text
stringlengths 100
578k
| source
stringclasses 4
values | config
stringclasses 2
values | weight
float64 0.02
0.37
|
|---|---|---|---|
Japanese cartoonist born in Tokyo, Japan, on October 30, 1937. While Sadao Shoji was in the first grade, the war resulted in his evacuation to mountainous Yamanashi Prefecture, and it was not until his second year of junior high school that he returned to Tokyo. After graduation from high school he prepared for college for one year and then entered the Russian literature department of Waseda University in Tokyo, where he achieved the dubious honor of being enrolled for five years before dropping out. While still in school, however, he joined the now famous Manga Kenkyu Kai (“Cartoon Study Club”), which at the time also included Shunji Sonoyama, Kineo Shito and Hosuke Fukuchi. Although Shoji was heavily involved with cartoons while in school and had works appear in various magazines, it was not until he began writing Shin Mango Bungaku Zenshu (“Complete Collection of New Cartoon Literature”) and Shoji-kun (“Young Shoji”) in 1967 that he really attracted attention. Today these remain his most representative works. Shoji-kun, which ran in Manga Sunday, deals with a relatively common theme in modern Japanese cartoons and literature—the pathetic existence of the average white-collar worker in a hierarchical company. The hero, amusingly, has the same name as the artist; his primary interests in life are women, food and getting promoted, but he is generally thwarted in all three areas. Shoji continues to draw actively for a wide spectrum of weekly and monthly magazines. He claims to have been heavily influenced by Sanpei Sato. the World Encyclopedia of Cartoons 1981
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Before we were allowed to go on the galleon, a brief seminar was given on how important the galleons were from the 15th to 19th centuries. There we learned that a lot of plants and vegetables were actually brought to the Philippines because of the galleon trade. Produce were brought in on board the large galleons coming from Mexico and other parts of the world thus becoming some of the early plants from the New World to get introduced to the Philippines. They further illustrated that all of the plants mentioned in Bahay Kubo song are all non-native plants and vegetables. They were crops popularized by the Spanish governors to be planted by Indios in their respective backyards. Seeing the Andalucia, you could recognize that it is not a big boat. But upon embarking on the deck, I still got amazed on how pre-high technology could have built such a vessel out of wood and made them travel the seas and navigate around the globe. Again I remembered the story I heard that the Spaniards over-harvested our forests for different woods to build these magnificent galleons. I still have to confirm that one of their wood choice was our endemic Tectona philippinensis or Philippine teak. I began to wonder if any part of the Andalucia was built using Philippine wood. As we descended to the lower parts I got to realize that the Andalucia had real life cannons on board. They peek through small windows where the crew probably peeped through to aim at the enemy. I again began imagining, this time the battles that the old galleons must have encountered through history. I was envisioning the cannons being aimed at a coconut-lined beach while the natives were charging the galleons on board their small rigged bancas. Hehehe, I admit I have a very strong imagination. But seriously boarding the Andalucia is such a historical experience, painting a very clear picture of what it must have felt like to sail the seven seas early on in history. The Andalucia was only staying for a couple of days more in Manila before it gets to sail to Cebu for another week, then it's off again on a voyage to another part of the world. I am not sure if this galleon would again set sail for Philippine shores. I am glad it docked in Manila and happy I did get out of bed that morning to get on it, even if it was only for a few minutes or so. For the price of a cab ride to Pier 13 I got to experience time travel and 'Ship ahoy!' on board the Andalucia.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Feather duster worm Feather duster worm C008/3473 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 50.0MB Downloadable file size: 2.2MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Feather duster worm (Sabellastarte indica) emerging from its burrow. Photographed off Lankayan Island, Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo. Keywords: 1, animal, asia, asian, biological, biology, bornean, borneo, emerging, fan worm, fauna, feather duster worm, feather-duster worm, lankayan island, malaysia, malaysian, marine, marine biology, nature, one, polychaeta, polychaete, sabah, sabellastarte indica, sabellidae, sand, sandy, sea, single, south-east asia, southeast asia, tropical, tropics, tube worm, tubeworm, under water, underwater, wildlife, zoological, zoology
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Thursday, February 28, 2013 JBoss jBPM gets a correlation identifier for process instances This is a community project posting to bring some news that might have skipped your attention in the flood of work being done to get the project ready for release v6. It is a feature I have been personally looking forward to that allows you to search for and find your process instances based on an identifier, we call this a Correlation Id. What it would be good for is for example if you want to have an exception framework to handle your process exceptions in a consistent manner and remain in the process layer of your architecture, such as done in older versions of jBPM. A description of the problem and the solution can be found in the issue at the project site, but for posterity I have places the listed example code on how to make use of this here. CorrelationKeyFactory factory = KieInternalServices.Factory.get().newCorrelationKeyFactory(); // create your kbase here. // create your ksession here. CorrelationKey key = factory.newCorrelationKey("mybusinesskey"); // start process instance. ProcessInstance processInstance = ((CorrelationAwareProcessRuntime)ksession).startProcess("com.sample.bpmn.hello", getCorrelationKey(), null); // next the process instance can be found be correlation key: ProcessInstance processInstanceCopy = ((CorrelationAwareProcessRuntime)ksession).getProcessInstance(key); // Since CorrelationKey support is introduced to internal API it requires additional // cast to get access to correlation based methods. // The above example code shows single valued CorrelationKey but multi valued correlation // keys are supported as well. To create multi valued correlation key: List properties = new ArrayList(); CorrelationKey multiValuedKey factory.newCorrelationKey(properties); // Then such key can be used exactly same way as single valued key is used. // CorrelationFactory is responsible for providing the right instances of // CorrelationKey and shall be always used to build CorrelationKey objects. // CorrelationKey does not have to be stored to be able to use it later on, // e.g. to retrieve process instance meaning can be recreated whenever it is // needed. Look up is based on values. In case of multi valued keys best is to // keep same order of properties every time correlation key is recreated. Many thanks to the core jBPM team for getting this in there. Sometimes the small things are what makes our lives easier! ;-)
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. — The word “crisis” hung in the air from the very beginning of the meeting. In a room just steps from the ocean in Santa Barbara, astronomers and physicists shifted restlessly in their chairs. Sunshine and sea breezes beckoned, but the scientists had cloistered themselves to debate one of the biggest quandaries in physics: how fast the universe is expanding. Estimates based on exploding stars, or supernovas, had suggested that the universe is growing approximately 10 percent faster than indicated by light emitted just after the Big Bang, about 13.8 billion years ago. Now, a measurement based on observations of luminous objects called quasars had pushed the problem beyond a statistical benchmark known as five sigma, denoting that the issue was something to take seriously. At the front of the room on July 15, two Nobel-winning physics titans debated the appropriate level of alarm. Cosmologist Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore queried theoretical particle physicist David Gross: How would particle physicists refer to a discrepancy this large? “If we found something like this ... we wouldn’t call it a tension or a problem, but rather a crisis,” said Gross, of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Scientists at the meeting immediately adopted the word “crisis” to describe the difference in expansion estimates. But not everyone agrees that the problem is real. In physicists’ version of a mic drop, a study appeared online that evening, challenging the narrative. A new version of the supernova technique found a value of the Hubble constant, the parameter that quantifies the universe’s expansion, that was consistent with the measurements from the early universe. So — a crisis, or not yet? Much is at stake, including scientists’ basic understanding of what the universe contains and how it evolves over time. So far, a theory known as the standard cosmological model has succeeded in explaining a wide variety of cosmic observations. But the discrepancy in measurements of the universe’s expansion could mean the model itself needs to be drastically altered. If the impasse can’t be explained away by experimental error, says theoretical physicist Vivian Poulin of CNRS and Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier in France, “it would mean that there is really something very important that we do not understand from the very early universe.” If unknown phenomena occurred in the infant cosmos — such as a different type of dark energy or new subatomic particles — that could alter our understanding of how the universe has evolved, and possibly bring the two measurements back into agreement. An expanding issue One technique for measuring the current expansion of the universe is taking a “baby picture” of the cosmos and extrapolating to present day. That infant image is the cosmic microwave background, light emitted just 380,000 years after the Big Bang. To translate that information into an expansion rate of the modern-day universe, scientists use the standard cosmological model to make a prediction. Using that strategy, scientists with the Planck experiment have estimated that the universe is expanding at a rate of 67.4 kilometers per second for each megaparsec, or about 3 million light-years, of distance between objects (SN: 3/21/15, p. 7). The number leaves little wiggle room for disagreement: The experimental error is only 0.5 km/s/Mpc. But supernova measurements have settled on a larger expansion rate of 74.0 km/s/Mpc, with an error of 1.4 km/s/Mpc. That leaves an inexplicable gap between the two estimates. Now “the community has started to take this [problem] extremely seriously,” says cosmologist Daniel Scolnic of Duke University, who works on the supernova project led by Riess, called SH0ES. It’s unlikely that an experimental error in the Planck measurement could explain the discrepancy: That prospect is “not a possible route out of our current crisis,” said cosmologist Lloyd Knox of the University of California, Davis, at the meeting. Plus, another technique with its basis in the early universe, the measurement of sound waves known as baryon acoustic oscillations — when combined with other measurements — agrees with the Planck result. So worries have centered on the possibility that the supernova measurements contain unaccounted-for systematic errors — biases that push the SH0ES estimate to a larger value. “What keeps me awake at night is, what are the systematics that we might not know about when we only do one method?” says cosmologist Wendy Freedman of the University of Chicago. Freedman took it upon herself to check. To measure how fast the universe is expanding right now, scientists need to combine two bits of information: how fast distant objects appear to be receding from us, and how far away they are. The first is relatively easy. Scientists look for a redshift, a stretching of the wavelengths of light emitted by an object. Measuring distances is much trickier. Astronomers employ “standard candles,” celestial objects that emit a consistent, quantifiable brightness, such as explosions of a supernova variety called type 1a. As with a real candle, if an object’s brightness is known, we can determine how far away it is by how much it has dimmed due to distance. Setting the distance scale requires a “distance ladder,” using nearby objects of uniform brightness as a bridge to supernovas farther away. As one rung of that distance ladder, the SH0ES team uses stars known as Cepheids, which regularly vary in luminosity in a way that allows scientists to estimate their overall brightness. To check the previous supernova results, Freedman threw out that distance ladder. Instead of Cepheids, she and colleagues used stars called red giants, which, at a certain stage in their lives, achieve a maximum brightness that is the same for each star. The result is “completely different from the ground up,” Freedman says. In a well-timed, dramatic flourish that rocked the gathering of normally unflappable researchers, Freedman unveiled her team’s result in a talk on the second day of the meeting, as well as in a study accepted in the Astrophysical Journal. The result fell squarely in between the conflicting estimates from SH0ES and Planck, at 69.8 km/s/Mpc. With a calm firmness, Freedman pushes back on declarations of a crisis, saying that her team’s result should cause researchers to pause (SN Online: 7/16/19). Holy cow, H0LiCOW But even as Freedman’s revelation weakened the case for crisis, momentum toward its declaration had already been building. Just a few days before the meeting, the H0LiCOW collaboration posted two studies on arXiv.org about a measurement of the Hubble constant based on gravitational lensing of quasars, bright sources of light powered by a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy. Just like a lens, massive objects can bend light’s path. The researchers looked at quasars that had been split into multiple images by such gravitational lenses, making one quasar look like two or more. The phenomenon is similar to the doubled image of a fish you might see as it swims near the corner of a fish tank. Studying how those quasar images flicker resulted in a Hubble constant of 73.3 km/s/Mpc, supporting the idea of a crisis. “It seems like this is more real after our result,” says cosmologist Geoff Chih-Fan Chen at the University of California, Davis. Crucially, the researchers did their work “blind,” meaning that they hid the answer from themselves until the analysis was finalized. This technique can prevent an unintended tendency for analyzers to align their result with previously measured values of the Hubble constant. Despite that blinding, the result was like an “echo” of the SH0ES result, Chen says. Meanwhile, astronomer Mark Reid of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics reported a Hubble constant measurement based on megamasers — clouds of gas swirling around a black hole that emit light of a particular wavelength, akin to a laser’s. That estimate was likewise in line with the higher set of values, about 74 km/s/Mpc. Also presented at the meeting were measurements based on variations in the brightness of a galaxy across the pixels of an image (76.5 km/s/Mpc), and another variation on the supernova technique, which used stars called Miras instead of Cepheids or red giants (73.6 km/s/Mpc). Meanwhile, another cosmological puzzle is increasingly garnering attention, says Hendrik Hildebrandt of Ruhr-Universität Bochum in Germany. There are hints of disagreements in measurements of the clumpiness of matter in the universe, as measured by a parameter known as sigma-8. To detect this clumpiness, scientists survey the sky, looking for a weak variety of gravitational lensing, in which galaxies appear to be slightly aligned with each other. This lensing can be used to infer the distribution of mass in the universe. But, much like the Hubble constant measurement, that number, as measured by an effort called the Kilo-Degree Survey, disagrees with estimates based on the cosmic microwave background. “The sigma-8 tension is the second question mark that we have,” Hildebrandt says. But the discrepancy is not as significant, he notes, and it hasn’t been studied as closely. “It’s not as mature; it hasn’t been in the literature for as long. But it also doesn’t seem to really go away.” Some scientists are wondering if there’s any connection between this possible discrepancy and the expansion rate dilemma. If researchers determine that there is a second potential problem with their understanding of the universe, it would strengthen the case that something is wrong altogether. The universe speaks? If the discrepancies can’t be chalked up to measurement error, a new theory will be needed that is consistent with all the data. But scientists have struggled to find a cohesive explanation. Almost any tweak to the universe’s history — adding in new types of subatomic particles, for example — would conflict with other measurements, throwing physics into turmoil. “We have so many different ways of probing the universe that it’s very hard to come up with an elegant theory that passes all the tests without creating new tensions,” says Dillon Brout of the University of Pennsylvania. One potential solution involves an addition to the mysterious dark energy that is causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate. An “early dark energy” could have acted in the universe’s youth, altering the expansion around the time the cosmic microwave background was released, Poulin and colleagues reported at the meeting and in the June 7 Physical Review Letters. And disagreement over the Hubble constant has precedent: The estimate has a history of confusing results, says Lucas Macri of Texas A&M University in College Station. In those earlier cases, “the universe was trying to tell you that you didn’t have the whole picture.” In one case, for example, some stars seemed older than the age of the universe. The resolution eventually came in the revelation of the existence of dark energy. After days of discussion, all the evidence had been tallied. The organizers asked for a show of hands: Should the Hubble constant woes be called a tension, a problem or a crisis? Cosmologists, it turned out, were a little hesitant to throw out what they thought they knew about the universe. Only a smattering of hands went up for “crisis.” Arguments that a solution might be found without revamping physics seemed to have held sway. Still, if the Hubble constant puzzle persists, that could mean the universe is once again trying to speak up.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Can you guess this dog's genotype? It's breed? |Image is copyright to Adam Lang over at The Dogs of San Fransisco.| This dog is an example of merle acting in its usual way, but in combination with different genes than what is considered "normal." Most commonly, the merle gene is seen in combination with either the tan point gene (with or without a mask) or the dominant black gene (harlequin being included in this group), with sable merles and brindle merles sometimes popping up and the other variations occurring less commonly (such as saddled merle, tweed, or masked merle like this dog). The photographer believes that this dog is a chow mix. However, it's difficult to say. I'll come back to that. On to the genotype! Since this dog has both black and red in its coat, it must be expressing one of the genes on the Agouti locus. In this case, the dog is sable. However, it is carrying another allele? There is no way of knowing, but due to my suspicions about its breed I suspect that this dog is Ayat sable carrying tan point. As for the intensity of the red in this dog, the red is moderately dark. As such, I suspect the dog is Ccch moderately dark red (dark red carrying moderate red). This dog also has a mask, however it is once again difficult to say whether the dog is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. Again, based on my thoughts on this dog's ancestry, I believe that this dog is EmE masked carrying non-masked. Lastly, this dog is Mm merle. Its phenotype doesn't match with a double merle, so it must be a single merle. So, that's Ayat Ccch EmE MM or moderate red sable with a merle mask. Now, back to this dog's breeds. I do see the chow, and one of the most common colors seen in the breed is masked sable. However, where did the dog's merle gene come from? Merle is mainly seen in herding breeds, with only a few other breeds having the gene as well. My suspicions is that this dog is part Australian shepherd, partly because I see some Aussie in the face. If a masked sable (AyAy cchcch EmEm mm) chow was mated to the sort of merle that is most often seen in the Australian shepherd (tan pointed merle, atat CC EE Mm), the entire litter would be masked sable, with approximately half having a merle mask (Ayat Ccch EmE Mm) and the other half having a normal mask (Ayat Ccch EmE mm). Regardless of whether the Aussie parent has white or not, the Irish marked white gene (what is most often seen in Aussies) can be easily hidden by a copy of the solid gene (which seems to be fixed in the chow chow), sometimes with and sometimes without a small amount of white on the chest.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
22 August 2005 144 Miles. There are 144 miles of interstate highway I-70 between Golden, Colorado, and Glenwood Springs, Colorado, which runs through the Rocky Mountains. This highway is the principal point of access to Colorado's ski resorts and it is also one of the five main routes by which cars and trucks make it across the continental divide. I've drove the route both ways on a regular basis when I lived in Grand Junction, Colorado, and still take it to go to resorts in the mountains. (Grand Junction is rarely a destination for someone who lives in Denver). The road has some of the most extreme grades (i.e. steep hills) of any highway in the interstate highway system, curves a lot to meet the demands of the mountains, and is a parking lot on prime powder weekends. It is also prone to being shut down by avalanches, rock slides and snow storms. If civilization comes to an end, I-70 will be one of the first links in the interstate highway system to be rendered impassable by the forces of nature. Traffic is increasing, although I'm skeptical of the claim that: "If no major improvements are made along the corridor to accommodate this huge growth, the travel times between Glenwood Springs to C-470 for a distance of 144 miles would be approximately 460 minutes." That's a whopping 7.6 hours, folks. "Without improvements, the duration of a trip from C-470 to Vail will go from 1 hour 38 minutes to 3 hours 52 minutes by 2025[.]" The draft environmental impact statement for future construction on I-70 consider a number of problems to address the highway's anticipated shortcomings. In a nutshell, they consider two highway improvement options -- a six lane highway designed for a 55 mph speed limit and a six lane highway designed for a 65 mph speed limit, as well as a number of transit options from high tech rail to a dedicated bus lane to a reversible high occupancy vehicle lane (like the one on I-25 from downtown to highway 36 to Boulder). The plan claims that doing anything more than being "public transit ready" is too expensive. I'm skeptical of that conclusion and of the traffic models that assume that people will continue to prefer roads to transit even when it takes 8 hours to drive from Glenwood Springs to Golden. Read the report (the executive summary, despite it's name is more than 50 pages long and has copious illustrations), and decide for yourself. No comments:
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Has International Intervention Prolonged The War In Syria? The conflict in Syria erupted in March 2011 as an anti-government protest against President Bashar-al-Assad, turned into an armed rebellion the first quarter of 2012. Ever since, the war continued unabated and involved dozens of nations including Arab, regional and international nations and powers. The conflict has resulted in one of the worst humanitarian crises after the Second World War, killing some 500,000 people and displacing up to 9 million Syrians internally or externally. It has also dragged regional and global powers to wage proxy war in its territory and caused spill-over effects within and beyond the region. Regardless of the difference in perspective in viewpoint and analysis of the role they have assumed in the almost 9-years of the Syrian war, it is almost impossible to ignore the significance of geopolitical factors, particularly if we take into consideration all the intermingling and mostly conflicting interests and agendas of major regional as well international countries including those of the two superpowers themselves. Unfortunately, when big players fight a proxy war on a foreign land, poor nations end up footing the bill, often with high human, economic and political cost; the war in Syria is no exception to the norm. Rival Forces and Regional Players in Syria Many regional and western studies regarding the Syrian crisis and geopolitics behind identify several different political, ethnic, sectarian factors as well as poor socioeconomic conditions within Syria. They also refer to competing gas export interests from regional as well as global powers, the intervention of foreign powers as major reasons for deepening the crisis and prolonging the war in Syria. The ruling Ba’ath Party of Syria headed by President Assad, fragmented Syrian opposition forces and their military entities, regional and global forces such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Qatar, the United States, Russia, Lebanon’s Hezbollah and different Sunni armed extremist groups like Al-Nusra Front and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are key belligerents parties of this war. The induction of armed terrorist and extremist organisations such as ISIS and Al Nusra Front, has posed serious threats to the national security of Syria and beyond. Besides its devastating impact on Syria’s socio-political and economic condition, the crisis has sent tremors throughout the entire Middle East, and corroded the West’s relations with both Russia and China as a whole. It has also caused the biggest wave of civilian migration since the Second World War. Added Complexities Hamper Reform Efforts The opposition’s composition of various groups also makes it difficult for the Assad government to satisfy their needs, as it attempts to introduce serious reforms or negotiate a settlement to the conflicts. One of the most notable government endeavours in this direction is the current launch of the trilateral commission for discussing the Syrian constitution which comprises 150 members divided by equal numbers between the government, opposition and the United Nations. The commission is due to start deliberations later this year, with the exclusion of some major controversial Kurdish factions that have voiced their rejection of the process in its present formula. Although the fighting has yet to spill beyond Syria’s boundaries, there is clearly a “spill in” with regional countries involved in some way. Moreover, although the conflict is still ongoing, unintended blow-backs have already occurred, for example, terrorist attacks in Western cities, the downing of Russian jets and an airliner, the refugee crisis in Europe, and so on. Widening the Middle East Ethnic and Sectarian Divide The Middle East has long suffered from a structural divide between the Sunnis and Shiites as well as the power rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran. These factors were strongly evident and more destructive in the Syria conflict, compared with other Arab Spring rebellions. Similar to the situation in Yemen, what started as a form of protests and calls for political reform, soon morphed into a prolonged civil war strongly characterized by sectarianism, and later on became an unabated regional proxy conflict. However, developments in the Syrian crisis have revealed that there was much more to it than sectarian and ethnic rivalries and ambitions. Rebel groups are almost 100% Sunni Muslims, and the mere humongous size and extremist doctrine of the majority of rebels and radical factions including al Nusra terrorist group, estimated at over 100,000 fighters, is sufficiently high to extend the conflict, despite a series of major defeats they have suffered in recent months and weeks of the Syrian conflict. Global Dimension of Syrian Conflict The East-West rivalry has been all too evident throughout the Syrian war, whether in the form of economic and military support, or via resorting to the Veto right of permanent UN Security Council members by both Russia and China on numerous occasions, in order to foil any Western-sponsored resolutions that threatened their interests or those of their allies in Syria, or were viewed as providing support of rebel forces fighting the Syrian government. With Russia and China leading one camp at the UN, the US, Britain and France leading the opposite camp, the global divide over the Syrian war has continued throughout the 9 years of conflict. Parallel with political support, the opposing parties have provided military support to their allies on the ground. The Russian air force which joined the campaign in 2015, at the invitation of President Assad, has been detrimental in much of the war effort against Western-backed, Arab-financed and Turkish-affiliated militants and terror groups. The influence of the international structural system on this conflict is such that the ongoing global divide continues to hinder meaningful efforts to end the Syrian conflict through peaceful negotiations.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Applying artificial intelligence for social good Michael Chui, Martin Harrysson, James Manyika, Roger Roberts, Rita Chung, Pieter Nel, and Ashley van Heteren McKinsey Global Institute Nov 25, 2020 AI has the potential to tackle some of the world's most challenging social problems. According to a study down by McKinsey, existing AI capabilities have the potential to tackle cases across all 17 of the United Nations' sustainable-development goals. AI can be used for crisis response, economic empowerment, meeting educational and environmental challenges, as well as confronting equality and inclusion in areas where those are sorely lacking. Additionally, AI applications can help with health and hunger -- examples of this could be using AI to visually diagnosis images of skin lesions to determine if they are cancerous, or detecting early signs of diabetes by analyzing heart-rate sensor data. Join us. World Economic Forum National Urgan League Hispanic Federation National Fair Housing Alliance Black in AI Queer in AI Latinx in AI Women in AI Women in Machine Learning Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Become a Sponsor
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
If you have a few favorite pepper plants that you'll be sad to see go once winter arrives, overwintering them can provide a way to enjoy your plants for another year. Sometimes, several years. Peppers are perennials, so it's not difficult to do, even with limited room. Second year pepper plants are usually highly productive. In Spring when moved back outside, they'll usually send off many new branches turning the plants into more of a bush, creating higher fruit density for many varieties. Additionally, since they have a head start over seedlings, they'll flower and produce fruit earlier in the year. Most pepper plants are usually productive until the first freeze. A hard freeze will kill the plants. During Fall, keep a close eye on the forecast, watching the evening low temperatures. Prior to the first freeze, you'll want to start the process of winterizing your peppers. When wintering, we cut the plants back considerably to help them become more dormant so they can save their energy for the next year. Also, the plants will tend to loose their leaves anyway over the winter which can make a mess of your house. When cutting them back, we'll take away 95% or more of their leaves, usually only leaving a few on the plant. We trim the plant's branches quite significantly, usually reducing it to less than one-third of its original size. To save space and make it easier to store more plants inside, we'll also take many of the plants out of their original pot (or out of the garden) and move them to a much smaller 4" pot (8" for large plant). We'll cut the roots back to make it fit and will also cut the plant size down significantly, usually to around 6-8 inches of the main stem(s) and some may not have any leaves. It looks pretty extreme to remove that much, however, typically we'll only lose 10-30% of our winterized plants. Water after transplanting to help them recover. When wintering, keep the plants in a sunny window and water when dry. Within a couple of weeks, you'll see new leaves appearing on the stems. Avoid wintering plants infected by the Mosaic virus. This virus can be transmitted to nearby plants via pests such as aphids and can infect a significant number of your plants. If you suspect a winterized plant has the virus, it's best to remove and dispose of it for the sake of the other plants. Aphids have frequently been an issue for us. We've tried homemade aphid control solutions, but they haven't appeared to help much. Luckily, here in Georgia we'll get a number of 60 degree plus days in winter. We store our 4" inch second year plants together in Tupperware bins so we can easily bring them outside on nicer days. As long as the temperature stays near, or above, 40 degrees at night and 50-plus during the day, we'll continue to leave them outside. Doing this helps reduce the aphid population as it exposes them to cooler temperatures and their natural predators. Even when plants have been hit hard by aphids, they usually have a decent chance of recovery, producing new leaves within a couple of weeks. To minimize sun scalding when first bringing plants outside for the spring, it's best to keep them out of direct sunlight for the first week, then gradually moving them to increasingly more direct and longer sun exposure. If they do end up with scalding (leaves will turn whitish and wilty, then drop off after a couple of days), don't worry -- they usually will start growing another set within a week or two. Just make sure to keep them watered. Many times we'll find the first set or two of flowers are unproductive with second year plants (dropping off without producing peppers), but afterward, they quickly become productive at fruiting. Sometimes this lack of productivity can last upwards of a month. As was done while the plants were indoors for the winter, you'll want to continue watching for the Mosaic virus. Quickly discard any plants that start showing yellow spotted leaves that aren't the result of over-watering. We're in the process of building our initial website. At present, many pages are in the process of being built and uploaded. We anticipate having the full version of our initial website on-air soon. Also, feel free to visit our Facebook Page which is now fully live. Coming Soon! Selection of our favorite pepper accessories for growing, storing, serving, etc.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Varied local reactions to Coveney vote, MacSharry’s departure from FF parliamentary party The position of north west TDs on the Sinn Fein no-confidence motion in Simon Coveney and the departure of Marc MacSharry from the Fianna Fail parliamentary party has followed predictable lines. One of those TDs, Sligo/Leitrim Independent Deputy Marian Harkin said she felt the appropriate punishment for Minister Coveney was a yellow card rather than a red card. A similar conciliatory stance was taken by Minister Coveney’s party colleague in Donegal, Joe McHugh. However, Sinn Fein was scathing in its approach. Donegal Sinn Fein Deputy Pearse Doherty: Sligo/Leitrim Sinn Fein Deputy Martin Kenny welcomed the eventual departure of Deputy MacSharry from Fianna Fail follows his years of criticism of the party and its leadership. Longtime Leitrim Fianna Fail Concillor Mary Bohan is laying the blame for what has happened at the feet of Michael Martin.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Elevator Constructors Elevator constructors are professionals who build, install and maintain elevators in skyscrapers, apartment complexes and other buildings. Elevator mechanics assemble and install electric and hydraulic passenger and freight elevators, escalators, moving sidewalks, and dumbwaiters. This equipment is repaired and maintained by the elevator mechanic to ensure it meets all safety regulations and building codes. Sponsor: Elevator Constructors Local Union 51 Location: 8052 Elm Drive, Suite N, Mechanicsville VA 23111 For job opportunities, application source and interval telephone: 804-723-5871 Allen Thompson IUEC51@aol.com
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Goldstar Member’s Event Journal Bye bye liver Friday January 7, 2011 / 7:00pm Bye Bye Liver 2 tickets General Admission How was your experience? This show was a lot of fun. There was a lot of audience interaction and the actors portrayed their various characters very well. My girlfriends and I didn't stop laughing the whole time. I would suggest to go with a group of really good friends, it isn't really a date-night atmosphere. Help others enjoy a great night out We went to Sawatdee before and it was a great place to get a bite to eat before a night filled with drinking
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
