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[ { "role": "user", "content": "Gall stone can be which type of stone?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Please answer the following question: Canada produced its electricity by using fossil fuels and nuclear fission. New Zealand used only alternative, renewable sources to produce their electricity. Given the paragraph above, please answer correctly the following question: Which country contributed more to a global rise in Earth's temperature? Hint: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution that harms the health of living things. The air pollution also causes acid rain and contributes to global warming. In addition, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, so if we keep using them, they will eventually run out. The main advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesn’t release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with the burning of fossil fuels. On the other other hand, radioactive elements are nonrenewable like fossil fuels and could eventually be used up.\nAnswer:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Canada likely contributed more to a global rise in Earth's temperature due to their use of fossil fuels and nuclear fission to produce electricity." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is not a Pox virus?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer.\n\nProcess: - You inhale - The air enters the mouth and nose - The diaphragm contracts - Air fills all the sacks in the lungs - Oxygen passes through the sacks into capillaries - The blood is passed to the blood in the capillaries - The blood carries the oxygen to the heart - The heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the body. Perturbation hypothesis: suppose there is breathable oxygen happens, how will it affect oxygen is moved through the capillaries. Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?\nThe answer to this question is:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "If there is breathable oxygen present, it would not have a direct effect on how oxygen is moved through the capillaries. The process of oxygen exchange in the lungs and transportation through the circulatory system would remain the same. However, the presence of breathable oxygen could indirectly affect the process in a few ways.\n\nFirstly, if there is an increase in the concentration of breathable oxygen in the air, it could lead to an increase in the amount of oxygen that is taken up by the lungs. This could result in an increase in the amount of oxygen that is transported to the body's tissues, which could have a positive effect on overall health and well-being.\n\nOn the other hand, if there is a decrease in the concentration of breathable oxygen in the air, it could lead to a decrease in the amount of oxygen that is taken up by the lungs. This could result in a decrease in the amount of oxygen that is transported to the body's tissues, which could have negative effects on health and well-being.\n\nIn addition, if there is a significant change in the concentration of breathable oxygen in the air, it could potentially affect the body's ability to regulate oxygen levels in the blood. This could lead to complications such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the blood) or hyperoxia (high oxygen levels in the blood), which could have serious health consequences.\n\nOverall, while the presence of breathable oxygen would not directly affect the process of oxygen exchange and transportation in the body, it could have indirect effects on overall health and well-being depending on the concentration of oxygen in the air." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is the most common congenital cardiac defect?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are cOX-2 and PPARgamma expression potential markers of recurrence risk in mammary duct carcinoma in-situ?\n\nAbstract Context:\nIn women with duct carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) receiving breast conservation therapy (BCT), in-breast recurrences are seen in approximately 10%, but cannot be accurately predicted using clinical and histological criteria. We performed a case-control study to identify protein markers of local recurrence risk in DCIS. Women treated for DCIS with BCT, who later developed in-breast recurrence (cases) were matched by age and year of treatment to women who remained free of recurrence (controls). A total of 69 women were included in the study, 31 cases and 38 controls. Immunohistochemical evaluation of DCIS tissue arrays was performed for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2/neu, cyclin D1, p53, p21, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Two markers were significantly different between cases and controls on univariate analysis: strong COX-2 expression was associated with increased risk of recurrence, with 67% vs. 24% positivity in cases and controls p = 0.006; and nuclear expression of PPARgamma was associated with protection from recurrence with 4% vs. 27% positivity in cases and controls, p = 0.024. In a multivariate model which included size, grade, COX-2 and PPARgamma positivity, we found COX-2 positivity to be a strong independent risk factor for recurrence (OR 7.90, 95% CI 1.72-36.23)., whereas size and grade were of borderline significance. PPARgamma expression continued to demonstrate a protective trend, (OR 0.14, 9\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our findings suggest that COX-2 and PPARgamma should be investigated further as biologic markers to predict DCIS recurrence, particularly since they are also potential therapeutic targets." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is self-reported neck and shoulder pain in adolescents associated with episodic and chronic migraine?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe aim of this study was to verify the association between self-reported neck/shoulder pain and migraine and to compare findings of chronic and episodic migraine in adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, 601 secondary-school students filled in questionnaires about headache appearance, type and frequency, neck and shoulder pain and lifestyle factors. The adjusted strength of the association between reported neck and shoulder pain and migraine (assessed in multinomial regression models) increased with the frequency of migraine: less than once a week (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = (0.85-2.30)), weekly (OR = 2.14; 95% CI = (1.42-3.24)), and at least 15 days/month (OR = 7.27; 95% CI = (3.42-15.44)).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: In adolescents the association between self-reported neck and shoulder pain and migraine is most pronounced in migraine with a high attack frequency." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is thyroid transcription factor-1 expression significantly associated with mutations in exon 21 of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in Chinese patients with lung adenocarcinoma?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) expression and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations in lung adenocarcinomas of Chinese patients. There were 200 lung adenocarcinoma patients who were enrolled in this study. Tumor specimens of these patients were investigated for TTF-1 expression and mutations in EGFR using immunohistochemistry and a liquid chip platform for DNA analysis of slides with sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. The rates of TTF-1 expression and EGFR mutations were 81.5% and 45.5%, respectively, in the lung adenocarcinoma specimens of the recruited patients. Among female nonsmokers (n=72), 93.1% of specimens were positive for TTF-1 expression, and 63.9% had EGFR mutations. Of 89 patients with EGFR mutations, 83 (50.9%) specimens were simultaneously positive for TTF-1 expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis of all patient specimens found that postoperative survival time was not significantly associated with TTF-1 expression and the presence of EGFR mutations. However, patients with disease stages III-IV whose tumors were positive for TTF-1 expression and EGFR mutations had better postoperative survival than similar patients whose tumors were negative for TTF-1 expression and EGFR mutations.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our study showed a significant association between TTF-1 positivity and the presence of EGFR mutations (exon 21) in the Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients. We further identify that patients with disease stages III-IV who were positive for TTF-1 expression and EGFR mutations had a better postoperative survival than those patients who were negative for TTF-1 expression and EGFR mutations. Therefore, TTF-1 might be a potential prognostic biomarker for stages III-IV lung adenocarcinoma patients. In clinical practice, TTF-1 expression may be a marker for planning therapy for certain patients with lung adenocarcinoma, especially for selection of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Pulse pressure is calculated by ?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone drop decrease the incidence of physician and patient outcomes of otorrhea after tube placement?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo evaluate ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% (CIPRODEX, Alcon, Ft. Worth, TX) for the prevention of early post-operative otorrhea following TT placement. This was a single-center, randomized, evaluator-blinded, parallel-group study. Two hundred children undergoing bilateral TT placement were categorized as having unilateral (\"wet/dry\"), bilateral (\"wet/wet\"), or no (\"dry/dry\") effusion at the time of surgery. All patients received Ciprodex or no treatment for 5 days post-operatively and returned at 2 weeks. Physician-observed otorrhea was reported in 5 (4.95%) patients receiving Ciprodex and 39 (39.39%) patients receiving no treatment (p<0.0001). Treatment decreased otorrhea in all groups, while the greatest benefit was observed in patients with bilateral effusion (93% reduction). Ciprodex treatment also decreased the rate of clinically diagnosed otitis media (OM) and effusion following TT placement (p< or =0.0006).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Ciprodex reduced early post-operative otorrhea, clinically diagnosed OM and effusion following TT insertion. The greatest reduction in otorrhea was observed in patients with bilateral effusion at the time of surgery." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"Lol im out here curving bitches like im taken\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "A person has to go to Shimla next morning. What drug should be given to prevent motion sickness in this person?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Analyze the sentiment of this Weibo post about COVID-19: 老子！！！" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Sentiment: 6" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the role of allopurinol in the prevention of tumor lysis syndrome, and where does uric acid deposition occur during this condition?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Allopurinol is used to prevent uric acid deposition in the renal tubules during tumor lysis syndrome." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The daily extra calorie requirement in first trimester of pregnancy is:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The respiratory' syncytial virus" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are high-resolution anorectal manometry and dynamic pelvic magnetic resonance imaging complementary technologies?\n\nAbstract Context:\nDynamic pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (DP-MRI) offers a comprehensive evaluation of pelvic organ structure in addition to functional information regarding evacuation. Opportunity to apply this technology can be limited due to regional lack of availability. Ideally, clues from standard anorectal testing could predict abnormalities on DP-MRI, leading to its efficient use. The aim of this study is to determine whether high-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) correlates with findings on DP-MRI. This is a retrospective study of HR-ARM performed on patients with constipation who also underwent DP-MRI. Studies were reviewed for significant findings including posterior pelvic organ prolapse, rectocele > 3 cm, rectal intussusception, and anorectal angle. