms located in obesity-related genes are associated with an increased risk of developing several cancer types including CRC. We evaluated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms in obesity-related genes may predict tumor recurrence in colon cancer patients. Genotypes were obtained from germline DNA from 207 patients with stage II or III colon cancer at the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center. Nine polymorphisms in eight obesity-related genes (PPAR, LEP, NFKB, CD36, DRG1, NGAL, REGIA, and DSCR1) were evaluated. The primary endpoint of the study was the 3-year recurrence rate. Positive associations were also tested in an independent Japanese cohort of 350 stage III CRC patients. In univariate analysis, for PPARrs1801282, patients with a CC genotype had significantly lower recurrence probability (29 Β± 4% SE) compared with patients with a CG genotype (48 Β± 8% SE) [hazard ratio (HR): 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-3.10; P = 0.040]. For DSCR1rs6517239, patients with an AA genotype had higher recurrence probability than patients carrying at least one allele G (37 Β± 4% SE vs. 15 Β± 6% SE) (HR: 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.94; P = 0.027). This association was stronger in the patients bearing a left-sided tumor (HR: 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.88; P = 0.018). In the Japanese cohort, no associations were found.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: This hypothesis-generating study suggests a potential influence of polymorphisms within obesity-related genes in the recurrence probability of colon cancer. These interesting results should be evaluated further."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do antibodies against serotonin have no diagnostic relevance in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo determine the prevalence and potential diagnostic relevance of autoantibodies against serotonin, thromboplastin, and ganglioside Gm1 in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM). Sera from 203 patients with FM and 64 pain-free control subjects were analyzed with enzyme immunoassays. Clinical and psychometric data of the patients were analyzed for the presence or absence of autoantibodies. Compared with control subjects patients with FM had a significantly higher prevalence of autoantibodies against serotonin (20% vs 5%; p = 0.003) and thromboplastin (43% vs 9%; p < 0.001), but not against ganglioside Gm1 (15% vs 9%; p = 0.301). Differences in autoantibody prevalence between controls and FM patients were not related to age or sex. No association was found between autoantibody pattern and clinical or psychometric data, e.g., pain, depression, pain related anxiety, and activities of daily living.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: There is an elevated prevalence of antibodies against serotonin and thromboplastin in patients with FM. The pathophysiological significance of this finding is unknown. Calculation of positive predictive values of antiserotonin antibodies shows that measurement of these antibodies has no diagnostic relevance."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do direct and up-close views of plant cell walls show a leading role for lignin-modifying enzymes on ensuing xylanases?\n\nAbstract Context:\nA key barrier that limits the full potential of biological processes to create new, sustainable materials and fuels from plant fibre is limited enzyme accessibility to polysaccharides and lignin that characterize lignocellulose networks. Moreover, the heterogeneity of lignocellulosic substrates means that different enzyme combinations might be required for efficient transformation of different plant resources. Analytical techniques with high chemical sensitivity and spatial resolution that permit direct characterization of solid samples could help overcome these challenges by allowing direct visualization of enzyme action within plant fibre, thereby identify barriers to enzyme action. In the current study, the high spatial resolution (about 30Β nm) of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and the detection sensitivity (ppm) of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), were harnessed for the first time to investigate the progression of laccase, cellulase and xylanase activities through wood samples, and to evaluate complementary action between lignin-modifying and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In particular, complementary insights from the STXM and ToF-SIMS analyses revealed the key role of laccase in promoting xylanase activity throughout and between plant cell walls.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The spatial resolution of STXM clearly revealed time-dependent progression and spatial distribution of laccase and xylanase activities, whereas ToF-SIMS analyses confirmed that laccase promoted protein penetration into fibre samples, leading to an overall increase in polysaccharide degradation. Spectromicroscopic visualizations of plant cell wall chemistry allowed simultaneous tracking of changes to lignin and polysaccharide contents, which provides new possibilities for investigating the complementary roles of lignin-modifying and carbohydrate-active enzymes."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "\n\nTaylor stayed up all night partying and got no sleep. Taylor went to work anyway. Given the context: How would Taylor feel afterwards?\nAnswer:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Taylor would likely feel tired, groggy, and possibly irritable or unfocused due to the lack of sleep."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "30 weeks pregnant female comes for antenatal Doppler and findings are shown. What is the management ?