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Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation. | Baadhi ya watu wanaweza kunufaika na matibabu ya oksijeni ya muda mrefu au kupandikiza mapafu. |
By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. | Vifo vya kisha ilipungua karibu 90% kwa miaka ya 1950. |
It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV. | Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU. |
In those who have had a recent exacerbation, pulmonary rehabilitation appears to improve the overall quality of life and the ability to exercise. | kwa wale ambao wamekuwa na maumivu zaidi hivi karibuni,kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida huonekana kuendeleza ubora wa maisha kwa jumla na uwezo wa kufanya mazoezi, na kupunguza vifo. |
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. | Alipokea Tuzo ya Nobel katika in Fizilojia au dawa katika 1905 kwa ugunduzi huu. |
Infliximab, an immune-suppressing antibody, has been tested in COPD; there was a possibility of harm with no evidence of benefit. | Infliximab imejaribiwa katika ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa lakini hakukuwa na ushahidi wa mafanikio bali uwezekano wa madhara. |
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times. | Kifua kikuu kimekuwepo kwa binadamu tangu zamani sana. |
Gallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate. | Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika umbo na virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III. |
Further trials of the RV 144 vaccine are ongoing. | Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea. |
In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. | Mwaka 2010, kulikuwa na milioni 8.8 mpya kesi ya TB kukutwa na vifo 1,450,000, zaidi ya haya yanayojitokeza katika nchi zinazoendelea. |
Products with 60% to 95% alcohol by volume are effective antiseptics. | Michanganyiko huwa na asilimia 60-95 za alikoholi. |
Chronic lung disease is another significant risk factor. | uvimbe sugu ni sababu nyingine hatari ya ugonjwa. |
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. | VVU/UKIMWI ni janga la kimataifa. |
Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations, hospitalizations and death. | Chanjo za influenza za mwaka kwa walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa hupunguza maumivu zaidi, kulazwa hospitalini na kifo. |
The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. | Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha waraibu wa dawa za kudungia na wanaume shoga wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za numonia ya Pneumocystis carinii, maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana. |
Both of these changes result in increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which may cause right-sided heart failure secondary to lung disease, also known as cor pulmonale. | Mabadiliko haya yote husababisha ongezeko kwenye shinikizo la damu katika arteri za mapafu, hali inayoweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa kuvimba na kutofanya kazi kwa ventrikali ya kulia ya moyo. |
Significant weight loss is a bad sign. | Kupoteza uzani sana ni ishara mbaya. |
Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947 described the principles of measuring airflow. | Tiffeneau and Pinelli katika mwaka wa 1947 walieleza kanuni za kupima kupita kwa hewa. |
The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance. | Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano. |
A number of different antibiotics may be used including amoxicillin, doxycycline and azithromycin; whether one is better than the others is unclear. | Antibiotiki tofauti zinaweza kutumiwa zikiwemo: amoxicillin, doxycycline au azithromycin si bayana iwapo moja ni bora kuliko zingine. |
Stage III: Advanced symptoms, which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl | Awamu ya III: Dalili kuu zinazoweza kujumuisha hali ya kuharishaya muda mrefu isiyo na kisababishi maalum kwa zaidi ya mwezi mmoja, maambukizi makali ya bakteria ikiwa ni pamoja na tiibii ya mapafu na pia kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL. |