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Twenty-three patients undergoing HR-ARM (age range 25-78) also underwent DP-MRI. All were female; 76% were Caucasian. Twenty had significant structural findings: small pelvic prolapse (n = 2), moderate pelvic prolapse (n = 10), large pelvic prolapse (n = 9), rectocele (n = 8), or rectal intussusception (n = 3). Only intrarectal pressure on HR-ARM weakly correlated with size of rectocele (r = 0.46; P = 0.03) and degree of pelvic organ prolapse (r = 0.48; P = 0.02). The remainder of the HR-ARM parameters did not significantly correlate with DP-MRI findings. Patients with dyssynergy were not more likely to have r\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: We were unable to find a correlation between HR-ARM findings and structural pelvic defects on DP-MRI. Therefore, these two technologies provide complementary information in the evaluation of defecatory dysfunction." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is extracapsular lymph node involvement associated with colorectal liver metastases and impact outcome after hepatectomy for colorectal metastases?\n\nAbstract Context:\nHepatic resection of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has become the treatment of choice for patients after resection of the primary CRC. However, some patients do not benefit from immediate resection because of rapidly progressive disease. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic value of extracapsular invasion (ECI) of lymph node (LN) metastasis of CRC with liver metastases following liver resection. All patients who underwent resection for CRC with liver metastases between 1995 and 2011 were reviewed. All of those with metastasis from primary CRC were included in this study. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data, including primary tumor pathology results, were retrospectively reviewed. All resected LNs from primary CRC were re-examined to assess ECI. Associations between clinicopathologic factors, survival, and the nodal findings were evaluated. ECI was identified in 47 (48%) patients. ECI was correlated with the number of positive LNs (p = 0.0022), timing of liver metastasis (p = 0.0238), and number of liver metastases (p = 0.0001). Univariate analysis indicated that the number of positive LNs (p = 0.0014), ECI (p = 0.0203), and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.0423) were significant prognostic factors. Patients with ECI had a significantly worse survival (p = 0.0024) after liver resection than patients with LN-negative and ECI-negative groups.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: In patients with hepatic CRC metastases, ECI in regional LNs reflects a particularly aggressive behavior, such as a greater number of liver metastases. In CRC patients with liver metastases, ECI in regional LNs might be correlated with poor prognosis following liver resection." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer.\n\nSolve -82f + 42f = 280 for f.. What is the answer??" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "To solve the equation -82f + 42f = 280 for f, we need to simplify the left-hand side of the equation by combining the like terms. \n\n-82f + 42f can be simplified as (-82 + 42)f, which is equal to -40f. \n\nSo, the equation becomes -40f = 280. \n\nTo solve for f, we need to isolate f on one side of the equation. We can do this by dividing both sides of the equation by -40. \n\n-40f/-40 = 280/-40 \n\nThis simplifies to f = -7. \n\nTherefore, the solution to the equation -82f + 42f = 280 for f is f = -7." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do bu-zhong-yi-qi pill alleviate the chemotherapy-related fatigue in 4 T1 murine breast cancer model?\n\nAbstract Context:\nPaclitaxel induced fatigue still remains underrecognized and undertreated, partly because of limited understanding of its pathophysiology and lack of effective treatments. This study is aim to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects and mechanism of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi pill in murine 4 T1 breast cancer mice were treated with paclitaxel. Breast cancer mice established with murine 4 T1 cells were randomly and repectively divided into five groups: negative control group (NC), tumor control group (TC), paclitaxel group (PTX), Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi pill group (BZYQ) and Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi pill plus paclitaxel group (BZYQ + PTX). The mice were administered for 21 days. During this period, the tumor volume, body weight and the weight-loaded swimming time were measured. After the last administration, all mice were sacrificed, weighted the tumor, measured immune cell cytokines and oxidative stress indicator. The remaining 10 mice in each group were observed for survival analysis. Treatments with BZYQ + PTX and PTX significantly reduced the rates of tumor volume in comparison with TC starting on the 9th day and the 18th day respectively (P < 0.05-0.01), and presented decreased tumor weight compared to TC (P < 0.05-0.01). Compared with mice in TC group, the median survival time and the average survival time in BZYQ + PTX group, BZYQ group and PTX group were significantly prolonged (P < 0.05-0.01). The swimming time of the BZYQ + PTX group gradually increased, which is longer than the PTX group on Day 14 and \n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: BZYQ has the potential of alleviating paclitaxel chemotherapy-related fatigue in 4 T1 breast cancer mice by reducing the serum levels of TNF-α and modulating the level of MDA and the SOD activity." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does dietary fatty acid intervention of lactating cows simultaneously affect lipid profiles of meat and milk?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe present study investigated tissue-specific responses of muscle and mammary gland to a 10 week intervention of German Holstein cows (n = 18) with three different dietary fat supplements (saturated fat; linseed oil or sunflower oil plus docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae) by analysing fatty acid profiles and quality parameters of meat and milk. Plant oil/algae intervention affected neither fat content nor quality parameters of meat but decreased fat content and saturated fatty acid amounts of milk. Linseed oil/algae intervention caused significantly higher concentrations of C18:3n-3 (meat, 1.0 g per 100 g; milk, 1.2 g per 100 g) and C22:6n-3 (meat, 0.3 g per 100 g; milk, 0.14 g per 100 g). Sunflower oil/algae intervention increased n-6 fatty acid contents in milk (4.0 g per 100 g) but not in meat. Elevated amounts of C18:1trans isomers and C18:1trans-11 were found in meat and especially in milk of plant oil/algae-fed cows. C18:1cis-9 amounts were found to be increased in milk but decreased in meat after plant oil/algae intervention.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The present study demonstrated that dietary fatty acid manipulation substantially shifted the fatty acid profiles of milk and to a lesser extent of meat, whereas meat quality traits were not affected. Indications of tissue-specific responses of mammary gland and muscle were identified." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Chalazion of lid is-" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do high survivin levels predict poor clinical response to infliximab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo evaluate if the measurement of survivin in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) undergoing infliximab treatment has predictive value for treatment response. The study included 87 consecutive RA patients (age 24-89 years, disease duration 18-526 months) treated with regular infusions of influximab. Survivin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and evaluated in relation to the total dose of infliximab, disease activity (DAS28), response to infliximab treatment (change in DAS28 >1.2), and radiographic damage (vdH-Sharp score). Thirty-seven percent of patients were survivin-positive (survivin >0.9 ng/mL) and showed severe radiographic damage at the start of infliximab treatment compared with survivin-negative (P = 0.027). Patients with high survivin levels were unlikely to respond to infliximab treatment (OR 4.02 [1.22-14.61], P = 0.022) and achieve remission (OR 4.32[1.01-30.11], P = 0.048) compared with patients with low survivin levels.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: High survivin levels are associated with severe radiographic damage at the start of treatment and a poor response to infliximab. Survivin measurement should be considered an additional tool for aiding the selection and follow-up of antirheumatic treatment." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does a newly-developed community microarray resource for transcriptome profiling in Brassica species enable the confirmation of Brassica-specific expressed sequences?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe Brassica species include an important group of crops and provide opportunities for studying the evolutionary consequences of polyploidy. They are related to Arabidopsis thaliana, for which the first complete plant genome sequence was obtained and their genomes show extensive, although imperfect, conserved synteny with that of A. thaliana. A large number of EST sequences, derived from a range of different Brassica species, are available in the public database, but no public microarray resource has so far been developed for these species. We assembled unigenes using approximately 800,000 EST sequences, mainly from three species: B. napus, B. rapa and B. oleracea. The assembly was conducted with the aim of co-assembling ESTs of orthologous genes (including homoeologous pairs of genes in B. napus from each of the A and C genomes), but resolving assemblies of paralogous, or paleo-homoeologous, genes (i.e. the genes related by the ancestral genome triplication observed in diploid Brassica species). 90,864 unique sequence assemblies were developed. These were incorporated into the BAC sequence annotation for the Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project, enabling the identification of cognate genomic sequences for a proportion of them. A 60-mer oligo microarray comprising 94,558 probes was developed using the unigene sequences. Gene expression was analysed in reciprocal resynthesised B. napus lines and the B. oleracea and B. rapa lines used to produce them. The analysis showed tha\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: We succeeded in developing a Brassica community microarray resource. Although expression can be measured for the majority of unigenes across species, there were numerous probes that reported in a genome-specific manner. We anticipate that some proportion of these will represent species-specific transcripts and the remainder will be the consequence of variation of sequences within the regions represented by the array probes. Our studies demonstrated that the datasets obtained from the arrays can be used for typical analyses, including PCA and the analysis of differential expression. We have also demonstrated that Brassica-specific transcripts identified in silico in the sequence assembly of public EST database accessions are indeed reported by the array. These would not be detectable using arrays designed using A. thaliana sequences." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Roth's spots in the fundus are seen in:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. You will be given a task. You must generate a detailed and long answer.\n\nMath Problem\nSolve -173t = 162t + 18t + 3177 for t." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "To solve this equation, we first combine all of the terms containing the variable t on one side and all the constants on the other side.\n\nThe equation given is:\n\n-173t = 162t + 18t + 3177\n\nFirst, let's combine the terms with t on the right side of the equation:\n\n-173t = (162t + 18t) + 3177\n-173t = 180t + 3177\n\nNow, let's isolate t by moving all the t terms to one side of the equation:\n\n-173t - 180t = 3177\n-353t = 3177\n\nTo solve for t, we need to divide both sides of the equation by -353:\n\nt = 3177 / -353\n\nt = -9\n\nSo, the solution for the equation -173t = 162t + 18*t + 3177 is t = -9." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The cohesive gold used as a bulk filler is" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does validity of a prescription claim database to estimate medication adherence in older persons?