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "The IPC section that denotes the death of the human being,unless the contrary appears from the context is"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze WHO COVID-19 case data.\n\nCountry: Sudan\nData: Date_reported: 2020-10-11 | Country_code: SD | Country: Sudan | Continent: Africa | WHO_region: EMRO | New_cases: 25.0 | Cumulative_cases: 13685\n\nProvide epidemiological assessment."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "WHO COVID-19 Case Analysis:\n\n**Country:** Sudan\n**Data:** Date_reported: 2020-10-11 | Country_code: SD | Country: Sudan | Continent: Africa | WHO_region: EMRO | New_cases: 25.0 | Cumulative_cases: 13685\n\n**Public Health Assessment:**\nWHO COVID-19 surveillance data tracks the global pandemic trajectory, identifying hotspots, monitoring transmission dynamics, and informing public health response strategies worldwide.\n\n**Key Indicators:**\n- Case counts and trends over time\n- Geographic distribution of disease burden\n- Mortality patterns and case fatality rates\n- Impact of interventions and vaccination campaigns\n- Healthcare system capacity considerations\n\nThis data supports evidence-based decision-making for pandemic response and preparedness."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is left atrial function impaired in cirrhosis : a speckle tracking echocardiographic study?\n\nAbstract Context:\nAbnormalities in left ventricular systolic and diastolic function have been described in patients with cirrhosis. There are no studies on left atrial (LA) function in these patients. We aimed to evaluate LA function in cirrhosis patients using myocardial deformation imaging. We included 111 hospitalized and ambulatory patients with cirrhosis and 18 healthy controls. A comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation was performed; LA strain was assessed using velocity vector imaging. Peak atrial longitudinal strain at the end of ventricular systole was lower in patients [41.9Β % (34.4-51.0) vs. 48.0Β % (42.0-57.1), pΒ =Β 0.02]. No differences were found in atrial strain before atrial contraction in patients and controls [17.5Β % (14.3-22.4) vs. 20.7Β % (14.1-26.3), pΒ =Β 0.14]. On multivariate linear regression analysis, E' velocity was the only variable independently associated with peak atrial longitudinal strain (R (2)Β =Β 47Β %). No correlation was found between the LA volume index (LAVI) and peak atrial longitudinal strain (rΒ =Β -0.136, pΒ =Β 0.219). Peak atrial longitudinal strain performed better than LAVI in identifying patients with elevated filling pressures (AUCΒ =Β 0.81 vs. 0.52).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Patients with cirrhosis have abnormal atrial reservoir function, which may be related to the same factors associated with impaired ventricular relaxation. LA enlargement in cirrhosis may not reflect elevated filling pressures and should not be used as an isolated marker of diastolic dysfunction. The atrial \"pump\" function does not seem to be affected in cirrhosis patients."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "A Patient has a habit of bruxism, which of the following type of pontic should be given in such a patient:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant, who always provide explanation. Think like you are answering to a five year old.\n\nArticle:With the Year of the Rooster approaching, a Trump-inspired sculpture is on display at a shopping centre in Taiyuan, Shanxi province.\nThe designer told Chinese media he was inspired by both his iconic hairstyle and hand gestures.\nThe Lunar New Year falls on 28 January.\nIt is not the first time a resemblance has been spotted between the future leader of the free world and a bird in China.\nA golden pheasant in a zoo in Hangzhou achieved brief internet fame in November after a visitor noticed that its swept-back blond hair and piercing blue eyes looked somewhat like Mr Trump's.\nBeijing has grown increasingly critical of Mr Trump, who has appointed a fierce China critic to a senior trade post; spoken directly with Taiwan's president, in violation of the US's longstanding \"One China\" policy; and accused China of stealing an American underwater drone.\nAccording to the Chinese zodiac, Donald Trump is a \"dog\", characterised as loyal, honest and suited to politics, though stubborn and prone to seeing the world as hostile.\n\nSummarize the main points of that article."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "A Trump-inspired sculpture is being displayed at a shopping center in China to celebrate the Year of the Rooster. A designer was inspired by Trump's hair and hand gestures, and the Lunar New Year will be on January 28th. It's not the first time that Trump has been compared to a bird in China. People think that some of his actions have made China not happy with him. According to the Chinese zodiac, Trump is a \"dog\", which means he is loyal, but can also be stubborn."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What are the most common genetic alterations associated with the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The most common genetic alterations associated with the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are alterations in the Bcl-2 and Bcl-6 genes. These genes normally play a role in regulating programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA transcription, respectively. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, alterations in these genes can lead to the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of B cells, contributing to the development of the disease. While alterations in Bcl-2 and Bcl-6 are the most common genetic alterations associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, other genetic and epigenetic changes may also be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": ""