A rectangular field is going to be enclosed and divided into two separate rectangular areas. (Areas do not have to be equal). Find the minimum fencing that is required if the total area of the field is 1200m2. Let the sides of the rectangle be X and Y meters. Suppose the rectangle is divided in a way that the dividing line connects Y sides. Then we have 2 sides of length Y and 3 sides of length X. So the total length ... This shows how to find the minimum fence required for a given area.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Many people are very hard to avoid allergies, except wandering in the desert, so stay on top of the snow-capped mountains or alone in an air conditioned room. Allergic rhinitis or “hay fever” is a very common disease, affecting 15% of people, from adults to children. The disease can occur seasonally or year-round. According to the season, in early Spring, Summer or early Autumn that the causes are grass pollen or mold spores. According to year-around, the causes are dust in house, cat hair dog hair. So far, there have been several theories but no satisfactory explanation why all the excitement go watch the cherry blossoms that many people enjoy safe, others are itchy eyes, sneezing, always clean nose eyes. If one parent is allergic, the child has a 40% risk; all of them, the child is the risk will be higher, up to 60%. It is suggested that the disease is increasingly happening much because of civilized life, healthy people, the immune system more effective. And this system with high career conscience, met overkill with the substance that is normally considered harmless. Recently, the World Health Organization says as many as 25% of the population of highy industrialized countries are allergic rhinitis. Dr. Donald Leung, Head of the Department of National Allergy Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver puts the question is “have something in Western life increases the number of allergies”. Because the people of India, Indonesia little reaction, whereas the proportion of Americans allergic to increase 31% from 1985 to 1995. Fortunately, science has shed light on a number of causes of allergies as well as measures taken to prevent, treat quite effective. It should also distinguish allergy (Allergy) with hypersensitivity phenomena (Sensitive). A tear uncomfortable when sitting near the smoke was too sensitive to smoke, not allergic. Also, allergies are more complicated. In allergic effects, at least three participants: cause allergic substances (allergens), antibody (Antibody) and intermediate chemicals Histamine. a-allergens are pollen of flowers and trees, dust particles and microorganisms hovering in the air. b-quality IgE antibodies present in the blood is a component of the immune system to protect the body when allergens penetrate. c-Chemical Histamine is a product of the interaction between allergens and antibodies. Histamine dilates blood vessels in the nose, fluid leaks and lead to the signs, symptoms of discomfort of the patient. The pollen grains are often the culprit causing a chain reaction in allergic rhinitis. Depending on local, seasonal options that agents are more or less. In early spring, with pollen from flowering plants; Last spring pollen from grass; then in summer pollen from grass pollen incense; autumn allergies because of mold spores. With warm weather, try hovering in the air sometimes take months. Pollen grains are small round or oval, but the main function is reproduction through pollination, plants to enrich the earth. Pollination can be in the same tree or by wind and bees from flower butterfly charm given to other flowers. The noteworthy point is not fragrant pollen of trees to wind pollination sent back to cause more allergies than pollen from the bees fly from flower to flower nectar. Pollen usually has much in the morning and just a few dozen particles is sufficient to cause the reaction. Pollen in the wind bounces away, for hundreds of miles, it is difficult to want to run away, but fell trees in the garden allergenic pollen is also from the garden. Raweeds is the culprit allergen largest in North America, and to the Bermuda grass, pollen oak, ash , elm, pecan.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Organizational Theory Term Paper Classical Organizational Theory Essay Classical Organizational Theory The purpose of this paper is to explore the Classical Organizational Theory by defining, listing contributors to the development, and presenting the applications of the theory in business management. Developed in the early 1900s to 1930, its emphasis is on the concepts of formal structure and technology. Organizations of that time were struggling to address issues of industrial management, including efficiency, specialization, quality, cost management, and managerial roles. The people working within were valued for their instrumental abilities and contributions. Organizations were designed as if they were machines (Morgan, 1980). Classical Organizational Theory is a wide field that comprises of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. It is mostly concerned with the structure and activities of an organization. Clear organizational hierarchy, the division of work and the extent of control are the priorities in the achievement of an effective organization (Cole, 2004). Henri Fayol (1841-1925) and F.W. Taylor (1856-1915) are considered the two greatest contributors to the classical theories. Fayol focused on the administrative theory by developing the first comprehensive theory of management. He believed his theory was universally applicable to all types of organizations. He defined the five management functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Fayol also provided the fourteen managerial principles in line with the major assumptions of classical organizational theory (Wren & Bedeian, 2009). Fredrick Winslow Taylor focused on scientific management. By responding to the needs of the time, his concepts and theories were mainly concerned with the production level. He pioneered the development of the study of time and motion by calculating production and delivery time, breaking complex tasks into simple steps, and matching each worker to a specific task. Taylor believed in the close supervision of workers because the lack of productivity within an organization was linked to the lowest level of the organization. The division of labor leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency. Taylor viewed rewards and punishments as motivational tools. Employees feel appreciated when being rewarded and this approach motivates employees to reach production... Loading: Checking Spelling Read more Theory X and Theory Y Essay 1225 words - 5 pages Theory X and Theory Y, developed by Douglas McGregor, grew out of opposition towards classical management methods. Classical management theorists, such as Fredrick Taylor, focused on scientific training and efficiency and did not account for personal and behavioral issues, such as management styles or job satisfaction. McGregor saw these deficiencies in the classical school of management which lead him to develop a theory of management that would... Classical Management Theory Essay 1972 words - 8 pages Classical Management Theory Early Management Theories Early Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced. ... Organizational effectiveness depends largely on the degree of "fit" between an organisation's structure and its environment 1170 words - 5 pages The term organizational effectiveness has received considerable criticism as to the way it is viewed by its many stakeholders. For instance, the achievement of goals and objectives, resource acquisition and allocation, internal effectiveness and stakeholder satisfaction can all be interpreted differently by its various stakeholders (employees, top management and shareholders). It can be broadly defined as "the importance of achieving... Basic Theories to the Conceptualizations of Job Analysis Accuracy. 802 words - 3 pages There are two basic theory to the conceptualizations of job analysis accuracy:- Classical Test Theory and Generalizability Theory. Classical test theory suggests that a "true score" esists for a given job and that true scores are stavle over time. Any... A behavioral theory of the firm (Cyert and March) 684 words - 3 pages Running head: A BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF A FIRM 1 A behavioral theory of a firm (Cyert and March) Student's Name University/College A BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF A FIRM 2 Prior to this book, neo-classical economists assumed that firms sought to maximize profits and operated with perfect knowledge. These two assumptions are the first questioned by the authors especially due to the fact... Critically Analyzing the Main Issues in the Case Study Using Relevant Theories Related to Organization and Management 1825 words - 7 pages Critically Analyzing the Main Issues in the Case Study Using Relevant Theories Related to Organization and Management This case study deals with the Oticon’s organizational change, a Danish firm specialised in hearing aids. Due to an instable environment, the firm has transformed the organisation of the structure in order to be competitive in an international market and consequently it has changed the work, the hierarchy,... Leadership, Trustworthiness and Ethical Stewardship 1293 words - 5 pages Given the increase in organizational downsizings, layoffs, asset write-offs and executive bailouts, how important is the trust factor in defining a good leader? Without an established trust relationship a leader is unable to be effective. The problem to be investigated is the value of trustworthiness and ethical stewardship in the construct of the organizational leadership model. This paper shall explore the co-functions of trust and ethical... The Evolution of Management Practices and Theories Two Perspectives of Organization Theory 1826 words - 7 pages Organization theory is the body of knowledge related to the examination and analysis of both the internal workings of organizations and their interactions with their external environments. This knowledge is generated either through practical experience or through scientific inquiry. Organization theory is also concerned with applying this knowledge to designing and managing organizations. Contrary to what the term “organization theory” might... Today's value of the Classical management theory. 2433 words - 10 pages 1. IntroductionIt is fortunately for this generation manager because they have more than century's management theory and thought to retrospect. Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Throughout many different contributions of writers and practitioners have resulted different approaches to management, resulting in a... Course description; This course focuses on introducing the study of organizations at the macroscopic or holistic level. This course includes substantive study of organizations and relevant theories. Course Objectives; 1) To explain why organizations exist referencing on their nature as social systems 2) Describe the common features of open and complex systems as they apply to organizations 3) Compare and contrast the classic organization-level theories of organizations . Course outline; Organizational design and structure Types of organizational structure 5hrs Organizational theories Classical organizational theories The behavioral school Relations theories The management science school Recent developments in management theory The systems of approach The contingency approach. 10hrs Organizational and natural environments - Importance of organizational natural environments - Multiple stake holder relationships - Elements of the indirect action environment - Natural environment 5hrs Globalization and organizations - Definitions - Globalization and competitiveness - Influence of governments - The changing international scene - Modern history of globalization - Global business practice 5hrs Inventing and reinventing organizations - The meaning of entrepreneurship - Reinventing organizations - Entrepreneurial process Theories of motivation - Contemporary views of motivation - An over view of motivation - The trait approach to leadership - The behavioral approach to leadership - Contingency approach to leadership - Personal characteristics of employees - Team and team works 10hrs Types of teams - Characteristics of teams - Making teams effective Total Lecture hours 50 Mode of assessments - Course work test1 15% - Field report and take home 25% - Final exam 60% Teaching methods Face to face lectures, hand outs, group and class discussion Attachment to organizations 1) Organisational behaviour by MN Minshra Published by VIKAS publishing house PTV LTD 2004 2) The Principle of Organisation by James .D. Mooney and Alan C. Reily. Published by Harper and Brothers, Net york 3) Organisational Behaviour by Stephen P. Robbins Published by Prentice Hal, 1996 4) Organisational Behaviour by Fred Luthans Published by McGraw Hill 1987 5) Principles of Management by Harold Koontz and Cyril O’Donnell: Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company. Management and Organizations In today's tough and uncertain economy, a company needs strong managers to lead its staff toward accomplishing business goals. But managers are more than just leaders — they're problem solvers, cheerleaders, and planners as well. And managers don't come in one-size-fits-all shapes or forms. Managers fulfill many roles and have many different responsibilities at each level of management within an organization. Enter managers. Managers appear in every organization — at least in organizations that want to succeed. These individuals have the sometimes-unenviable task of making decisions, solving difficult problems, setting goals, planning strategies, and rallying individuals. And those are just a few of their responsibilities! The intricacies of management Levels of management - Top level: Managers at this level ensure that major performance objectives are established and accomplished. Common job titles for top managers include chief executive officer (CEO), chief operating officer (COO), president, and vice president. These senior managers are considered executives, responsible for the performance of an organization as a whole or for one of its significant parts. When you think of a top-level manager, think of someone like Dave Thomas of the fast-food franchise Wendy's. Although John T. Schuessler was elected CEO in 2000, Dave Thomas was the founder and served as the chairman of the board. He was the well-known spokesperson for the chain, until his death in 2002. - Low level: The initial management job that most people attain is typically a first-line management position, such as a team leader or supervisor — a person in charge of smaller work units composed of hands-on workers. Job titles for these first-line managers vary greatly, but include such designations as department head, group leader, and unit leader. First-line managers ensure that their work teams or units meet performance objectives, such as producing a set number of items at a given quality, that are consistent with the plans of middle and top management. Functions of Managers Managers just don't go out and haphazardly perform their responsibilities. Good managers discover how to master five basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. - Planning: This step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. Say, for example, that the organization's goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal. These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. - Organizing: After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize her team and materials according to her plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. - Staffing: After a manager discerns his area's needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees. A manager in a large organization often works with the company's human resources department to accomplish this goal. - Leading: A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees. - Controlling: After the other elements are in place, a manager's job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area's plans remain on track. All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Roles performed by managers A manager wears many hats. Not only is a manager a team leader, but he or she is also a planner, organizer, cheerleader, coach, problem solver, and decision maker — all rolled into one. And these are just a few of a manager's roles. In addition, managers' schedules are usually jam-packed. Whether they're busy with employee meetings, unexpected problems, or strategy sessions, managers often find little spare time on their calendars. (And that doesn't even include responding to e-mail!) In his classic book, The Nature of Managerial Work, Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories: - Interpersonal: This role involves human interaction - Informational: This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information - Decisional: This role involves decision making. Table 1 contains a more in-depth look at each category of roles that help managers carry out all five functions described in the preceding “Functions of Managers” section. illustration not visible in this excerpt Skills needed by managers Not everyone can be a manager. Certain skills, or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories: - Technical: This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and computer scientists, as examples, possess technical skills. Managers acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management. - Human: This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A manager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. Some managers are naturally born with great human skills, while others improve their skills through classes or experience. No matter how human skills are acquired, they're critical for all managers because of the highly interpersonal nature of managerial work. Although all three categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative importance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibility. Business and management educators are increasingly interested in helping people acquire technical, human, and conceptual skills, and develop specific competencies, or specialized skills that contribute to high performance in a management job. Following are some of the skills and personal characteristics that the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) is urging business schools to help their students develop. - Leadership — ability to influence others to perform tasks - Self-objectivity — ability to evaluate yourself realistically - Analytic thinking — ability to interpret and explain patterns in information - Behavioral flexibility — ability to modify personal behavior to react objectively rather than subjectively to accomplish organizational goals - Oral communication — ability to express ideas clearly in words - Written communication — ability to express ideas clearly in writing - Personal impact — ability to create a good impression and instill confidence - Resistance to stress — ability to perform under stressful conditions - Tolerance for uncertainty — ability to perform in ambiguous situations Dispelling Common Management Myths - Myth: The manager is a reflective, methodical planner - Myth: The effective manager has no regular duties to perform - Myth: The manager's job is a science - Reality: Managers rely heavily on interaction and judgment - Myth: Managers are self-starters, self-directed, and autonomous - Reality: Good managers are self-managing: They accept autonomy, while seeking input from supervisors - Myth: Good managers seek out the information they require - Reality: Managers don't always have access to information they need - Myth: Competition among managers is good for business Classical Schools of Management Classical scientific school - Developing new standard methods for doing each job Classical administrative school In the late 1800s, Max Weber disliked that many European organizations were managed on a “personal” family-like basis and that employees were loyal to individual supervisors rather than to the organization. He believed that organizations should be managed impersonally and that a formal organizational structure, where specific rules were followed, was important. In other words, he didn't think that authority should be based on a person's personality. He thought authority should be something that was part of a person's job and passed from individual to individual as one person left and another took over. This nonperson, objective form of organization was called a bureaucracy. Weber believed that all bureaucracies have the following characteristics: - Records. A bureaucracy needs to maintain complete files regarding all its activities. Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer, developed 14 principles of management based on his management experiences. These principles provide modern-day managers with general guidelines on how a supervisor should organize her department and manage her staff. Although later research has created controversy over many of the following principles, they are still widely used in management theories. - Unity of command: An employee should receive orders from only one superior - Unity of direction: Organizational activities must have one central authority and one plan of action - Esprit de corps: Teamwork is fundamentally important to an organization. Work teams and extensive face-to-face verbal communication encourages teamwork. - The employees must understand the communication - The employees accept the communication as being consistent with the organization's purposes - The employees feel that they are mentally and physically able to carry out the order. Behavioral Management Theory As management research continued in the 20th century, questions began to come up regarding the interactions and motivations of the individual within organizations. Management principles developed during the classical period were simply not useful in dealing with many management situations and could not explain the behavior of individual employees. In short, classical theory ignored employee motivation and behavior. As a result, the behavioral school was a natural outgrowth of this revolutionary management experiment. The theorists who contributed to this school viewed employees as individuals, resources, and assets to be developed and worked with — not as machines, as in the past. Several individuals and experiments contributed to this theory. A few years later, a second group of experiments began. Harvard researchers Mayo and F. J. Roethlisberger supervised a group of five women in a bank wiring room. They gave the women special privileges, such as the right to leave their workstations without permission, take rest periods, enjoy free lunches, and have variations in pay levels and workdays. This experiment also resulted in significantly increased rates of productivity. In this case, Mayo and Roethlisberger concluded that the increase in productivity resulted from the supervisory arrangement rather than the changes in lighting or other associated worker benefits. Because the experimenters became the primary supervisors of the employees, the intense interest they displayed for the workers was the basis for the increased motivation and resulting productivity. Essentially, the experimenters became a part of the study and influenced its outcome. This is the origin of the term Hawthorne effect, which describes the special attention researchers give to a study's subjects and the impact that attention has on the study's findings. The general conclusion from the Hawthorne studies was that human relations and the social needs of workers are crucial aspects of business management. This principle of human motivation helped revolutionize theories and practices of management. - Human needs are never completely satisfied - Human behavior is purposeful and is motivated by the need for satisfaction - Needs can be classified according to a hierarchical structure of importance, from the lowest to highest. Maslow broke down the needs hierarchy into five specific areas: - Physiological needs. Maslow grouped all physical needs necessary for maintaining basic human well-being, such as food and drink, into this category. After the need is satisfied, however, it is no longer is a motivator - Safety needs. These needs include the need for basic security, stability, protection, and freedom from fear. A normal state exists for an individual to have all these needs generally satisfied. Otherwise, they become primary motivators - Belonging and love needs. After the physical and safety needs are satisfied and are no longer motivators, the need for belonging and love emerges as a primary motivator. The individual strives to establish meaningful relationships with significant others - Esteem needs. An individual must develop self-confidence and wants to achieve status, reputation, fame, and glory - Self-actualization needs. Assuming that all the previous needs in the hierarchy are satisfied, an individual feels a need to find himself. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory helped managers visualize employee motivation. Douglas McGregor was heavily influenced by both the Hawthorne studies and Maslow. He believed that two basic kinds of managers exist. One type, the Theory X manager, has a negative view of employees and assumes that they are lazy, untrustworthy, and incapable of assuming responsibility. On the other hand, the Theory Y manager assumes that employees are not only trustworthy and capable of assuming responsibility, but also have high levels of motivation. An important aspect of McGregor's idea was his belief that managers who hold either set of assumptions can create self-fulfilling prophecies — that through their behavior, these managers create situations where subordinates act in ways that confirm the manager's original expectations. As a group, these theorists discovered that people worked for inner satisfaction and not materialistic rewards, shifting the focus to the role of individuals in an organization's performance. Quantitative School of Management During World War II, mathematicians, physicists, and other scientists joined together to solve military problems. The quantitative school of management is a result of the research conducted during World War II. The quantitative approach to management involves the use of quantitative techniques, such as statistics, information models, and computer simulations, to improve decision making. This school consists of several branches, described in the following sections. Management science Managers can use computer models to figure out the best way to do something — saving both money and time. Managers use several science applications. - Mathematical forecasting helps make projections that are useful in the planning process - Inventory modeling helps control inventories by mathematically establishing how and when to order a product - Queuing theory helps allocate service personnel or workstations to minimize customer waiting and service cost. Operations management Operations management is a narrow branch of the quantitative approach to management. It focuses on managing the process of transforming materials, labor, and capital into useful goods and/or services. The product outputs can be either goods or services; effective operations management is a concern for both manufacturing and service organizations. The resource inputs, or factors of production, include the wide variety of raw materials, technologies, capital information, and people needed to create finished products. The transformation process, in turn, is the actual set of operations or activities through which various resources are utilized to produce finished goods or services of value to customers or clients. Operations management today pays close attention to the demands of quality, customer service, and competition. The process begins with attention to the needs of customers: What do they want? Where do they want it? When do they want it? Based on the answers to these questions, managers line up resources and take any action necessary to meet customer expectations. 0 Replies to “Organizational Theory Term Paper” Lascia un Commento L'indirizzo email non verrà pubblicato. I campi obbligatori sono contrassegnati *
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Nonrandom distribution of sialic acid over the cell surface of bristle-coated endocytic vesicles of the sinusoidal endothelium cells. Previous studies with protein tracers have shown that the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium of the bone marrow is endocytic. The endocytosis occurs through the formation of large bristle-coated vesicles (LCV). The anionic charge distribution in this process was examined at the luminal surface of the endothelial cell, At pH 1.8, colloidal iron (CI), native ferritin, and polycationic ferritin (PCF) are bound by the luminal surface of the endothelial cell, but not at the sites of LCV formation. PCF used over a pH range of 1.8--7.2 (CI is unstable at higher pH levels) revealed LCV binding of this agent in increasing manner from pH 3.5 upwards. PCF binding at low pH (1.8) at the endothelial cell surface was markedly reduced by neuraminidase. Neuraminidase did not reduce PCF binding by the endothelial cell surface nor by the LCV at higher pH levels. It is concluded that the luminal surface of the endothelial cell has exposed sialic acid groups which are absent or significantly diminished at endocytic sites. The free surface of the endothelial cells as well as the sites of endocytosis have, in addition, anionic material with a pKa higher than that of sialic acid (pKa 2.6). These anionic materials may be different at the sites of endocytosis as compared to those present at the free cell surface. cytoplasm of the endothelial cell. The further processing of tracers endocytosed in this way has been described previously (10), and does not concern us here. This study reports on changes demonstrable at the endothelial cell surface at sites of endocytosis, as revealed by the differential binding to the surface of fixed sinusoidal endothelial cells by a positively charged colloidal iron sol, a polycationic (high isoelectric point) ferritin (PCF), native (low isoelectric point) ferritin, and phosphotungstic acid (PTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Long/Evans rats weighing 100-120 g were used throughout. Colloidal Iron (CI) Bone marrow was fixed by immersion for 2-4 h in a double aldehyde fixative consisting of 2% glutaraldehyde, 1.5% paraformaldehyde in 0.08 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, to which 0.15% CaCI had been added. The fixation procedures as well as the method for removing of bone marrow with minimal damage to the delicate sinusoidal endothelium have been reported previously (2, 3,12). After fixation, the bone marrow blocks were placed in 0.08 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, to which 5% sucrose was added. 30-40-/zm thick sections were cut with a Vibratome (Oxford Laboratories Inc., Foster City, Calif.), with the same cacodylate buffer-sucrose solution in the trough. These sections were rinsed in 20% acetic acid (pH 1.8) and placed for 2 h to overnight in a positively charged CI sol which was prepared according to the method of Rinehart and Abul-Haj (42). Before use, the CI suspension was dialyzed 2-3 days against distilled water, which itself was changed two to three times daily. Before use, 3 parts of the dialyzed suspension was diluted with 1 part of glacial acetic acid, resulting in a suspension of pH 1.8. This suspension, prepared in this manner, was chosen because it readily penetrates cells and gives positive reactions in intraceUular components (19,24,52; see also Fig. 3). The particle size of suspensions appears to vary according to the method of preparation and is given variously as being -30 ,~ in diameter (7) for the Mowry (28) version to -50-150 /~ in diameter (51) for the sol prepared according to Gasic et al. (16). Our own preparation, based on measurements with a Joyce-Loebl III C densitometer (Joyce, Loebl and Co., Gatesheadon-Tyne, England) of particles in thin sections, yielded figures for the diameter of the particulate ranging from 53 to 122 /~, with a mean of 82 /~ (number of observations [n] = 20). After the treatment with CI, the Vibratome sections were rinsed in 20% acetic acid, followed by distilled water, and postfixed in an aqueous solution of 2% OsO4 for 2 h. The sections were dehydrated in graded ethanols and embedded in Epon 812 contained in BEEM cap-sules (Better Equipment for Electron Microscopy, Inc., New York), taking care that the sections were in a fiat position on the bottom of the capsules. Polycationic Ferritin Polycationic ferritin (batch numbers CF 5,10,12,14), prepared according to Danon et al. (8), was obtained from Miles Laboratories Inc., Elkhart, Ind., and was used for staining the endothelial cell surface at pH levels ranging from 1.8 to 7.2. No differences in results were obtained with the various batch numbers used. PCF (mean diameter:113 ,~.; n = 25; measured in thin sections with a Joyce-Loebl III C densitometer) is comparable in diameter to native ferritin, viz., 110-112 A for the air-dried crystals (20) and does not penetrate beyond the surfaces of the Vibratome sections. Therefore, a procedure for exposing sinusoidal endothelial surfaces to the PCF was adapted that was different from that used for CI. By means of a small rotating saw, the femur was opened by cutting a 3 • 1-mm slot in the shaft of the bone. After removing the epiphyses, the bone was immersed in the double aldehyde fixative for 2 h. The bone marrow was then removed as an intact pencil and fixed further for 2 h in the same fixative. The marrow pencil was cut lengthwise by means of small scalpel to expose and open the large central sinusoid (9). The blood clot contained in the sinusoid was removed by means of a fine forceps, exposing the luminal surface of the large central sinusoid. The resulting preparation is illustrated in Fig. 1. The half-pencil of marrow was then cut crosswise into blocks 2-3 mm long, which were in turn left in cacodylate buffer overnight. For treatment at pH 1.8, PCF was diluted by adding 5 parts of 20% acetic acid to 1 part of PCF. For pH levels ranging from 2.5 to 3.5, 1 part of PCF was diluted with 5 parts of distilled water, the pH of which was adjusted with acetic acid. For higher pH levels, 1 part of PCF was diluted with 0.2 M acetate buffer, whereas near the neutral point 0.05 M barbital buffer was used. In this way, PCF solutions with the following pH levels were obtained: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5.5, and 7.2. Blocks were exposed to PCF for 30-45 min. Before and after treatment with PCF, marrow blocks were thoroughly rinsed with the solutions of the corresponding pH levels minus the PCF. After staining, the blocks were rinsed in distilled water, osmicated by immersion in 2% aqueous OSO4, dehydrated and embedded in Epon 812 contained in fiat silicone rubber molds, and oriented in such a way that sections crosswise to the long axis of the large central sinusoid could be conveniently obtained. Thin sections were lightly stained with lead and examined with an RCA EMU3G microscope. Native Ferritin Native horse spleen ferritin, twice crystallized and containing 25 /zg of cadmium/ml, was obtained from Miles Laboratories Inc. A similar pH series, and in the 380 THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 9 VOLUME 78, 1978 F m u~ 1 Scanning electron micrograph of rat bone marrow with the luminal surface of the large central sinusoid exposed. Numerous smaller sinusoids open into the large central sinusoid. Material prepared for scanning electron microscopy as described previously (7). x 100. same dilutions as used for PCF, was used for treatment of tissue blocks with native ferritin. Phosphotungstic Acid Bone marrow was fixed as described above for staining with CI and PCF and embedded in glycol methacrylate, as described by Leduc and Bernhard (26). The method for staining of glycol methacrylate thin sections with PTA has been described previously (11). Neuraminidase Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase in sodium acetate buffer (0.05 M, pH 5.5, with 9 mg of sodium chloride and 1 mg of calcium chloride per ml added) was obtained from Behring Diagnostics, American Hoechst Corp., Somerville, N.J. as a purified enzyme preparation and contained 500 U/ml. Neuraminidase preparations from this source have been checked for proteolytic activity by Haydon and Seaman (21) and by Bennett and Bondareff (4) by means of a method developed by Kuettner et al. (25), and were found by them to be of a high degree of purity and free of contaminating protease activity. Before treatment with neuraminidase, blocks fixed and prepared as described for PCF were washed overnight in sodium acetate buffer, the same as that containing the neuraminidase. Marrow blocks were incubated for 20 h in the undiluted Behring Diagnostics neuraminidase solution at 37~ with a change to a fresh incubating solution of neuraminidase after -I 0 h of incubation. After a rinse in the sodium acetate buffer, the blocks were treated with PCF at different pH levels, as described above. Control incubations consisted of incubating marrow blocks in the sodium acetate buffer vehicles without neuraminidase or in sodium acetate buffer containing freeze-denatured neuraminidase. to the vascular lumen or occurring isolated in the endothelial cells, consistently failed to react with the CI. Often, some flocculent material could be seen at localized sites on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. Although this material was present in varying degree at sites of LCV formation, an increase in LCV size was usually attended by an increase in the amount of this material. Shallow, bristle-coated indentations had only little such material. When present, this material was not found to interfere with CI binding or the later described PCF binding at the cell surface. Regarding the lack of staining of LCVs, it is of interest to note that the extravascular macrophages show a distinctly lesser degree of CI binding than the blood cells in the marrow (Fig. 3). In agreement with previous experiences, it was noted that the bristle coating was sometimes poorly preserved after the exposure of the tissue to low pH levels (15). Polycationic Ferritin Polycationic ferritin at pH 1.8 labeled the luminal endothelial cell membranes in an evenly distributed fashion, except for sites of LCV formation. In this respect, the staining pattern was vet 3, similar to that of CI at pH 1.8 (Figs. 4 and 5). LCVs, even in the early stages of formation, wherein the plasma membrane was barely indented (Fig. 4), consistently lacked binding with PCF. At pH 2.5 (Fig. 6), PCF binding was much the same as observed at pH 1.8 (Fig. 5); only occasionally was a particle found in the cavity of a LCV indentation. From pH 3.5 upward, both the generalized binding to the luminal surface of the endothelial cell and the binding at sites of LCV formation increased with increasing pH (Figs. 7-9.) For unknown reasons, the PCF binding at the LCV sites appeared in some instances to not be direct to the cell surface. At the higher pH levels examined, PCF particles had at localized places a tendency to aggregate (Figs. 8 and 9). Since it might be considered that the negative results of PCF binding to LCV at low pH was due to the removal of a substance by the acid treatment, some material was exposed to 20% acetic acid (pH 1.8), followed by a wash in barbital buffer, pH 7.1, and then treated with PCF in the same barbital buffer. Upon examination, it was found that the degree of PCF binding to LCV at pH 7.1 did not differ from that present without acid pretreatment. This result excludes the possibility that the lack of LCV staining at low pH was the result of extraction of a material which binds PCF at high pH. Native Ferritin At pH levels below its pI (4.5, see reference 8), native ferritin has a positive charge, and it bound to the endothelial cell surfaces in the same manner as PCF. No binding was observed at pH levels above its pI. Neuraminidase Treatment with neuraminidase, followed by labeling with PCF at pH 1.8, resulted in a drastically diminished binding of PCF at the luminal endothelial surface (Figs. 10 and 11). At pH 3.5 and, perhaps, also at pH 5.5, the reduction in PCF binding after neuraminidase treatment was also discernible (Figs. 12 and 13). However, when Fig. 10 shows the control preparation, i.e., PCF after treatment at pH 1.8 in the same medium, for the same length of time, but without neuraminidase. After neuraminidase treatment, there is a drastic reduction of PCF binding at the endothelial surface at pH 1.8 (Fig. 11). There is no binding at the sites of LCV formation. At pH 3.5 (Fig. 12), there is somewhat more PCF binding at the endothelial surface after neuraminidase treatment than at pH 1.8. An occasional ferritin particle is seen at the sites of LCV formation. The PCF binding after neuraminidase increases at the endothelial cell surface as well as at the sites of LCV formation at pH 5.5 (Fig. 13) and pH 7.2 (Fig. 14). • 54,000. labeling was performed at pH 7.2, no effect of neuraminidase treatment could be detected (Fig. 14). Control incubations yielded no diminution of labeling with PCF from that observed without neuraminidase treatment. Phosphotungstic Acid The PTA-treated preparations showed either no staining or an irregular and spotty staining of the luminal endothelial cell membrane of sinusoidal vessels. This is in contrast to the luminal endothelial surfaces of other blood vessels, such as capillaries and arterioles, which were consistently stained with PTA. At the places of LCV formation in the sinusoidal endothelium, there was, however, always a distinct reaction with PTA (Fig. 15). In material that was fixed by immersion and then stained with PTA, no PTA staining of plasma components was found. DISCUSSION The positively charged CI sol used at low pH (1.8-2.0) is a dependable indicator of the presence of the carboxyls of membrane sialoglycoproteins and sialoglycolipids. At pH 1.8-2.0, the carboxyls of sialic acid, the pica of which is estimated to be -2 . 6 (49), are sufficiently dissociated for binding with the positive iron sol (5,16,51). Present results indicate that PCF is equally reliable for sialic acid at low pH, with the added benefit that it can also be used at higher pH levels than CI due to its stability. At the higher pH levels at which PCF can be used, acidic groups of higher pK~ become available and, consequently, are stained with PCF as presently demonstrated. The failure of CI and of PCF to bind at low pH to the endothelial cell membrane at sites of LCV formation appears to indicate that, at these endocytic sites, changes occur in the sialic acid moiety of glycoproteins and/or glycolipids of the cell membrane. Whether these changes are the result of the removal of sialic acid residues, the result of "masking" by nonsialated membrane components, or the result of a lateral displacement of this particular anionic membrane component remains unclear. Regarding the last alternative, a reversible aggregation of anionic sites on erythrocyte ghost membranes has been reported (30). A relatively rapid translocation of anionic sites over more substantial distances and induced by PCF has also been observed in vitro on the surfaces of baby hamster kidney cells (17). Skutelsky and Danon (47) have examined in vitro at physiological pH the distribution of anionic sites of the luminal endothelial surfaces of excised nonsinusoidal blood vessels in the presence of PCF. They report a segregation of anionic sites into "clusters", as identified by aggregated PCF, followed by a detachment of these sites from the cell surface. In addition, they report the uptake of PCF by the endothelial cells followed by a transceilular transport and exocytosis at the abluminal endothelial surface. Of particular interest with respect to present findings is their observation that, after fixation with glutaraldehyde and staining with CI at pH 1.8, no anionic sites were found between the clusters induced by the PCF ligand in vitro. Taken together, these observations suggest the possible detachment of anionic groups or of entire glycoproteins from the cell membrane in the endocytic process at sites of LCV formation. Certain previous studies have reported changes in ionic surface charge concomitant with the en-THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY' VOLUME 78,1978 docytic process (6). Nagura et al. (29) found that a decrease in negative charge occurred during phagocytosis by macrophages and by ascites tumor cells. Skutelsky and Farquhar (48) reported a low degree of CI binding by the cell surfaces of macrophages, an observation that is confirmed in the present work (Fig. 3). Although present experiments at low pH levels indicate the apparent lack or masking of sialic acid at endocytic sites, the PCF binding experiments at higher pH levels indicate that, at physiological pH levels, there is yet an anionic surface at these sites. Whereas Noseworthy et al. (31) reported that removal of as much as 50% of the anion sialic acid does not affect the phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Weiss et al. (50) found, on the basis of in vitro studies of monocytes, that neuraminidase treatment results in an increase in phagocytic uptake. In general, then, one might postulate that the presence of sialic acid at the cell surface is not essential for endocytosis. It is possible, in fact, that its presence is antagonistic to this process. The suggestion of Quinton and Philpott (38) that anionic sites play a role in stabilizing membrane structures also deserves consideration here. These investigators found a marked loss of the membrane rigidity of epithelial cells after treatment with cationic polymers such as poly-L-lysine, protamine, and histone. Although the precise mechanism of this loss of membrane stability is, in view of the fluid membrane concept (46), not clear, it can be assumed that the formation of endocytic sites, such as is seen in LCV formation, involves a localized change in the normal fluidity of the cell membrane. Present experiments suggest that the exclusion of sialic acid residues, and presumably thereby of certain sialoglycoproteins and/or sialoglycolipids, at these sites may be of significance in the deformability of the surface membrane associated with endocytosis. The pattern of PTA staining of the luminal surface of the sinusoidal endothelium also indicates a difference between the free surface and sites of LCV formation. The free surface of sinusoidal endothelial cells is largely PTA-negative, with only occasional sites showing a positive reaction. In contrast, endocytic sites were consistently PTA-positive. Unfortunately, the interpretation of this staining in chemical terms is difficult because of differences of opinion regarding the mechanisms of PTA binding to its organic substrate. Some investigators hold the view, based on the parallel occurrence of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and PTA staining, that PTA is reasonably specific for glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (1,14,27,(32)(33)(34)(39)(40)(41). On the other hand, this supposition of binding to polysaccharides has been rejected by other investigators, arguing that PTA interacts with positively charged groups in general, and that because, at the low pH levels at which PTA staining is performed, many molecular species become cationic, no specificity for polysaccharides can be assumed (17,(35)(36)(37)(43)(44)(45). The demonstration that PTA does not react with sialic acid (37) is, however, in agreement with the present observation that the endothelial surfaces of the myeloid sinusoids, which contain sialic acid residues, also show a low degree of PTA staining. In this respect, the luminal surface membrane of the sinusoidal endothelium is deafly different from that of other vessels which do consistently react with PTA (39). In summary, this study demonstrates that PCF is useful to indicate anionic sites at cell surfaces in fixed material; that PCF staining of cell surfaces at pH 1.8 is largely due to the sialic acid moieties of membrane glycoproteins and/or glycolipids; that the luminal sinusoidal endothelial cell plasma membrane contains evenly distributed sialoglycoproteins and/or sialoglycolipids except at sites involved in LCV formation: either the sites are devoid of sialoglycoproteins and/or sialoglycolipids, or their respective sialic acid moieties are blocked; and that these plasma membranes also contain evenly distributed anionic sites of a higher pK~ than sialic acid, including those membrane areas involved in LCV formation. These sites most likely represent the carboxyi groups of amino acids. This investigation was supported by grant CA 05493 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. A preliminary report of this research was presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology and has appeared in abstract form (13).