\n\nAbstract Context:\nPrescription claims data have been used to estimate refill medication adherence through calculations of cumulative medication acquisition (CMA) and cumulative medication gap (CMG) values. Few studies have assessed the validity of these calculated rates. We sought to assess the validity of CMA and CMG calculated from the Manitoba prescription claims database (DPIN) against pill count medication adherence, targeting overall medications and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Using a survey of a convenience sample of subjects recruited through community pharmacies, subjects who were eligible for study (ie, 65 years or older, noninstitutionalized, taking 2 or more \"discrete\" prescribed medications, including an ACEI, and willing to provide informed consent) were studied. Pill counts were conducted on all prescribed medicines during 3 home interviews over the course of 4 months. Ten months of DPIN data also were collected on each subject. The concordance between CMA and pill count for overall medications was 411/522 (79%) and for ACEIs was 89/101 (88%) with no systematic differences (McNemar's P = 0.68 and P = 0.097, respectively). CMG and pill count showed even better concordance of 438/514 (85%) for overall medications and 96/101 (95%) for ACEIs, although systematic differences were noted for overall medications (McNemar's P = 0.0012) but not for ACEIs (McNemar's P = 0.500). Spearman's rank correlations were weak for all comparisons.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The high concordance between prescription claims database and pill counts suggested that the rate with which patients refill their medications usually is consistent with the rate they consume them. DPIN is not accurate for nondiscrete dosage forms or medications prescribed for \"as-required\" use." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What tests should patients taking valproate have prior to therapy and regularly thereafter?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Patients taking valproate should have liver tests prior to therapy and regularly thereafter." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What type of cancer is associated with an increased risk in individuals with berylliosis?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Berylliosis increases the risk for lung cancer. Beryllium is a toxic metal that can damage the lungs and cause a number of respiratory problems, including chronic lung disease and lung cancer. In fact, individuals with berylliosis have been found to be at an increased risk for developing lung cancer compared to the general population. The risk for lung cancer in individuals with berylliosis is thought to be related to the chronic inflammation and scarring that can occur in the lungs as a result of exposure to beryllium." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"@MrMason251 Grade A pussy.\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"@jasonjwilde On that 4th down incompletion, both the slants looked like better options. Shame, but there’s a youth & lack of trust going on.\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: neither hate nor offensive\n\nThis post is classified as neither hate nor offensive. This content is appropriate for public health platforms." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does peripheral blood eosinophilia correlate with hyperplastic nasal polyp growth?\n\nAbstract Context:\nEosinophils are thought to play a significant role in nasal polyposis, but the exact mechanism by which they contribute to polyposis remains unclear. Therefore, we proposed to test the hypothesis that peripheral blood eosinophilia (PBE) is a surrogate and biomarker for polyp load. To do this, we examined whether PBE levels correlate with nasal polyp load in a longitudinal manner. We retrospectively analyzed the fluctuation of PBE and nasal polyp load in each patient (n = 61) assessed preoperatively, 1-2 months postoperatively, and 3-12 months postoperatively. Nasal polyp load was assessed using computed tomography (CT) scan preoperatively and nasal endoscopy postoperatively. Correlation coefficients were analyzed using parametric statistics. There was a positive correlation between initial preoperative baseline PBE and CT scan staging of polyp load (r = 0.35, p < 0.01). When patients were analyzed longitudinally, we found that the change in PBE correlated with the change in nasal endoscopy scores obtained at or near the same timepoint (r = 0.82, p < 2.0 × 10(-10) ). When nasal polyp load increased with time, we observed a stepwise increase in eosinophil counts (r = 0.37, p < 0.02).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: PBE correlates with nasal polyp load. PBE levels may be used along with nasal endoscopy to prospectively follow nasal polyp load postoperatively in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with hyperplastic nasal polyposis who have eosinophilia, asthma, and/or aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does deficiency of phosphoinositide 3-kinase enhancer protect mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance?\n\nAbstract Context:\nPhosphoinositide 3-kinase enhancer A (PIKE-A) is a proto-oncogene that promotes tumor growth and transformation by enhancing Akt activity. However, the physiological functions of PIKE-A in peripheral tissues are unknown. Here, we describe the effect of PIKE deletion in mice and explore the role of PIKE-A in obesity development. Whole-body PIKE knockout mice were generated and subjected to high-fat-diet feeding for 20 weeks. The glucose tolerance, tissue-specific insulin sensitivity, adipocyte differentiation, and lipid oxidation status were determined. The molecular mechanism of PIKE in the insulin signaling pathway was also studied. We show that PIKE-A regulates obesity development by modulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. PIKE-A is important for insulin to suppress AMPK phosphorylation. The expression of PIKE-A is markedly increased in adipose tissue of obese mice, whereas depletion of PIKE-A inhibits adipocyte differentiation. PIKE knockout mice exhibit a prominent phenotype of lipoatrophy and are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity, liver steatosis, and diabetes. PIKE knockout mice also have augmented lipid oxidation, which is accompanied by enhanced AMPK phosphorylation in both muscle and adipose tissue. Moreover, insulin sensitivity is improved in PIKE-A-deficient muscle and fat, thus protecting the animals from diet-induced diabetes.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our results suggest that PIKE-A is implicated in obesity and associated diabetes development by negatively regulating AMPK activity." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is amyloid linked to cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson disease without dementia?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo determine whether amyloid burden, as indexed by Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) retention, identifies patients with Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) compared to those with normal cognition (PD-nl). A related aim is to determine whether amyloid burden predicts cognitive decline in a cohort of subjects with PD without dementia. In this prospective cohort study, we examined 46 subjects with PD without dementia, of whom 35 had normal cognition and 11 met criteria for PD-MCI at study baseline. All subjects underwent standardized neurologic and neuropsychological examinations and PiB PET at baseline, and clinical examinations were conducted annually for up to 5 years. At baseline, precuneus PiB retention did not distinguish PD-MCI from PD-nl. Subjects with PD-MCI declined more rapidly than PD-nl subjects on cognitive tests of memory, executive function, and activation retrieval. Of the 35 PD-nl subjects, 8 progressed to PD-MCI and 1 to dementia; of the 11 PD-MCI subjects, 5 converted to dementia. Both higher PiB retention and a diagnosis of PD-MCI predicted a greater hazard of conversion to a more severe diagnosis. Baseline PiB retention predicted worsening in executive function over time. The APOE ε4 allele also related to worsening in executive function, as well as visuospatial function, activation retrieval, and performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination. In contrast to its relation to cognitive decline, PiB retention did not affect progression of m\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: At baseline measurements, amyloid burden does not distinguish between cognitively impaired and unimpaired subjects with PD without dementia, but our data suggest that amyloid contributes to cognitive, but not motor, decline over time." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What type of dementia is suggested by the presence of Parkinsonian features in individuals with early-onset dementia?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Early-onset dementia with Parkinsonian features is suggestive of Lewy body dementia." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does the effect of pouring time on the dimensional accuracy of cast made from different irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo determine the time dependent accuracy of casts made from three different irreversible hydrocolloids. The effect of delayed pouring on the accuracy of three different irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials - Regular set CA 37(Cavex, The Netherlands), regular set chromatic (Jeltrate, Dentsply), and fast set (Hydrogum soft, Zhermack Clinical) was investigated. A brass master die that contained two identical posts simulating two complete crown-tapered abutment preparations with reference grooves served as a standardized master model. A total of 120 impressions were made using specially prepared stock-perforated brass tray with 40 impressions of each material. The impressions were further sub-grouped according to four different storage time intervals: 0 min (immediately), 12 min, 30 min, and 1 h. The impressions were stored at room temperature in a zip-lock plastic bag. Interabutment and intraabutment distances were measured in the recovered stone dies (Type IV, Kalrock) using a profile projector with an accuracy of 0.001 mm. The data so obtained was analyzed statistically. Results of this study showed no statistically significant differences in the accuracy of casts obtained at different time intervals.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Because it is not always possible to pour the impression immediately in routine clinical practice, all irreversible hydrocolloid materials studied could be stored in a zip-lock plastic bag for upto 1 h without any significant distortion." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the cause of Poliomyelitis?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus infection. The virus is highly contagious and is transmitted through contact with contaminated fecal matter or respiratory secretions. In most cases, the infection is asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and sore throat. However, in some cases, the virus can attack the motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to paralysis, respiratory failure, and even death. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent poliovirus infection and its associated complications." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What are the potential complications that may arise from improper repair of a midline episiotomy?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Improper repair of a midline episiotomy may result in two potential complications: pelvic organ prolapse and dyspareunia. An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus) during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate delivery. A midline episiotomy is a specific type of incision made in the midline of the perineum. If the episiotomy is not repaired correctly, it can lead to complications such as pelvic organ prolapse, which is the descent of one or more pelvic organs (such as the uterus, bladder, or rectum) into the vaginal canal, and dyspareunia, which is pain during sexual intercourse. Proper repair of an episiotomy is important to prevent these potential complications and promote healing." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Assess the depression severity level in this Reddit post.\n\nPost: She gave birth to a beautiful baby girl in Nov 2017. Her partner is 26 yrs old and has had many bouts with the law. When he met my friend, he was on house arrest/probation for a previous charge. They worked together and soon began dating. My friend is a Filipino woman and her partner is a Jamaican man.\n\nClassify as: minimum, mild, moderate, or severe." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Depression Severity Assessment: minimum\n\nThis post indicates minimum depression severity. In public health monitoring, such assessments help identify individuals who may need mental health support and resources." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does tumour necrosis factor-alpha selectivity modulate expression of collagen genes in rat granulation tissue?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo study the effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on granulation tissue in rats. Animal experiment. University Hospital, Finland. 