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are serum levels of cathepsin D , sirtuin1 , and endothelial nitric oxide synthase correlatively reduced in elderly healthy people?\n\nAbstract Context:\nNowadays, cathepsins have been reported to be related to aging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between serum levels of cathepsin D (CTSD) and human aging. In the present study, we analyzed the serum levels of CTSD and its relation with levels of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, which were known having an important role in aging. This study recruited 90 healthy subjects (62 men and 28 women), which were subdivided into three groups with respect to age: young (about 19Β years old, nΒ =Β 30), middle-age (about 40Β years old, nΒ =Β 30), and aged (above 65Β years old, nΒ =Β 30). Altered serum levels of CTSD and SIRT1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and eNOS activity was assessed by the conversion of 14(C)-L-arginine to 14(C)-L-citrulline. Elderly subjects had significantly lower CTSD, SIRT1, and eNOS than younger ones. Serum levels of CTSD were negatively correlated with age. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between serum levels of CTSD, eNOS, and SIRT1.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: This study shows lower serum CTSD values in elderly subjects than in younger subjects. This is the first to demonstrate age-related changes in cathepsin D levels in humans and the association between SIRT1 and eNOS."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Analyze WHO mortality data.\n\nData: Country;name;Admin1;SubDiv;Year;List;Icd;Update: 4005;Albania;;;2005;09B;Icd9;\n\nProvide epidemiological interpretation of mortality patterns."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "WHO Mortality Database Analysis:\n\n**Data:** Country;name;Admin1;SubDiv;Year;List;Icd;Update: 4005;Albania;;;2005;09B;Icd9;\n\n**Public Health Significance:**\nMortality data provides essential insights into disease burden, health system performance, and population health trends. This information guides resource allocation and health policy development.\n\n**Key Applications:**\n- Track cause-specific mortality trends over time\n- Compare mortality rates across countries and regions\n- Identify high-risk populations and age groups\n- Assess effectiveness of health interventions\n- Support health planning and priority setting\n- Monitor progress toward health targets (SDGs)"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does mechanical ventilation mode ( volume Γ pressure ) change the variables obtained by indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe aim of the study was to analyze the difference between the results obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) using volume-controlled and pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation in 2 different ventilators and to characterize the variables achieved by IC after well-defined changes in minute volume (Vm). Prospective study of 20 critically ill patients under volume-controlled (n = 15) or pressure-controlled (n = 5) mechanical ventilation. Three IC measurements of 45 minutes each were taken; values of oxygen consumption (Vo(2)), carbon dioxide production (Vco(2)), Vm, resting energy expenditure (REE), and respiratory quotient (RQ) were obtained. For the last measurement, Vm was set at 20% above the baseline. There were no differences between the results obtained by IC during volume-controlled and pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. The most relevant changes in the variables obtained by IC before and after intervention in Vm were a significant increase in Vco(2) (from 165 to 177 mLΒ·min(-1); P < .01), a decrease in Paco(2) (from 38.49 to 28.46 mm Hg; P < .01), and a rise in pH (from 7.41 to 7.49; P < .01). There were no alterations in Vo(2), REE, or RQ.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: No. \n\nReasoning: Ventilators and ventilation modes do not influence the IC measurements. The observed changes have no clinical effects and are reversible, provided that increased Vm is maintained for no longer than 45 minutes."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer.\n\nWrite a brief sentence."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Sure, what would you like me to write a brief sentence about?"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "The facial root of premolar appears to be distal to the lingual root in X-ray. What will be the direction of projection?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Summarize the key findings for COVID-19 surveillance in week 43 of 2024."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**COVID-19 Surveillance Report**\n**Week 43, 2024**\n\n**Executive Summary:**\nThis report summarizes COVID-19 surveillance activities and findings for epidemiological week 43 of 2024.\n\n**Case Count Summary:**\n- Total cases this week: 161\n- Change from previous week: +8%\n- Year-to-date total: 27125\n- Geographic distribution: 34 states reporting\n\n**Epidemiological Trends:**\n- Incidence rate: 11.9 per 100,000 population\n- Most affected regions: West Coast, Great Lakes, Southwest\n- Most affected age group: adolescents 12-17\n- Hospitalizations: 106 this week\n\n**Laboratory Findings:**\n- Laboratory-confirmed cases: 77%\n- Predominant strain/serotype: [Varies by disease]\n- Test positivity rate: 25%\n\n**Public Health Actions:**\n- Enhanced surveillance in high-incidence areas\n- Targeted prevention messaging\n- Healthcare provider alerts issued\n- Outbreak investigations: 3 active\n\n**Recommendations:**\n1. Continue routine surveillance\n2. Maintain prevention measures\n3. Monitor vulnerable populations\n4. Report unusual patterns immediately\n\n**Next Report:** Week 44, 2024"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does microRNA-185 inhibit cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting Six2?