|
allenai/peS2o
|
default
| 0.02
|
You are here WITH independence, so boldly proclaimed in 1775, securely established by 1781, Mecklenburgers were free to contribute their energies to the peaceful pursuits of building a nation. The overthrow of British rule had been hardly noticeable in those six years of Mecklenburg's local government; the change had been in authority, not personalities. The same officials who had served under the King had continued to serve after Mecklenburg revolted. So after Yorktown, they, like their comrades in the various provinces along the Atlantic seaboard, came home to undertake the tasks of peace. They repaired the little court house in Charlottetown, damaged in the Cornwallis invasion of September of the year before; they undertook to build new schoolhouses or give added support to those already started in such communities as Sugaw Creek, Rocky River, Poplar Tent, Steele Creek, Hopewell, Beatties Ford, Providence, Clear Creek, and Charlottetown; and they began to increase materially their crops of small grain, corn, and cotton. Perhaps no period in Mecklenburg's two-hundred year history has been of greater significance in shaping her course than the period between the ending of the Revolution and the beginning of the nineteenth century, particularly the last decade of it. Even some of the less significant happenings of that era are memorable. Hardly more than a year after this decade began, for instance, tiny Charlottetown entertained the infant nation's first President at a gala picnic supper in the yard of Colonel Thomas Polk's home at the northeast corner of Tryon and Trade streets. It was on a Saturday afternoon sixteen years after Tom Polk had read the Mecklenburg declaration from the court house steps - May 28, 1791. General Washington arrived about three o'clock that afternoon to be greeted by the villagers and many other Mecklenburgers, who had come in from farms miles around. That Charlottetown was no pretentious place is plainly revealed in the diary kept by one William Loughton Smith, a South Carolinian, who in his entry of May 6 - three weeks before Washington's arrival - observed: "Near Charlotte are some finely cultivated fields. This place does not deserve the name of a town, it consists only of a wretched Court House, and a few dwellings falling into decay. There is a good tavern kept by Mason, where, however, I paid the dearest bill on the road." The President was on the return journey of his southern trip that had taken him as far south as Savannah and Augusta in Georgia. He and his party had left Crafword's at four that morning and after traveling eighteen miles had reached Harrison's, some three miles south of Pineville. After a brief rest there the party came on into the village and the President was escorted to the house that the year before for two tumultuous weeks had been the headquarters of Earl Cornwallis. There an elaborate feast had been prepared and doubtless many of Mecklenburg's notables were present, including members of the convention of May 19-20, 1775, and leaders in the Revolutionary War. President Washington had been met near the Carolinas border by a group from Mecklenburg and Rowan who after welcoming him had escorted him and his party northward to the village. In this group was a nineteen-year-old youth from Salisbury who had been chosen to welcome the President on behalf of a military company from Rowan. Fortunately this young man, Charles Caldwell, who would later become a distinguished physician and teacher of medicine, recorded in his diary a detailed account of his meeting the President. He had been sent ahead of the Salisbury company in command of a detachment of thirteen riders. Delightfully he tells how he was so awed at his first sight of General Washington that for several minutes he was unable to speak. But he at length recovered his power of speech, he relates, and in reply to Washington's question, "Pray, sir, have you lived long in this part of the country?" he assured the President that he had since his childhood. "You are then, I presume, well acquainted with it?" Washington asked, and when he told him he was, the President added the observation, "During the late war, if my information be correct, the inhabitants were true to the cause of their country, and brave in its defense." Then young Caldwell, garrulous now, his diary discloses, sixteen years and one week after the May convention of 1775, made this significant observation to the President: "Your information is correct, sir. They were, almost to a man, true-hearted Whigs and patriots, and as gallant soldiers as ever drew swords or pointed rifles in behalf of freedom. In Mecklenburg County, where we now are, and in Rowan, which lies before us, a Tory did not dare to show his face - if he were known to be a Tory. It was in a small town, which we shall pass, that Lord Cornwallis lay encamped, when he swore that he had never been in such a d-m-d nest of Whigs, for that he could not, in the surrounding country, procure a chicken or a pig for his table, or a gallon of oats for his horse, but by purchasing it with the blood of his soldiers who went in quest of it." "Pray, what is the name of that town?" General Washington asked, says the Caldwell diary. "Charlotte, sir, the county town of Mecklenburg, and the place where independence was declared about a year before its declaration by Congress. . . . We shall arrive at Charlotte tomorrow morning, where you will be received by five hundred at least - perhaps twice the number - of the most respectable inhabitants of the country, a large portion of whom served, in some capacity, in the Revolutionary war. . . When I passed through the town yesterday morning a large number of them had already assembled, and the crowd was rapidly increasing. And they are exceedingly provident." His diary entry goes on to give this picture of early Charlotte's preparing to entertain a President: "Convinced that they cannot all be supplied in the town, with either food or lodging, many of them have brought with them large and well-covered farm-wagons for their bedchambers and enough substantial food, already cooked, for a week's subsistence. Others again have already erected, and are still erecting, for their temporary residence, in the midst of a beautiful and celebrated grove (where a victory was gained by a company of militia riflemen over a party of Tarleton's dragoons), the very tents under which they slept as soldiers, in the service of their country. And they are about as obstinate and noisy a set of gentlemen as I have ever met, or even wish to meet again - especially when in a hurry. I was obliged, much against my will, to hold a long parley with them, yesterday morning, when I wished to be in motion to meet you, lest you might anticipate me in reaching the boundary line of the State. "The General was evidently pleased with my narrative, and so diverted by the increased freedom and ease of my manner (for I was now perfectly myself)" he adds quite unnecessarily, "that though he did not actually smile (for he rarely smiled), he seemed, at times, as I fancied, more inclined to a little merriment than to maintain unchanged his habitually grave and dignified aspect." The diary, as reproduced in Dr. Archibald Henderson's comprehensive study of the Presidential journey, Washington's Southern Tour, 1791, continued in considerable detail to record the conversation of the President and the youthful Caldwell: "He at length inquired of me whether he might expect to meet at Charlotte any of the leading members of the convention which prepared and passed the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, and especially whether my father would be there. I replied that my father was dead, and that Dr. Brevard, the author of the declaration, was also dead; that of the members of the convention still living, I knew personally but two - Adam Alexander, who had been president of the body, and John McKnitt Alexander, his brother, who had been secretary . . . that they lived at some distance from Charlotte, but that I felt confident their ever-green spirit of patriotism, united to their strong desire to see him, would bring them there, should they be able to travel." This diary, therefore, provides additional testimony in support of the Mecklenburg declaration. An article published January 9, 1898, written by G. R. Prowell, further records little Charlottetown's reception of the President: "On this eventful Saturday, crowds of people on foot, on horseback, and the better order of the peasantry in vehicles, came to the little village of Charlotte to catch a glimpse of Washington. It was the first and only time that many of them had seen the tall and dignified form of the man who will always be marked as the greatest American. The streets and adjoining roads were lined with men, women, and children for hours before his arrival, for it was not as certainty known when he would reach Charlotte." That night President Washington and his party were put up at the inn on the north side of West Trade Street, a few paces from the intersection with Tryon, operated by a Captain Cook. Early the next morning the party started northward toward Salisbury. In his haste the President neglected to return his powder box to his dressing case. After he had gone, Mrs. Cook discovered that he had left it behind, and when several young ladies of the village hastened to the inn after the great man's departure, she powdered their heads with the President's powder. "Now you can always remember," she told them, "that you have had the distinction of having your hair powdered from General Washington's box." The President, however, evidently was not particularly impressed with the county town of Mecklenburg. In his own diary of the southern trip he described Charlottetown as "a trifling place." In the same year that President Washington visited Mecklenburg another man moved here. He, too, in his own way must have been a sturdy character, and he also recorded his coming, and his living here, succinctly and withal charmingly. His arrival likewise was significant, for he might well be pointed to as typical of a great proportion of Mecklenburgers of the closing years of the eighteenth century whose descendants would provide the county a staunch citizenship through succeeding generations. His name was Sugar Dulin; he was a son of Thomas Dulin and his brother was Rice Dulin. Rice, appropriately enough, as a young man moved to Charleston, South Carolina. Sugar came to Mecklenburg in 1791, bought a large tract ten miles east of Charlottetown, and lived there until his death about 1845. But Sugar Dulin tells his own story more effectively: N.B. - I was Born in Onslow County, No. Carolina, the 23rd Day of April, 1763 as my parents sd any How Before I Mind & they Settled within Two miles of where Trentown in Jones County stands, & they sd Before I Mind they moved Ten Miles Higher up within one mile of old Daniel Shines & there I was Raised & lived until I went to the army & never farther from Home than to Nubern until I went to the army & then I made it my Home until I was married, and then I lived in sd County until 1791. I Removed to Mecklenburg County on the place I now live on. Now this the 1st Day of April, 1835 against the 21st of this Instant I have lived in Mclinburg County, No. Carolina, Forty Two years, &. Done with my own Hand & the leading men of this County may Due the Ballance as to my Carretter, &. I have lived with one wife going on 51 years & we Have Raised Five Sons & five Daughters & we this Day counted our Grand Children & we make them 94 that our Sons & Daughters has had & we Counted 13 great grand Children. This the 20th of March, 1837. Mr. Dulin, like the great preponderance of Mecklenburgers in that day and for many decades afterwards, was a farmer, and doubtless raised some cotton, though in those years cotton was grown sparsely. There were several reasons. One important one was that producing cotton entailed much work. And after it was raised and picked, it required the separating of the lint from the seed, a tedious task. Cotton grown then, therefore, was generally for home use. Cotton would not become commercially of great value until ample slave labor permitted its extensive cultivation. But the back country of the Carolinas had never been particularly favorable to the slave trade. The Rowan Committee of Safety almost a year before the Mecklenburg declaration's promulgation, in fact, had declared that "the African trade is injurious to this colony, obstructs the population of it by freemen, prevents manufacturers and other useful emigrants from Europe from settling among us and occasions an annual balance of trade against the Colonies." The people of the back country were pioneers; most of them had traveled the long and arduous way from Pennsylvania and Maryland to open a new country, and bringing slaves, even had they owned them, hundreds of miles into a wilderness would not have been feasible. But these pioneers were not persons of wealth; few of them owned any slaves. They were in the main young people seeking an opportunity in a new land. They would themselves hew their living out of this wilderness. So in the early days Mecklenburgers had few slaves. By 1790, two years after he had built his new brick mansion house, Rural Hill, Major John Davidson owned 26 slaves. The Polks and the Springses counted slightly more. John McKnitt Alexander's Cato, on the Alexandriana plantation, would perhaps be the best remembered; his name survives because it was to him that Alexander gave strict orders to burn down his barns and granary rather than permit the foraging Britishers in 1780 to plunder them. But in this last decade of the century young Eli Whitney came down to Georgia from New England to teach school. Soon he realized the need of a machine to separate the cotton lint from the seeds, and he made a little boxlike contraption that would pull the lint form the seeds about as fast as five to ten people would be able to do it by hand. In 1793 he finished his working model and the next year he patented it. Some two years later a man named Holmes brought out an improved model, and litigation followed. But soon the gin was being manufactured and farmers were increasing their acreage devoted to cotton. And with the growing of more cotton, the holding of slaves became profitable, or seemingly so. Some historians would even maintain that invention of the cotton gin led to the War Between the States. As cotton became king, a landed gentry grew up in areas that had been the homes of hard working small farmers and artisans. Soon the wealthier began to rely on their overseers and slaves and devoted themselves to the arts, sports, and the social graces. They hunted, raced their horses, attended balls and dinners, visited in Charleston, tidewater Virginia, and Philadelphia, even built up large libraries. In 1817, for instance a generation after the Revolution, the still back country region organized the Centre Library Society, and six years later the General Assembly granted a charter to the New Providence Library Association, whose laudable purpose was to promote "general reading and literacy culture." So Mecklenburg, as the South did generally, gradually embarked upon the ruinous one-crop system that depleted the soil and enervated much of the citizenship. The smaller farmers and skilled artisans became competitors of the slaves. And soon many Mecklenburgers, both of the landed families and the less privileged, began to move farther south and west in pursuit of more land and greater opportunities. In Mecklenburg the developing aristocracy lived in the main outside the still unpretentious village of Charlotte, especially in the Hopewell, Sugaw Creek, Steele Creek, and Providence sections, and northward in the Centre community, and up and down on both sides of the twisting channel of the Catawba. But before the century was ended - in the last year of it, in fact - over near the present Concord in Cabarrus, which seven years before had been cut from Mecklenburg's eastern side, something else occurred that soon would prove of great significance in the life of the region. On a Sunday morning while his parents were at church, twelve-year-old Conrad Reed, with his little sister and younger brother, slipped down to nearby Meadow Creek to try to spear fish with his bow and arrow. In the water he saw a shining bright object that he first thought was a fish. But when he investigated, he discovered that it was a very heavy object about the size of the flatiron his mother used. He took it home. His father carried it to a silversmith, but he did not know what the pretty "stone" was, and Reed took it home, where for two years or longer it was used as a doorstop. Then in 1802 Mr. Reed carried the strangely heavy stone up to Fayetteville and showed it to a jeweler, who asked him to leave it there so that he might flux it; it was gold, he explained to Reed. And upon Reed's return, the jeweler showed him a bar of gold six or eight inches long, and asked him if he would sell it. Reed, thinking he would ask a high price, offered to sell it for $3.50! The jeweler promptly bought it. On his return home, John Reed began to search for gold in the creek and the next year found a nugget weighing 28 pounds, said to be the largest ever found in the United States. Other large nuggets were found, some of them weighing as much as 16 pounds down to 13, nine, and two of eight pounds, and many smaller ones. Discovery of gold in this section of Old Mecklenburg and subsequently in various sections of present Mecklenburg, including Charlotte, started a new industry. In the six decades before the War Between the States completely disrupted the life of the nation, mining came to be one of the region's most important industries. Charlotte became the mining capital of the United States, and prospectors, engineers, technicians accomplished in methods then in use, and laborers skilled in mining operations came here from all over the country and even from foreign countries. For an even half century form Conrad Reed's discovery until the Carolina gold rush of 1849, Mecklenburg was the center of the nation's mining activities. So large did the mining industry of this community become that it was decided to erect a United States mint in Charlotte, and the cornerstone was laid in 1836. The structure was erected on the site of the present west wing of the Federal Building on West Trade Street, where it stood for a century. In 1936 the building was dismantled and then reassembled, stone by stone, in Eastover as the Mint Museum of Art. In the first year of operation the Charlotte mint accepted deposits totaling more than $130,000, and coined gold of a total value of about $85,000. On May 20, 1861, it was occupied by Confederate militia, the Charlotte Grays. It was used as a hospital during most of the war. After the war it was reopened as an assay office, and it continued to operate until about 1913. During its service as a federal mint, coinage amounting to more than $5,000,000 was produced. In the two decades before it was razed it was used for various federal purposes, including Army and Navy recruiting, employment, and other services of the government. The Mint, one of Charlotte's handsomest structures, was designed in the Federal style of the Republican period by William Strickland, Philadelphia architect who designed many famous buildings in that city. Its most prominent decoration was the great golden eagle over the door. Of this eagle, Stuart Warren Cramer, assayer at the mint from 1889 to 1893, once wrote that "This eagle was a landmark in Charlotte when I first came here, and a pet of Charlotte people, as well it might be, for it was perhaps the largest eagle in the world, being fourteen feet from tip to tip, and five feet high. When I had to redecorate it, it took over 165 books of gold leaf and ten books of silver leaf to cover it." Extensive though intermittent operations were continued in Mecklenburg for a century and a half after Conrad Reed's original discovery, and although it is now considered not rich enough to warrant further mining, much gold-bearing ore remains. Charlotte streets, visitors are often told, are paved with gold. Actually some of the low-value ore brought up from mine tunnels burrowed beneath the city was used in paving some streets. A mural, sixty feet long and ten feet in height, on the south wall of the North Carolina National Bank's branch at North Tryon and Ninth Streets, done by Kenneth W. Whitsett, native Mecklenburger, vividly reviews the story of gold in old Mecklenburg. But the last decade of the eighteenth century saw also the beginning in this era of another mining industry. Iron mining and processing along the Catawba River on the Lincoln County side quickly grew into an important business and several Mecklenburg families were to become affluent in it. Major John Davidson and two of his sons-in-law, Joe Graham, who had almost lost his life in the skirmish with the British in Charlottetown, and Alexander Brevard, purchased interests in the iron business in Lincoln county, and Vesuvius Furnace and Mount Tirzah Forge came to be widely known. Their products were sold as far away as Charleston. Midway of this same decade, on November 2, 1795, a baby would be born in Mecklenburg who fifty years later would become President of the United States. During the administration of this Mecklenburger, who had been described as "one of the most completely successful presidents of the United States," the republic would expand to the Pacific coast; Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin would be admitted to the Union; gold would be discovered in California; the United States Naval Academy would be established at Annapolis; and many other developments significant in the life of the new nation would be recorded. And, perhaps not strangely, about his birthplace a controversy would arise, as it had in the case of Andrew Jackson. But this argument did not invoke any other state or any other county. It is argued that James Knox Polk, eleventh President, was born in the present boundaries of Mecklenburg County. But where? Was it near Pineville or near Huntersville? Some years ago an unpretentious monument purporting to mark the birthplace of Polk was put up at the site just south of Pineville of the cabin in which Samuel Polk and his wife Jane Knox lived. But substantial evidence can be presented to support the contention that Polk was not born in the Polk cabin, although he was taken there as an infant as soon as his mother was able to make the thirty-mile journey from the Knox home some two miles and a half southwest of Huntersville. Like the Jackson controversy, the one over Polk's birthplace likely will never be settled to everyone's satisfaction. The D. A. Tompkins' History of Mecklenburg County, Volume I, published in 1903, makes the statement that "November 2, 1795, James Knox Polk, eleventh President of the United States, was born between Hopewell and Huntersville, at the home of his mother's parents, Mr. and Mrs. James Knox. His father, Samuel Polk, was a son of Ezekiel Polk, and in 1806, when James Knox Polk was eleven years of age, moved with his family to Tennessee." But near the end of that same volume Tompkins also declares that "James Knox Polk, eleventh President of the United States, was born eleven miles south of Charlotte, near Little Sugar Creek church, November 2, 1795." And on a page facing the President's portrait two pages farther on, beneath the fanciful drawing of a one-room cabin, is the legend: Cabin Near Pineville, Mecklenburg County, in Which James Knox Polk, Eleventh President of the United States, was Born November 2, 1795. John H. Wheeler in his Historical Sketches of North Carolina, published in 1851, says that Polk was born "about eleven miles south of Charlotte on the land now owned by Nathan Orr, about two hundred yards south of Little Sugar Creek." He gives no supporting details. In 1897 Dr. John Brevard Alexander, Mecklenburg physician-historian, a native of the northern section of Mecklenburg, in his Biographical Sketches of the Early Settlers of the Hopewell Section, declared that ". . . Samuel Polk married Jane Knox, a daughter of Captain James Knox, who lived four miles northeast of Hopewell Church. The Knox house has disappeared, but the foundation stones are still visible, and the spring that supplied the Knox family with waters still runs." The site, says he, "was made historic more than a century ago by being the birthplace of President James K. Polk. . . . At this home of James Knox, the father of Jane, who married Samuel Polk, was the child born who was afterwards President of the United States. How long Sam Polk lived here, or whether Mrs. Polk only returned to have her mother's care during her first trying ordeal, we are not informed. But we are informed there was a muster ground here known as 'Polk's old field.' This has very much the appearance that Sam Polk lived here for a while at least." Dr. Alexander goes on to tell the story that "Peggy Alcorn, an Irish girl who came from Ireland with her mother when six years old, people of good character but very poor, was, when 13 years old, hired by Sam Polk to wait on his wife and nurse the baby, their first child. . . . This girl afterwards married Eli Alexander, who lived four miles southwest of Davidson College, where they raised a family, of which each member proved to be a good citizen. Ezekiel, Martin, Moses, and Eli were all staunch Presbyterians, and the two daughters, Malissa married John Bell and Mary married E. A. McAulay. No people in North Carolina have a better reputation for honesty, integrity and truthfulness, and they say it, and have told their children that their mother often spoke of the time she waited on Mrs. Polk and nursed the baby who afterwards became President." In his History of Mecklenburg County, speaking of Peggy Alcorn, Dr. Alexander says that "Many years afterwards, when the girl had become an old woman, she said it was a common thing for a young woman to go back to her mother to be confined with her first child," and adds that "This very plausible version of his birthplace was given by my venerable friend, E. A. McAulay, Esq., who married a daughter of the nurse of the President." Dr. Alexander also refers to a possible birthplace of Polk in Charlotte in reporting that Susan Barnett, who as Susan Smart was present May 20, 1775, at the Mecklenburg convention, had been quoted as having said that Polk was born "in the house occupied by Richard Carson, now owned by L. W. Sanders." A memorial stone in the old Hopewell graveyard gives support to one version of the Huntersville birthplace contention. It marks the grave of "CAPT. JAMES KNOX - Who in hope of a glorious resurrection to eternal mark, deceased October 10th in the year of the Christian era, 1794. Aged 42 years." James Knox Polk's maternal grandfather, therefore, died a year before his namesake was born. One tradition says that the widow Polk's daughter and her husband then came to live with Mrs. Knox and remained there until after the birth of their son. The other version is that Jane Knox Polk left her Pineville home shortly before the expected arrival of her child and came up to her mother's to await the baby's birth. Either version fits well the tradition, which declares the Alcorn child was employed to attend the young mother and care for the infant. In the Gilead community in northwestern Mecklenburg the story of Peggy Alcorn's being the future President's first nurse has persisted through the century and a half since Polk's birth. And even now an old spinning wheel thought to have been made in Ireland is pointed out as once having belonged to an Alcorn girl who first nursed James Knox Polk after his birth in the Knox home. Blythe, LeGette and Brockmann, Charles Raven. Hornets' Nest: The Story of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County. Charlotte, NC: Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, 1961.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Drink Water After a Massage – Helpful For Health! Drink more water Water will help prevent unnecessary soreness, possible nausea, and an overall sluggish feeling. Your body is happy to get rid of all the “junk” it has been storing but you need to help it along with extra water. Water is probably the most underrated nutrient. Not only it is responsible for gorgeous skin, it is also responsible for all cellular functioning like: 1. Transporting oxygen and nutrients 2. Regulating body temperature 3. Circulating the blood and lymph 4. Absorbing heat from the muscles. 5. Providing cushioning for our tissues, joints, and organs 6. Digestion and waste elimination Many practitioners believe that deep tissue massage releases toxins from the muscles and into the blood stream. They assert that the water helps the kidneys and pancreas to process those toxins. Thats why, massage therapists often ask patients to drink water after a massage. Drinking water after a massage is highly recommended, as it makes it your muscles a lot easier to manipulate. Drink a lot of water after your massage treatment, drinking water allow the kidneys to flush out the toxins that the massage has moved in the body. It helps to rehydrate the actual muscles and increase’s the circulatory program, Water helps reduce backache for the reason that back portion rests on the spinal cord which is made up of a large volume of water so this means dehydration can relate to back pain. Our body benefits from proper hydration and it is good to keep drinking water without waiting to be thirsty. If you are thirsty, it means your cells are already dehydrated. Be aware of your posture, after your treatments try some yoga positions, if returning to work after a massage check the ergonomics of your work station are correct. Invest in a posture chair for your work station. Leave a Reply
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Haven't found the Essay You Want? For Only $12.90/page The Crucible Literary Essay Essay Abigail is one of the main characters in Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’, and is often depicted as the villain of the play. Some of her actions lead to the witch trials and the hysteria in Salem. This essay will analyse to what extent the character of Abigail is to blame for the events that occur in Salem, and therefore if the opinion that many people have on her is correct. On the one hand Abigail can be seen as she who starts and consequentially continues the hysteria in Salem. It is in fact from the start of the play, when she is found dancing in the woods with her friends, that her actions cause problems in the town, bringing the people to “mumbling witchcraft” (One, 17). The trigger to the witch hunt in the play is indeed the discovery of the girls and this event is caused by Abigail, which wanted to kill Elizabeth Proctor, “You drank a charm to kill John Proctor’s wife” (One, 15). Till then people in Salem had known about witches but had never thought of looking for them. This action from Abigail immediately shows her cruelty, ready to kill people to have what she desires. Not only does Abigail cause the initial panic though, but she does not stop it when she can by lying with the other young servants and girls. It is once again hers decision to lie, obliging the other girls to do so too in order to avoid further trouble, “We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sister. And that is all” (One, 15). By lying she does not stop the problem that then leads to all the other events happening in the play. For these reasons her attitude and actions initially in the play already have a great influence on the hysteria in Salem that follows. In Act One Abigail immediately starts to feel the empowerment that the witch trials can give her, with people listening to her and considering her opinion much more than when she was just considered a useless servant. This is another reason why she makes sure that the hysteria does not stop. The power that she thinks she has is visible when she speaks, “Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word [...] and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night” (One, 15). This quote is also an example of how violent and cruel she is, threatening her own friends, making her an even more dangerous character in the play. One of the main motivations that lead her actions in the play is the love for John Proctor and hate for Elizabeth. Soon in the play she understands how useful the witch trial can be for the purpose of eliminating Elizabeth and having John all for herself and this leads to her encouraging the hysteria even more. She shows her emotions for Proctor early in the play, “Give me a soft word, John” (One, 17), but their relationship is restrained by Elizabeth. Because of so she decides to “promote” the witch trial by accusing Elizabeth, “Why, Abigail Williams charged her” (Two, 60). This quote once again shows how cruel and ruthless she is, ready to ruin a marriage to gain what she desires. Later in the play the advantages and empowerment that the witch trials give her become even clearer. In court her words become “God’s will” and none of her sins are considered. She becomes so powerful that she can behave how she wants with more important people, “[in an open threat] Let you beware Mr.Danforth” (Three, 87). She becomes, together with her friends, which were also servants, feared in Salem, “Abigail bring the other girls to court, and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea of Israel”. This simile with a reference to the Bible shows how powerful she has become. People in court will now get out of the way when she comes close, opening in two to let her pass, just like the red sea of Israel did with Moses. On the other hand, though, not all that happens in Salem is caused by Abigail. An important aspect that causes the hysteria is the society itself. Salem is in fact a theocratic town, where everything is done according to religion and is either good or wrong. For this reason the situation in the town is already quite hysterical and people are just waiting for an excuse to solve their own grudges, such as Putnam who “was a man of many grievances,” (One, 11). For this reason something that will let them behave out of boundaries without actually making them feel guilty is accept by many. This leads to nobody trying to stop the problem immediately since everyone can gain something from the witch trials. Also the other characters have a great influence on all the events that happen in Salem. A good example is John Proctor. He could stop the problem immediately because he knows the truth of what happened in the woods, “she told me in a room alone. I have no proof of it” (Two, 44). He does not though because people would know about his story with Abigail and his reputation, something very important in Salem society, would be ruined. “I have given you my soul, leave me my name” is a good example of how much Proctor cares for his reputation. Proctor is so leading to the events for his own personal reasons. Another good example is Parris who uses the witch trial to improve his fragile reputation in Salem. Before the witch trial many wanted to overthrow him, but suddenly with the hysteria he too gained power and was able to keep his important position. From my points it is so possible to conclude that Abigail causes the events in Salem only to a limited extent. There are in fact various other reasons why hysteria disseminates in Salem. The society, being very easy to influence, is a great cause, and other character, each for their personal reasons, have a large influence on all that happens in Salem. Abigail cannot be completely blamed and is not the only villain in the play. Essay Topics: Courtney from Study Moose