48 rats in 6 groups. The test implants were treated with either a single or daily injections of 200 ng of TNF-alpha. The samples were collected 4 and/or 7 days postoperatively. Pro alpha 1 (I) and pro alpha 1 (III) collagen mRNA concentrations, hydroxyproline, nitrogen, uronic acids, and hexosamine content of the sponge; and ingrowth of new granulation tissue into the sponge. A single application of TNF-alpha resulted in no significant differences between the groups. After daily applications of TNF-alpha the accumulation of collagen hydroxyproline and volume of ingrowth of granulation tissue were significantly lower than in the controls. After 7 days there were significant reductions in the concentrations of RNA-ribose, nitrogen, and uronic acids. Daily injections of TNF-alpha reduced pro alpha 1 (I) collagen mRNA concentrations but those of pro alpha 1 (III) collagen mRNA levels were not lowered to the same extent.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Repeated application of TNF-alpha was required to reduce the synthesis of collagen. This down-regulation was selective as pro alpha 1 (I) collagen mRNA concentrations were lowered more than those of pro alpha 1 (III) collagen mRNA." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "A 45-year-old male having a long history of cigarette smoking presented with gangrene of left foot. An amputation of the left foot was done. Representative sections from the specimen revealed the presence of aerial thrombus with neutrophilic infiltrate in the aerial wall. The inflammation also extended into the neighbouring veins and nerves. The most probable diagnosis is" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Megalencephaly is commonly seen in ______" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does a genetic case-control study confirm the implication of SMAD7 and TNF locus in the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy?\n\nAbstract Context:\nProliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is still the major cause of failure of retinal detachment (RD) surgery and although the risk for developing this complication is associated with some clinical characteristics, the correlation is far from absolute, raising the possibility of genetic susceptibility. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic contribution to PVR in patients undergoing RD surgery, the Retina 4 Project. A candidate gene association study was conducted in 2006 in a Spanish population of 450 patients suffering from primary rhegmatogenous RD. Replication was carried out in a larger population undergoing RD surgery at several European centers among 546 new patients. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of 30 genes known to be involved with inflammation were analyzed. For replication stage, those genes previously detected as significantly associated with PVR were genotyped. Distribution of allelic and haplotypic frequencies in case and control group were analyzed. Single and haplotypic analysis were assessed. The Rosenberg two-stage method was used to correct for single and multiple analyses. After correction for multiple comparisons, four genes were significantly associated with PVR: SMAD7 (P = 0.004), PIK3CG (P = 0.009), TNF locus (P = 0.0005), and TNFR2 (P = 0.019) In the European sample, replication was observed in SMAD7 (P = 0.047) and the TNF locus (P = 0.044).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: These results confirm the genetic contribution to PVR and the implication of SMAD7 and TNF locus in the development of PVR. This finding may have implications for understanding the mechanisms of PVR and could provide a potential new therapeutic target for PVR prophylaxis." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Please answer the following question: You are given a new situation: Bob was a medical student and he studied drugs administered to people with viral diseases, while his colleague Liam decided to study other types of drugs, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants. and a hint : While people have been able to prevent certain viral diseases by vaccinations for many hundreds of years, the development of antiviral drugs to treat viral diseases is a relatively recent development. Antiviral drugs are medications used specifically for treating the symptoms of viral infections. The first antiviral drug was interferon , a substance that is naturally produced by certain immune cells when an infection is detected. Over the past twenty years the development of antiretroviral drugs (also known as antiretroviral therapy, or ART) has increased rapidly. This has been driven by the AIDS epidemic. Please answer this question : Which colleague studied more about vaccinations?\nAnswer:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Bob studied more about vaccinations as he focused on drugs administered to people with viral diseases, which can often be prevented by vaccinations. Liam studied other types of drugs such as antibiotics and anticoagulants." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Number of teeth can be counted by all the following methods except -" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does external counterpulsation of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt increase coronary blood flow in neonatal piglets?\n\nAbstract Context:\nSystemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt (SPS) palliation reduces coronary blood flow (CBF), which may precipitate myocardial ischemia postoperatively. Counterpulsation (CP) of SPS augments CBF. Seven neonatal piglets (4.3 ± 0.23 kg) underwent sternotomy and ductus ligation. With a 5-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, SPS was created from innominate to pulmonary artery. A rigid shell holding a 9.5-mm diameter balloon was placed around the graft for CP. Using electrocardiographic signal, CP was initiated to trigger balloon inflation/deflation during the diastolic/systolic intervals, respectively. Instantaneous proximal and distal pulmonary artery and mid-anterior descending coronary artery flow rates were measured using transit time flow probes. Blood pressure and flow rates were recorded during three states: shunt closed, shunt open, and shunt open with CP. Friedman's test and repeated measures analysis of variance. Diastolic pressure decreased significantly with the shunt open (39 ± 8.4 to 28 ± 4.5 mm Hg, P = .05), then increased with CP (33 ± 2.3 mm Hg, P = .03). Median ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) was 1.19, 1.9, and 1.53 with shunt closed, open, and open with CP, respectively. With CP, both diastolic coronary flow per minute (P = .018) and average diastolic flow rate per diastolic interval (P = .03) increased as well as total coronary flow per minute (P = .066; 19.6% ± 11.7%, 25.2% ± 17.0%, and 15.4% ± 13.9% change from shunt open, respectively). The percentage inc\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: In this model of SPS, CP increased diastolic blood pressure and CBF while maintaining significant augmentation of pulmonary blood flow (Qp/Qs). Shunt CP may aid in early postoperative management of palliative congenital heart disease." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Cough is an adverse reaction seen with intake of" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is detection of sCD21 in Human Blood Using ELISA Influenced by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ( EDTA ) Containing Blood Collection Tubes?\n\nAbstract Context:\nCD21 is a 145 kDa membrane glycoprotein expressed mainly on B-cells and follicular dendritic cells. It is involved in activation, survival and proliferation of B-cells. CD21 can be cleaved to give soluble CD21 (sCD21), which is constantly shed in healthy people whereas the level of sCD21 is low in patients suffering from various autoimmune diseases. Blood was collected from 12 healthy donors into Heparin, EDTA and gel-separation tubes. Furthermore, plasma from 6 healthy donors was combined and EDTA or EGTA was subsequently added to analyze its influence on sCD21 levels measured by ELISA. Differences in sCD21 levels were observed dependent on blood collection tubes used. sCD21 levels measured by ELISA were significantly higher if heparin/gel containing tubes were used compared to EDTA blood collection tubes. Upon addition of EDTA/EGTA to plasma drawn using Heparin blood collection tubes, sCD21 levels decrease to amounts found in EDTA-containing blood collection tubes suggesting calcium as the responsible factor rather than magnesium.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: EDTA influences sCD21 levels determined by ELISA and therefore sCD21 measurements should be carried out using one type of blood collection tube throughout the experiment/medical examination." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is mRI-measured pelvic bone marrow adipose tissue inversely related to DXA-measured bone mineral in younger and older adults?\n\nAbstract Context:\nRecent research has shown an inverse relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) and bone mineral density (BMD). There is a lack of evidence at the macro-imaging level to establish whether increased BMAT is a cause or effect of bone loss. This cross-sectional study compared the BMAT and BMD relationship between a younger adult group at or approaching peak bone mass (PBM; age 18.0-39.9 years) and an older group with potential bone loss (PoBL; age 40.0-88.0 years). Pelvic BMAT was evaluated in 560 healthy men and women with T1-weighted whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. BMD was measured using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. An inverse correlation was observed between pelvic BMAT and pelvic, total and spine BMD in the younger PBM group (r=-0.419 to -0.461, P<0.001) and in the older PoBL group (r=-0.405 to -0.500, P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, menopausal status, total body fat, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, neither subject group (younger PBM vs older PoBL) nor its interaction with pelvic BMAT significantly contributed to the regression models with BMD as dependent variable and pelvic BMAT as independent variable (P=0.434-0.928).\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our findings indicate that an inverse relationship between pelvic BMAT and BMD is present both in younger subjects who have not yet experienced bone loss and also in older subjects. These results provide support at the macro-imaging level for the hypothesis that low BMD may be a result of preferential differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from osteoblasts to adipocytes." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What are some of the typical histological features that may be observed on a biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and how can these features be used to aid in the diagnosis and staging of this type of cancer?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "What are some of the most common histopathological characteristics that may be seen on a biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, such as the presence of pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes, and how can these findings be interpreted in the context of other clinical and imaging data to help diagnose and stage the cancer, as well as guide the selection of appropriate treatment options? Additionally, what are some of the risk factors, symptoms, and complications associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and how can these factors influence the prognosis and overall outcome for patients with this disease?" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Are cartilage defects associated with physical disability in obese adults?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo describe the associations between physical disability measures and knee cartilage defects in obese adults. One hundred and eleven obese subjects were recruited from laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or exercise/diet weight loss programmes. All subjects completed disease-specific (WOMAC) and general health status (SF-36) questionnaires, and were assessed for range of knee motion, tibiofemoral alignment and quadriceps strength. Knee cartilage defects were graded on MRI according to established protocol. Regression analysis was adjusted for age, gender, BMI and presence of clinical knee OA. The association between higher whole compartment cartilage defect scores and increasing BMI, age and clinical knee OA was confirmed in this obese cohort (r = 0.27, P = 0.01; r = 0.26, P = 0.007; P < 0.0001, respectively), whereas new associations were found with reduced knee range of motion (r = 0.5, P < 0.0001). No associations were found between defect scores and quadriceps strength. Varus malalignment was associated with higher medial cartilage defect scores (r = 0.33, P = 0.013). Higher levels of pain, stiffness and physical disability (WOMAC, SF-36) were associated with higher medial compartment and patella cartilage defect scores.