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria additionally require a FEV1 less than 80% of predicted. | Vigezo vya Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Ubora wa Matibabu pia huhitaji kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima1 cha chini ya asilimia 80 ya kilichobashiriwa. |
Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. | Tishu zilizoathirika hubadilishwa kuwa kovu na matundu huujazwa kwa kisiesheni ya nekritiki. |
There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection. | Kuna ushahidi mdogo unaoonyesha kuwa kondomu za wanawake una kiwango sawa cha kinga. |
In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh. | Katika mwaka wa 1721 michoro ya kwanza ya emfisema ilifanywa na Ruysh. |
This situation is referred to as cor pulmonale, and leads to symptoms of leg swelling and bulging neck veins. | Hali hii huitwa ugonjwa wa moyo na mapafu, na husababisha dalili za kufura miguu na kufura kwa mishipa ya shingo. |
Many people with more advanced COPD breathe through pursed lips and this action can improve shortness of breath in some. | Watu wengi walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana ulioendelea hupumua kupitia midomo iliyofunguka kidogo na hatua hii inaweza kuboresha kupumua katika baadhi ya watu. |
In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. | Katika 2007, nchi yenye kiwango cha juu zaidi ya makadirio ya matukio ya TB ilikuwa Swaziland, na kesi 1,200 kwa kila watu 100,000. |
HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms. | VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani. |
No benefit has been found in those with other health problems. | Hakuna manufaa yaliyopatikana kwa wale walio na matatizo mengine ya kiafya. |
Chest tightness may occur, but is not common and may be caused by another problem. | Kubanwa kifua kunaweza kutokea ingawa hakutokei sana na kunaweza kusababishwa na tatizo lingine. |
Before death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care. | Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya. |
For surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4+ T cell count rises to above 200 per µL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured. | Kwa sababu za kiuchunguzi, utambuzi wa UKIMWI hubakia iwapo baada ya matibabu kiwango cha seli za CD4+ T kitapanda zaidi ya 200 kwa kila µL ya damu au iwapo maradhi mengine yanayoashiria UKIMWI yataponywa. |
If blood contaminates food during pre-chewing it may pose a risk of transmission. | Iwapo damu itachafua chakula wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza. |
The chance of quitting is improved with social support, engagement in a smoking cessation program, and the use of medications such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, or varenicline. | Uwezekano wa kukoma huendelezwa kwa usaidizi wa kijamii, kuhusika katika mpango wa kukomesha uvutaji na kutumia tiba kama vile tiba ya kubadili nikotini, bupropion au varenicline. |
Between 50% and 70% of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months. | Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata limfadenopathia ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za limfu (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6. |
HCV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing eating or cooking utensils. | HCV haimbukizwi kwa kushikana kama vile kukumbatiana, kupeana busu, au kula kwa pamoja au kutumia kwa pamoja vyombo vya kulia chakula. |
Mr Kagwe said three of the cases were based in Nairobi and one in Mombasa. | Watu wa kwanza waligunduliwa kwenye kaunti za Nairobi na Kajiado. |
These populations include people who are: | Sumu nyingine zinazoweza kusababisha homa ya ini: |
"Those with COPD often have a history of ""common colds"" that last a long time." | "Watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana mara nyingi huwa na historia ya ""mafua"" yanayodumu kwa muda mrefu." |
HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family Retroviridae. | VVU ni mshirika wa jenasi ya Lentivirus, sehemu ya familia ya Retroviridae. |
Those with obstructed airflow may have wheezing or decreased sounds with air entry on examination of the chest with a stethoscope. | Watu walio na njia za pumzi zilizofungana wanaweza kuwa na kukorota au sauti ndogo pumzi inapoingia mapafuni, wanapochunguzwa kwa stethoskopu. |