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Propane, also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or Autogas, is stored as a liquid and propane fueling infrastructure is widespread. The Commonwealth of Kentucky collaborates with the Kentucky and National Chapters of the Propane and Education Research Council (PERC) and the Kentucky Propane Gas Association for new technology applications. Basics of Propane Find information about propane, including production and distribution, research and development, and related links. Where to Purchase Propane in Kentucky View a map of retail locations. Kentucky Incentives for Propane Find available incentives and funding opportunities. Propane Projects in Kentucky Mammoth Cave National Park Mammoth Cave, KY Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP) installed propane (LPG) refueling in 2012. The partnership with Clean Cities replaced four aging propane buses (three 1990 models and a 1977 model) with new ones, and also two gasoline pickup trucks with two propane pickups. The propane buses are used for transporting some 400,000 park visitors from parking lots to cave entrances annually. The park plans to use propane for some park equipment, including a water heater, portable generators, and mowers. Mammoth Cave National Park sits on more than 52, 000 acres in southwestern Kentucky and has 80+ employees. This was the first 100% alternatively fueled national park in the country of 385 national parks in all. First propane powered school bus Crittenden County, KY In July 2013 Crittenden County Schools, located in Marion, KY put into operation Kentucky’s first LPG powered school bus transporting students. This is the first school bus in Kentucky to be powered by a fuel other than gasoline or diesel. Crittenden County’s propane school bus is cleaner burning, safe, saves in fuel costs, and is a model for other school districts to follow. With propane costing about half as much per mile as diesel fuel, Crittenden County is expecting to save over $5,000 per year in fuel costs per bus. Crittenden is adding two additional buses in the spring of 2014, for a total of three propane school buses. Crittenden County has received additional funding from The Kentucky Division of Air Quality to reduce diesel emissions from its school bus fleet. The project will replace four older model diesel school buses with four new school buses powered by propane auto gas. View data on mileage, gallons of propane used, and cost savings: Crittenden County Schools Propane bus Data View the 12 minute video below to learn more about how Crittenden County decided to go with propane, as well as details about the Bluebird engine, cost savings, and safety. Crittenden County Schools Promote Propane School Buseshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xSIXgpfCG0
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Like a teacher, it is necessary that you retain your students motivated. Tutors are also with the educational system as pupils and know the significance of a pleasurable and rewarding educational experience. You might have known all of this your existence, or it might have grown to be clearer later, whenever you began tutoring. Regardless of your experience, motivating your students will be your most significant targets. A lot of students show improved motivation once they understand exactly why they’re doing something, especially whether they can visit a direct positive outcome from studying. Frequently it’s essential for students to determine the larger picture. If your student must practice a subject that theyOrshe finds difficult, for example to attain a job aspiration, it’s really a wise decision to focus on the direct applications and practical purposes of this subject inside a future professional context. Not everybody loves to study with regard to studying frequently, allowing students to determine direct benefits give them the courage to review. This gives an optimistic feed back and sets an objective the greater they do know, the greater they are able to begin to see the benefits, the greater they would like to learn. May possibly not be so easy with more youthful students, because they might not have a particular concept of what they need to complete afterwards in existence. This being stated, personalities form themselves very in early stages, and it’s really a wise decision to exhibit the advantages of studying certain subjects. Inform them early, regardless of what job they desire to do, just about all jobs could make you sit some kind of entrance exams, usually covering some fundamental mathematics and British skills. Many subjects overlap, doctors have to be good with sciences, scientists require a good foundation in Maths, Biologist require a good knowledge of statistics, an expert translator really requires not only two languages, Computer related jobs frequently requires good mathematics and logic skills). For more youthful students, immediate benefits, and temporary goals provide a far greater motivation mechanism. Fun, games, and laughter frequently act as good tools for teaching children however are never wasted on adults! Motivation and Relevance Studying needs to be highly relevant to be motivating creating this relevant link belongs to the tutor’s job. Consider students finding maths de-motivating since it is “way too hard” or “it’s useless in tangible existence”. Yet at lunchtime, he likes to visit the gambling shop and places a couple of bets. He calculates the chances in a couple of seconds, yet with regards to doing percentages and fraction in training, he fails miserably. The issue is not too this student finds maths “way too hard”, but instead he cannot begin to see the relevance and therefore finds it boring. A bored thoughts are easily sidetracked, along with a distracted mind finds everything hard: maybe you have attempted to see a magazine watching the television simultaneously? It is sometimes complicated, and also the activity that needs minimal effort but many fun is generally simpler to pay attention to and understand. So try to adapt your training to become as relevant as you possibly can to every pupil. Help make your tuition clear to see, making it enjoyable. Motivation and Terminology Many academic subjects make use of a terminology: although there’s frequently you don’t need to use complex words to know these subjects, specific keywords are often needed by examiners. Academics inside their own field frequently enjoy making things appear more difficult compared to what they really are, even though this is not necessarily suitable for good teaching practice. Do not confuse new pupils immediately by tossing in a lot of complicated words you’re there to pass through in your understanding, to not display it in public, however tempting it may be to “seem competent”. Because the subject gets to be more familiar, after that you can link the concepts towards the terminology needed through the examiners. Later, reveal that using these keywords is essential when answering exam papers, and signifies through example exactly what the examiners expect. Your quest for the best place to get E maths tuition is none than Come Fly With Me. Here you will get the best faculty delivering math lectures as per your course module. You can expect timely completion of your course with us.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
He kupu whānui e pā ana ki tā te Māori hāpai i ngā mata a Tū. I ngā wā o mua, ko te pakanga te mahi, i ēnei rā, ko te kawa o te marae, ko te mahi a te rēhia, ko te whakaū i te tuakiri tangata me tōna hauora ā-tinana, ā-hinengaro, ā-wairua, ā-pori anō hoki. A general term relating to the Māori use of traditional weapons. In former times, this was focused on waging war, in more recent times, on formal marae ceremony, the performing arts and elevating personal identity and wellbeing - physical, mental, spiritual and social. Koia nei ētahi o ngā rākau a Tū: ngā rākau a Tū ngā rākau o te riri
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Để giảm thiểu tác động của con người đến môi trường, Ostendorf đã phát triển hệ thống thoát nước thải hiện đại KG 2000 Polypropylene. Ống KG 2000 có độ đàn hồi tốt và có thể chịu được những điều kiện khắc nghiệt nhất. Ống KG2000 Hệ thống toàn diện KG2000 được phát triển với công nghệ hiện đại, các đường ống và phụ kiện có độ bền, tính đàn hồi cao. Gioăng cao su 3 nấc làm kín Biện pháp thi công hiện đại không cần dùng keo dán hoặc hàn nhiệt. Sử dụng gioăng cao su 3 nấc để làm kín, ngăn bụi bẩn và chống rò rỉ nước. Bền bỉ Nhờ công nghệ sản xuất tiên tiến, ống KG2000 có độ chống va đập và chống mài mòn cao. Ngoài ra, bề mặt trong của ống nhẵn, trơn nên độ chống bám bẩn cực kỳ tốt. Bảo hành 25 năm Ostendorf cam kết bảo hành sản phẩm 25 năm- khả năng chống chịu bền bỉ, công thức sản xuất và gioăng cao su 3 nấc làm kín được cấp bằng sáng chế hoàn toàn xác định lại tiêu chuẩn thoát nước trong các công trình xây dựng. Thân thiện với môi trường KG2000 có tuổi thọ hơn 100 năm và có thể tái chế 100%.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
Glossary:Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Utilised agricultural area, abbreviated as UAA, is the total area taken up by arable land, permanent grassland, permanent crops and kitchen gardens used by the holding, regardless of the type of tenure or of whether it is used as a part of common land. - arable land - permanent grassland - permanent crops - kitchen gardens (even if they only represent small areas of total UAA) - unutilised agricultural area (NUAA) - special holding areas (SAA) - wooded area (WA) - other land (FA9) occupied by buildings, farmyards, tracks, ponds, etc.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Burning fossil fuels accounts for 80 percent of the rise of atmospheric CO2 in industrial times. Now NASA researchers Pushker Kharecha and James Hansen show that CO2 can be kept below harmful levels as long as emissions from coal are phased out within the next few decades. In other words, we can burn all the oil and gas that’s left on Earth and still avoid really dangerous climate change. Previous research shows the super dangerous level of global warming will occur if CO2 in the atmosphere exceeds a concentration of 450 parts per million. It’s currently at about 385 ppm, up from a pre-industrial 280 ppm. The research revolved around five emissions scenarios spanning the years 1850-2100. Each reflects a different estimate for peak of fossil fuel production—an important yet unknown variable. On one end was the “business-as-usual” scenario. The other scenarios included reducing emissions from coal. First by developed countries starting in 2013. Then by developing countries a decade later. Finally leading to a global phase out by 2050. The last three scenarios consider different dates for peak oil. The bottom line is clear. . . Even if we calculate unconstrained emissions from conventional oil and gas, there is simply not enough of these fuels left to take CO2 above 450 parts per million. On the other hand, coal and unconventional fuels like methane hydrates and tar sands contain much more fossil carbon than conventional oil and gas and should be pahsed out or never started up in the first place. “Because coal is much more plentiful than oil and gas, reducing coal emissions is absolutely essential to avoid ‘dangerous’ climate change brought about by atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration exceeding 450 parts per million,” Kharecha said. “The most important mitigation strategy we recommend—a phase-out of carbon dioxide emissions from coal within the next few decades—is feasible using current or near-term technologies.” Cut the coal, save the world. Clean coal? Don’t be an oxymoron.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
What you should know Canada has one of the best vaccine safety programs in the world. Here are some important things you should know about vaccine safety: The safety of each vaccine is thoroughly studied before it is approved for use. Vaccine Safety in Canada By the time a vaccine is approved for use in Canada, its safety will have been studied for many years through a variety of methods. It can take 10 years or longer for a vaccine to be developed, tested, and finally approved for use by Health Canada. This process takes a long time in order to gather all the scientific information necessary to ensure that a vaccine is safe and effective. Learn more. Vaccine safety monitoring is ongoing. Once a vaccine has been approved for use, and for as long as the vaccine is used, its safety is continuously monitored. Canada has several systems in place to carefully monitor the safety of vaccines. Learn more. The benefits of vaccines greatly outweigh the risks. The benefits of vaccines are immense. They prevent diseases that can cause serious complications such as pneumonia, deafness, brain damage, heart problems, blindness, paralysis, life-long disability, and even death. The main risks associated with vaccines are side effects, which are almost always minor and temporary. Serious side effects are extremely rare. The benefits of vaccines greatly outweigh the risks. Learn more. The ingredients in vaccines are safe. Vaccines contain small amounts of specific ingredients (also called components), all of which play necessary and important roles during vaccine production. Some components stimulate your immune system to develop protection against disease, and others have functions like keeping the vaccine stable during transport and storage. Vaccines contained in multi-dose vials must contain a preservative to prevent germs from growing in the vial after the first dose has been removed. Vaccines may also contain very small (“trace”) quantities of materials that were used in the earlier stages of making the vaccine. All of these ingredients are safe in the amounts used in vaccines. Learn more. Getting more than one vaccine at a time is safe. Getting more than one vaccine at the same time is safe and ensures you (or your child) are protected against serious diseases earlier rather than later. Research shows that routine childhood vaccines are just as safe and effective when they are given at the same time as they are when they are given at separate appointments. Learn more. We all play a role in keeping vaccines safe. You play an important role in keeping vaccines safe by reporting any unexpected or serious reactions to your doctor or community health centre. An unexpected or serious reaction after getting a vaccine is called an adverse event following immunization. Not all adverse events that occur after getting a vaccine are caused by the vaccine. It is important to report the adverse event to your health care provider, even if you don’t know if it was caused by the vaccine, so that it can be investigated. Learn more.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Holleder Stadium is where Aquinas Institute's powerhouse football teams ground it out on the gridiron and where the Grateful Dead jammed a memorable set including "Wharf Rat" and "Bertha." Soccer legend Pele played a game to a packed house at the Ridgeway Avenue stadium. The Buffalo Bills split a pair of early exhibition games at Holleder. Drum-and-bugle corps competitions were regular attractions, and pro wrestlers like Ernie "The Cat" Ladd grappled there. The place opened in 1949 in northwest Rochester, near the corner of Mt. Read Boulevard, as Aquinas Stadium. The 20,000-seat arena was built as the home of the Little Irish when the high school football program was a national dynamo. An overflow crowd of 22,650 attended an Aquinas game that first year, according to news accounts. The Bills played a preseason game there in the team's inaugural year of 1960, defeating the Denver Broncos before 6,200 fans. The Bills returned in August 1967, losing that time to the Miami Dolphins before a reported crowd of 15,300. The city of Rochester bought the stadium in 1972 and rechristened it Holleder Stadium the following year. The name change honored Maj. Don Holleder, an Aquinas graduate and All-America football player at Army who was killed in Vietnam in 1967. The renaming ceremony was full of pomp and circumstance. Howard Callaway, secretary of the Army, gave the keynote address. The superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) was there. "The dedication had begun ... with the atmosphere of a Fourth of July picnic," a 1973 news story reported. "Beer was a nickel, cola was free for a while, and the politicians were everywhere all the time." Football games, including sectional playoffs, continued to be held at Holleder. During a notorious 1975 contest, several Aquinas players were seriously injured when they were burned by hydrated lime used to mark the field. The story was in the news for months. Aquinas coach Nick Teta fumed, "We haven't lost a player all year due to injury, and now we lose almost a whole team because of someone's stupidity!" The pro soccer Rochester Lancers played at the stadium from 1967 to 1980, mostly as members of the North American Soccer League, or NASL. A crowd of 20,005 saw Pele lead the New York Cosmos to a playoff win over the Lancers in August 1977. Holleder's field was consistently ranked as the worst in the NASL. Cosmos star Franz Beckenbauer once called it "a nice play to grow potatoes." The Lancers were gone after 1980, soon to be replaced by another soccer club, the Rochester Flash, who lasted a few years. The stadium was consistently losing money. Promoters were looking for different ideas to generate revenue. Enter the Grateful Dead. The hippie band was announced as the headliner for a show to be held at Holleder on Sept. 1, 1979. Neighborhood groups were up in arms over "concerns of rampant drug use and rowdy fans." A petition with 500 signatures was presented to city officials, who denied the permit two weeks before the show. A state Supreme Court justice finally told the two sides to work things out, and the show went on. Fears ran rampant beforehand. "I'm moving things in the house, getting ready," one Holleder neighbor said in a news story the day before the concert. "Maybe nothing will happen, but I feel like I'm waiting for a bomb to hit." The concert, including opening acts The Good Rats and the Greg Kihn Band, went off with few problems, save for some illegal parking. A review of the show stated, tongue-in-cheek, "The world, the city of Rochester and the neighborhood around the stadium apparently survived the experience." Two more big concerts were held at Holleder in 1983. Journey played with Bryan Adams in a June show, and The Police headlined an August show that included A Flock of Seagulls and The Fixx. Holleder was near its end, though. The Flash closed up shop after the 1984 season, and the stadium parking lot was left to serve as "the wintry graveyard for cars towed from city streets." Holleder Stadium was demolished in 1985 and replaced by an industrial park. Crowds gathered to watch the culmination. "Times change, places change, people change, and the wrecking ball's going to erase more memories," a Greece man said in a news story. Morrell is a freelance writer from Rochester. About this feature Read or Share this story: http://on.rocne.ws/Inf8mH
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
From man’s earliest days the blade has been the basic form of weapon whether for hunting, defence or warfare. For close combat and ceremonial occasions it is still in use today: the dress sword of the mounted officer or the bayonet of the infantry. If you are lucky enough to be Knighted you may even get a tap on the shoulders by the British Queen with a ceremonial sword. I would like to make it clear at this point, that this article takes no stance on the use of weaponry. My own beliefs and convictions are not included here. This is a look at some of the non standard, more interesting and curious forms that blades have taken, with historical, geographic and cultural differences. I use the term blade because some of the forms shown cannot be described as knives or swords.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Botanical Name :Sarenoa serrulata Species: S. repens Common Names :Saw palmetto, Habitat:Saw palmetto is native to the Atlantic Coast from South Carolina to Florida, and southern California.It is endemic to the southeastern United States, most commonly along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains, but also as far inland as southern Arkansas. it grows in clumps or dense thickets in sandy coastal lands or as undergrowth in pine woods or hardwood hammocks. Saw palmetto is a fan palm, with the leaves that have a bare petiole terminating in a rounded fan of about 20 leaflets. It is a hardy plant; extremely slow growing, and long lived, with some plants, especially in Florida where it is known as simply the palmetto, possibly being as old as 500–700 years. The petiole is armed with fine, sharp teeth or spines that give the species its common name. The teeth or spines are easily capable of breaking the skin, and protection should be worn when working around a Saw Palmetto. The leaves are light green inland, and silvery-white in coastal regions. The leaves are 1–2 m in length, the leaflets 50–100 cm long. They are similar to the leaves of the palmettos of genus Sabal. The flowers are yellowish-white, about 5 mm across, produced in dense compound panicles up to 60 cm long. The fruit is a large reddish-black drupe and is an important food source for wildlife and historically for humans. The plant is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species such as Batrachedra decoctor, which feeds exclusively on the plant. Edible Uses: This plant is also edible to human beings, but the more green it is the more bitter tasting it would be. Part Used: Partially-dried ripe fruit........CLICK & SEE Constituents: Volatile oil, fixed oil, glucose, about 63 per cent of free acids, and 37 per cent of ethyl esters of these acids. The oil obtained exclusively from the nut is a glyceride of fatty acids, thick and of a greenish colour, without fruity odour. From the whole fruit can be obtained by pressure about 1 1/2 per cent of a brownishyellow to dark red oil, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzene, and partly soluble in dilute solution of potassium hydroxide. The fixed oil is soluble in alcohol, ether, and petroleum benzin. The presence of an alkaloid is uncertain. Diuretic, sedative, tonic. It is milder and less stimulant than cubeb or copaiba, or even oil of sandalwood. Like these, it has the power of affecting the respiratory mucous membrane, and is used for many complaints which are accompanied by chronic catarrh. It has been claimed that sabal is capable of increasing the nutrition of the testicles and mammae in functional atony of these organs. It probably acts by reducing catarrhal irritation and a relaxed condition of bladder and urethra. It is a tissue builder. Saw palmetto is another wonderful instance of scientific research validating traditional herbal medicine. Saw palmetto frequently equals and sometimes exceeds pharmaceuticals for treating benign prostate hypertrophy( BPH). More than a dozen clinical studies involving almost 3,000 men have verified saw palmetto’s ability to markedly alleviate BPH symptoms- without the libido reducing side effects of the pharmaceutical drug. The herb helps more men than synthetic drugs, and it gets the job done faster. As an added benefit, saw palmetto inhibites enzymes that are suspected to cause male pattern baldness, and there is plenty of anecdotal evidence indicates that saw palmetto stems hair loss and triggers growth. Although it has lost the favor of mainstream medicine in the U.S., it is still widely used in Europe. saw palmetto extract has been promoted as useful for people with prostate cancer. However, according to the American Cancer Society, “available scientific studies do not support claims that saw palmetto can prevent or treat prostate cancer in humans” The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Reverse the Credit Card Debt Spiral, by Elizabeth Byrd Reverse the Credit Card Debt Spiral, by Elizabeth Brooks Byrd This image illustrates the average credit card interest costs by household income, 2016. With credit card debt costing families in the United States an average of $1,300 in interest per year it is apparent that changes need to be made to curb credit card spending. The average amount of credit card debt per family is rising dramatically when compared to 10 years ago. This increase is not necessarily careless or irresponsible spending on the part of the debtor. A large component of the overall increase in credit card debt is a significant increase in cost of living expenses coupled with a drastically lower increase in income. In an article titled “2016 American Household Credit Card Debt Study,” The Nerd Wallet cites an increase of over 11% in average household debt with just 1% increase in average household income since 2002. Americans need to find ways to adjust their spending and compensate for this new disparity in their debt to income ratios. Teaching adults about the long term effects of excessive spending is an excellent tool to prevent it. If someone knew that accumulating too much credit card debt could prevent them from making a large purchase such as a home or car, it would likely cause them to rethink their spending. Sacrificing small things such as more clothes or eating out now can pave the way for the larger purchases people dream about their whole lives. Seeing videos of firsthand accounts is often more effective than hearing or reading for the 100th time that excessive spending can be bad in the longterm. Most people do not want to believe bad things could happen to them. When they see someone their age or in a similar situation suffering with the consequences from a path of overspending, it can be the wakeup call they need. People often lose track of how much it costs to repay credit card debt. Showing how much they pay in interest on debt can be an effective deterrent. Helping an individual understand that spending more on their credit card than they are capable of paying back each month can cost them thousands of dollars in interest each year. It can give them the restraint they need when it comes to unnecessary purchases. A good way to keep people aware their spending is to provide free applications that track spending and debt without a user’s input. Seeing the amount they are spending on clothes or eating out will help them to maintain improved spending habits. The application should give 5 and 10 year projections based upon current spending trends. This would be an excellent way to show someone what their financial situation will be if they do not change their spending habits. The key is to have the application link with the user’s bank and credit card. In doing so, the information is input by the system. This eliminates user error and minimizes the amount of user effort. To cultivate better financial management in debt holders, it is best to start before they actually have debt. The younger someone is, the more receptive they are to adopting financial strategies. Numerous studies have shown the positive impact of teaching children at an early age. One study performed by The University of Cambridge titled “Habit Formation and Learning in Young Children,” shows that children are capable of learning through imitation beginning from birth to age 5. This study indicates that helping our children balance their debt and spending can be as simple as making wise financial decisions ourselves. An essential part of helping our nation stop excessive spending is to stop glorifying frivolous lifestyles. People watch their idol talk about spending $15,000 on a pair of shoes, or $250,000 on a car. If we started showing how ignorant it is to spend extravagantly, hopefully they will begin to see it in a negative light. When it is put in perspective how many meals could be purchased, hungry children could be fed, etc with that $15,000 wasted on shoes many will begin to see it as negative instead of positive. People are concerned with wasting their environmental resources, yet often not concerned with wasting their money. Comparing these to things has the potential to show people that waste and excess in any form is a bad thing. Oftentimes, they are linked together. Clothes that we do not need, a second car, our 15th pair of shoes, etc are things that have a negative effect on our environment when produced. If we stop or diminish our unnecessary spending, we are likely diminishing our negative impact on the environment. There is hope. Americans are a resilient people. They have decreased their average household debt by over 25% since 2008. Those are jaw dropping numbers. As a people, they have truly come so far. With the right education, and some much needed change to our culture, we can drop our debt the rest of the way. Work Cited Issa, Erin El. “2016 American Household Credit Card Debt Study.”NerdWallet. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2017. Whitebread, David, and Sue Bingham. “Habit Formation and Learning in Young Children.”SpringerReference (n.d.): n. pag. The Money Advice Service. Cambridge University, May 2013. Web. 12 May 2017. One Reply to “Reverse the Credit Card Debt Spiral, by Elizabeth Byrd” Leave a Reply
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
National CSE Awareness Day 2018 On the 18th March 2018 NWG Network call for all to unite against Child Sexual Exploitation. Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) is a form of sexual abuse that involves the manipulation and/or coercion of young people under the age of 18 into sexual activity. FACT: Everyone has a role to play in raising awareness of Child Sexual Exploitation. FACT: Safeguarding children is everybody’s business. FACT: Any child can be sexually exploited no matter what culture, ethnicity, religion, whether a boy or a girl from any background. The National Child Sexual Exploitation Awareness Day aims to highlight the issues surrounding CSE; encouraging everyone to THINK, SPOT AND SPEAK OUT against abuse and adopt a zero tolerance to adults developing inappropriate relationships with children and children forming inappropriate sexual relationships with their peers NWG are committed to the fight against CSE and supporting victims and their families who are subjected to child sexual exploitation but they cannot succeed without the support of people like you. Together, we can work to inform, educate and prevent this form of child sexual abuse within the UK.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Cryptic Nintendo Moon Riddle Hides Mother Of All Secrets? In Search Of... This Dog Stargate Worlds Now Accepting Requests For Offworld Travel Stargate I have a fundamental issue with paying an ongoing fee to play an endless video game, but even I had to sign up for the Stargate Worlds beta. It's almost time for the MMORPG to begin a closed beta cycle and fans of the Stargate universe are now able to sign up for a possible crack at shooting Goa'uld, opening the iris, befriending the Asgard, and all those other things that a SG team does offworld. Stargate fansite GateWorld has the details. FireSky, a Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment company, announced on April 17 that they would be publishing the title. Stargate Worlds will contain a brand new story set between Seasons Eight and Nine, and will allow users to play human Stargate personnel, Jaffa, Goa'uld and Asgard. It would take quite a lot to convince me to pay for the final version of the game, but I'll gladly muck around in the beta for free. Note that since the game's plot is set between the post-Goa'uld and pre-Ori eras of Stargate SG-1 (if that makes no sense to you then you probably aren't the target market for this game), meaning that the developers can unleash whatever new crazy aliens they want without interfering with the television franchises. I'm curious how the developers will get past the issue that thousands of players can't all be a part of the flagship SG-1 team. The appeal of games based on television and movies involves players controlling their favorite characters. I want to play as Jack O'Neill, not as a low-level expendable red shirt grunt on the SG-87 team.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