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Knee cartilage defects increase with increasing obesity and are associated with both objective and self-reported measures of physical disability. Longitudinal studies are required to assess the potential for change or improvement in cartilage defects with weight loss." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"RT @league_mvp: If you feel gotta party every weekend for entertainment, ima just assume you embrace partaking in hoe-like activities\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does 17Beta-estradiol activate adenosine A ( 2a ) receptor after subarachnoid hemorrhage?\n\nAbstract Context:\nOur previous study showed that 17beta-estradiol (E2) and an adenosine A(2A) receptor (AR-A(2A)) agonist could attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced cerebral vasospasm via preventing the augmentation of iNOS expression and preserving the normal eNOS expression. This study tests the hypothesis that E2 attenuates SAH-induced vasospasm and apoptosis by activating adenosine AR-A(2A) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and by altering antiapoptotic and proapoptotic protein expression (Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively). The two-hemorrhage SAH model in rat was used. Animals were treated with E2 with or without a nonselective estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist (ICI182,780). The cross sectional areas of the basilar artery and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) were used to determine the degree of vasospasm and apoptosis, respectively. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, AR-A(2A), and ERK1/2 in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and dentate gyrus were investigated. E2 significantly attenuated vasospasm. Seven days after the first SAH, TUNEL scores were significantly increased, and protein levels of AR-A(2A), ERK1/2, and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased in the dentate gyrus only but not in the cortex and hippocampus. These changes were reversed by E2 while ICI182,780 abrogated the antiapoptotic and anti-spastic effects of E2. The expression of Bax did not change in the dentate gyrus after SAH with or without treatment.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The down-regulated AR-A(2A) and ERK may play a role in vasospasm and apoptosis after SAH. The beneficial effect of E2 in the attenuating SAH-induced vasospasm and apoptosis may be due to an increased expression of AR-A(2A) and ERK via ER-dependent mechanisms. These data may support further investigation of E2 in the treatment of SAH in humans." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The compiication that can occur with internal podalic version for transverse lie:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "In a child with acute liver failure, the most important abnormal serum biochemical test that indicates poor prognosis:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "After adding Drug A to an enzyme - substate reaction, Km remains same and Vmax decreases.\n Drug A is a" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Pregnant lady's hanging is postponed by high cou , it comes under which CrPC?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following statements about mycosis fungoides is not true?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. User will you give you a task. Your goal is to complete the task as faithfully as you can. While performing the task think step-by-step and justify your steps.\n\nWhat is a shorter version of this:\n\nto some who 've never heard of silver dollar city , the company that runs stone mountain park must sound like a vegas casino .\n\nSummary:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Silver Dollar City may be unfamiliar to some, making the company that operates Stone Mountain Park seem like a Las Vegas casino." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do red wine polyphenols enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and subsequent nitric oxide release from endothelial cells?\n\nAbstract Context:\nPopulation-based studies suggest a reduced incidence of morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease caused by moderate and regular consumption of red wine. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is a pivotal vasoprotective molecule. This study examines the influence of red wine polyphenols on the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and subsequent NO synthesis, focusing on the putative long-lasting antiatherosclerotic effects of red wine. Treatment (20 hours) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and of the HUVEC-derived cell line EA.hy926 with a alcohol-free red wine polyphenol extract (RWPE) led to a concentration-dependent (100 to 600 microg/mL), significant increase in NO release (up to 3.0-fold/HUVEC and 2.0-fold/EA.hy926) as shown by use of the fluorescent probe DAF-2. This effect was corroborated by the [14C]L-arginine/L-citrulline conversion assay in intact EA.hy926 cells. RWPE (20 hours, 100 to 600 microg/mL) also significantly increased eNOS protein levels up to 2.1-fold. Furthermore, we found an increased human eNOS promotor activity (up to 2-fold) in response to red wine polyphenols (18 hours, 100 to 600 microg/mL), as demonstrated by a luciferase reporter gene assay.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: We provide conclusive data showing for the first time that a RWPE increases eNOS expression and subsequent endothelial NO release. Increased active eNOS levels may antagonize the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, a hypothesis that supports the view that red wine indeed may have long-term protective cardiovascular properties mediated by its polyphenols." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. User will you give you a task. Your goal is to complete the task as faithfully as you can. While performing the task think step-by-step and justify your steps.\n\n\n\nRead the following context and answer the question. Context: Another phone call at just after three. He answered on the third ring. \"Is this Mr. Ray--uh. . .\" The sound of shuffling papers. \"Yes.\" The voice brightened perceptibly, strapped on a mask of friendliness. \"My name is John Donovan. I'm an attorney representing the family of Donald Ackerman. I'm sorry to be calling so late.\" \"It's not late for me.\" A laugh, intended to sound nervous or flustered. To Ray, it only sounded false. \"That's right, of course. Only late for me. Do you mind if I tape record this conversation?\" Smooth segue, meant to catch him off guard, startle him into acceptance. \"Yes, I do mind. Can I help you?\" You fucking bastard. John Donovan paused on his end of the line. Ray imagined him reaching for a legal pad upon which to take notes (just as he was supposed to imagine), though, of course, the tape recorder was still running. \"Um, I was wondering if I could get some information?\" \"Sir, federal law prohibits me from acknowledging either to confirm or deny the presence of the individual of whom you have spoken or his participation in our program.\" Ray grinned. \"Very well done,\" the lawyer said. \"I guess that sets the parameters.\" \"I guess it does.\" \"Were you working two nights ago.\" \"Sir, I am bound by Center policy and state law from discussing with you the work schedule of our employees at this facility unless you are an officer of the law or bearing a subpoena, in which case, I am only authorized to refer you to my supervisor.\" Ray grinned again. He was enjoying this. \"What if I told you I have possession of a subpoena?\" \"Have you spoken to our attorney?\" Ray countered. \"In fact, son, yes I have. This afternoon.\" Ray grunted. Standard level of communication. \"That's good, because I haven't. Which means, of course, that I'm not prepared to talk to you at all until advised on my statement by legal counsel.\" Question: Ray thinks that John Donovan is: Answer:\nAnswer:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Ray thinks that John Donovan is a lawyer representing the family of Donald Ackerman." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"Teen gets all her holes penetrated and even fists her own twat http://t.co/8yE0RTk7xc\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Analyze WHO COVID-19 case data.\n\nCountry: Paraguay\nData: Date_reported: 2024-06-02 \| Country_code: PY \| Country: Paraguay \| Continent: South America \| WHO_region: AMRO \| Cumulative_cases: 735759\n\nProvide epidemiological assessment." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "WHO COVID-19 Case Analysis:\n\nCountry: Paraguay\nData: Date_reported: 2024-06-02 \| Country_code: PY \| Country: Paraguay \| Continent: South America \| WHO_region: AMRO \| Cumulative_cases: 735759\n\nPublic Health Assessment:\nWHO COVID-19 surveillance data tracks the global pandemic trajectory, identifying hotspots, monitoring transmission dynamics, and informing public health response strategies worldwide.\n\nKey Indicators:\n- Case counts and trends over time\n- Geographic distribution of disease burden\n- Mortality patterns and case fatality rates\n- Impact of interventions and vaccination campaigns\n- Healthcare system capacity considerations\n\nThis data supports evidence-based decision-making for pandemic response and preparedness." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Hyperphagia, weight gain and hypersexuality is seen in -" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis safe but without signals of beneficial effect?\n\nAbstract Context:\nAn observational study has suggested that relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with helminth infections have lower disease activity and progression than uninfected multiple sclerosis patients. To evaluate the safety and efficacy on MRI activity of treatment with TSO in relapsing MS. The study was an open-label, magnetic resonance imaging assessor-blinded, baseline-to-treatment study including ten patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Median (range) age was 41 (24-55) years, disease duration 9 (4-34) years, Expanded Disability Status Scale score 2.5 (1-5.0), and number of relapses within the last two years 3 (2-5). Four patients received no disease modifying therapy, while six patients received IFN-β. After an observational period of 8 weeks, patients received 2500 ova from the helminth Trichuris suis orally every second week for 12 weeks. Patients were followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging, neurological examinations, laboratory safety tests and expression of immunological biomarker genes. Treatment with Trichuris suis orally was well-tolerated apart from some gastrointestinal symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed 6 new or enlarged T2 lesions in the run-in period, 7 lesions in the early period and 21 lesions in the late treatment period. Two patients suffered a relapse before treatment and two during treatment. Eight patients developed eosinophilia. The expression of cytokines and transcription factors did not change.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: In a small group of relapsing multiple sclerosis patients, Trichuris suis oral therapy was well tolerated but without beneficial effect." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do sapC-DOPS nanovesicles induce Smac- and Bax-dependent apoptosis through mitochondrial activation in neuroblastomas?\n\nAbstract Context:\nHigh toxicity, morbidity and secondary malignancy render chemotherapy of neuroblastoma inefficient, prompting the search for novel compounds. Nanovesicles offer great promise in imaging and treatment of cancer. SapC-DOPS, a stable nanovesicle formed from the lysosomal protein saposin C and dioleoylphosphatidylserine possess strong affinity for abundantly exposed surface phosphatidylserine on cancer cells. Here, we show that SapC-DOPS effectively targets and suppresses neuroblastoma growth and elucidate the molecular mechanism of SapC-DOPS action in neuroblastoma in vitro. In vivo targeting of neuroblastoma was assessed in xenograft mice injected intravenously with fluorescently-labeled SapC-DOPS. Xenografted tumors were also used to demonstrate its therapeutic efficacy. Apoptosis induction in vivo was evaluated in tumor sections using the TUNEL assay. The mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis by SapC-DOPS were addressed through measurements of cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM), flow cytometric DNA fragmentation assays and by immunoblot analysis of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), Bax, Cytochrome c (Cyto c) and Caspase-3 in the cytosol or in mitochondrial fractions of cultured neuroblastoma cells. SapC-DOPS showed specific targeting and prevented the growth of human neuroblastoma xenografts in mice. In neuroblastoma cells in vitro, apoptosis occurred via a series of steps that included: (1) loss of ΔΨM and increased mito\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Taken together, our results indicate that SapC-DOPS acts through a mitochondria-mediated pathway accompanied by an early release of Smac and Bax. Specific tumor-targeting capacity and anticancer efficacy of SapC-DOPS supports its potential as a dual imaging and therapeutic agent in neuroblastoma therapy." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a teacher. Given a task, you explain in simple steps what the task is asking, any guidelines it provides and how to use those guidelines to find the answer.\n\nYou will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.\nIn this task, you will be shown an extract from a movie plot. You need to read the extract and create questions that can be answered from the extract. Once you create a question you also need to provide the correct answer for it. Write your answer like \"Question: your question, Answer: your answer\". The questions should be well-formed and grammatically correct. The questions should be completely answerable from the given passage and should not require any external knowledge. Subjective questions are not allowed. Short answers containing words that are present in the passage are preferred. Create questions that result in factoid answers. A simple rule of thumb to decide whether a question is a factoid or not is to see if two different people with average reading/comprehension skills would come up with the same answer after reading the passage.\n\nSpencer Tracy as Joe WilsonEn route to meet his fiancÃ©e, Katherine Grant (Sylvia Sidney), Joe Wilson (Spencer Tracy) is arrested on flimsy circumstantial evidence for the kidnapping of a child. Gossip soon travels around the small town, growing more distorted through each retelling, until a mob gathers at the jail. When the resolute sheriff (Edward Ellis) refuses to give up his prisoner, the enraged townspeople burn down the building, two of them also throwing dynamite into the flames as they flee the scene. Unknown to anyone else there, the blast frees Wilson, but kills his little dog Rainbow, who had run in to comfort him in the cell.The district attorney (Walter Abel) brings the main perpetrators to trial for murder, but nobody is willing to identify the guilty, and several provide alibis. The case seems hopeless, but then the prosecutor produces hard evidence: newsreel footage of twenty-two people caught in the act.However, Katherine is troubled by one piece of evidence. The defense attorney had tried to get his clients off by claiming that there was no proof Joe was killed, but an anonymous letter writer had returned a partially melted ring belonging to Joe. Katherine notices that a word is misspelled just as Joe used to spell it.She discovers that Joe escaped the fire and that Joe's brothers are helping him get his revenge by framing the defendants for his murder. She goes to see Joe and pleads with him to stop the charade, but he is determined to make his would-be killers pay. However, his conscience starts preying on him and, in the end, just as the verdicts are being read, he walks into the courtroom and sets things straight.\nOutput:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Task: Create factoid questions and answers based on the given movie plot extract.\n\nQuestion: Who is arrested on flimsy circumstantial evidence for the kidnapping of a child?\nAnswer: Joe Wilson (Spencer Tracy)\n\nQuestion: What happens when the resolute sheriff refuses to give up his prisoner?\nAnswer: The enraged townspeople burn down the building.\n\nQuestion: Who does the district attorney bring to trial for murder?\nAnswer: The main perpetrators.\n\nQuestion: What evidence does the prosecutor produce to prove the guilt of the main perpetrators?\nAnswer: Newsreel footage of twenty-two people caught in the act.\n\nQuestion: What does Katherine notice about the anonymous letter writer's spelling?\nAnswer: A word is misspelled just as Joe used to spell it.\n\nQuestion: Who is helping Joe get his revenge by framing the defendants for his murder?\nAnswer: Joe's brothers.\n\nQuestion: What does Katherine do when she discovers Joe's plan?\nAnswer: She goes to see Joe and pleads with him to stop the charade.\n\nQuestion: What does Joe do in the end?\nAnswer: He walks into the courtroom and sets things straight just as the verdicts are being read." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "\"Biphasic pattern\" on histology is seen in Which tumor" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. User will you give you a task. Your goal is to complete the task as faithfully as you can. While performing the task think step-by-step and justify your steps.\n\nQ: I am verifying the answers generated by an automatic system to the following question: what is the address of mother's park & ride in wayne nj Suggested answer: 75 to Newark Penn Station and Butler Should I validate this answer?\nA:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, to validate the answer, we can follow the below steps:\n\n1. First, we need to confirm if \"Mother's Park & Ride\" is a valid location in Wayne, NJ. We can do this by searching for the location on a search engine or maps application.\n\n2. Once we confirm the location, we can check if the suggested answer \"75 to Newark Penn Station and Butler\" is a valid route to reach Mother's Park & Ride. We can do this by checking the directions on a maps application or by consulting a transportation authority.\n\n3. If the suggested answer is not a valid route, we can try to find the correct route by searching for alternative routes on a maps application or by consulting a transportation authority.\n\n4. Once we have confirmed the correct route, we can update the answer accordingly.\n\n5. Finally, we can provide the validated answer to the user." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What is Pellagra, and what type of complication is associated with this vitamin deficiency? Additionally, what is the distribution of dermatitis observed in patients with Pellagra?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Pellagra is a condition caused by a deficiency in vitamin B3 (niacin). One of the complications associated with this deficiency is dermatitis, which is typically observed in a C3/C4 dermatome distribution." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate show promise for preventing caries?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTo find studies to include in the review, searches were made using Biomed Central, Cochrane Oral Health Reviews, Cochrane Library, the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Science Direct and the Research Findings Electronic Register. English language clinical trials [randomised clinical trials (RCT) or quasi-RCT; in situ or in vivo] or systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) of published trials were selected that reported on the efficacy of phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) using any mode of delivery. Studies were reviewed and their quality assessed independently. Data was extracted by two reviewers independently. Trials that were considered clinically and methodologically homogenous and that reported on similar outcomes were pooled for meta-analyses. Twelve articles were included of which five in-situ RCT could be pooled for meta-analyses. The pooled in-situ results showed a weighted mean difference (WMD) of the percentage remineralisation scores in favour of chewing gum with 18.8 mg CPP-ACP, compared with chewing gum without CPP-ACP of -8.01 [95% confidence interval (CI), -10.54- -5.48; P 0.00001], and compared with no intervention of -13.56 (95% CI, -16.49- -10.62; P 0.00001). A significantly higher remineralisation effect was also observed after exposure to 10.0 mg CPP-ACP (WMD, -7.75; 95% CI, -9.84- -5.66; P 0.00001). One long-term in vivo RCT (24 months) with a large sample size (N = 2720) found that the odds of a tooth surface's prog\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Within the limitations of this systematic review with meta-analysis, the results of the clinical in-situ trials indicate a short-term remineralisation effect of CPP-ACP. Additionally, the promising in-vivo RCT results suggest a caries-preventing effect for long-term clinical CPP-ACP use. Further RCT are needed in order to confirm these initial results in vivo." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does perinatal Inhibition of NF-KappaB have Long-Term Antihypertensive and Renoprotective Effects in Fawn-Hooded Hypertensive Rats?\n\nAbstract Context:\nInhibition of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) is beneficial in various models of hypertension and renal disease. We hypothesized first that NFκB inhibition during renal development ameliorates hereditary hypertensive renal disease and next whether this was mediated via suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Prior to the development of renal injury in fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats, a model of hypertension, glomerular hyperfiltration, and progressive renal injury, NFkB activity, measured by nuclear protein expression of NFkB subunit p65, was enhanced twofold in 2-day-old male and female FHH kidneys as compared to normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (P < 0.05). Treating FHH dams with pyrrolidine di thio carbamate (PDTC), an NFκB inhibitor, from 2 weeks before birth to 4 weeks after birth diminished NFkB activity in 2-day-FHH offspring to 2-day-WKY levels (P < 0.01). Perinatal PDTC reduced systolic blood pressure from 20 weeks onwards by on average 25 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and ameliorated proteinuria (P < 0.05) and glomerulosclerosis (P < 0.05). In kidneys of 2-day-, 2-week-, and adult offspring of PDTC-treated FHH dams, PGC-1α was induced on average by 67% (quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)) suggesting that suppression of this factor by NFkB could be involved in renal damage. Follow-up experiments with perinatal pioglitazone (Pio), a PPARγ agonist, failed to confer persistent antihypertensive o\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Perinatal inhibition of enhanced active renal NFκB in 2-day FHH had persistent antihypertensive and renoprotective effects. However, this was not the case for PPARγ stimulation. NFkB stimulation is therefore involved in renal damage in the FHH model of proteinuric renal disease by pathways other than via PPARγ." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Autocrine hormone among the following:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is desert dust exposure associated with increased risk of asthma hospitalization in children?\n\nAbstract Context:\nDesert dust particles, including quartz, which causes inflammatory responses in the airway in animal studies, are transported to widespread regions around the globe. Epidemiologically, areas impacted by desert dust storms, such as communities in the Middle East and the Caribbean, seem to have higher incidences of asthma than might be expected. We investigated the magnitude of association between airborne mineral dust concentration and hospitalization of children for asthma exacerbation by using Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) with a polarization analyzer for an exposure measurement, which can distinguish mineral dust particles from other particles. A case-crossover design was used. The exposure measurement was LIDAR's nonspherical extinction coefficient. The outcome measurement was hospitalization of children aged 1 to 15 years for asthma exacerbation in eight principal hospitals in Toyama, a local area in Japan bordering the Japan Sea, during February to April, 2005 to 2009. During the study period, there were 620 admissions for asthma exacerbation, and 6 days with a heavy dust event (daily mineral dust concentration > 0.1 mg/m(3)). Conditional logistic regression showed a statistically significant association between asthma hospitalization and a heavy dust event. The crude odds ratio (OR) of the heavy dust event for hospitalization on the day was 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-3.41; P = 0.037), and the OR of heavy dust event during the previous week was 1.83 (\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Heavy dust events are associated with an increased risk of hospitalizations for asthma." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Cardiac output depends on all of the following except: September 2005" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is timing of stage II lactogenesis predicted by antenatal metabolic health in a cohort of primiparas?