A recombinant immunoblot assay is used to verify the immunoassay and the viral load is determined by an HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction. | Uchanganuzi wa recombinant immunoblot inathibitisha immunoassay, na mmenyuko wa HCV RNA polimeresi huamua ukali. |
A CD4 count of less than 500/µl | Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL.. |
They are used as the main source of energy in 80% of homes in India, China and sub-Saharan Africa. | Mioto hii hutumika kama chanzo kikuu cha nishati katika asilimia 80 za jamii nchini India, China na mataifa ya kusini mwa Sahara. |
Evidence for using spirometry among those without symptoms in an effort to diagnose the condition earlier is of uncertain effect, so currently is not recommended. | Ushahidi wa kutumia upimaji wa pumzi kwa wasio na dalili katika kutambua ugonjwa mapema ni wa matokeo yasiyobayana na kwa hivyo kwa sasa haupendekezwi. |
It is usually well tolerated. | Kwa kawaida hustahimilika vyema. |
They are also associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke. | Pia zinahusiana na ongezeko la hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na kiharusi |
Of this total an estimated $1.9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care, while $0.2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work. | Kwa idadi hii, takriban dola trilioni 1.9 ni gharama za moja kwa moja kama vile matibabu, ilhali dola trilioni 0.2 ni gharama zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile kazi ambayo haikufanywa. |
HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). | VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). |
He dropped the suit in 1998 after losing before an appeals court. | Alisitisha mashtaka mwaka 1998 baada ya kupoteza mbele ya mahakama ya rufaa. |
The economic costs of hepatitis C are significant both to the individual and to society. | Gharama za kiuchumi za homa ya nyongo C ni muhimu kwa mtu binafsi na kwa jamii kijumla. |
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. | VVU ni retrovirusi ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya mfumo wa kingamwili ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4+T, makrofaji na seli za dendraiti. |
Birth factors such as low birth weight may also play a role, as do a number of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. | Vipengele vya kuzaliwa kama kuzaliwa na uzani wa chini vinaweza kuchangua ugonjwa huu kama vile magonjwa kadhaa ya kuambukiza, ikiwa ni pamoja na VVU/UKIMWI na kifua kikuu yanavyofanya. |
Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB. | Nucleic asidi amplification mithani na kupita Triphosphate deaminase huweza kuruhusu uchunguzi wa haraka wa TB. |
He died as a result on February 6, 1993, aged 49. | Ashe alifariki kutokana na UKIMWI akiwa na umri wa miaka 49 tarehe 6 Februari 1993. |
By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. | By 1918, moja katika vifo sita katika Ufaransa alikuwa bado unasababishwa na TB. |
In this group of people, it decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day and may improve people's ability to exercise. | Katika kundi hili la watu, hupunguza hatari ya moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi na kifo iwapo ikitumia saa 15 kwa siku na inaweza kuongeza uwezo wa watu kufanya mazoezi. |
Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. | Kutumia mafuta ya ukeni yanaliyo na tenofovir muda mfupi kabla ya ngono hukisiwa kupunguza viwango vya maambukizi kwa takriban 40% miongoni mwa wanawake wa Kiafrika. |
"The word ""emphysema"" is derived from the Greek ἐμφυσᾶν emphysan meaning ""inflate"" -itself composed of ἐν en, meaning ""in"", and φυσᾶν physan, meaning ""breath, blast""." | "Neno ""emfisema"" linatoka katika Kigiriki ἐμφυσᾶν emphysan kumaanisha ""kujaa hewa"" -yenyewe ikiwa na ἐν en, ikimaanisha ""ndani"", na φυσᾶν physan, ikimaanisha ""pumzi, blast""." |
A risk of fires and little benefit exist when those on oxygen continue to smoke. | Kuna hatari ya moto na manufaa machache kwa wanaopewa oksijeni wakiendelea na uvutaji. |
Sexual assault is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections. | Ubakaji pia unaaminika kuongezeka hatari ya kusambaza VVU kwa sababu ni nadra kondomu kutumika, huwa na uwezekano wa kujeruhiwa ukeni au kinyeo, na pia kuna uwezekano wa magonjwa ya zinaa yanayoambatana na VVU. |
Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. | Kwa vile mfumo wa uainishaji wa SAD hauhitaji vipimo vya mahabara, mfumo huu ni mwafaka kwa mataifa yanayostawi ambayo kwa kawaida yana upungufu wa vifaa, ambapo unaweza pia kutumika kuongoza udhibiti wa kimatibabu. |
Workplace exposure is believed to be the cause in 10–20% of cases. | Uhatarisho kazini unaaminika kuwa kisababishi katika asilimia 10-20 ya visa. |
Stopping smoking decreases the risk of death by 18%. | Kukoma uvutaji hupunguza hatari ya kifo kwa asilimia 18. |
The amount of sputum produced can change over hours to days. | Kiasi cha makohozi yanayotolewa kinaweza kubadilika baada ya saa hadi siku kadhaa. |
Sputum may be swallowed or spat out, depending often on social and cultural factors. | Makohozi yanaweza kumezwa au kutemwa kulingana na jamii na tamaduni. |
In the United States, costs of the disease are estimated at $50 billion, most of which is due to exacerbation. | Marekani, gharama za ugonjwa huu zinakadriwa kuwa dola bilioni 50 , ambazo nyingi ni kutokana na maumivu zaidi. |
Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV. | Vifo hivi 1,450,000, kuhusu 0,350,000 kutokea katika wale wana ambukizwa pamoja na HIV. |
This has resulted in improvements in the lung function of their populations. | Hii imepelekea kuboresha utendakazi wa mapafu wa watu wao. |
In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. | matukio ya TB inatofautiana na umri Katika Afrika, kimsingi unaathiri vijana na watu wazima vijana. |
"Early descriptions of probable emphysema include: in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of ""voluminous lungs"" and in 1769 by Giovanni Morgagni of lungs which were ""turgid particularly from air""." | "Maelezo ya kitambo ya uwezekano wa emfisema ni: Katika mwaka wa 1679 na T. Bonet kuhusu ugonjwa wa ""mapafu makubwa"" na katika mwaka wa 1769 na Giovanni Morgagni kuhusu mapafu yaliyokuwa yamevimba hasa kutokana na hewa""." |
The only measures that have been shown to reduce mortality are smoking cessation and supplemental oxygen. | Hatua pekee zilizodhibitishwa kuweza kupunguza vifo ni kusitisha uvutaji na oksijeni ya kuongeza. |
"People with emphysema have been known as ""pink puffers"" or ""type A"" due to their frequent pink complexion, fast respiratory rate and pursed lips, and people with chronic bronchitis have been referred to as ""blue bloaters"" or ""type B"" due to the often bluish color of the skin and lips from low oxygen levels and their swollen ankles." | "Walio na emfisema wamejulikana kama ""wapumua waridi"" au ""aina A"" kutokana na rangi yao ya waridi ya uso, kiwango cha haraka cha kupumua na midomo iliyofungwa, na watu walio na bronkitisi sugu wameitwa ""blota za bluu"" au ""aina B"" kutokana na rangi ya bluu kwenye ngozi na midomo mara kwa mara kutokana na viwango vya chini vya oksijeni na kuvimba kwa tindi za miguu." |
In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. | Katika wale wanaoishi na H.I.V, hatari ya kupatwa na TB hai inaongezeka hadi 10% karibu mwaka. |
Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. | Ambapo upinzani isoniazidi ni ya juu, ethambutol inaweza kuongezwa kwa miezi minne iliyopita kama mbadala. |
In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women. | Katika nchi zingine, vifo zimepungua kwa wanaume na kuongezeka kwa wananwake. |
If the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater. | Iwapo mtu yuko katika awamu za mwisho za VVU, viwango vya kuambukizana ni takriban mara 8 zaidi. |
"The Synagogue Church Of All Nations advertised an ""anointing water"" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication." | Synagogue Church Of All Nations ilitangaza maji ya upako ili kuwezesha uponyaji kutoka kwa Mungu, ingawa ilikana kuwa iliwashauri watu kukoma kutumia matibabu. |
Long-term antibiotics, specifically those from the macrolide class such as erythromycin, reduce the frequency of exacerbations in those who have two or more a year. | Antibiotiki za muda mrefu, hasa za kundi la macrolide kama vileazithromycin, hupunguza kiwango cha kutokea kwa maumivu Zaidi kwa wale wanaokuwa nayo mara mbili au Zaidi kwa mwaka. |