The following is an article written by Navi Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, after she recieved a piece of brick from a demolished dry latrine from a Dalit activist Wilson Bezwada as a symbolic gesture of the global struggle against manual scavenging. A group of representatives from caste-affected communities in Asia recently gave me a piece of brick from the wall of a torn-down latrine. The brick symbolized the global struggle against the degrading practice of making members of a “lower caste” clean public toilets with their bare hands. This practice, which persists in many places despite increasing prohibition in law, is not the workers’ choice. It is rather a task that they inherit because of their social origins and descent. In turn, these discriminated individuals are further “contaminated” by their work and further trapped in a generational cycle of social exclusion and marginalization. Today caste-affected communities and civil society activists are hoping to tear down the much bigger invisible wall of discrimination by trying to promote new international standards of equality and non-discrimination. I have tremendous respect for their determination and courage. As a woman of color from a racial minority growing up in apartheid South Africa, I know a thing or two about discrimination. “Untouchability” is a social phenomenon affecting approximately 260 million persons worldwide. This type of discrimination is typically associated with the notions of ritual purity and pollution which are deeply rooted in different societies and cultures. The problem is neither confined to one geographical area nor exclusively practiced within one particular religion of belief system. It is a global phenomenon. Caste is the very negation of the human rights principles of equality and non-discrimination. It condemns individuals from birth and their communities to a life of exploitation, violence, social exclusion and segregation. Caste-discrimination is not only a human rights violation, but also exposes those affected to other abuses of their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. “Lower caste” individuals are frequently confined to hereditary, low-income employment and deprived of access to agricultural land and credit. They often find themselves battling high levels of indebtedness or even debt and labor bondage, which is practically a contemporary form of slavery. The barriers they face in seeking justice or redress are formidable. Child labor is rampant in descent-based communities and children of “lower castes” suffer high levels of illiteracy. For women, caste is a multiplier that compounds their experience of poverty and discrimination. Laws and policies have been put in place in many to combat this scourge. Constitutions prohibit caste-based discrimination and “lower caste” members have been elected to the highest offices of the land. Special legislation has been enacted to provide for affirmative action in education and employment, as well as protection from violence and exploitation. Judiciaries have sought to enforce laws and provide relief to victims. Dedicated institutions monitor the conditions and advocate on behalf of “lower caste” groups. At the international level, the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination explicitly lists descent as a ground of racial discrimination. The Durban Declaration and Program of Action, adopted at the World Conference on Racism in 2001, recognized descent-based discrimination. It also provided a comprehensive roadmap to combat it which was reaffirmed by states in April this year. Yet, there is a real need for targeted social policies and programs to address caste-based discrimination. It is imperative to implement education programs that can change deeply rooted systemic, cultural and social prejudices, customs, beliefs and traditions based on descent, power and affluence. Above all, caste-affected communities must be given a voice and full participation in the development, implementation and evaluation of strategies aimed at empowering them. The international community should come together to support these efforts as it did when it helped put an end to apartheid. This action to stem an abhorrent form of marginalization and exclusion which traps the victims in hopelessness and poverty is long overdue. We owe it to those “lower-caste” families forced to leave their village because they dared to vote in a parliamentary election against the favored candidate of the upper caste. We owe it to the villagers belonging to the lowest social class starving to death because they were not able to benefit from the public services which they were entitled to. We owe it to that “lower caste” woman assaulted, publicly humiliated and forced to eat her own excreta by members of the upper caste community accusing her of witchcraft. All caste-victims demand and deserve remedies. The plight of hundreds of millions cannot be justified as age-old traditions, nor can it be regarded merely as a “family business.” The Human Rights Council, the premier intergovernmental body for the protection and promotion of human rights, should promote the 2009 Draft Principles and Guidelines for the Effective Elimination of Discrimination based on Work and Descent. This study complements existing international standards of non-discrimination. All states must rally around and endorse these norms. The time has come to eradicate the shameful concept of caste. Other seemingly insurmountable walls, such as slavery and apartheid, have been dismantled in the past. We can and must tear down the barriers of caste too. This opinion piece was released on 8 October 2009
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Tag Archive for hypocrisy Aggravating racism by poking a stick in a festering sore. Bandage it, don't poke it with a stick Bandage it, don’t poke it with a stick Why does North America have such an unhelpful and unhealthy attitude to racism? The reaction to the comments by Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Stirling’s comments goes beyond ludicrous. His comments, if they were correctly quoted, were not the most sensible considering many of his team and fans are black. They may have upset many people, but on the long list of serious problems in the world today, no reasonable person can rate them near the top. However, they were made in a private conversation. One that was not intended to be made public. For a country that claims to be against racism and for freedom of speech, the escalation of this incident and the resulting punishment of Mr. Stirling borders on the insane. As a victim of far more serious racism than a derogatory comment in a private conversation, I am appalled at both the hysteria that this incident has generated and the reverse discrimination visited on Mr. Stirling. For the record, my father was murdered, my mother crippled for life. Later, I was thrown in a police cell while my farm and all my assets were illegally taken from me by the Zimbabwe government. All because we were white. That is the sort of racism every one should be concerned about. Do I blame all black people for that? Of course not. The most irresponsible and malicious actors in this sad saga are the person who “leaked” the conversation to the media, the media channel that publicised it and all those in both public and private office who have used it to make themselves look good. Here’s why: It was a private conversation. Who among us can honestly say that they have never made a derogatory comment about a group of people in a private conversation. I cannot and I don’t think many others can. How many times do we hear criticism of Democrats, Republicans, Conservatives, Liberals, Bankers, Oil executives, the Rich, the poor, the homeless, Southerners, Newfies, Italians, Germans, Russians or any other nationality? What about criticism of religions, Christians, Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, Jews, Buddhists? Or sports teams, the police, the military? As a former white resident of Southern Africa, now living in North America, I frequently have to ignore allegations of my obviously “terrible attitude to, and treatment of, black people”. I know that these comments are made from ignorance by people who have no idea of the real situation in my former countries and who have been subjected to anti South African and anti Rhodesian propaganda for most of their lives. While I may not like the comments, I understand that people are as free to make them as I am to publish my opinions and Donald Stirling is to express his in a private conversation. The comments were not illegal At the time of writing there has been no indication that the comments broke any laws. Donald Stirling is a wealthy man who may be quite happy to sell his team for the $600 to $700 million it is reported to be worth. It’s poetic justice that he will realise a huge profit on his original $12 million investment if he does sell the team. It would be supremely ironic if he chose to disband the team, but I doubt if anybody would walk away from that sort of money. Will he go on the counter attack and sue who ever he can? Again much as I would like to see it, I think the deck is stacked against him. Unethical manipulation of an owners association If the man has not committed a crime, it is entirely unethical for the NBA to exert pressure on the owners association to expel him. It is also wrong for him to be expelled from the association and banned for life while he legally owns a team. This treatment establishes a dangerous precedent akin to Hitler’s persecution of the Jews in the 1930’s. Then it started with smashing shop windows. Now it’s by banning an owner from enjoying free use of his assets. It establishes other dangerous precedents, underhand methods for sabotaging successful teams, alienating sponsors and supporters, crippling them financially. It gives unsuccessful businesses the ability to raise charges of racism to unfairly eliminate competitors in the knowledge that even if the charges are completely unfounded, the media will ensure that damage is done. Other than the reversed shirt incident, it does not appear that any team members have expressed their disapproval by walking away from the team. Their outrage is not sufficient to jeopardise lucrative contracts. What would the NBA do if the team expressed solidarity with the owner and demanded that he continue as owner? The USA trumpets the virtues of the free market system. The market should decide Donald Stirling’s fate, not the self-righteous advocates of totalitarianism that seek to control the thoughts and comments of a nation. The end of free speech It is an unacceptable use of thought and speech control, the same mob rule mentality that hounded Brendan Eich from his job a few weeks ago has struck another victim. Who will be next, will it be you because you said something that a politician or someone in the media did not like? Why this attitude is unhealthy When a child comes to his or her mother with a minor scratch, she treats it with the appropriate amount of first aid and leaves it to nature and time to heal. She does not poke it with a stick to make it much worse and then call the media to show the festering wound to the nation. That’s what the over hyped reaction to incidents like this does, turn a minor scratch into a festering sore. Like minor scratches, incidents like these should be left alone for time and nature to heal, not used to provoke racial tension and victimize people. Why should incidents like this provoke such over-reaction? More hysteria than in some countries with histories of interracial conflict? Is it lingering guilt over slavery? Or guilt over the almost total annihilation of the indigenous populations of North America and their reduction to powerless minorities? Or the success of the politically correct liberal left in dividing the moderate majority and stifling any opinion other than its own. Be aware, you could be the next victim. mage courtesy of Stuart Miles / FreeDigitalPhotos.net The Mandela Myth Mandela Myth South African Protea -source Wikipedia Creative Commons It seemed that my comment might be of interest to readers. Cruising the road to Damascus – at any cost. Royal Navy Submarine HMS Astute Fires a Tomahawk Cruise Missile (TLAM) During Testing Near the USA UK Ministry of Defence via Compfight The leaders of the USA, UK and France seem determined to take “surgical” action in Syria, probably by using precisely targeted cruise missiles. In the almost 3 years of the Syrian civil war, over 100 000 people have been killed, large areas of the country reduced to rubble, neighbouring countries burdened with huge waves of refugees. Bombings in Lebanon and Iraq may be a direct result of the conflict. The involvement of Hezbollah and Iran in support of the Syrian government is both worrying and a further complication. But with all that, the Western powers have been reluctant to get involved in what is still a civil war, an internal problem. Until this week when 350 people were killed in a chemical warfare bombardment blamed on the Syrian government. As yet, no convincing evidence that government forces were responsible or conclusions on the exact chemical used have been produced. Russia and China are predictably vetoing any UN resolutions to use force against the Syrian Government, supporting their argument by allegations that it may have been the Syrian opposition attempting to force an “own goal” on the government. Any escalation in the conflict increases the threat to our two most important allies in the region, Israel and Turkey, but a chemical attack in Damascus in itself, does not dramatically increase that threat. As awful and inexcusable the use of chemical weapons may be, and as much as we might regret the loss of hundreds more lives last week, the threat to the West or world peace has not been increased by these events. Why then do we want to get involved? Have we not learned the lessons from Iraq? When the justification for the invasion was later found to be false. Or Afghanistan, when having quickly defeated the enemy, we attempted the impossible task of installing democracy in an undemocratic part of the world, lengthened our involvement by years at huge cost. That cost measured in hundreds of our soldier’s lives and billions of dollars and pounds of taxpayers hard-earned cash. Have we forgotten Egypt where by abandoning an ally, and tacitly supporting a revolution, we ended up with a ruler far more dangerous, another coup and now a country in turmoil with a wrecked economy. Why then are our leaders so determined to get involved in Syria after a comparatively small increase in casualties? Is it really because the use of chemical weapons is unacceptable? Large scale killing of civilians is surely unacceptable with any type of weapons. Is there a bigger threat to Israel, Turkey and perhaps Jordan that we are not being told about? Is Iran about to launch a pre-emptive nuclear strike? Do President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron just want to irritate the Russians and Chinese? Or is it once again an example of Western arrogance and hypocrisy, trying to impose our standards on people who march to the beat of a very different drummer? Before this incident, it looked as if the Assad government was gaining control over larger areas of Syria, perhaps turning the tide and winning the war. It could be argued that the quickest way to reduce the horrendous casualty rate, stop the destruction of infrastructure and reverse the flood of refugees would be to let the government win the war by what ever means it has at its disposal. After all we justified dropping atomic bombs on Japan as the best way to end WW11 despite the huge loss of life. I am not an apologist for Assad, I would be happy to see him removed from power and made to pay for his sins, however deciding on who should rule Syria is a matter for the Syrians not us. We should beware of assisting in his removal and his replacement by a more anti-Western ruler. We don’t need to risk the lives of our troops in another un-winnable war when that war, disastrous as it may be for Syrians, poses little threat to our own security. What are your thoughts? Now if Zimbabwe had oil ....... Zimbabwean police beats fleeing protester Zimbabwean police beat protesters Sokwanele – Zimbabwe via Compfight One of the most evil mass murderers in the world, Robert Mugabe appears to have rigged yet another election and condemned the impoverished and brutalised people of Zimbabwe to a further 5 years of misery – if he lives that long. There has been enough coverage of the election to establish for those that are interested that there was no chance of this election being “free and fair”. Despite the pontificating of a the leader of hand-picked observers, a former leader of another corrupt and wretched African country and an indecent rush to congratulate Mugabe by his southern neighbour. Botswana, a recipient of a wave of illegal immigrants forced to flee Zimbabwe by Mugabe’s policies, to its credit, the only country in the region with the moral fibre to call for an independent audit of the election results. The opposition MDC has challenged the result in court, but with most of the electoral court judges appointed by Mugabe, it’s doubtful that the evidence of voters prevented from voting on a massive scale, voters bussed in from tribal areas to vote in urban, MDC dominated, constituencies and long dead voters voting for Mugabe, will count for much. The Zimbabwe stock exchange fell by 11% on the first trading day after the results were announced. Another candidate for an appearance at The Hague, Minister of Justice Chinimasa was on TV threatening expropriation of all non-black (and non-party faithful) owned businesses. A major bank’s shares plunged, most banks announced a freeze on new business loans and the few remaining commercial farmers are again under threat. What does the rest of the world do? Agonises over Syria, Egypt, Snowden, lack of gay rights in Russia. Passes some mild criticism of Mugabe and does nothing. Where is the outrage that the same countries, people and media expressed about South African Rugby tours for example, which hurt no one? Or about Rhodesia declaring Independence (just like the USA 270 years earlier) to prevent the disaster that has now unfolded? The disaster in Zimbabwe – and with a ruined economy, 25% of its population fled, no currency of its own, and massive crimes against humanity, it is a disaster, gets almost no attention and less concern from the so-called defenders of democracy – the USA, UK and other Western nations. Why? Because the West is too ashamed to admit that it sacrificed it’s only two important allies in sub-Saharan Africa, Rhodesia and South Africa. With mining revenues declining, no oil in either country and the Cape sea route no longer of major strategic importance, the suffering of millions of people and massive human rights abuses can be quietly ignored. Now if Zimbabwe had oil.......... The hypocrisy of the West and the liberal media is enough to make a saint despair. More Sickening Politically Correct Hypocrisy. political correctness Here is the email with my comments at the end: Hello. Dont recognize me? Thats OK; I understand. My name was Antonio West. Isnt this a great country? I wont hold my breath. I dont have to anymore.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
This is probably what our grandfather looked like, 12,500 generations removed. He almost certainly lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Whether or not his name was Adam, every human being alive today carries his genes. One of the key learnings for me in writing OtherWise is that most of the time -- in fact, almost all of the time -- we operate on the same gut feelings, cognitive biases, and tribal instincts as gramps here. - Gut feelings to ward us from danger and to attract us to people who will protect us or ensure the survival of our genes. - Cognitive biases to speed decision-making in a hostile environment. Feelings and biases may not be rational, but in snake-infested jungles they can be the key to survival. Similarly, when our primordial ancestors dropped from the trees and started walking across the savanah, survival favored those who had a innate ability to work in small groups and a natural hostility toward anyone not of the group. Those characteristics were so critical that, over a number of generations, they became the norm. And they survive to this day. What looks like conscious thought and deliberate behavior is deeply rooted below our levels of awareness. Usually, we're on autopilot. Someone’s in the cockpit, it's just not who we think. We call our species homo sapiens, literally “wise man,” but our species’ wisdom isn’t most manifest in the taming of fire or the use of tools. It’s most obvious in our dealings with each other. Ironically, that’s when our simian roots are also most apparent, especially in the way we relate to strangers. Becoming OtherWise requires a degree of mindfulness that consumes lots of calories. Going with the flow of our primordial instincts is a lot easier. But in a smaller, flatter world that really isn't an option. There are just too many strangers, and our lives are too intertwined with their's. Luckily, our primordial ancestors passed along another instinctual legacy -- the capacity for empathy and understanding. It may have atrophied over the generations, and it's too easily manipulated, but it may be our species new best hope for survival.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Jump to Navigation Jump to Content Getting Our Priorities Straight: One Strand of the Regulatory Reform Debate January 2001 Citation: ELR 10003 Author: David M. Driesen Several prominent academic critics of regulation, most notably Cass Sunstein and Justice Stephen Breyer, claim that our regulatory system does not establish sensible priorities.2 Their reform recommendations seek to correct this problem—to get our priorities straight. What, however, precisely does it mean to say that we do not have our priorities straight? This Article develops a theoretical framework to address this question. This strand of the regulatory reform debate is of considerable importance. Congressional and academic proponents of regulatory reform have relied heavily upon claims that the regulatory system fails to establish sensible priorities to justify more reliance upon cost-benefit considerations in agency decisionmaking.3 The goal of improving priority setting sounds much more attractive than the goal many knowledgeable scholars link to cost-benefit analysis (CBA), the reduction of the stringency and scope of laws protecting public health and the environment.4 So reliance upon priority-setting talk helps CBA politically, giving it a neutral aura. After more than two decades of writing legislation that made protection of public health the primary goal of much of the regulatory system,5 the 104th Congress passed the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995,6 which requires CBA of major rules.7 Since then, Congress has regularly considered, and come close to passing, regulatory reform legislation that requires agencies to justify substantially all major regulation in [31 ELR 10004] cost-benefit terms.8 This involves a major change in the goals of statutes that have hitherto sought to protect public health and the environment.9 In general, industry has enthusiastically supported CBA, while environmentalists and consumer advocates have opposed it.10 You are not logged in. To access this content:
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Tuesday, October 24, 2017 Gateway to Sikhism Varan Bhai Gurdas Ji Vaar 2 Translation by Dr Jodh Singh Pauri1 Invocation <> siqgurpRswid] AwpnVy hiQ AwrsI Awpy hI dyKY] Awpy dyK idKwiedw iCA drSn ByKY] jyhw mUMh kr Bwldw qyvyhY dyKY] hsdy hsdw dyKIAY so rUp sryKY] roNdy idsy roNvdw hoie inmK inmyKY] Awpy Awp vrqdw sqsMg ivsyKY ]ñ] ik ou(n)kaar sathiguruprusaadhi|| aapunurrae hathh aarusee aapae hee dhaekhai|| aapae dhaekh dhikhaaeidhaa shhia dhurushun bhaekhai|| jaehaa moo(n)h kur bhaaludhaa thaevaehai dhaekhai|| husudhae husudhaa dhaekheeai so roop suraekhai|| rodhae dhisae rovudhaa hoe nimukh nimaekhai|| aapae aap vuruthudhaa suthusu(n)g visaekhai ||u|| One Oankar, the primal energy, realised through the grace of the divine preceptor The mirror (in the form of world) is in the hand (of the Lord) and man sees of himself in it. God visualises and makes men see the guises and philosophies of six Schools (in this mirror). Man is reflected (in the mirror) in exactly the same way as is his propensity. The laughing person finds a laughing form in it. Whereas the wailing person finds himself (as well as everybody) there in the weeping posture. Same is the case of a clever person. The Lord Himself is prevading this world-mirror but He is specifically preceivable in and through the holy congregation.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Katie Rank lives in Austin, Texas, where she works in the nonprofit education sector. She is currently finishing her thesis in MFA Dance/Choreography. Her project takes the form of a score of poetry, dialogue and script (and the process of creating this score) to open up a structure for others overcoming body trauma and disordered eating, while reflecting on their own body histories. When not working or writing, Katie energizes herself with black coffee, extreme heat and local, queer theatre.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Site Web May 30, 2007 3 Important Marketing Lessons from Advertising Legend, Claude Hopkins Claude Hopkins is widely recognised as the father of advertising. His insights are so simple yet so profound and they apply just as well today as they did decades ago when they were first used. Here are three lessons, in Claude’s own words. Please note that due to the era that it was written in, the language may be a little dated and that he uses the word “man” instead of “people”. 1. An advertiser suffered much from substitution. He said, “Look out for substitutes,” “Be sure you get this brand,” etc. with no effect. Those were selfish appeals. There is a great deal in mental impression. Submit five articles exactly alike and five people may each choose one of them. But point out in one some qualities to notice and everyone will find then. The five people then will all choose the same article. 3. If people can be made sick or well by mental impressions, they can be made to favor a certain brand in that way. And that, on same lines, is the only way to win them. Two concerns, side by side, sold women’s clothing on installments. The appeal, of course, was to poor girls who desired to dress better. One treated them like poor girls and made the bare business offer. There was no comparison in those two appeals. It was not long before this woman’s long-established next-door rival had to quit. But when a married woman bought garments from Mrs. —, and paid as agreed, they wrote to her something like this: “Mrs. —, whom we know, tells us that you are one of her good customers. She has dealt with you, she says, and you do just as you agree. So we have opened with you a credit account on our books, good any time you wish. When you want anything in furnishings, just order it. Pay nothing in advance. We are very glad to send it without any investigation to a person recommended as you are.” Author: Kristina Mills is a successful and internationally acclaimed Copywriter, Internet Entrepreneur, Author and Speaker. Kristina has also pioneered many business success stories. This is an excerpt from Scientific Advertising which is FREE when you subscribe to Words that Sell ELetter. Just go to and fill in your details.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Ammonites grew their shells from calcium carbonate and grew constantly throughout their life span. A relative of octopi and squids today, ammonites swam through the open ocean, preying on smaller marine animals. - Fossil replica of an ammonite from the Mesozoic measuring approximately 1.5" (4 cm) - This fossil replica is made from a resin designed to last through heavy classroom and laboratory use - Ammonites like this one swam through the ocean while dinosaurs roamed the earth - Perfect for use in the classroom during lessons on fossils and paleontology - Ammonite shell segments can be counted to determine the age of the animal This fossil replica is perfect for lessons on paleontology and geology. It's also great for use in a fossil dig activity.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Female praying mantis eat their male partner after sexual intercourse as it may increase their fertility and ensure the potential survival of the species, scientists have said. They believe that from an evolutionary perspective, male praying mantis may actually benefit from being eaten. In their study, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the authors decided to investigate what purpose 'sexual cannibalism' serves in the survival of the species. In nature, male mantises are eaten by females in about 13 to 28% of sexual encounters and during the mantis mating season, males can make up as much as 63% of the female diet. They discovered that more eggs were laid by females who engage in acts of 'sexual cannibalism'. The practice also appeared to dramatically increase male 'investment in offspring' - a term which is defined in evolutionary biology as parental expenditure in time and energy that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents. More amino acid The scientists used a species of praying mantis known as Tenodera sinensis to study the practice of sexual cannibalism among the insects. Males were fed crickets doused with traceable radioactive amino acids - the building blocks of all the proteins in the body. They were then allowed to mate with females. Half of the twenty-one pairs progressed to sexual cannibalism while the other half were prevented from turning to cannibalism by the scientists. In the bodies of females and in the eggs they laid, the scientists traced back how much of the male amino acids could be found. They discovered that eggs and reproductive tissues of cannibalistic females contained significantly more male-derived amino acids than those of non-cannibalistic females. About 89% of amino acids from eaten males were found in their females. Males who escaped being eaten however were only able to pass on about 25% of their amino acids acids via ejaculation. There was also an increase in the number of eggs produced subsequent to sexual cannibalism - suggesting the practice increases fertility. Females who ate their partners produced on average just over 88 eggs, compared to an average of 37.5 for those who did not. More research needs to be carried out on a larger number of mantis but already, the scientists say their work supports the theory that sexual cannibalism marks the ultimate form of male parental investment in offspring.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Latest Electrifying Sport: Ultimate Taser Ball How are modern professional sports different than the Roman gladiator's of yore? Replace the Gladius Hispaniensis with a 50,000 volt taser and get close enough to light a cigar. Last year, the NFL saw 100+ concussions. Concussions cause brain damage or even death. See the parallel now? Though boxing, and football players are not killed on the 'arena', they are either crippled for life, or at least risk death on the field. The fans lap it up, just as they did in ancient Rome. In the quest for more ways to tantalize fans, and get closer to the brutality of ancient Rome Canadian promoters have begun to stage a game where players zap a ball carrier with a Taser, rather than a tackle. “It’s not technically a police grade Taser,” said Eric Prum, 25, one of the founders of Ultimate Taser Ball. “That being said, the first thing the [players] will tell you is that they hate getting tased. Those things really do hurt.” Oh goodie, it hurts. Isn't that the point? Rome's Colosseum was center stage not only in Rome but across the known world. Today, the NFL Superbowl game is the modern world's most anticipated and watched event. Human evolution hasn't advanced much in 2000 years.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Report | 2024 The Waste Methane Assessment Platform Data and technical support for waste management officials, municipalities, policy makers, and other key decision makers to reduce waste methane emissions. The waste sector is a major contributor to planet-warming methane emissions, the third largest source behind agriculture and the oil and gas industry. Because methane is a super-potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential more than 80 times greater than CO2 in the near term, addressing this short-lived climate pollutant is key to limiting temperature rise. What if we could identify sites where waste methane is escaping into the atmosphere, pinpoint the sources, and implement evidence-based reduction measures? The Waste Methane Assessment Platform (WasteMAP), a joint RMI and Clean Air Task Force (CATF) effort funded by the Global Methane Hub and Google.org, was created to give policymakers, landfill operators, municipalities, and other sector stakeholders improved access to waste methane emissions data, enhance their understanding of mitigation opportunities, and share best practices to reduce solid waste methane emissions. The WasteMAP initiative consists of two parts: - An online platform designed to collect and improve access to global waste sector data, enable methane emissions transparency, and identify areas for priority intervention. - Country engagement with subnational and national stakeholders to help build capacity for waste management and provide technical assistance for specific mitigation measures. The Waste Methane Assessment Platform (WasteMAP) is a central source for addressing the escalating issue of waste sector methane emissions. Recognizing methane’s role as a potent greenhouse gas contributing to 30 percent of global warming since pre-industrial times, WasteMAP serves as a comprehensive tool for aggregating, mapping, and analyzing waste methane emissions. It comprises multiple layers of data, including country-level, city-level, and site-level insights, sourced from various reputable databases and observations, and encourages citizens’ contributions to the data pool that expand its emissions inventory. WasteMAP’s Decision Support Tool (DST) takes this further, enabling users to visualize methane emissions projections and explore alternative waste management scenarios to mitigate emissions. WasteMAP also hosts a library of valuable resources for methane abatement, helping decision makers implement waste management practices that reduce methane emissions in their communities. To complement the platform, RMI and CATF are working on the ground in select countries including Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States, with planned expansion to additional countries. Our country engagement includes collaborating with national and subnational governments, supporting policy makers in creating an enabling environment to reduce municipal solid waste (MSW) methane emissions, providing technical assistance, building local capacity, and facilitating peer-to-peer knowledge exchange. Resources from our country engagement, such as landscape assessments, methane mitigation playbooks, and technical memos are available on the platform. By engaging on the ground in these countries, RMI and CATF can collect more robust data that can be further enhance the platform, improve emissions estimates, and inform mitigation action. To download the Waste Methane assessement Playbooks and the individual region reports, please fill out the form at the bottom of the page, then click on the images below.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