\n\nAbstract Context:\nTime to onset of stage II lactogenesis varies widely, and delayed onset of lactogenesis (OL) is common among first-time mothers in the United States. Higher body mass index, older age, and larger infant birth weight are identified risk factors for delayed OL; all are known correlates with glucose metabolism. Our objective was to prenatally assess maternal biomarkers related to metabolic health and determine the extent to which these biomarkers predict timing of OL. We enrolled a population-based sample of expectant primiparas attending a single prenatal clinic. We obtained a blood sample 1-hour post-glucose load from an antenatal oral glucose challenge test and assayed for the following biomarkers: serum insulin, glucose, adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Our outcome measure was timing of OL, based on maternal report at 3-5 days postpartum. We used linear regression to model OL hour. Twenty-six of 29 (90%) agreed to screening, 18 delivered at term and initiated breastfeeding, and 16 have complete data. Median (minimum-maximum) postpartum body mass index was 27.4 (21.8-34.7) kg/m(2), and median time to OL was 64 (10-121) hours. The model, OL = 232 - 34.9(ln[ratio insulin/glucose]) - 1.4(adiponectin), explained 56% of the variation in OL hour (p = 0.005) and was not weakened by potential confounders.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Higher serum insulin secretion relative to serum glucose after a glucose challenge and higher serum adiponectin are associated with earlier onset of OL. These findings suggest that factors associated with better glucose tolerance predict earlier OL." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does β2-Adrenergic receptor agonist administration promote counter-regulatory responses and recovery from hypoglycaemia in rats?\n\nAbstract Context:\nWe have previously reported that local activation of β2-adrenergic receptors (B2ARs) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) enhances hypoglycaemic counter-regulation. This study examines whether peripheral delivery of a selective B2AR agonist could also promote counter-regulatory responses and thereby has potential therapeutic value to limit hypoglycaemia risk. Conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intra-arterial injection of the B2AR specific agonist, formoterol, or a control solution either before a hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp study or immediately before recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In addition, the capacity of a VMH-targeted microinjection of a B2AR antagonist to limit the anti-insulin effect of the B2AR agonist was assessed. Systemic delivery of B2AR agonist markedly reduced the exogenous glucose infusion rate (GIR) required during the hypoglycaemic clamp study. This effect was mediated by blockade of insulin's inhibitory effect on endogenous glucose production. Local blockade of B2ARs within the VMH using a specific antagonist partially diminished the effect of systemic activation of B2ARs during hypoglycaemia at least in part by diminishing the adrenaline (epinephrine) response to hypoglycaemia. Peripheral B2AR agonist injection also enhanced glucose recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Systemic B2AR agonist administration acts to limit insulin-induced hypoglycaemia by offsetting insulin's inhibitory effect on hepatic glucose production. This effect appears to be predominately mediated via a direct effect on liver B2ARs, but a small stimulatory effect on B2ARs within the VMH cannot be excluded. Our data suggest that formoterol may have therapeutic value to limit the risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Classify this social media post for public health content moderation.\n\nPost: \"#honeybadger bitch\"\n\nDetermine if this contains: (a) hate speech, (b) offensive language, or (c) neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: offensive language\n\nThis post is classified as offensive language. This type of content may require moderation in public health communication channels." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does miltefosine induce metacaspase and PARP genes expression in Leishmania infantum?\n\nAbstract Context:\nApoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that occurs in both animal and plant cells. Protozoan parasites possess metacaspase and these caspase-related proteases could be involved in the PCD pathways in these organisms. Therefore we analyzed the activities of metacaspase and PARP genes in Leishmania infantum (MCAN/IR/96/LON49) treated with miltefosine. Anti-leishmania activity of miltefosine was studied by treatment of cultured promastigotes with various concentration of miltefosine. MTT assay and Annexin-V FLUOS staining by using FACS flow cytometry methods were used. Cytotoxic potential of HePC on the amastigots of L.infantum was evaluated in J774 cell line. In addition, metacaspase and PARP genes expression of treated L. infantum were studied. Miltefosine led to dose-dependent death of L. infantum with features compatible with apoptosis. Over expression of metacaspase and PARP was seen 6 hr after treatment.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our study showed that miltefosine exerts cytotoxic effect on L. infantum via an apoptotic-related mechanism." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are an AI assistant. You should describe the task and explain your answer. While answering a multiple choice question, first output the correct answer(s). Then explain why other answers are wrong. You might need to use additional knowledge to answer the question.\n\nMulti-choice question: Same meaning?\nThe site chosen for Droxford station was on the opposite side of the Meon , in neighbouring Soberton on the east bank .\nThe site chosen for Droxford was located on the opposite side of the Meon in the neighbouring Soberton on the east bank .\n\nOptions are:\n a). no.\n b). yes." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "The correct answer is b) yes. \n\nBoth sentences have the same meaning. They both describe the location of Droxford station as being on the opposite side of the Meon river, in the neighboring village of Soberton, on the east bank. The only difference between the two sentences is the word order and the use of commas. \n\nTherefore, both sentences convey the same information and are interchangeable." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Answer this medical question by selecting the correct option.\n\nQuestion: A 12-year-old boy is brought by his mother to the emergency room because of a swollen, hot, and tender knee that he sustained after falling on his way home. He has never had a swollen joint before; however, he has had frequent nosebleeds throughout his life. His mother is worried because they live with her parents who are currently on blood thinners. Every morning she puts the blood thinner pill in the boy's grandfather's milk and was concerned that she may have switched it this morning. Family history reveals a number of uncles who have had bleeding disorders; however, the mother does not know the exact disorder suffered by these relatives. A hematologic panel reveals the following findings:\n\nBleeding time: Increased\nProthrombin time: 12 seconds\nPartial thromboplastin time (PTT): 55 seconds\nPTT after factor mixing study: 37 seconds\n\nWhich of the following most likely explains the abnormal partial thromboplastin time in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA. Activation of inhibitory factors\nB. Antibodies to factor VIII\nC. Inhibition of reductase enzyme\nD. Mutation in carrying protein\n\nProvide the correct answer with brief clinical reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Mutation in carrying protein. Clinical reasoning: This option is correct based on standard medical knowledge and clinical practice guidelines." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What are two things that gastrin can increase growth of in the digestive system?" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Gastrin can increase growth of gastric mucosa and parietal cells in the digestive system." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All are true regarding Klinefelter's syndrome except:" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Detect hate speech or offensive language in this social media post.\n\nPost: 주위를 잘 안보고 생각없이 이쁜척 도도하척 하고 다니다가 꼴좋다 ㅉㅉ외국에가서 가구를 보다니....이해불가\n\nClassify as: hate speech, offensive, or neither." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Classification: False\n\nContent moderation is essential for maintaining healthy public health communication channels and protecting vulnerable communities from harmful content." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Analyze COVID-19 epidemiological data for Gambia on 2024-12-08.\n\nData:\n- Total cases: 12,627\n- New cases: 0\n- Total deaths: 372\n- Population: 2,636,472\n\nProvide epidemiological interpretation." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Epidemiological Analysis for Gambia:\n\nDisease Burden:\n- Cumulative cases: 12,627\n- Incidence rate: 478.9 per 100,000 population\n- Recent activity: 0 new cases reported\n\nMortality:\n- Total deaths: 372\n- Case fatality rate: 2.95%\n\nPublic Health Context:\nAs of 2024-12-08, Gambia has documented 12,627 cumulative COVID-19 cases in a population of 2,636,472. The incidence rate of 478.9 per 100,000 indicates low community transmission. Continued surveillance and public health interventions are essential for pandemic response." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is p16 overexpressed in cutaneous carcinomas located on sun-exposed areas?\n\nAbstract Context:\nRecently, an increased expression of P16, a cell cycle regulatory tumor suppressor protein, has been demonstrated in cervical squamous neoplasms as a marker of malignancy. In contrast, studies performed in skin carcinomas led to contradictory results. Our first aim was to evaluate P16 expression in different types of non-melanoma skin cancers compared with normal skin and benign tumors. The second aim was to evaluate the relationship between P16 expression and the location of skin tumors (i.e. exposed versus non exposed sites). Finally, we also studied Ki67 expression in skin carcinomas and control biopsies. Skin biopsy specimens with typical histologic features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 30), Bowen's disease (BD; n = 17), basal cell carcinoma (BCC; n = 10), seborrheic keratosis (SK; n = 10) and normal human skin (NHS; n = 9) were obtained from 76 patients seen at our institution between 2001 and 2003. In all cases, P16 and Ki67 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. P16 overexpression was observed in 58% of cutaneous carcinomas (SCC: 60%; BD: 58%; BCC: 50%) versus 0% of SK or NHS (0%) (p = 0.006). Ki67 expression in over 5% of tumour cells was observed in 69% of cutaneous carcinomas (SCC: 54%; BD: 76%; BCC: 80%) versus 16% in the group including SK (30%) and NHS (0%) (p = 0.04). Overexpression of P16 was associated with a high rate of Ki67 positive tumour cells in 23/57 malignant skin tumors (40%). Both P16 was associated and Ki-67 we\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our study demonstrated that the expression of P16 and Ki67 is associated with skin carcinomas. No difference was observed according to histological types of carcinomas, suggesting that P16 and Ki67 expression did not correlate with the degree of proliferation and malignancy. Within cutaneous carcinoma specimens, P16 overexpression was significantly associated with the location on sun-exposed areas, suggesting a possible induction of P16 overexpression by UV radiation." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do bioactive dietary polyphenols inhibit heme iron absorption in a dose-dependent manner in human intestinal Caco-2 cells?\n\nAbstract Context:\nAlthough heme iron is an important form of dietary iron, its intestinal absorption mechanism remains elusive. Our previous study revealed that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and grape seed extract (GSE) markedly inhibited intestinal heme iron absorption by reducing the basolateral iron export in Caco-2 cells. The aim of this study was to examine whether small amounts of EGCG, GSE, and green tea extract (GT) could inhibit heme iron absorption, and to test whether the inhibitory action of polyphenols could be offset by ascorbic acid. A heme-⁵⁵Fe absorption study was conducted by adding various concentrations of EGCG, GSE, and GT to Caco-2 cells in the absence and presence of ascorbic acid. Polyphenolic compounds significantly inhibited heme-⁵⁵Fe absorption in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of ascorbic acid did not modulate the inhibitory effect of dietary polyphenols on heme iron absorption when the cells were treated with polyphenols at a concentration of 46 mg/L. However, ascorbic acid was able to offset or reverse the inhibitory effects of polyphenolic compounds when lower concentrations of polyphenols were added (≤ 4.6 mg/L). Ascorbic acid modulated the heme iron absorption without changing the apical heme uptake, the expression of the proteins involved in heme metabolism and basolateral iron transport, and heme oxygenase activity, indicating that ascorbic acid may enhance heme iron absorption by modulating the intracellular distribution of ⁵⁵Fe. These results\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Bioactive dietary polyphenols inhibit heme iron absorption in a dose-dependent manner. The small amounts of polyphenolic compounds present in foods are capable of reducing heme iron transport across the intestinal enterocyte. However, the inhibitory effects of dietary polyphenolic compounds on heme iron absorption can be offset by ascorbic acid and can possibly be avoided by decreasing the consumption of polyphenols while simultaneously taking ascorbic acid." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following are examples of uniparental disomy except" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is mandibular distraction in hemifacial microsomia a permanent treatment : a long-term evaluation?\n\nAbstract Context:\nHemifacial microsomia presents with abnormalities including short ramus, absence of condyle, abnormal canting, deviated chin, and facial asymmetry. Many studies about distraction osteogenesis have been published over the last 20 years, but without long-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with unilateral craniofacial microsomia who were treated with mandible distraction and with follow-up of more than 5 years. The following retrospective study was evaluated and approved by the Assistance Center for Cleft Lip and Palate. Data were compiled from the charts of 33 patients with hemifacial microsomia who underwent unilateral mandible distraction. Average age at time of procedure was 7.3 years, with an average degree of distraction of 20 mm. Seventy percent of cases were treated with internal distraction, 30% external. Follow-up varied between 5 and 15 years, with a mean follow-up of 9 years. Ninety percent of the 33 patients in the study had recurrence of their asymmetry. Mean time to postsurgical recurrence was 44 months. Thirty patients were referred for orthognathic surgery. Six patients have already undergone corrective bimaxillary surgery. One patient underwent genioplasty only, and 1 patient underwent genioplasty with orthognathic jaw surgery. Twenty-two patients are awaiting orthognathic surgery, including one with temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Only 3 subjects had good outcomes, without signs of recurrence.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: No. \n\nReasoning: Bone distraction once seemed a promising long-term option for treatment of craniofacial microsomia. However, this has not proven effective for all cases, and most patients needed subsequent orthognathic surgery." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Explain what it means when salmonellosis incidence increases from 5 to 15 cases per 100,000 population." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Interpreting Incidence Increase: salmonellosis\nFrom 5 to 15 per 100,000 population\n\nQuantitative Interpretation:\n\nAbsolute Change:\n- Increase of 10 cases per 100,000 population\n- In a city of 1 million: 50 → 150 cases (+100 cases)\n\nRelative Change:\n- 200% increase (3-fold rise)\n- Tripling of disease burden\n\nPublic Health Significance:\n\n1. Epidemic Threshold:\n- Whether this constitutes an \"outbreak\" depends on:\n - Historical baseline for this disease\n - Seasonal patterns\n - Expected variation\n- A 200% increase typically warrants investigation\n\n2. Healthcare Impact:\n- Increased healthcare utilization\n - More clinic/ED visits\n - Potential hospitalizations\n - Diagnostic testing demands\n- Resource allocation needs may shift\n\n3. Transmission Assessment:\n- Suggests ongoing active transmission in community\n- May indicate:\n - New introduction of pathogen\n - Increased exposure events\n - Reduced population immunity\n - Environmental or behavioral changes\n\n4. Surveillance Actions:\n- Immediate: Verify data quality and completeness\n- Investigation: Conduct outbreak investigation if indicated\n- Enhanced monitoring: Increase surveillance frequency\n- Geographic analysis: Identify high-incidence areas\n- Demographic analysis: Identify high-risk groups\n\n5. Risk Communication:\n- Public notification may be appropriate\n- Healthcare provider alerts\n- Prevention messaging to at-risk populations\n\nContextual Considerations:\n- Baseline rates: 5 per 100,000 is relatively low\n- 15 per 100,000: Still moderate in absolute terms\n- Trend direction: More important than single point\n- Comparison: Compare to other jurisdictions, previous years\n\nNext Steps:\n1. Confirm case definitions and data accuracy\n2. Analyze temporal trends (is it still rising?)\n3. Geographic and demographic sub-analysis\n4. Identify potential sources/exposures\n5. Implement control measures if indicated\n6. Continue monitoring with enhanced surveillance\n\nDecision Threshold:\n- A 200% increase generally triggers public health response\n- Response intensity depends on disease severity and transmission potential" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does nuclear relocation of STAT6 reliably predict NAB2-STAT6 fusion for the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumour?\n\nAbstract Context:\nNuclear relocation of STAT6 has been shown in tumours with NAB2-STAT6 fusion, and has been proposed as an ancillary marker for the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumours (SFTs). The aim of this study was to verify the utility of STAT6 immunohistology in diagnosing SFT. A total of 689 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumours comprising 35 pleural SFTs and 654 other mesenchymal tumours were investigated for STAT6 expression using immunohistochemistry. Nine dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLSs) and five SFTs were also examined for the presence of NAB2-STAT6 fusion at the protein level using the proximity ligation assay (PLA), and for copy number variants (CNVs) with the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation450 array. Thirty-four of 35 SFTs showed strong nuclear STAT6 expression. Furthermore, five of 68 DDLSs, two of 130 undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas and one of 63 cases of nodular fasciitis showed moderate to strong nuclear STAT6 expression. The PLA indicated the presence of NAB2-STAT6 fusion protein in SFTs, but signal was also detected in some DDLSs. Copy number analysis showed an overall low frequency of chromosomal imbalances in SFTs, but complex karyotypes in DDLSs, including amplification of STAT6 and MDM2 loci.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: The detection of nuclear relocation of STAT6 with immunohistochemistry is a characteristic of SFTs, and may serve as a diagnostic marker that indicates NAB2-STAT6 fusion and helps to discriminate SFTs from histological mimics." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Does hemin induce mitophagy in a leukemic erythroblast cell line?\n\nAbstract Context:\nIn eukaryotic cells, autophagy is considered a lysosomal catabolic process which participates in the degradation of intracellular components in a vacuolar structure termed autolysosome. This pathway plays a significant role in the erythropoiesis process, contributing to the clearance of some organelles (such as mitochondria) that are not necessary in the mature red blood cells. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in erythrocyte maturation has not been fully established. Here, we have demonstrated that hemin (a physiological erythroid maturation stimulator) is able to induce the expression of critical autophagic genes (i.e., Map1a1b (LC3), Beclin-1 gen, Atg5) in an erythroleukemia cell type. We have also shown that hemin increased the size of autophagic vacuoles which were labelled with LC3 and the degradative lysosomal marker dye quenched-bovine serum albumin. In addition, we have determined by Western blot a rise in the lipidated form of the autophagic protein LC3 (i.e., LC3-II) upon hemin treatment. Moreover, we provide evidence that hemin induces mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and that mitochondria sequestration by autophagy requires the active form of the NIX protein.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: We have found that the physiological erythroid maturation stimulator hemin is able to induce mitophagy in K562 cells, and that the autophagy adaptor NIX is necessary for mitophagy progression. K562 cells have been used as a relevant model to determine the possible therapeutic role of new differentiating compounds." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Is loss of Expression of PTEN Associated with Worse Prognosis in Patients with Cancer?\n\nAbstract Context:\nThe tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is an important negative regulator of cell-survival signaling. However, available results for the prognostic value of PTEN expression in patients with cancer remain controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis of published studies investigating this issue was performed. A literature search via PubMed and EMBASE databases was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed by using the STATA 12.0 (STATA Corp., College, TX). Data from eligible studies were extracted and included into the meta-analysis using a random effects model. A total of 3,810 patients from 27 studies were included in the meta-analysis, 22 investigating the relationship between PTEN expression and overall survival (OS) using univariate analysis, and nine with multivariate analysis. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 1.64 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-2.05) by univariate analysis and 1.56 (95% CI: 1.20-2.03) by multivariate analysis. In addition, eight papers including two disease-free-survival analyses (DFSs), four relapse-free-survival analyses (RFSs), three progression-free-survival analyses (PFSs) and one metastasis-free-survival analysis (MFS) reported the effect of PTEN on survival. The results showed that loss of PTEN expression was significant correlated with poor prognosis, with a combined HR of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.24-2.44). Furthermore, in the stratified analysis by the year of publication, ethnicity, cancer type, method, cut- off value, \n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: Our study shows that negative or loss of expression of PTEN is associated with worse prognosis in patients with cancer. However, adequately designed prospective studies need to be performed for confirmation." } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Analyze the sentiment of this Weibo post about COVID-19: 这个数字太可怕了希望疫情早日结束 " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Sentiment: 0" } ]
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Based on this biomedical research abstract, answer the research question.\n\nResearch Question: Do motor control theories improve biomechanical model of the hand for finger pressing tasks?\n\nAbstract Context:\nBiomechanical models are a useful tool to estimate tendon tensions. Unfortunately, in previous fingers' models, each finger acts independently from the others. This is contradictory with hand motor control theories which show that fingers are functionally linked in order to balance the wrist/forearm joint with minimal tendon tensions. (i.e. principle of minimization of the secondary moments). We propose to adapt a hand biomechanical model according to this principle by including the wrist joint. We will determine whether the finger tendon tensions changed with the wrist joint added to the model. Two models have been tested: one considering fingers independently (model A) and one with the fingers mechanically linked by the inclusion of the wrist balance (model B). A single set of data, additional results from the literature and in-vivo values have been used to compare the results. Model A corroborates previous results in the literature. Contrast results were obtained with model B, especially for the Ring and Little fingers. Different tendon tensions were obtained, particularly, in finger extensor muscles critical to balance the wrist.\n\nProvide a yes/no/maybe answer with scientific reasoning." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "Answer: Yes. \n\nReasoning: We discuss the biomechanical results in accordance with the hand/finger motor control theories. It appears that the wrist joint balance is critical for finger tendon tension estimation. When including the wrist joint into finger models, the tendon tension estimations agree well with the minimization of secondary moments and the force deficit." } ]

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