\n\nAbstract Context:\nEpithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the malignant transformation of cancer. MicroRNAs are a group of small non-coding RNA molecules that down-regulate the expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis. Although microRNA-185 (miR-185) participates in the pathogenesis of several types of cancer, its relationship with EMT in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. The present study aims to elucidate the regulatory effects of miR-185 on EMT in HCC cells. MTT and an in vitro wound-healing assay were performed to determine cell growth and metastasis potential, respectively. Real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of miR-185 and Six2. In addition, protein expression levels of Six2 and EMT-related markers were determined by western blot. Our study showed that miR-185 was significantly down-regulated in HCC cells. Also, a luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed Six2 as a direct target of miR-185. Functional analyses indicated that miR-185 up-regulation remarkably suppressed cell growth and the metastatic potential of HCC cells. We also found that ectopic expression of miR-185 reversed EMT via the up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of vimentin in epithelial and mesenchymal HCC cells.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: miR-185 suppresses cell growth and EMT progression by targeting Six2, providing a novel target for the molecular treatment of liver malignancies."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "ATT causing orange coloured urine is :"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Surgical treatment of parotid tumor involving the deep lobe is"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "A 36-year-old woman presents with muscle pain, fever, chronic sinusitis. Physical examination shows mucosal ulcerations of the nasopharynx. A biopsy from her nasopharynx reveals necrotizing vasculitis with chronic inflammatory cells and giant cells surrounding necrotic areas. The presence of which of the following autoantibodies would be most consistent with a diagnosis of Wegener&;s granulomatosis"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "All of the following are presentin pterygomandibular space except"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does long-term intake of white tea prevent oxidative damage caused by adriamycin in kidney of rats?\n\nAbstract Context:\nWhite tea infusion (Camelia sinensis) has antioxidants properties. The infusion contains polyphenols that have been proposed to induce antioxidant response element (ARE) response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Adriamycin (ADR) has antitumour properties and oxidative effects. Oxidative stress is related to a variety of kidney diseases. Prevention of the oxidative stress through long-term intake of white tea and the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in protection could be of great interest. Rats were given distilled water, 0.015 or 0.045βg of solid white tea extract kg(-1) body weight for 12 months. Animals received an injection of ADR. In kidney, oxidative stress parameters were measured, the expressions of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 gene (Nrf2), and detoxifying and antioxidants genes were analysed, and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured. ADR administration increased oxidative parameters and decreased the antioxidant activity; significantly increased the expression of analysed genes and the activity of CAT and SOD and decreased GR activity. The highest white tea dose protected redox status and inhibited ARE response.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Long-term intake of white tea protected kidney against the oxidative stress. ADR activated the ARE response but in animals treated with the highest dose of white tea, this response was inhibited, probably for antioxidant protection. Β© 2015 Society of Chemical Industry."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "In RNA, gene during processing undergoes all, except"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR antagonize the cytotoxic activity of pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer?\n\nAbstract Context:\nPemetrexed, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) and additional folate-dependent enzymes, is clinically active in patients suffering from \"non-squamous\" non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). High expression of TS has been implied as biomarker predictive of resistance to pemetrexed. Against this background, we studied whether inhibition of mTOR could lower expression of TS and thus sensitize NSCLC cells to pemetrexed. Using squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma NSCLC cell lines, we observed that constitutive TS expression levels failed to correlate with sensitivity to growth inhibition or apoptosis imposed by pemetrexed in vitro. Interestingly, pemetrexed strongly induced TS RNA and protein expression in all cell lines. The allosteric \"rapalogue\" mTOR inhibitor everolimus suppressed constitutive, but not pemetrexed-induced TS expression. Surprisingly, cotreatment with everolimus protected NSCLC cells against pemetrexed-induced apoptosis. This resulted in increased long-term clonogenic survival of NSCLC cells treated with pemetrexed plus everolimus as compared to pemetrexed alone. No such negative interaction was observed when everolimus was combined with recombinant TRAIL, a proliferation-independent proapoptotic agent.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Rapalogues may suppress the antitumor activity of pemetrexed by slowing cell cycle progression. This should be considered when combining pemetrexed and mTOR inhibitors in NSCLC treatment."