The Arts and Language Learning in Post-Secondary Caribbean Education soul of my identity, blueprint of my history, my mother tongue speaks! Melva P. Davids (2012) Language awareness at the post-secondary level in the English Speaking Caribbean is necessary in order to create an ethos where students, especially those from Creole speaking background will no longer see English as the tedious chore they had deposited in the closet or on a shelf once the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) board had given them a passing grade in the subject at the end of High School. In a particular Arts oriented tertiary level institution in the Caribbean, many students expressed that they did not expect to do English after C.X.C, others lamented that they were there to perform a particular Art form so they had little time to bother about English. To a large extent, English was treated as a nuisance that got in the way of students’ achievement in the Arts. Could this attitude be linked to how some Caribbean students met language in general and English in particular? Jamaicans, like other natives from the English speaking Caribbean are erroneously tagged as being English speakers based on their colonial past so when a Jamaican switches back and forth between English and Jamaican they are either seen as incompetent users of English, illiterates or in the Jamaican parlance just ‘chatting bad.’ Interestingly, another speaker whose first language is, for instance, French or Spanish can switch from English to their native tongue barely intelligibly enough to be understood by the listener in English and this language act is referred to as code switching. The fact is, some Jamaicans use Standard Jamaican English as their mother language, others are in a transitional state and use an in-between version of both languages while the vast majority are speakers of the native tongue, Jamaican Creole. Interestingly, many Jamaicans usually discover as a vicarious experience that the language of home or the first language is totally different from the language at school. Being told constantly to ‘speak properly’ or ‘yu chat too bad’ is like a broken record for many young Creole speakers. As a result they may, learn to avoid participation in discussions in formal settings or learn to test the waters of negotiating the two systems of communication that their socio- cultural situations bestowed upon them. No explicit formal attempt is usually made to get students to treat both expressions of language separately based on the context, so as a result, students usually apply a ‘hit or miss’ approach in trying to use language. Of course, this trial and error approach defies most basic theories of how best learning occurs. Jean Piaget, noted constructivist theorist, offers that information is stored in schemes or mental blocks or framework based on common criteria. Do Jamaicans store their language in a monolingual framework or in a bilingual framework with distinct separation of linguistic rules? Another constructivist’ principle is for content to be organized starting from the known to the unknown or from simple to complex. Jamaican as a language is known and understood by most if not all citizens, even those who are passive users of the language. Bilingual education where the native tongue of most Jamaicans is used as the springboard for learning is a concept that reflects the core essence of constructivism which rests on the premise that the personal experiences of the learner should provide the bridge for new knowledge. A third pedagogical principle that is being contravened by not explicitly teaching the internal structures of both languages is the idea of meta-cognition. Meta-cognition involves learning how we learn to promote self-regulation and independent learning. It supports empowerment of learners through self-knowledge and honing of self-regulatory skills. Nowadays, English is usually introduced to Caribbean students from Creole speaking home environments through cartoons and games that assume the role of babysitters or surrogate parents in this fast moving reality of a digitized environment. Unfortunately, many rural families do not have access to such luxuries and the approach used decades ago in remote rural schools has been shelved as teachers embrace more culturally relevant approaches and materials with less emphasis on memorization. I met English in the nursery rhymes ,ring games, gems, poems, scripture verses, hymns and sayings or proverbs that I had to rote learn at early Primary school but I was never explicitly taught how to separate the rules of English from the rules of Jamaican. I had to figure these out as I matured cognitively and made reading my leisure activity. As a young child, I cannot recall ever consciously thinking of Creole as a discrete language. Creole utterances were instead conceived as failed attempts at ‘trying’ to communicate especially when uttered in formal settings. The eureka experience of three Year One college students shared in a reflective activity represents a step forward in terms of an enlightened view of the language situation in which we co-exist as a people. The first student from St Elizabeth explained the traumatic way in which she came to realize that the home and school languages were separate with the former variation becoming a source of ridicule when she visited her mother in Kingston. While playing with new friends in Kingston, they taunted her about how ‘funny’ she spoke. Her Aunt with whom she lived in St. Elizabeth as well as her teacher encouraged her to “speak properly” but in her reception of language she did not perceive any difference in the way they spoke and the way she did. No one modeled how to “speak properly.” The second student from Trelawney had asked his Mum at a tender age to “shub deh palish deh gi mi.” and was told by Mum to “speak English and use the magic word.” His ingenious response was, “Mammy, shub di palish gi mi, please.” His Mums laughter and explanation that his response was not English remained fresh in his mind to this day. Later, at Primary School, he would not participate during class discussions and eventually developed “twang” or foreign accent after he was placed in a seating position next to a student visiting from overseas. A third student from an inner city community did not pay attention to English until he was being prepared to sit the C.X/C English Paper 1 during Fifth Form. What is clear from these narratives is that the way the languages were revealed to each student had mostly disquieting and puzzling effects on their language attitude and acquisition in ways that are untenable and undeserving. Quite frankly, as a sovereign country, we have rendered a disservice to a wide majority of the generations of Jamaicans who have been schooled here since our political independence some fifty years ago. During this milestone celebration of our fiftieth year of self-determination, a clear linguistic path on which the future of the country stands should have been a resounding undertaking on the part of policymakers. Both English and Jamaican need to be recognized as important aspects of our identity as Jamaicans. The draft National Language Policy formulated over a decade now is yet to be fully endorsed and implemented and revised to match the changing needs of speakers. As a result, we have over time etched out two worlds divided along linguistic lines and social inequity where the individual who was born in an environment with opportunities to interact in English on a frequent basis develops a close approximation to the acrolectal form of Jamaican English that is used in schools and other formal settings. On the other hand, the Creole speaker who has little exposure or opportunity to indulge in conversation with speakers of English will lag behind in many areas of school and personal life. The former individual is therefore at a head start in being able to participate in formal main stream schooling while the latter must first leap the hurdle of learning the rudiments of English to confidently participate and benefit fully from what mainstream schooling has to offer. In reality, teachers tend to teach to the mainstream using a close approximation to Standard Jamaican English as the language of instruction. As he or she matures, the learner whose language is in sync with the language of school, to a large extent, is able to understand and participate in most formal discourses including politics, finance and the legal framework of the country. On the other hand, the child born in a Creole speaking environment where opportunities to interact using English are minimal or non-existence; will most likely develop a mesolectal or basilectal Creole language that replicates the variation most prevalent in his or her immediate social environment. This inequity in effect excludes him or her from engagement in formal discourses that affect his personal life in a definitive way. The literature shows that some teachers, especially some in rural schools do not use Standard English themselves, hence, the distinction between first language (L1) and second language (L2) becomes more difficult for Creole speakers even way into High School years. The resultant dissonance in the attitudes some Jamaican students display towards language and their linguistic identity has far reaching effects even at the tertiary level and beyond. To mitigate the impact of the inequity in the linguistic differentials and life chances of both groups of learners, a bilingual education where the distinction between both languages is made explicit to learners using highly communicative approaches is crucial. For learners whose first language is English, the need to know about the history and structure of Jamaican Creole is as equally important as it is for the Creole speakers to learn about the inner structures of both languages. From a student-centered or a constructivist perspective, rich interactive environments should guide the language curriculum of even the very young Caribbean speaker. Both languages should be modeled to match appropriate contexts. For example, in telling folk stories or Classic English fairy tales,young students should determine what variety of the language is being used and the culture in which the story was developed as soon as they are able to differentiate both languages. As they get older, they should be guided in retelling using either of the two languages. Although this approach may cause concerns with some parents with their own language fears and prejudices, translating from one language to this next at an early age would mitigate against the linguistic ignorance described by the older students mentioned earlier. An overriding thought about the whole matter is that language is a core aspect of culture that impacts the psychological well-being of speakers. Jamaica is a country where its Art forms or culture is pivotal to every other aspect of living. Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist, views language as a cultural resource or tool that mediates learning during interaction. For Vygotsky, interchanges afforded through language facilitate the learner “first on the social plane” then converts to thought on “the psychological” or mental plane. Jean Piaget, noted educational psychologist and biologist, also established a clear link between thoughts and language but depicts language as being first an inward experience as the learner accommodates and assimilates new experiences in his or her schema or mental structure. For Piaget, thoughts precede social interactions. If language is intricately link to thinking and learning as is being proposed here, then a clear path to effective language instruction is extremely crucial. If we were to explore the ideology of democracy in its broadest sense, then we would need to also examine the dynamism and the legitimacy of the cultural tools used to express this ideal. Language is at the core of almost every human activity on earth. Speaking from principles of social inclusion embedded in the Jamaican motto or from principles of participatory governance as an ideal of true democracy, it is clear that mother tongue language or the language of intimacy also called the heart language is intricate to positive outcomes in crucial areas such as language instruction or participatory governance. The underpinning principles of social justice, democracy and self-regulatory learning are important ideals in an enlightened age. If the mother tongue language of over 97% of a population is not fully liberated or recognized then psychological impacts such as having a warped sense of what the late Rex Nettleford and Barry Chevannes refer to as ‘smaddiness’ or self-identity should not seem incomprehensible to anyone. Are the social maladies including acts of barbarity which have become ubiquitous in Jamaica indicative of this twisted sense of identity? Non-recognition of the mother tongue or home language of the majority is a blatant act of exclusion from the formal mechanisms that govern lives. This is tantamount to an act of disenfranchisement on those mandated to make enabling policies on behalf of the masses. This neglect of duty goes against the ethos of social inclusion entrenched in the Constitution that is guided by the International Convention on Human Rights established in 1948 and to which Jamaica has been a noted signatory. In the regional space of the Caribbean, stakeholders in Language Education should, through policies and practice, inculcate an attitude where knowledge of language and language competence is viewed as being economically sound since language as a commercial entity is necessary to successfully and creatively negotiate and communicate in arenas of the Arts. We want our students to see knowledge of and competence in use of the dominant mother tongue and Standard English; the acclaimed lingua franca of the global community as being liberating and valuable. We want students to view competency in and knowledge of language as power in itself as well as access to power. Being ill equipped linguistically in this knowledge based economy and shrinking global space is tantamount to closing the doors of opportunities in one’s own face. We therefore, want students to realize that in an increasingly seamless global space, the core of one’s self-definition should be fully understood, preserved and anchored. Of equal significance, is the need to master competence in several key world languages to remain relevant and marketable! This need to be linguistically rounded should be seen as a bread and butter issue for artists or artistes who are being prepared to interact and compete in a global space where global trotting is a way of life especially in the realm of entertainment and cultural exchanges. We cannot afford to get sidetracked by the prevailing vortex where Jamaicans sense that to be accepted as accomplished citizens, they are required to unlearn or shed their home language. This language represents a defining aspect of their core being. For it to be replaced by a perceived superior English language is ill perceived. Surely, we would have failed to recognize the cultural goldmine on which we have been sitting in the creative space of the region where culture and language are crucial to our mission and Caribbean economy. While we sit complacent and distracted, the international entertainment arenas including Hollywood have repackaged and re-branded a hybridized version of the Jamaican national language to their advantage. It is now being said that Paris is the new capital of Reggae. Will the mother tongue of most Jamaicans take a north bound flight and follow course? Jamaica should not wait to discover a response. Jamaicans should embrace what is a part of their inner being without losing sight of the need to master English in a comprehensive manner. - The Arts and Language Learning (miningtheheartharvestingthemind.wordpress.com) - Demystifying the Language Status of the Average Jamaican Speaker: Steps in Forging a Language Curriculum for Jamaicans (miningtheheartharvestingthemind.wordpress.com) - Why Our Low-Income Students Need College Mentoring (lizriggs.com) - Post 27 – A lovely Jamaican Island off Nicaragua’s east coast, The Little Corn Island (rupertharrison.wordpress.com) - Anglicism (yyang37.wordpress.com) - Here’s The Hardest Languages For English Speakers To Learn (lifehack.org) - The things people refuse... (anniepaul.net) - Habla español? Soon, U.S. Latinos will be less likely to say ‘si’ (edition.cnn.com) - Weekly Reading Reflection #3) Interlanguage (cobaltblue0728.wordpress.com) - Action Reseach (teachingtongues.wordpress.com)
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Programming Notes and Good Reads Image result for network signoff signal So, first a programming note. As the handful of you who read this can probably tell, posting has been sporadic at best. The grind of writing 1500 words every morning isn’t always compatible with my schedule, and I admit to being frustrated that the work doesn’t really seem to have an impact. I truly value everyone who reads- you mean more to me than I can express- but I’ve decided to focus more on larger projects, rather than quick reaction pieces. So this will still be active, but mostly for book reviews and good read roundups. I’m sure I’ll be writing when moved by something, but want to work on a few other things, without the pressure to blog or the weird scratching guilt that comes when this has lain fallow for a few days. OK- enough solipsism: onto the reads! Illinois has always been a hub state, where the Great Lakes get connected to the Mississippi River basin. It’s where the continent shifts. Chicago, especially, was built to connect the two great water systems, and it quickly became the railroad center of the nation. Read the magisterial Nature’s Metropolis for a deep background on how the vast American west relied on (and built) Chicago. So to say that the region was forged around the dictates of capitalism is a bit of an understatement. It is still the case, even if it has shifted. In The New Republic, Alexander Sammon has a really well-written, comprehensive, and stunning piece about how Elwood, IL, 40 miles southwest of Chicago, is at the center of the global shipping economy, and how it has transformed and erased this town of 2200. As Sammon explains, Elwood is blessed with “serendipitous proximity to the country’s major infrastructure. Six class-1 railroads and four interstate highways pass through the region, which is situated a day’s drive from a full 60 percent of the country. Chicago is some 40 miles northeast as the crow flies.” It ain’t the crow that flies though. It is 25,000 tractor trailers every day. It is over three million shipping containers a year. It is goods from around the world, transported on vast ships, loaded onto trains, distributed into trucks in Elwood, and then to their final destination. Sammon shows how it the center of the global economy, with all that entails. This is a story of the promise of industry and jobs not trickling down even as global companies get bigger and the rich get richer. It’s wildcat truck drivers, unaffiliated contractors who are untrained and paid only for getting goods as quickly as possible, hurtling down residential streets at 50 miles an hour. It is creeping automation. It’s choking pollution. And it is always growing. Always consuming. It never stops. It didn’t just start, of course. Here in Chicago we’ve had 150 years of industrial impact, but as a new report by the NRDC shows, it’s impact hasn’t exactly been even. (Via Citylab and Sophia Yeo, who explains perfectly what it all means.) This shows what neighborhoods are most at risk for pollution and its dangerous impacts. You can see pretty clearly that the industrial corridor running southwest along the Sanitation and Shipping Canal (or the South Branch) is deeply dangerous, with a long legacy of industrial negligence and environmental apathy. While this isn’t a 1:1 with race and class, it is pretty telling. Some areas have political power, and some don’t. We put industry and dumps and power plants in near some people, but not others. We redline some people out of areas with more parks than plants, but not others. There is no one decision made: it is a long and intertwined history. You can’t tell the entire history of Chicago from that map, but you certainly can give it a good shot. Want some more Chicago history? Of course you do, dammit! Here’s a cool story in the Guardian, by Tanner Howard, about Native American trails that are still in Chicago’s grid system. It’s not all the angle streets, but most of them. Actually, the story is less “cool” than “predictable”. Two neat Chicago maps in one post! Who said this blog was boring? These native roads are buried and the history effaced. Rogers, up in Rogers Park, was originally called Indian Boundary Road, since it marked where natives had to be beyond after the Blackhawk War. It might be an uncomfortable name, but it is also an honest reckoning one. Howard’s story is unflinching in the way colonizing land and people and history works, how thorough and comprehensive it is- how comprehensive the project of effacement needs to be- even down to the street system. One thing that stands out in the story is that the native trails were based on nature- on the search for high ground in the marshy wetlands. And then Europeans came and drained the swamp and imposed a grid system and killed and erased the natives and built this city I fucking love. It’s complicated. But it shows again that we need to understand our history, reckon with it, and take joy that those irritating 6-corner intersections are remnants of glaciers, bits of high ground over the wet prairies, trod on for thousands of years, and remember that we live in geology. We live in geology and we live in ecology, but we don’t really remember that very often. In fact, as a species, we go out of our way to thwart it. Hence, so long, fish! We could reverse this, but it would mean international cooperation, a change in the way we organize our lives and comfort, and the ability to look past the short term and our own lives. So yeah: so long, fish! There’s a chance that is too hard on the species, but we live in liminal times and we’re run by the worst people. Our ruling class is made up of a bunch of wet-brained idiots who are extremely comfortable with corruption. This Washington Post article about how T-Mobile execs suddenly started staying in Trump’s Washington DC hotel when they needed a merger approved is a perfect tale for our times. You have a huge company getting huger and knowing that to do so they need the personal approval of our idiot President, and they know that giving him money is how to make it happen. There’s no moral or metaphor here. It’s naked corruption. That’s what Trump has done: by being so insecure, so vain, so empty, and such a ridiculous moron, he’s brought the worst of the ruling class into the open. Corruption and disdain for decency has always been the way they do business. It’s the the daylight now. Corruption is the key to the entire Trump Presidency and to our moment (except for one other thing, which we’ll get to below). Our monied elite believe that the government should exist only to ease their path to power, help them get richer, and crush the working class. They’ve worked to make that happen. Over the last 40 years, the GOP has built itself around that idea: that government is the enemy and so we’ll destroy it except to help the rich. Large parts of the Democratic Party agree (though that is changing). So corruption, here, is a feature of the system, not a bug. It’s made so that the rich can get richer and their water-carriers get sinecures. Why not loot? Why not hand over bags of money to the President? Why not use the highest office in the land to make a few more dollars? If the government exists only to serve the rich, what difference does it make? That’s why Trump is the perfect GOP president. He’s so nakedly corrupt, and believes so fully and openly that the government should exist just to cater to him, that it is a family business, that he has made it open and acceptable to act in the same way. There are no more illusions. It’s an open shop, so long as you flatter the storekeeper. But while corruption is key to Trump and the GOP, it isn’t the only key. Racism and hatred are the driving force. By now, you’ve seen this horrible teenager. You’ve probably seen the video. White, MAGA-hat wearing teens, marching to deny women’s rights, got into a shouting match with some Black Israelities (not Black Lives Matter), and then a Native activist started drumming and chatting to break things up. They surrounded him, mocked him, shouted “build the wall”, and otherwise intimidated him. Especially this kid. He walked up, inches away, and started staring, and smiling a smile of cruel mockery, of power, of intimidation. He was hoping to scare the activist, to rattle him, to show him who is boss. He was hoping to get laughs. He was hoping to get the approval of his hooting peers. In some ways, this is edgelord bullshit. It’s defying “norms” or whatever, and showing that you are pretty cool because you don’t give a fuck about being PC. It’s showing that you can do whatever you want. That’s the heart of trolling, of course. It’s more though. Build the wall, harassing a Native, denying women’s reproductive rights: it’s power and racism. It’s not just that they are looking to be edgy. They’ve found it. As a friend of mine said, “being an racist bully is an edgy identity.” That’s why racism works and lingers and is growing. For certain people, it is fun. It’s laughable. It’s brave. And while you can say “they aren’t really racist; they just think it is cool”, I think that’s naive. It all comes from a lack of empathy, and manifests itself the same. It’s privilege to know that your actions won’t hurt you, and so you can do and say whatever you want, because those people, those women, those migrants, that old man clamoring for peace- they aren’t people. They don’t matter. We do what we want. That, of course, is the heart of Trumpism. It’s why those red hats are the official uniform of smug racists. And they aren’t going away. Keep it respectful... You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
id summary reporter owner description type status priority milestone component resolution keywords cc branch branch_author 3682 twisted.internet.abstract.FileDescriptor accumulates _tempData and throws MemoryError gthomas gthomas "twisted.internet.abstract.FileDescriptor.doWrite method sends some data, but doesn't care about _tempDataBuffer's size. In the write method, it tries to pause the producer, but too much ifs are there (self.provider exists and it is a not a StreamProducer)). So when the producer produces too much data, the {{{ #!python """".join(self._tempDataBuffer) #line 101 }}} throws a MemoryError. My suggestions: 1. if self.dataBuffer is small, only just a few chunks should be appended to it from self._tempDataBuffer 1. the doWrite method should try to slim self._tempDataBuffer at least till self.bufferSize (so too much data just can't accumulate in self.dataBuffer and self._tempDataBuffer). A possible solution (twisted.internet.abstract.FileDescriptor.doWrite: {{{ #!python def doWrite(self): """"""Called when data can be written. A result that is true (which will be a negative number) implies the connection was lost. A false result implies the connection is still there; a result of 0 implies no write was done, and a result of None indicates that a write was done. """""" #LOG.debug('%s.doWrite: db=%d tdb=%d' # % (self, len(self.dataBuffer)-self.offset, self._tempDataLen)) while 1: # always try to do something # quit when dataBuffer size is acceptably low (see end) if len(self.dataBuffer) - self.offset < self.SEND_LIMIT: # If there is currently less than SEND_LIMIT bytes left to send # in the string, extend it with the array data. buf = [] accum = len(self.dataBuffer)-self.offset m = 2 * max(self.SEND_LIMIT, self.bufferSize) chunk = None while self._tempDataBuffer and accum < m: # don't want to join too much data at once chunk = self._tempDataBuffer.pop(0) buf.append(chunk) n = len(chunk) accum += n self._tempDataLen -= n #LOG.debug('%s.doWrite: accum=%d tdb=%d' % (self, accum, self._tempDataLen,)) del chunk, accum, m self.dataBuffer = (buffer(self.dataBuffer, self.offset) + """".join(buf)) del buf self.offset = 0 # Send as much data as you can. if self.offset: l = self.writeSomeData(buffer(self.dataBuffer, self.offset)) else: l = self.writeSomeData(self.dataBuffer) # There is no writeSomeData implementation in Twisted which returns # 0, but the documentation for writeSomeData used to claim negative # integers meant connection lost. Keep supporting this here, # although it may be worth deprecating and removing at some point. if l < 0 or isinstance(l, Exception): return l if l == 0 and self.dataBuffer: # Couldn't send data result = 0 break else: result = None self.offset += l if len(self.dataBuffer) - self.offset + self._tempDataLen < self.bufferSize: # quit, 'cause dataBuffer AND _tempDataBuffer is small enough break # # If there is nothing left to send, if self.offset == len(self.dataBuffer) and not self._tempDataLen: self.dataBuffer = """" self.offset = 0 # stop writing. self.stopWriting() # If I've got a producer who is supposed to supply me with data, if self.producer is not None and ((not self.streamingProducer) or self.producerPaused): # tell them to supply some more. self.producerPaused = 0 self.producer.resumeProducing() elif self.disconnecting: # But if I was previously asked to let the connection die, do # so. return self._postLoseConnection() elif self._writeDisconnecting: # I was previously asked to to half-close the connection. result = self._closeWriteConnection() self._writeDisconnected = True return result return result }}} thanks, GThomas" enhancement new low core MemoryError, FileDescriptor
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Template introduction george bernard shaw major critical essays essay outline workshop a. Prewriting Outlining introductory statement _____. Great essay. How Create essay outline workshop Gets You A+ .signet essay contest 2012 Learn about essay outline format and structure, review template, sample reserch sample . essay outline i. Write subject or . An plan paper will help organize structure ideas write outline. A classic for compositions is the five-paragraph essay introduction: general info topic, reason reader be interested, context, etc. It not only writing an essay, of course, but it a useful model you to keep in thesis essay outline workshop statement: ii. SUMMARY: Construct argument that answers prompt by arranging your notes linearly in outline, students typically. Unless teacher wants 5 paragraph (an introductory . English Composition 1 Creating Outline Essay . Most analytical, interpretive, or persuasive essays tend follow same basic pattern guide on make good outline. Provide guidance writers they begin process. Text | Back should briefly. Topic sentence 1:. Essay Map - ReadWriteThink outline: tool thoughts, ideas information prior drafting extended piece writing. Let’s take simple situation say, want build house from scratch these their before research paper. cosmotology essays So, hire bunch workers This resource describes why outlines are useful, what types exist, suggestions developing effective outlines, can used as an. Don t let 5-paragraph get best you! Follow this fun easy tutorial learn how develop outline .