Care should be taken as they are flammable. | Tahadhari ni muhimu kwa sababu inaweza kuwaka. |
Even at a late stage of the disease, it can reduce the rate of worsening lung function and delay the onset of disability and death. | Hata katika kipindi cha mwisho cha ugonjwa, kunaweza kupunguza kiwango cha kudhoofika kwa utendakazi wa mapafu na kudhibiti mwanzo wa ulemavu na kifo. |
A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. | Chanjo iliyotengenezwa kwa mwaka mmoja huenda isitumike katika mwaka ufuatao, kwa kuwa virusi hubadilika haraka. |
Effective dust control can be achieved by improving ventilation, using water sprays and by using mining techniques that minimize dust generation. | Uzuiaji bora wa vumbi unaweza kutimizwa kwa kuboresha upitaji wa hewa, kutumia vinyunyizio vya maji na kutumia mbinu za uchimbaji migodi zinazothibiti utengenezaji wa vumbi. |
Testing is not able to distinguish between acute and chronic infections. | Uchunguzi hauwezi kutofautisha kati ya ugonjwa mahututi na ugonjwa sugu wa maini. |
A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus. | Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8+ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi. |
Crackles may also be heard over the lungs on examination with a stethoscope. | Sauti pia zinaweza kusikika kwenye mapafu yanapochunguzwa kwa stethoskopu. |
Globally, as of 2010, COPD is estimated to result in economic costs of $2.1 trillion, half of which occurring in the developing world. | Ulimwenguni kote, Kufikia mwaka wa 2010, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za pumzi umekadiriwa kusababisha gharama ya kiuchumi ya dola trilioni 2.1 ambayo nusu yake hutokea katika nchi zinazostawi. |
Hepatitis C testing typically begins with blood testing to detect the presence of antibodies to the HCV, using an enzyme immunoassay. | Upimaji wa Homa ya nyongo C kwa kawaida huanza na vipimo vya damu ili kugundua uwepo wa kingamwili kwa HCV kwa kutumia kimeng'enya immunoassay. |
Rates of new infections have decreased in the Western world since the 1990s due to improved screening of blood before transfusion. | Viwango vimepungua katika nchi za Magharibi tangu miaka ya 1990 kutokana na uchunguzi wa kuboresha damu kabla ya utoaji. |
He was diagnosed as HIV-positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s. | Ashe alitambuliwa kuwa na VVU tarehe 31 Agosti 1988; baada ya kuambukizwa alipokuwa akiongezewa damu akifanyiwa upasuaji wa moyo awali miaka ya 1980. |
Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body. | Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4+ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili. |
There is not enough evidence to support the use of herbal medicines. | Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya miti shamba. |
If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment. | Kama kifua kikuu kurudia, kupima na kuamua ambayo antibiotiki ni nyeti ni muhimu kabla ya kuamua matibabu. |
The proportion of disability from COPD globally has decreased from 1990 to 2010 due to improved indoor air quality primarily in Asia. | Sehemu ya ulemavu unaotokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa ulimwenguni imepungua tangu mwaka wa 1990 hadi 2010 kutokana na kuboreshwa kwa hali ya hewa ndani ya nyumba hasa Asia. |
In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires. | Katika nchi zinazoendelea, chanzo kikuu cha uchafuzi wa hewa ni kupikia au kuwasha moto mahali pasipo hewa ya kutosha. |
In those with advanced disease, palliative care may reduce symptoms, with morphine improving the feelings of shortness of breath. | kwa walio na ugonjwa uliokithiri, utunzajia wa kutuliza unaweza kupunguza dalili, na morphine kukabiliana na hisia za upungufu wa pumzi. |
Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV. | Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007. |
Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. | Upinzani Kanuni hutokea wakati mtu huwa wameambukizwa mnachuja sugu wa TB. |
Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. | Takribani theluthi moja ya idadi ya watu duniani imekuwa kuambukizwa na M. kifua kikuu, na maambukizi mapya ya kutokea kwa kiwango cha moja kwa pili kwa kiwango cha kimataifa. |
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