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do lesions in the posterior visual pathway promote trans-synaptic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells?\n\nAbstract Context:\nRetrograde trans-synaptic degeneration of retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) has been proposed as one of the mechanisms contributing to permanent disability after visual pathway damage. We set out to test this mechanism taking advantage of the new methods for imaging the macula with high resolution by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with lesions in the posterior visual pathway. Additionally, we explored the association between thinning of GCL as an imaging marker of visual impairment such as visual field defects. Retrospective case note review of patients with retrogeniculate lesions studied by spectral domain OCT of the macula and quadrant pattern deviation (PD) of the visual fields. We analysed 8 patients with either hemianopia or quadrantanopia due to brain lesions (stroke β=β5; surgery β=β2; infection β=β1). We found significant thinning of the GCL in the projecting sector of the retina mapping to the brain lesion. Second, we found strong correlation between the PD of the visual field quadrant and the corresponding macular GCL sector for the right (Rβ=β0.792, p<0.001) and left eyes (Rβ=β0.674, p<0.001).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The mapping between lesions in the posterior visual pathway and their projection in the macula GCL sector corroborates retrograde trans-synaptic neuronal degeneration after brain injury as a mechanism of damage with functional consequences. This finding supports the use of GCL thickness as an imaging marker of trans-synaptic degeneration in the visual pathway after brain lesions."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does anthraquinonyl glycoside facilitate the standardization of graphene electrodes for the impedance detection of lectins?\n\nAbstract Context:\nConstruction of electrochemical impedance sensors by the self-assembly technique has become a promising strategy for the 'label-free' detection of protein-ligand interactions. However, previous impedance sensors are devoid of an inherent electrochemical signal, which limits the standardization of the sensors for protein recognition in a reproducible manner. We designed and synthesized an anthraquinonyl glycoside (AG) where the anthraquinone (AQ) moiety can bind to the surface of a graphene-based working electrode while the glycoside serving as a ligand for lectin. By measuring the inherent voltammetric signal of AQ, the glycosides decorated on the working electrode could be simply quantified to obtain electrodes with a unified signal window. Subsequently, impedance analysis showed that the 'standardized' electrodes gave a reproducible electrochemical response to a selective lectin with no signal variation in the presence of unselective proteins.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Anthraquinone-modified ligands could be used to facilitate the standardization of electrochemical impedance sensors for the reproducible, selective analysis of ligand-protein interactions."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is stearic acid well absorbed from short- and long-acyl-chain triacylglycerol in an acute test meal?\n\nAbstract Context:\nAbsorption of stearic acid from natural oils has been shown to be efficient, but it is claimed to be lower from short- and long-acyl-chain triacylyglycerol molecules (Salatrim). The aim was to measure the apparent absorption of stearic acid from Salatrim fat in an acute test meal. Double-blind crossover study. Ten healthy male volunteers, of whom eight completed the study. The subjects were studied on two occasions after consumption of a single high-fat meal either without (control) or with 30 g of Salatrim. Fecal samples were collected for 96 h after the meal and the fat was extracted for analysis of the content and composition of free and esterified long-chain fatty acids. Baseline fecal fat was 5.6+/-2.6 g/day increasing to 10.4+/-4.9 g/day after addition of Salatrim (P=0.001). During the whole collection period, the baseline fecal free and esterified fatty acids were 2.6+/-2.3 and 0.8+/-0.7 g, respectively. After Salatrim meal the corresponding figures increased to 5.9+/-3.6 g (P=0.001) and 1.5 (+/-1.2) g (P=0.003), respectively. The total fecal stearic acid after control meal was 0.97+/-0.9 g. Consumption of Salatrim with 16.7+/-0.5 g of stearic acid increased the content to 3.12+/-1.6 g (P<0.001), with apparent absorption of 87%.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The apparent absorption of stearic acid does not differ from its absorption from natural fats. The status of Salatrim as a low-energy fat substitute needs to be re-evaluated."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is long-term use of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy associated with carotid artery stiffness in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo evaluate whether or not highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with carotid artery stiffness in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Henan Province, China. Fifty human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with at least a 5-year history of highly active antiretroviral therapy use and 50 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients without a history of highly active antiretroviral therapy use were enrolled in this study. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and stiffness were determined by quantitative inter-media thickness and quantitative artery stiffness, respectively. No statistically significant difference in carotid artery intima-media thickness and stiffness was observed between groups. A significant association between human immunodeficiency virus infection time and carotid artery stiffness was observed, but no significant association between human immunodeficiency virus infection time and intima-media thickness was found. No significant association between intima-media thickness, stiffness, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts were observed.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: No. \n\nReasoning: The first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy currently used in China is not associated with carotid artery stiffness in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with good highly active antiretroviral therapy compliance. Human immunodeficiency virus may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are thioridazine steady-state plasma concentrations influenced by tobacco smoking and CYP2D6 , but not by the CYP2C9 genotype?\n\nAbstract Context:\nApproximately 7% of Caucasians have genetically impaired activity of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6 and are classified as poor metabolizers (PM). The disposition of thioridazine has been related to the CYP2D6 phenotype. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genotypes, and tobacco smoking on steady-state thioridazine plasma levels. Seventy-six Caucasian psychiatric patients receiving thioridazine monotherapy were studied. Debrisoquine metabolic ratio (MR) and steady-state plasma levels of thioridazine and its metabolites, mesoridazine and sulforidazine, as well as CYP2D6 (in 74 patients) and CYP2C9 (in 63 patients) genotypes were determined. The median dose-corrected, steady-state plasma concentrations (C/D) of thioridazine were related to the number of functional CYP2D6 alleles ( P<0.01), being 15.2, 7.2, 4.0, 4.2 nmol/l per milligram in subjects with no, one, two, and three or more functional CYP2D6 genes, respectively. No significant differences were found in the C/Ds of mesoridazine or sulforidazine. No relationship was found between CYP2C9 genotype and plasma levels of thioridazine or its metabolites. The median C/D of thioridazine was significantly ( P<0.001) lower in smokers (4.0 nmol/l per milligram, range: 1.0-15.5; n=58) than in nonsmokers (7.4 nmol/l per milligram, range: 2.8-23.6; n=18). Also, the C/Ds of mesoridazine and sulforidazine were lower in smokers ( P<0.01). The plasma thioridazine/mesoridazine ratio significantly corre\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The results show that the plasma concentrations of thioridazine and its metabolites are influenced by tobacco smoking and the CYP2D6 genotype, and support the dose-dependent inhibition of CYP2D6 by thioridazine. CYP2C9 does not play an important role in thioridazine metabolism."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does the pharmacogenetics of lithium response depend upon clinical co-morbidity?\n\nAbstract Context:\nBased on results from randomized, controlled clinical trials, lithium monotherapy or lithium with the addition of an antipsychotic remains a first-line treatment option for both acute and long-term mood stabilization in bipolar mania. However, response to lithium is poor in bipolar patients who exhibit clinical characteristics such as rapid cycling and mixed manic states, suggesting that they may have a biologically and genetically distinct form of bipolar disorder. A test that could predict response to lithium based upon genetic factors would have significant clinical value. Eight clinical characteristics were assessed in 92 lithium responders and 92 nonresponders; all probands were from families recruited for linkage studies. Lithium response was rated retrospectively from a standardized interviews and medical records. Eight candidate genes were selected from those reported to be associated with susceptibility to illness, lithium response, or lithium mechanism of action. Sixty-seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in these subjects and analyzed for association with the defined clinical characteristics. Using q-value analysis for multiplicity correction, we found significant interactions between lithium response and SNPs (rs1387923 and rs1565445) in the gene encoding neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2) and suicidal ideation, and between SNP rs2064721 in the gene encoding inositol polyphosphate-1-phosphatase (INPP1) and post-traumatic st\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: These data support the idea that response to lithium has a multi-genetic etiology dependent upon manifestations of other clinical co-diagnoses."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Breast carcinoma is associated with all except:"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Answer this medical question by selecting the correct option.\n\nQuestion: A 22-year-old female college student presents to the clinic with complaints of intense vaginal itching and a painful sensation when urinating. She also notes that she has felt more lethargic and has additionally been experiencing recent fevers and headaches. She says that she is sexually active and occasionally uses condoms. On physical exam, she is found to have red, vesicular ulcers on her labia that are painful to palpation and tender inguinal lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely pathogen causing her presentation?\n\nOptions:\nA. Chlamydia trachomatis\nB. Herpes simplex virus type 2\nC. Klebsiella granulomatis\nD. Treponema pallidum\n\nProvide the correct answer with brief clinical reasoning."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Answer: Herpes simplex virus type 2. Clinical reasoning: This option is correct based on standard medical knowledge and clinical practice guidelines."
}
] |
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