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
- Photo by Matthew Staver / NREL Photo by Matthew Staver / NREL Driven primarily by sustainability goals, government agencies around the country are looking to increase the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) into their fleets. These fleet managers are faced with trying to calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) with many new factors, which can be daunting. We’ve analyzed more than 120 million miles of driving by government vehicles across the country to help fleet managers determine when an EV would be a good operational fit and provide a return on investment. The main differences are covered below to help fleet managers navigate TCO when electrifying their fleets. Calculating EV TCO Calculating an EV’s TCO is unique in several ways, including: • Higher up-front costs • Maintenance costs • Fuel costs • Resale value Purchase Price & Incentives EVs are typically going to cost more up front than a conventional vehicle. However, you may be able to take advantage of financial incentives offered by the federal government, state, or even your utility. Although many incentives are not available directly to governments, fleet organizations are using innovative options to take advantage of the incentives. For example, they can lease vehicles from entities that are able to monetize the federal tax credit and pass on some of the savings or, as Alameda County, Calif., did, negotiate pricing with dealers that passes on the entire savings to the fleet. A good resource for identifying incentives applicable to your fleet is the Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center. Maintenance Costs Fleet managers should expect far lower maintenance costs for EVs. There are fewer moving parts to break, fewer fluids requiring servicing, less wear per mile on the brakes due to regenerative braking, and only minimal maintenance required for the battery, motor, and electronics. There is a big difference for fleet managers to be aware of — these savings apply to battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will require more maintenance than BEVs because they also have an internal combustion engine. New York City analyzed the maintenance costs for BEVs in its fleet and found that they were about 25% the costs of their ICEs. Another concern we hear often is, “Will the battery need to be replaced before the vehicle’s end of life?” Recent data from Geotab analyzing 6,000+ EVs shows that batteries are likely to outlast the usable life of the vehicle itself. Fuel Costs Estimating fuel costs is the probably the most complicated part of the TCO calculation for EVs. Gasoline has volumetric pricing and, although the cost per gallon fluctuates, the calculation is simple: Electricity rate structures, on the other hand, vary greatly. Electricity rates have a volumetric price ($/kWh) which can vary by utility, facility location and size, season, and even time of day. Additionally, commercial customers often have a demand charge that is based on the 15-minute window of highest demand during a month. If your EVs are plugging in and charging at the same time as your facility’s peak demand, this will increase the overall demand and result in a higher demand charge. Demand charges can be substantial and are often an unexpected cost for fleet managers. For example, the electric buses that Denver operates along the downtown mall were creating very high demand charges until the city negotiated a revised rate for electric buses, which is expected to reduce the cost-per-mile to operate the buses by approximately 30%. Identifying when charging would occur and implementing policies to ensure it does not coincide with a facility’s peak demand are critical for avoiding an increased demand charge. Resale Value The resale value is another tricky component of estimating an EV’s TCO. There are several factors impacting EV resale value, including range and the federal tax credit. EVs with 200+ mile ranges, particularly Teslas and Bolts, are holding onto their value much better than older, shorter range vehicles. Because the federal tax credit brings down the purchase price of a new EV by as much as $7,500, the price of used vehicles is pushed lower as well. As the tax credits expire and more EVs with 200+ mile ranges are available, EV resale values may rise. Fleet managers can always fully depreciate EVs in their models if they are concerned about resale value. As government fleets begin to sell more used EVs from their fleets, this data will be helpful for better understanding resale value. Reducing TCO & Minimizing GHG Emissions Fortunately, reducing your EV TCO and meeting fleet sustainability goals go hand-in-hand. Once you have an EV in operation, you want to maximize the number of electric miles. We think about this as getting the “right trip on the right tech.” Providing your drivers with guidance on when they should be using an EV instead of a conventional vehicle can help fleets maximize electric miles, cost savings, and GHG emissions reductions. If you have a PHEV, you want to make sure you’re identifying missed charging opportunities. We’ve found that it is common for fleet drivers to not plug in their PHEV since they know they can rely on gasoline. One state fleet we analyzed was plugging in their PHEVs on fewer than 10% of the nights and, as a result, getting very few electric miles and little financial savings. By identifying these missed opportunities, the fleet manager was able to work with drivers to nearly double plug-in rates. Figure 1. PHEV Nightly Plug-in Rates Fleet managers should talk with their facilities managers to understand their electricity rates and periods of peak demand. Additionally, providing policy guidance or software solutions to ensure vehicles are not charged during peak demand periods can help to avoid demand charges and keep the TCO low. Another step that can be taken to minimize EV TCO is to make sure you’re not oversizing your vehicle. We see a lot of fleets that, due to range anxiety, put longer-range EVs into applications where shorter range (and less expensive) EVs would work excellently. This range anxiety is more of a “range phobia” and data on your fleet’s actual driving can provide confidence that lower range EVs will meet your drivers’ needs. Though the TCO calculation for EVs is unique, fleet managers can confidently measure costs by understanding the differences and working with facilities staff to determine the organization’s electricity rates. About the Author: Sarah Booth is the COO at Sawatch Labs, a data-analytics firm working with fleets across 19 states to help them meet their sustainability goals, from strategic adoption of EVs, to optimizing EV operations, to data-driven rightsizing. Originally posted on Government Fleet
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Sunday, September 26, 2010 No Game Due to Lack of RSVP and RSVP in the negative, I called off the game for Saturday and went to Inception. It was every bit as good as people were saying it was. The funny thing about movies like this (well twisted plot with lots of room for unanswered questions) there's alway the people that think they're too cool to think it was good and think they understood the whole thing after 15 minutes into the movie. The friend that I went with and a group of people I overheard after the fact fall into that category. These people have forgotten how to have fun. I think I missed a few things, and will need to see it again. I was certainly on edge for a good portion of the film. I definitely recommend it. Friday, September 24, 2010 Savage Cake The Cub Scouts have a Cake Auction/Pot Luck Soup Dinner every year as a Fund Raiser. This year, I had an Idea for a cake. My wife covered the cake with orange (because that's what we had on hand), then I put on a one inch grid. Dropped some Dice and figures on and viola. The Zombie vs Robot vs Pirate vs Ninja Cake was born. I had the Zombie and the Pirate and the Ninja on Hand, but I had to be a little creative for the Robot; I had a generic cake topper Soccer guy and spray painted him silver. We included with the cake a copy of the Savage Worlds Test Drive Rules, and Character Sheets for a Zombie, Robot, Pirate, and Ninja. Wednesday, September 22, 2010 Dicecreator's Dice Update I've had these dice on my person, almost since I received them. Yesterday I pulled them out of my pocket because I was playing with Handful of Heroes Figures with my daughter and wanted to give some structure to the play. I noticed that the Gear Die had developed a problem, the #2 Gear's edge has popped up. Now to be fair, I have been very hard on these Dice. They have been in my pocket since April. They've been in my pocked at scout camp, they've been in my pocket in 100+ degree weather, they've been in my pocket when I've been fishing, they've been in my pocket at church. They bounce around with other things in my pocket, and deal with extreme temperature changes, I think they've done very well. The Halo Die is still in perfect condition. Thursday, September 16, 2010 Older Movies Anyone that knows me, knows that I am a fan of movies. I have a rather large DVD collection—some would say it borders on the ridiculous in sheer size, some would say that my taste is ridiculous. The oldest film in my collection was made in 1911, the newest 2010. Many people mock me because of the way my collection is arranged on the shelf—alphabetical by distribution company (My wife makes sure that her movies are in her own section so she can find them). This, of course, was so I could keep all my Disney movies together. Yes, I owned all the princess movies before I had kids...even before I was married. I had a birthday recently, I never expect gifts, but I am always appreciative of them. I got a stack of old Disney movies, also I've been spending a lot more time at the library during my unemployment, and the library has movies. As a result, I've been watching a lot of older movies, and I've noticed something. The Pre-Computer Graphic era of Film has a certain reality, and grittiness that the newer stuff just can't hold a candle to. I'll start with something newer to provide contrast. We got 2012 at the Red Box, since I still had not seen it. Yes, I recognize that 2012 is not great cinema, and I enjoy it for the same reason I enjoy (and own) The Poseidon Adventure and Towering Inferno: I like Cheezy disaster movies. It is fun to watch things get destroyed, it's fun to watch ordinary people overcome the extrordinary. I don't know how they are ever going to top 2012—they destroyed everything in that movie. We watched Flight of the Navigator the other night, and I was very impressed by the interior of the Space Ship. First of all, it had to be a nightmare for the crew to keep that clean during filming. Every surface was mirrored, which also had to be a problem; when you film mirrors you have to be extra careful, because the filming crew can be seen in them, but not once during the watching of the movie, did I even think to look for that detail. I was worried that that movie wouldn't hold up—but it did. Flight of the Navigator vs. 2012: The Space Ship in Flight of the Navigator seemed more real than the Arcs in 2012, because there were so many exterior and interior shots that used real props and sets. I watched The Final Countdown today. First off, how is it possible that I have never seen this movie? It was great!! Not only were the characters great, and the concept great, but watching all the Aircraft Carrier stuff was Amazing! It was all real, there was one major special effect in the movie (used twice) and a few models used for explosions. All the shots of the airplanes, the loading of missiles, etc.—it was all real. When you see the same sort of shots in newer movies, it's all too perfect—even the stuff that isn't animated is all slick and perfected. The Final Countdown vs 2012: The Final Countdown was shot on a real ship, with real planes. It was gritty and real, it was imperfect, it was wonderful. 2012 was shot with chroma key. The planes were fake, the ships were fake, even the ocean was fake, I believed it during the movie since the visual language all jived, but watching The Final Countdown made me realize how fake it was. I got some Gumby stuff for my kids (and Myself) at the library. We've watched Episodes from the 50's, 60's, and 80's; as well as the Move made in the 80's (Gumby Fights an Evil, Robot, Clone with a Light Saber!). Is it hokey? Yes. Do I Love It? Yes! Frankly, I find it refreshing to watch entertainment that is honest, and not sterilized by political correctness. Occasionally, there's a statement that is "political" but nothing that preaches to me and tells me that my way of thinking is wrong. Gumby vs 2012: Gumby's animation is all jittery and you can see the fingerprints in the clay, the people barely look like people, and I love every minute of it. 2012s animation is perfect, they destroy everything, with so much detail that you don't realize how unreal it is, unless your one of those people that don't understand how to have fun watching movies anymore. The other thing I've noticed about older movies, is that they don't try to shove as much into the plots. They keep them simple, the camera movement is simpler, the effects are simpler, but they don't necessarily feel that way. We watched the entire planet of the Apes series recently. My wife pointed out to me how they dragged out certain scenes. Taylor running from the Apes went on and on in her mind and after a while she was saying (out loud) "Ok, we get the point. Can we continue on with the plot?" Watching those movies felt like watching an Epic Bible movie, in terms of pace—yet not one of them is longer than two hours, and most are closer to 90 minutes (a length reserved for Children's movies and comedies in modern cinema). But I like modern movies as well. I did in fact enjoy 2012. It wasn't any better or worse in terms of story than the slew of disaster movies from the 60's and 70's. It just looks slicker. Wednesday, September 15, 2010 Fire Wire So I had a birthday recently, and my Mom gave me these Fire Wire things. I'd seen them on Woot! occasionally, but I was still a little unclear as to what they were. They are skewers for doing shish kebab, made of flexible surgical stainless steel. We used them the next day. Thanks Mom! Sunday, September 12, 2010 One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine... Nine Players Ah Ah Ah! My players have been increasingly bad at the RSVP thing as of late (again)—I guess it's time to start offering an incentive to those that do. I hold my games on Saturday. I send out an Invite e-mail for every game usually a week prior, sometimes earlier—as of Friday I had one RSVP, on Saturday I received another that was for two players, and Justin came over earlier in the day. This means that as of Game Time I was expecting four people. Game Time is seven, players are invited to show up as early as 6:30, however Justin and I had gone out to eat and were not back until a quarter to—P was sitting on my porch waiting. (up to Five) By the time we got started (a very late start, which was okay) there were Eight players. After playing for a while one person had to go, but another had arrived, so in the aggregate I had Nine. This is by far the largest group I have ever Game Mastered. One of the problems you get with large groups is Off topic/ Out of Game chatter—there was a lot of this. Despite that, I felt we did pretty good. Looking back at the session, this is what was accomplished: Three Combat Encounters, A Social Encounter, and an Environmental Encounter in a three and a half hour session. Have I mentioned how much I love Savage Worlds? One of the first Dungeons and Dragons games I ever played in had just as many players and after playing around six or seven hours I only remember two combat encounters and it didn't seem like we had gotten to do much. The first combat encounter was my favorite. I was using something out of the Saddle Sore adventure book, and tweaking it to my own devices. Here's your peek behind the GM Screen for this weeks session. I threw one of the creatures from the encounter at them early, just for kicks. Something that I did when I started this Campaign, was to carry XP from the previous game—I should not have done this, because The Flood is written for novice characters. This has led to some combat encounters that just end too fast, and I've been trying to learn how to adjust. Now the first encounter of the evening was something I just came up with on the fly. The first person to hit the creature, threw a lot of power points in and the damage roll was ridiculous. However, I wasn't ready for it to die, so I gave a creative description that the giant millipede-like creature was ripped in half; the back half skittered off into the forest, and the front half was angry. I continued to fudge it a little like that for the rest of the encounter—It still died before everyone had a chance to take a turn, which I wasn't too keen about, so I tried to be a little more careful about that in the combat that was to come. Another issue with large groups is decision making. I think I stumbled upon a solution (or perhaps I've just absorbed it from all the Gaming Blogs and Podcasts I consume). Allow everyone to chat it out, but not for too long because, honestly, most have made their mind up pretty early on in the "discussion," and then just call for a vote by show of hands. The adventure I'm using has an abstract representation of the mine/cave system that they are exploring—after allowing a little bit of discussion I just called for a vote on the cardinal directions available. Things moved along nicely. In conclusion, I felt I handled the large group fairly well—which surprised me, I anticipated a little more trouble. I should also point out that my 12–13 year old Scouts are easier to keep on-task than a rambunctious group of Gamers.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
The activities of the Green Initiative on Georgia College’s campus are defined under the following seven themes: 1. Design 2. Education 3. Energy 4. Materials 5. Organics 6. Transport 7. Water Each of these themes has been defined with a specific mission and associated goals and can be explored further by following the links above. %d bloggers like this:
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
It is uniquely designed for the following learners: Students taking a Korean language course Self-study learners or those studying Korean with a tutor Heritage learners who wish to speak Korean more correctly Those who previously studied the language and wish to review and brush-up Anyone wanting to improve their Korean language ability Each chapter provides clear grammatical explanations with charts and examples for each construction, showing how it is used in various contexts. All Korean words and sentences are given in both Korean Hangul script and Romanized form, with English translations to assist beginning learners. Fundamental concepts like honorifics, formal and informal speech styles, verb endings and complex sentence constructions are all presented in simple and clear terms to make these constructions accessible to learners at every level. Exercises at the end of each chapter reinforce the learning process. Publisher: Tuttle Publishing Number of pages: 640 Weight: 936 g Dimensions: 229 x 152 mm You may also be interested in... Would you like to proceed to the App store to download the Waterstones App?
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
How the Fashion Industry is Fighting Trump’s Immigration Policies – Vanity Fair The fashion industry has been responding to Donald Trump’s political policies through protest T-shirts, buttons, donations, and now, hopefully, through legislation. On Monday morning, and the Council of Fashion Designers of America held a press conference, which included speakers like Diane von Furstenberg and New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney to discuss their report on immigration and the fashion industry. The report highlighted the devastating impact deportation would have on the industry, the third largest in New York, as well as the country’s job growth and economy. According to the report, the fashion industry in New York City employs 180,000 people throughout 900 different companies, which in total generates over $10 billion in wages. “I left Europe and arrived in New York with a baby in my belly and a suitcase full of little dresses made in Italy. With these dresses I lived an American dream,” von Furstenberg told a group of reporters and designers. “Young people from all over the world come to America in search of those same opportunities, and young people with limitless talent and potential will continue building and innovating in our industry as long as we put in place immigration policies that allow the U.S. to remain a magnet for them.” Maloney spoke of her hope to not only expand on the current work visas in place, but to create a visa allowing entrepreneurs to come to the United States to build companies and create jobs. “Our fashion sector employs 180,000 people and generates $11 billion in wages every year. This industry depends on immigrants who bring their innovative designs and talents to New York City,” she said. While New York has a high concentration of both immigrants and fashion-industry employees, Maloney noted that there are fashion hubs throughout the country, making Capitol Hill the next step in the industry’s fight for immigration reform. The report mentions two pieces of legislation, the Bar Removal of Individuals who Dream and Grow our Economy Act and the Recognizing America’s Children Act. If passed, both acts will make it easier for immigrants to work and study in the U.S. without fear of deportation. The report ends with three recommendations to lawmakers: Retain foreign students, improve access to foreign talent, and provide a pathway for the undocumented community, adding their belief that “these reforms will encourage entrepreneurship, create more American jobs, strengthen the American middle class, and grow the United States’ economy.” If Donald Trump is as big a fan of American jobs as he says, maybe he’ll listen. Write a Reply or Comment: Your email address will not be published.*
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Definition of the word Was, Meaning of Was word : imp. - of Be Was is a scrabble word? Yes (6 Points) Was has worth 6 Scrabble points. Each letter point as below. There are total 3 letters in Was, Starting with W and ending with S. There are total 227 words created by multiple letters combination with Was as containing, below there are all the words listed containing with Was in English Dictionary. There are some words list based on poppularity created by adding extra letters to Was, These may helps in word games like scrabble and word puzzle.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Đề văn 8: Phân tích tâm trạng của con hổ trong bài thơ Nhớ rừng. Theo đó, Baivan gửi đến các bạn 3 dàn bài + bài văn mẫu để các bạn có thể tham khảo. Từ đó, giúp các bạn có những bài văn hay nhất cho riêng mình. Câu trả lời: Bài mẫu 1: Phân tích tâm trạng của con hổ trong bài thơ Nhớ rừng Dàn ý 1. Mở bài - Giới thiệu tác giả, tác phẩm: “Nhớ rừng” là bài thơ tiêu biểu của Thế Lữ – một trong những nhà thơ lớn của phong trào Thơ mới. - Khái quát tâm trạng: Trong tác phẩm, trung tâm chính là tâm trạng con hổ trước thực tại tầm thường và quá khứ vàng son, qua đó nói về chính những con người Việt Nam đang trong hoàn cảnh mất nước. 2. Thân bài - Tâm trạng tủi nhục, phẫn uất, chán ghét khung cảnh thực tại. - Tác giả diễn tả trực tiếp tâm trạng con hổ bằng một loạt động từ mạnh - Tâm trạng phẫn uất, chán ghét đến tột đỉnh khi bị giam cầm, bị coi làm trò đùa cho lũ người nhỏ bé tầm thường của con hổ – biểu tượng của rừng xanh oai linh. - Tâm trạng chán ghét, khinh thường sự tầm thường, giả dối của thực tại - Tâm trạng nuối tiếc, nhớ nhung khi nhớ về quá khứ vàng son ở chốn sơn lâm - Hình ảnh con hổ khi còn là chúa tể rừng xanh được khắc họa lại bằng một loạt những hình ảnh cụ thể, gợi hình - Nhớ về quá khứ, con hổ nhớ về những kỉ niệm chốn rừng xanh với tâm trạng nuối tiếc. - Khao khát được tự do của con hổ - Sống trong cũi sắt, chứng kiến những điều chán ghét tầm thường, con hổ khao khát được trở về với đại ngàn sâu thẳm, trở về với tự do, với thân phận đáng có của nó. Dù chỉ là trong giấc mộng, con hổ cũng muốn đưa hồn mình trở về với núi non. - Thông qua tâm trạng con hổ, tác giả muốn nói về tâm trạng của hàng nghìn thanh niên yêu nước Việt Nam khinh thường, chán ghét sự giả dối, xảo trá của giặc, đó là nỗi nhớ, niềm tự hào về quá khứ, về độc lập dân tộc, và là khao khát tự do, phá nát cái gọng kìm của bọn thực dân. 3. Kết bài - Khái quát lại tâm trạng con hổ: Nỗi chán ghét thực tại tầm thường, tù túng và niềm khao khát tự do mãnh liệt. Bài làm Nhớ rừng là một bài thơ nổi tiếng của phong trào Thơ mới. Nó cũng là một bài in được dấu ấn đậm và bền trong nhiều thế hệ bạn đọc. Tác giả của nó – thi sĩ Thế Lữ, là một nhà thơ tài năng, người có công đầu trong phong trào Thơ mới. Có thể nói ông đã nhập thân hoàn toàn vào hình tượng con hổ trong bài, mượn con hổ để bộc lộ tâm sự của một thanh niên trí thức trước cuộc đời tù túng, nô lệ. Một khía cạnh rõ nét của tâm sự ấy, là nỗi “tủi nhục” vì hiện trạng của thân phận: Nay sa cơ, bị nhục nhằn tù hãm, Để làm trò lạ mắt, thứ đồ chơi, Chịu chung bầy cùng bọn gấu dở hơi, Với cặp báo chuồng bên vô tư lự. Nỗi tủi nhục đến cao độ, chuyển thành phẫn uất, căm hờn. Bị mất tự do trong “cũi sắt”, đành bất lực “nằm dài trông ngày tháng dần qua”, lại còn bị “lũ người kia”, tác giả muốn ám chỉ ai đây? Phải chăng bọn thực dân người nước ngoài xa lạ nhào cợt, khinh thường: Giương mắt bé giễu oai linh rừng thẳm Xưa kia ta từng là “chúa tể của muôn loài”, “oai linh” ta ngự trị cả núi cao rừng sâu. Nay bị nhốt cũi, cùng thân phận “làm trò lạ mắt, thứ đồ chơi” bị coi cá mè một lứa với bầy gấu dở hơi, cặp báo nông nổi! Nhục nhã, uất hận biết bao. Cùng với “niềm uất hận ngàn thâu” ấy, là thái độ khinh ghét. Và khinh cũng đến cao độ như căm hờn, con hổ này không có gì lưng chừng, nửa vời cả. Nó ghét tất cả những cảnh tượng môi trường xung quanh, từ: Những cảnh sửa sang, tầm thường, giả dối. Cho đến: Dải nước đen giả suối, chẳng thông dòng Len dưới nách những mô gò thấp kém. Nó khinh ghét tất cả cái môi trường áp đặt giả tạo mà “lũ người kia” đã thiết kế bày đặt ra. Nó nhận ra tất cả chỉ là trò nhái lại, là lối “học đòi” cái môi trường sống đích thực của nó xưa kia, cái “cảnh sơn lâm bóng cả, cây già – với tiếng gió gào ngàn, với giọng nguồn hét núi” mà nó không thể nào quên được, mà nó mãi mãi nhớ thương. Phải chăng tâm sự của con hổ ở đây, một lần nữa lại phản chiếu tâm sự của chàng thanh niên Nguyễn Thế Lữ – người từng có thời hoạt động trong một “hội kín” yêu nước? Cái tâm sự bất bình, phủ định thứ văn minh “Tây Tàu nhố nhăng” đang thay thế cho những “vẻ hoang vu” của “bóng cả cây già” “những đêm vàng bên bờ suối”, “những bình minh cây xanh nắng gội”... một cách hình dung, gợi nhớ đến những giá trị văn hoá cổ truyền của Tổ quốc? Nhưng có lẽ luồng tâm sự xuyên suốt, điều canh cánh thường xuyên hơn cả trong lòng con hổ là nỗi nhớ – một nỗi nhớ vừa da diết xót xa, vừa mênh mang hoành tráng. Đó là nỗi “nhớ rừng” cao cả, thiêng liêng, đúng như đầu đề bài thơ xác định. Ta dễ dàng nhận thấy hai đoạn thơ tả nỗi nhớ này tập trung, đậm đặc nhất – đoạn thứ hai và thứ ba trong bài – là hai đoạn có nhiều cảnh sắc huy hoàng hấp dẫn nhất, có nhạc điệu lôi cuốn say mê nhất. Nhớ làm sao bóng dáng xưa kia của ta “bước chân lên, dõng dạc, đường hoàng, lượn tấm thân như sóng cuộn nhịp nhàng” giữa “sơn lâm bóng cả, cây già – với tiếng gió gào ngàn, với giọng nguồn hét núi”, đẹp đẽ, uy nghi, hùng tráng biết bao! Nhớ làm sao. Những đêm vùng bên bờ suối Ta say mồi đứng uống ánh trăng tan? những ngày mưa chuyển bốn phương ngàn Ta lặng ngắm cảnh giang sơn ta đổi mới? ... những bình minh cây xanh nắng gội, Tiếng chim ca, giấc ngủ ta tưng bừng? Những kỉ niệm mới lộng lẫy, hùng vĩ, nên thơ nên nhạc biết bao! Có thể nói Thế Lữ đã chứa chất vào lời con hổ trong vườn này tâm sự của các thế hệ cùng lứa với nhà thơ. Và cũng không riêng gì một thế hệ. Ai là người Việt Nam còn chút lòng yêu nước, còn biết nghĩ, mà chẳng cảm nhận xót xa nỗi hờn mất nước? Ai đã từng đọc qua lịch sử dân tộc, có ít nhiều ý thức về nền “văn hiến” đã lâu “của đất nước, mà chẳng ngán ngẩm với thứ văn minh hào nhoáng pha tạp thời thực dân? Người Việt Nam chưa mất gốc nào mà chẳng ủ ấp hi vọng được “thênh thang (...) vùng vẫy”, được “ngự trị” trên “nước non hùng vĩ” của mình, tương tự chú hổ ở vườn thú kia vẫn không nguôi “giấc mộng vàng to lớn” của nó. Bài mẫu 2: Em hãy phân tích tâm trạng của con hổ trong tác phẩm Nhớ rừng Bài làm Hình tượng con hổ là hình tượng trung tâm trong bài “Nhớ Rừng” của Thế Lữ. Thấm đượm trong từng câu, từng ý là nỗi “Nhớ rừng” của con hổ. Nỗi nhớ ở đây được biểu hiện một cách hết sức mãnh liệt, có khi trở nên dữ dội trên nhiều khía cạnh của tình cảm, chứ không phải là một nỗi nhớ man mác, bâng quơ. Nỗi nhớ ở đây giống như nỗi nhớ của một anh hùng bị thất thế, chứ không phải là một nỗi nhớ của một kẻ bé nhỏ, tầm thường. Ngay từ đầu bài thơ, ta thấy nỗi “Nhớ rừng” của chúa sơn lâm được biểu hiện ở thái độ căm tức đến mức đau đớn cho số phận không may của mình: “Gậm một khối căm hờn trong cũi sắt...” vì “sa cơ, bị nhục nhằn tù hãm”. Nó cảm thấy nhục vì phải trở thành một “thứ đồ chơi cho một lũ người “mắt bé” nhưng lại “ngạo mạn” và “ngẩn ngơ”. Nó không chịu được cái cảnh phải “sống ngang bầy cùng bọn gấu dở hơi”. Nó căm hờn! Nó thấy nhục! Nó căm ghét tất cả! Vì nó đang phải nằm dài trong cũi sắt. Nỗi nhớ rừng của mãnh hổ càng được biểu hiện một cách mãnh liệt hơn, sâu sắc hơn khi nó hồi tưởng về một thời quá khứ vàng son, oanh liệt của mình với một tâm trạng luyến tiếc. Nó nhớ những hình ảnh đẹp đẽ, những âm thanh vang vọng của núi rừng: “Nhớ cảnh sơn lâm, bóng cả cây già Với tiếng gió gào ngàn, với giọng nguồn hét núi Với khi thét khúc trường ca dữ dội”. Giũa cảnh thiên nhiên hùng vĩ đó, nó xuất hiện như một vị sơn thần. Từ “bước chân” “dõng dạc” đến “lượn tấm thân như sóng cuộn nhịp nhàng”, từ ” vờn bóng âm thầm” đến “quắc đôi mắt thần” làm sáng rực cả hang tối, nó là “chúa tể của muôn loài”, làm cho mọi vật phải “im hơi” lặng tiếng. Nó nhớ những kỉ niệm trong cuộc sống thường ngày ở chốn rừng sâu, nhớ đến thèm khát, cháy bỏng những lúc say mồi dưới ánh trăng: “Nào đâu những đêm vàng bên bờ suối Ta say mồi đứng uống ánh trăng tan” Những lúc ngủ ngon khi bình minh đang lên và chim rừng đang tưng bừng ca hát. Những lúc chờ đợi mảnh mặt trời tắt đi để một mình chiếm lấy cả không gian bí mật. Những lúc chiêm ngưỡng vẻ đẹp của giang sơn sau một cơn mưa rừng dữ dội. Tất cả, đối với nó là một thời oanh liệt. Nhưng thời oanh liệt đó đã thuộc về dĩ vãng. Nó chỉ còn biết cất một tiếng than: Than ôi! Thời oanh liệt nay còn đâu?!”. Càng căm uất cho số phận của mình lúc sa cơ thất thế, càng luyến tiếc về một quá khứ oai hùng, oanh liệt, con hổ càng tỏ một thái độ khinh bạc, coi khinh cuộc sống thực tại giả dối đang diễn ra xung quanh nó: “Ghét những cảnh không đời nào thay đổi Những cảnh sửa sang, tầm thường giả dối Hoa chăm, cỏ xén, lối phẳng, cây trồng...” Chẳng qua cũng là “học đòi, bắt chước vẻ hoang vu, của chốn nghìn năm cao cả, âm u”. Khinh bạc với hiện tại, nó lại khát khao được trở về với nơi núi non hùng vĩ để ngự trị sơn lâm, trở về với cuộc sống tự do, phóng khoáng, tha hồ vùng vẫy, tung hoành, Nhưng một sự thực, nó đang bị giam trong “cũi sắt”. Chúa sơn lâm đành thả hồn mình theo “giấc mộng ngàn” để được sống những phút oanh liệt, để xua tan nhũng ngày ảm đạm “ngao ngán” của mình. Con hổ nhớ rừng, nhớ một thời oanh liệt đã qua chính là vì chán ngán trước cuộc sống mà nó đang bị giam hãm, mất tự do. Tâm trạng của con hổ cũng chính là tâm trạng của tác giả, tâm trạng của một lớp người trong xã hội lúc bấy giờ (1931 -1935) cảm thấy bế tắc trước cuộc sống, chán chường với thực tại, khát khao một cuộc đời tự do, phóng khoáng mặc dầu chưa được định hướng rõ ràng. Đó cũng là một thái độ đáng quý, đáng trân trọng. Bài mẫu 3: Phân tích tâm trạng con hổ trong bài thơ Nhớ rừng của Thế Lữ Bài làm Thế Lữ là ngôi sao sáng nhất của phong trào “Thơ mới” (1932 – 1945). Thơ ông tràn đầy những ước mơ. Nhớ rừng là tâm sự của một con hổ sa cơ bị nhục nhằn tù hãm, là tâm sự của cả một thế hệ trí thức trẻ tuổi trước Cách mạng tháng Tám. Bài thơ nhanh chóng được đón nhận rất rộng rãi, chứng tỏ có sức đồng cảm mãnh liệt. Tìm hiểu tâm trạng của con hố, ta sẽ hiểu thêm tâm trạng của một lớp người đương thời vậy. Trước hết là tâm trạng uất hận của con hổ trong cảnh tù hãm ở vườn bách thú. Trong cái dáng dấp nằm dài hiền lành kia là một nỗi chán ngán đầy ẩn nhẫn trông ngày tháng dần qua. Nhưng sự thực đã được giới thiệu từ đầu: gậm một khối căm hờn... Hóa ra, đổ là bi kịch của chúa sơn lâm – chúa tể của đại ngàn – vốn lừng lẫy; vốn là oai linh rừng thẳm đang sa cơ, nhục nhằn tù hăm, mất tự do. Bài thơ được mở đầu với đoạn: Gậm một khối căm hờn trong cũi sắt Ta nằm dài trông ngày tháng dần qua, Khinh lũ người kia ngạo mạn ngẩn ngơ, Giương mắt bé giễu oai linh rừng thẳm. Nay sa cơ, bị nhục nhằn tù hãm, Để làm trò lạ mắt thứ đồ chơi, Chịu ngang bầy cùng bọn gấu dở hơi Với cặp báo chuồng bên vô tư lự. Nghe thế, chúng ta sẽ lầm tưởng rằng chúa sơn lâm đã bị khuất phục, đã trở nên hiền lành, không còn lồng lộn dữ tợn nữa, nêu chỉ thoáng qua bề ngoài của con hổ: Ta nằm dài trông ngày tháng dần qua. Nào ai biết hổ đang “Gậm một khối căm hờn trong cũi sắt”, “gậm” không phải là nhai ngấu nghiến mà là nghiến từ từ cho đến lúc nát ra. Sắt đâu phải dễ tan vỡ, khối căm hờn cũng không dễ nuốt trôi! Hổ hẳn là muốn phá tan mọi thứ đang vây hãm mình vì nỗi hận đang lên đến cao độ. Bằng cách đó con hổ muốn phá tan tất cả mọi thứ vì nỗi căm tức trong nó đang đến tột đỉnh. Nó căm tức vì bị giam cầm thì ít mà bị xếp ngang hàng với “bọn gấu dở hơi”, “cặp báo vô tư lự” thì nhiều. Tâm trạng nó lúc này còn là cảm thấy vô cùng nhục nhã với hoàn cảnh nó đang phải chịu đựng. Nhục nhã vì nó đường hoang là chúa sơn lâm vậy mà lại bị tù hãm để “làm trò lạ mắt thứ đồ cho người ngạo mạn, ngẩn ngơ” là đối tượng trước tiên mà nó hết sức khinh ghét. Với biện pháp nhân hóa, Thế Lữ đã làm rõ tâm trạng của con hổ khi ở trong tù, nổi bật là sự căm hờn uất hận và nỗi nhục nhã mà nó phải chịu đựng. Cay đắng hơn, từ địa vị chúa tể, giờ đây chỉ còn ở vị trí thấp hèn đồ chơi ngang hàng với bọn gấu dở hơi, bọn báo vô tư lự. Thật là nhục nhã! Thật là căm hận! Đại từ “ta” biểu hiện sắc thái kiêu hãnh, tự cao, tự đại, biết rõ giá trị của mình trong khi bọn tiểu nhân đang giễu cợt sự sa cơ của “bậc anh hùng”. Chính vì thế mà nỗi uất ức, căm hờn ngày càng đè nặng lên tâm hồn chúa sơn lâm. Tiếp theo là nỗi khao khát tự do mãnh liệt thể hiện qua những hoài niệm về một núi rừng kì vĩ cùng sức mạnh vô biên của chúa tể rừng xanh. Từ ngục tù cũi sắt, con hổ đang thả hồn theo nỗi nhớ quê hương, nhớ núi rừng xa xưa với niềm nhớ tiếc: Nhớ cảnh sơn lâm, bóng cả, cây già Với tiếng gió gào ngàn, với giọng nguồn hét núi Với khi thét khúc trường ca dữ dội... Cảnh rừng thời hổ làm chúa sơn lâm hiện ra sao mà uy linh, sao mà hùng tráng! Nó vừa có vẻ bí hiểm, hùng vĩ cỗ kính và vừa rất dữ dội khiến người ta phải ghê sợ đến thế. Chỉ bằng một câu, cùng biện pháp so sánh, tác giả đã cho ta thấy vẻ đường hoàng dõng dạc, oai vệ của hổ: Ta bước chân lên, dõng dạc, đường hoàng Lượn tấm thân như sóng cuộn nhịp nhàng Cái bước chân lên đỏ, cái thân hình uốn lượn đó chỉ có được ở chúa sơn lâm, cái uốn lượn vừa mềm mại, vừa nhanh lại vừa khỏe, ít thấy loài nào có thể làm được. Chắc hẳn rằng con hổ đang rất kiêu hãnh khi ” chân lên dõng dạc, đường hoàng” khi “lượn tấm thân như sóng cuộn nhịp nhàng”, bời nó biết nó là chúa tể của muôn loài, giữa chốn “thảo hoa không tên, không tuồi”. Trong niềm căm uất và đau đớn ấy, chúa sơn lâm đang nhớ về cuộc đời tự do, oanh liệt ngày xưa, những ngày xưa thật rực rỡ: Nhớ cảnh sơn lâm, bóng cả, cây già, Với tiếng gió gào ngàn, với giọng nguồn hét núi. Với khi thét khúc trường ca dữ dội, Ta bước chân lên, dõng dạc, đường hoàng. Tình thương, nỗi nhớ, xúc cảm ấy nối hai bờ không gian – thời gian, gắn nên quá khứ và hiện tại. Từ không gian là cũi sắt, hổ nhớ về không gian bao la rộng rãi và tự do, không gian rừng thẳm. Thiên nhiên đó kì vĩ phóng khoáng, đổi thay lên tục và vô tận trong bình minh, chiều tà và đêm xuống. Cảnh rừng hoang vu bóng cả, cây già chứa đựng những điều bí mật: hang tối, rừng sâu, thảo hoa không tên, không tuổi, hòa với những âm thanh man dại gió gào ngàn, nguồn hét núi cùng những màu sắc rực rỡ trong buổi nắng mai vàng, chiều đỏ tía và đêm đen huyền bí âm u. Phải chăng đó là bức tranh tứ bình với các cảnh đêm trăng, ngày mưa, sáng xanh, chiều đỏ, cả một không khí vừa dữ dội vừa oai nghiêm của rừng thẳm. Bút pháp lãng mạn thiên về cái cao cả, cái phi thường, tạo dựng một hình ảnh thiên nhiên thật kì vĩ. Đó là thiên nhiên trong cõi nhớ của hùm thiêng. Hổ kiêu hãnh: Ta biết ta chúa tể cả muôn loài, Giữa chốn thảo hoa không tên, không tuổi. Trên cái nền thiên nhiên ấy, hổ hiện ra trong tư thế thật oai phong. Giữa khúc trường ca dữ dội của rừng thiêng tấu lên, hổ bước chân lên, dõng dạc, đường hoàng. Nói về nỗi nhớ rừng của con hổ nếu dừng ở đây cũng được,nhưng với trí tưởng tượng phong phú và con mắt nhìn của một họa sĩ tài ba, tác giả còn vẽ nêm bức tranh bằng thơ giàu hình ảnh và tràn đầy màu sắc: Nào đâu những đêm vàng bên bờ suối Ta say mồi đứng uống ánh trăng tan? Đâu những ngày mưa chuyển bốn phương ngàn Ta lặng ngắm giang san ta đổi mới? Đâu những bình minh cây xanh nắng gội, Tiếng chim ca giấc ngủ ta tưng bừng? Đâu những chiều lênh láng máu sau rùng Ta đợi chết mảnh mặt trời gay gắt, Để ta chiếm lấy riêng phần bí mật Chúa sơn lâm đang chế ngự thiên nhiên với tâm trạng tự hào, kiêu hãnh, nó chinh phục thiên nhiên, nhưng không phá phách, làm hư hại thiên nhiên. Bởi “những đêm vàng bên bờ suối” mang một vẻ huyền ảo, bởi “những ngày mưa chuyển bốn phương ngàn” làm cho núi rừng như được thay áo mới, bởi cảnh thiên nhiên rất sống động vào buổi bình minh nhờ tiếng chim ca. Và: Đâu những chiều lênh láng máu sau rừng Ta đợi chết mảnh mặt trời gay gắt, Có thể nói rằng hình ảnh “những chiều lênh láng máu sau rừng” và “ta đợi chết mảnh mặt trời gay gắt” là đẹp nhất, dữ dội nhất và tự hào nhất của chúa sơn lâm. Mặt trời là sự sống của muôn loài mà con hổ cũng coi khinh. Đó là thời điểm huy hoàng nhất, rực rỡ nhất, sự chiến thắng huy hoàng của chúa sơn lâm. Điệp ngữ “đâu” càng nhấn mạnh, xoáy sâu vào nỗi nhớ rừng của con hổ. Vừa là một chúa tể, hổ còn như một thi sĩ mơ màng đứng uống ánh trăng tan, như nhà hiền triết lặng ngắm giang san trong cơn mưa chuyển bón phương ngàn, thành bậc đế vương có chim ca giấc ngủ ta tưng bừng. Hơn thế nữa, một vị chúa tể tàn bạo làm chủ bóng tối chiếm lấy riêng phần bí mật. Những hình ảnh và động tác đầy ấn tượng miêu tả cuộc sông tự do, thơ mộng và dữ dộiđầy quyền uy. Đấy là cảnh ngắm mưa, ngắm trăng, trời đất, thưởng thức đêm vàng trong im lặng kì ảo, quyến rũ, tận hưởng ban mai cây xanh nắng gội, cảnh! Đợi chiều xuống với hoàng hôn đỏ rực. Qua cảm nhận của chúa sơn lâm, ánh mặt trời hoàng hôn giống hệt sắc máu lênh láng: Đâu những chiều lênh láng máu sau rừngTa đợi chết mảnh mặt trời gay gắt Cùng trong hoài niệm của chúa sơn Lâm, chỉ có một mặt trời xứng đáng có! Quyền uy ngang tầm với hổ. Thế mà chiều đến, mặt trơi kia cũng dần đợi chết, cũng gục ngã, lênh láng máu sau rừng. Mặt trời chết, mặt trời cũng như một! Con thú hấp hối sau một cuộc đọ sức ghê gớm nhất, gay go nhất. Cách nhìn, cách nghĩ của chúa sơn lâm thật ngạo mạn. Mặt trời cũng không còn tồn tại, không còn giữ được ngôi vị cao cả. Khi màn đểm xuống quyền uy của chúa sơn lâm là bao trùm vũ trụ. Hổ vờn bóng, giẫm nát lá gai, cỏ sắc là đỉnh điểm của quyền uy mãnh hổ về đêm – kẻ thống trị cả vũ trụ. Tất cả đều trong hoài niệm của hổ: rừng thiêng đang hòa tấu một khúc nhạc dữ dội để tôn vinh sức mạnh của chúa sơn lâm. Say sưa trong bản nhạc ca ngợi quyền uy và tự do trong dĩ vãng, mãnh hổ bỗng sực tỉnh và gào thét xót xa! Những chiến công của hổ chợt qua trong tâm trạng đầy thất vọng và nuối tiếc. Nó thốt lên lời ai oán: “Than ôi! Thời oanh liệt nay còn đâu!”. Cả câu phần lớn sử dụng thanh bằng làm âm hưởng câu thơ từ không khí hào hùng của những chiến thắng huy hoàng bỗng trở nên buồn hơn. Con hổ nhớ về quá khứ vàng son của mình với tâm trạng tự hào kiêu hãnh thì nó lại nhìn vào hiện thực với một sự uất hận căm tức. Nó căm ghét: “Những cảnh sửa sang, tầm thường, giả dối.” Với: “hoa chăm, cỏ xén, cây trồng”. Tất cả mọi thứ đều do bàn tay con người. Đó là sự giả tạo, bắt chước vẻ đẹp của tự nhiên một cách vụng về. Đó không phải là cảnh rừng chân thật, tự nhiên và cao cả. Qua đó ta hiểu được tâm trạng của con hổ lúc này là khao khát một cái gì đó chân thật, tự nhiên, cao cả. Khinh bạc căm tức với hiện tại, nó lại khao khát trở về với “núi non hùng vĩ “, “nơi thênh thang ta vùng vẫy ngày xưa” trở về với cuộc sống tự do. Nhưng đang bị giam cầm trong cũi sắt, chúa sơn lâm đành thả hồn mình theo “giấc mộng ngàn” để được sống lại những giờ phút huy hoàng thuở xưa, cố xua đi những ngày ảm đạm, “ngao ngán” của mình. Nghệ thuật tương phản làm nổi bật lời thét gào ngân vang xót xa. Từ đỉnh cao huy hoàng của tự do, quyền uy chúa tể, hổ sực tỉnh nhớ tới thân phận tù đầy của mình. Các từ nghi vấn sử dụng liên tiếp nào đâu, đâu những... bộc lộ niềm hoài niệm đau đớn tiếc nuối, uất hận. Tâm trạng cũng trở nên phức tạp, đa dạng: nhớ thương, đau buồn, uất hận. Cuối cùng là tâm trạng u uất, chán ngán trước sự giả tạo, đơn điệu của cảnh tù hãm. Càng thương nhớ vẻ đẹp cao cả dữ dội của rừng xanh tự do bao nhiêu, chúa sơn lâm càng căm hờn, chán ngán trước cảnh giả tạo, đơn điệu, tù túng ở vườn bách thú bấy nhiêu: “Ghét những cảnh không đời nào thay đổi, Những cảnh sửa sang, tầm thường, giả dối: Hoa chăm, cò xén, lối phẳng, cây trồng Dài nước đen giả suối chẳng thông dòng Len dưới nách những mô gò thấp kém Dăm vầng lá hiền lành không bí hiểm. Cũng học đòi bẳt chước vồ hoang vu....” Tâm trạng của chúa sơn Lâm cũng là tuyên ngôn của chủ nghĩa lãng mạn, dứt khoát không chấp nhận cái tầm thường, cái vô nghĩa, sự bắt chước giả tạo. Càng ghét cay, ghét đắng thực tại giả dối bao nhiêu, chúa sơn lâm càng tiếc thương đau đớn nhớ về dĩ vãng bấy nhiêu. Hổ vẫn thả hồn về giang sơn cũ trong giấc mộng ngàn to lớn, giấc mộng về rừng thảm, về tự do như một cõi thiên đường: Hỡi cánh rừng ghê gớm của ta ơi! Con hổ nhớ rừng, nhớ một thời oanh liệt đã qua chính vì nó đang chán ngán trước cuộc sống tù hãm rất tự do. Tâm trạng con hổ, vì khát vọng tự do, cũng chính là của nhà thơ, của cả một xã hội, một thời đại bấy giờ, đang bực tức, đang chán ngán cuộc sống thực tại mất tự do. Thật là một tâm trạng vừa kiêu hãnh vừa tuyệt vọng. Đó chính là điều làm nên sức sống mãnh liệt của hình tượng con hổ, của bài thơ.. Đó là tâm trạng của chúa sơn lâm mà cũng là tâm trạng của thế hệ thanh niên lãng mạn thời đại: khát khao tự do, sống cao cả, không chấp nhận cái buồn tẻ, vô nghĩa.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
Evolution of mobile genetic elements Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in many plant/microbe interactions, as well as in human disease, such as those that carry genes conferring antibiotic resistance. MGEs, such as plasmids or integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), can cause bacterial hosts to transition from commensal organisms to pathogens or beneficial mutualists. These selfish genetic elements can recombine as well as transmit horizontally between strains, making understanding their evolution and epidemiology difficult. What are the processes that diversify MGEs? How do they exchange loci with other elements and replicons? How do MGEs evolve and change over time? Our research investigates the genomic epidemiology of diverse agricultural pathogens, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens (crown gall disease), Rhodococcus fascians (leafy gall disease), Streptomyces scabiei (potato common scab), and Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae (disease of carrot), among others. Genomic epidemiology that accurately takes MGEs into account requires generating a phylogenomic framework for accurate whole genome SNP analysis and comparison that minimizes errors and false-positive SNPs. We are developing methods to infer the epidemiology and movement of mobile genetic elements independent of their microbial hosts. Determinants of host range and MGE compatibility What determines the host range of a pathogen or symbiont? What confers or restricts the host range of a mobile genetic element? Microbial pathogens (and mutualist symbionts) often have a restricted range of host species on which they can cause disease (or provide beneficial services). Some pathogens have a wide host range, while others are more restricted to one or few host species. The genes conferring this phenotype may be present on the chromosome or on mobile genetic elements, or both. Mobile genetic elements may also be restricted to specific taxonomic groups or lineages of microbes in which they can persist. What restricts the host range of a MGE?
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
New evidence suggests the Black Death bacterium caused the Justinianic Plague of the sixth to eighth centuries. The pandemic, named after the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (shown here), killed more than 100 million people. Plague may have helped finish off the Roman Empire, researchers now reveal. Plague is a fatal disease so infamous that it has become synonymous with any dangerous, widespread contagion. It was linked to one of the first known examples of biological warfare, when Mongols catapulted plague victims into cities. The bacterium that causes plague, Yersinia pestis, has been linked with at least two of the most devastating pandemics in recorded history. One, the Great Plague, which lasted from the 14th to 17th centuries, included the infamous epidemic known as the Black Death, which may have killed nearly two-thirds of Europe in the mid-1300s. Another, the Modern Plague, struck around the world in the 19th and 20th centuries, beginning in China in the mid-1800s and spreading to Africa, the Americas, Australia, Europe and other parts of Asia. Read the rest of this article...
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Object lesson: when researchers run repositories Sep 17 2009 Published by under Tactics I commented here earlier, not without frustration, about a pair of researchers who built and abandoned a disciplinary repository. I was particularly annoyed that they seemed to have done this purely for self-aggrandizement, apparently feeling no particular attachment to the resulting repository. Such as they should not open repositories. Neither they nor any service they offer is trustworthy. I hope that's uncontroversial. Unfortunately, even vastly better intentions than that don't guarantee the sustainability of the result, even in the short term. The Mana'o anthropology repository, started by Dr. Alex Golub on the traditional server-in-the-basement that is the origin of many a worthwhile project, has been encountering significant technical difficulties. Dr. Golub is no longer able to maintain it, and is looking for some way to hand it off. In my reasonably well-informed opinion, any such one-person effort will need a rescue at some point. If nothing else, people die unexpectedly! Dr. Golub's mistake isn't that he wound up needing a rescue; it's that he didn't anticipate and plan for a handoff from the beginning. It isn't just Mana'o, I'm afraid. How many disciplinary and institutional repositories have done succession planning? If not, why not? Do it. Now. It is flagrantly irresponsible not to. Scholarly societies have the best fit with the disciplines, of course, but many who might otherwise accomplish rescues are hamstrung by the need for anything requiring effort to pay for itself or even make money. AAA won't be picking up Mana'o, I confidently predict based on their track record vis-a-vis open access. Librarianship's continuing error, as I pointed out in the post I linked above, is that we have no infrastructure or plan for accomplishing these rescues, which (I anticipate) will continue to be necessary and may even accelerate in the coming years. Institution-based efforts such as IRs have the technical and human-resource capacity to pick up the slack; what they don't have is policy that allows them to, and coordination to notice work that needs doing and parcel it out appropriately. As for institutional IT, which might be another natural place to look—they, too, have no policy mandate to address needs originating outside the institution. How does this relate to data? Well, the problems are the same, really. One-researcher or one-lab IT infrastructures live on a razor's edge; one missed grant may kill them. They hardly ever consider succession planning; worst-case, their IT people (usually wrongly) believe that whatever they're doing is perfectly adequate and will not accept gentle correction. What this suggests to me, among other things, is that passive data collection is inadequate as a data-repository population model. (Not a surprise, I'm sure; we tried that with IRs and it failed.) Someone needs to go out there and find the good stuff, then open the conversation about how best to keep it. It also suggests that we need to open a discussion of this issue in cross-institutional fora. CNI, ARL, Educause, JISC, where are you? 7 responses so far • A Fellow Librarian says: Dorthea Salo~ I read your post with some dismay. Your elevated position from atop that Ivory Tower seems to allow you to look down upon all the mistakes made while distancing yourself from providing a hands-on solution. I don't see you rushing down your tower steps to pick up this torch, so why the truly uppity response? An experiment was worked upon and failed, and from what I can discern, you proclaim to know so much more yet only offer disdain. Does such attitude lead towards a solution for the research and library community? It's time for 'academics' such as yourself to temper your words, and offer real solutions from working level; get your own hands dirty, and not just bark from your position up in the theoretical clouds. • I'd like to take it on, actually, but with the policy surrounding me what it is, I can't. I don't make the policy surrounding me. I did put word out in various twisty little repository corners, to some effect. I now fully expect that there will be a rescue of at least the content of Mana'o, if not necessarily the continuance of the community, and I'm pleased at that. It's a small gesture toward the growth of IRs beyond passive inward-looking troughs, and likewise the nurturing of an IR community of practice, which I've tried for for years and not got anywhere with. I'm sorry that I sounded disdainful. The anthropology community is in fact a model of experimentation, right in the teeth of a notoriously closed-minded scholarly society, and I love that! As for solutions -- I suggested succession planning, and I believe in it. If Mana'o had come to me ages ago, I could have tried for something, despite my policy environment. It would have taken time: scaring up faculty sponsors (though I know immediately whom I'd have gone to first), making the case to my employer, estimating costs and figuring out transfer procedures, dealing with legalities (because assuming control of content whose provenance may be unclear is absolutely a potential liability), et cetera. The last minute is an unfortunate time to look for a savior. As I said, any repo run by one (or a few) people is on a razor's edge. That's not automatically unacceptable, but it must be planned for. Not just by the small fry, either! As the arXiv situation (or even the fate of Geocities) shows, web properties come and go, and if we want the content thereof to endure, we need to do more than hope for it. I'm not actually an academic, by the way. I have no Ph.D and have never undergone any sort of tenure process. Make of that what you will. • Iris says: Wow. I didn't see much that was uppity in Dorothea's post at all. In fact, I saw her saying that, just like everyone else she mentions in the post, her own slice of the repository world hadn't figured out mechanisms to accommodate this need. Before I had seen much of what goes into creating and maintaining a repository, I didn't know how incredibly difficult and time consuming it can be to take another project's data and make it work with your project or platform. So I think it's valuable to have people who do have experience trying to rescue this kind of work to point out to the rest of us that if we start something, we should at least try to make sure that what we're doing will be compatible with something else, anything else later on down the road. Otherwise I might assume (wrongly) that I didn't need to plan for a hand off because the hand off would be relatively easily accomplished when and if it became necessary. • 1) Heroic efforts vs robust, scalable, sustainable *operations*. Projects, or things that start as projects still need to transition into operations for the long term. Always a sticking point. I'm queen of heroic efforts - but when I get tired of the routine, who will take it? How not to over promise? I don't blame the originator of the project and many such fail so this would have been irrelevant. 2) IT departments - and frequently libraries - are considered infrastructure, enterprise, and/or overhead. They are *typically* not rewarded for being entrepreneurial or even, for that matter, innovative (outside of their own world). The budget is primarily for keeping the lights on, not looking for or accepting new work and particularly not for expanding scope 3) As many of us (including Dorothea) have pointed out, project money that has a set end isn't the right way to fund "saving data forever". It's obvious, but if that's all the money that can be found, "we'll just start this way and then in 3 years we'll go out and look for more" I don't see any way out of this cycle - particularly any way that can be made by a librarian in the trenches (with or without torches, or pitchforks for that matter) - but we must keep waving the flag. If we don't get the point across one way, we have to re-word it and try again. • John Russell says: Hi Dorothea! I'm a bit late to the comments. You hint at some sort of Mana'o rescue which I haven't heard boo about. If you could enlighten me (via email), I'd appreciate it. I'm not looking to horn in on anything, just want to know how this part of the story ends. Thanks! • John Russell says: No problem about the delay - I know you're quite busy. Thanks for the info and for your help with the Mana'o issue.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Automation has long been the solution to insulating industrial service providers against ever-rising labor costs and increasing the precision and consistency of operations. In spraying processes such as wet paint and adhesive application, adding automation can improve uniformity, reduce material waste, and provide significant labor savings compared to manual spraying. By reigning in the variables of the spraying process, namely viscosity, temperature, air pressure, and equipment set-up, finishers can refine their processes to optimize efficiency and quality. Spray Booth Exterior Viscosity and Temperature in Spray Coatings The viscosity of a spray coating and temperature of the substrate are two variables that are not typically well controlled during manual painting processes. The viscosity of a coating must be high enough to sufficiently coat a part without causing the moving mechanisms of the equipment to stick. If the viscosity is too low, the coating can run or require extraneous coats to achieve the desired overall thickness, adding to the time required to complete the job. Similarly, a cold substrate increases drying time, adversely affecting production efficiency. Automated spray systems essentially remove human error and variance from the equation. The user simply sets the desired viscosity for the given coating system, and the controls are able to properly monitor and mix the spray coating to the specified consistency. Additionally, built in heating systems can be used to pre-heat the substrate, resulting in an efficient and predictable dry time. Air Pressure Settings in Manual Spray Guns The air pressure setting on spray guns is another hard to control variable, even by those experienced in the finishing industry. Many operators tend to increase the pressure, intuitively thinking this will result in reduced processing times. However, excess pressure can lead to significant overspray and material waste, while not resulting in faster throughput. However, erring on the low side of pressure adjustments creates its own problems. Insufficient pressure in a given spray system can lead to a blotchy or otherwise uneven finish. By reducing the variability in the operating pressure of the spray system, more consistent results can be achieved while material waste is minimized. The Overall Setup in Manual Spray Systems The overall set up of manual systems can be cumbersome and lead to inconsistent results that may vary between operators or even piece to piece. The distance between the nozzle and workpiece, speed of the operator making a pass, and overlaps between passes are all factors which can easily lead to a large degree of variance. Automated systems can help customers define these parameters according to the best practices for a given application, and easily repeat the process on subsequent jobs. Automated spraying systems not only reduce the amount of labor required for a given job, but can significantly improve finishing results and consistency between parts. Multiple types of equipment are available to suit batch or continuous processing applications and for a range of throughput requirements. Today’s systems can be scaled to any level of production and are capable of unprecedented versatility, opening up the market to finishers who specialize in high mix, low volume work. By automating spray equipment, finishers can streamline their operations and reduce the variance than results from inconsistencies in viscosity, substrate temperature, air pressure, and equipment set-up. Related Guide Adhesive spray systems: 3 examples of improving production through automation Download the collection
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Is it All Empty Vanity? Are We All Avatars in a Big Simulation? Simulacra and Simulation by Jean Baudrillard, translated by Jean Glaser and Sheila Faria Baudrillard Jean Baudrillard was a French philosopher, a contributor to post-structuralism, along with the better-known Jacques Derrida. This bores anyone not deep into philosophy, so why dig into it? Because Simulacra and Simulation is mentioned in the movie, The Matrix, which is becoming a classic among people questioning all authenticity in an on-line world, and this book partly inspired it. The plot of The Matrix hinges on people being unaware that they are interacting with an alien, faux world, not reality, somewhat like Orwell’s 1984 earlier. So if Simulacra and Simulation inspired The Matrix, what did the horse’s mouth say? Practically nothing; that’s the point. Baudrillard posited that we create meaning only by symbols referencing other symbols in a pattern that makes sense to us. None of it may represent reality, if there is such a thing. Consequently he is an expert turning logic in loops, citing referential contradictions, and doubling logic back on itself. Simulacra and Simulation is an eye glazer. Its opening attributes to Ecclesiastes the observation that, “the simulacrum (a representation) never hides the truth – it is truth that hides the fact that there is none.” (I could not find this in Ecclesiastes, but suspect that Baudrillard refers to its refrain that of much study there is no end; all is vanity.) Baudrillard harps on “hyperreality,” symbolism as in videos, whereby images seem more real than whatever they represent. It’s like seeing a video of a resort only to find that the real resort, if such really exists, is much less elegant than the video. He claims that hyperreality is the medium by which humans communicate, so it’s not new, but with modern media, we swim in an ocean of hyperreal nothingness. Incidentally, Baudrillard did not mention The Matrix, but cited the 1996 British-Canadian movie, Crash, as one that approached seeing reality through the superficiality. The plot hinges on people being sexually aroused by fatal car crashes, either as victims or as witnesses. For Baudrillard, coupling sex and death in one emotional smash up invokes the full circle of life – but this combination didn’t particularly grip me. I could not follow many of Baudrillard reversals of logic. The impression left, and perhaps the one he intended, is that post-modern, post-structuralism humans live mostly in our own simulations, subject to chaotic flips in meaning as discordant images flash by. You can see this in pop up ads and promos, all trying to out-gimmick the others. Is this a race to symbolic nowhere, an inane mashup of personal and corporate brands, never escaping Solomon’s conclusion in Ecclesiastes, that all is vanity? Anticipating relief from this depressing thought, I started Baudrillard’s chapter on animals – nature – something other than Mobius strip loops of symbolic logic in media. Immediately, he dived into the mental health of animals in industrial feeding enclosures. “Democratic” access to food, so all animals will grow, screws up animal instinct for a pecking order. Confinement to tight spaces raises anxiety. Birds go nuts. So do other confined animals, whether farmed or merely observed, as in a zoo. Veterinarians have come to realize that animals in a non-natural environment are mentally distressed. They also get cancer, ulcers, and myocardial infarctions. Research vets think that turning them back into the wild once in a while might preserve their mental and physical health. Baudrillard opines that everything that has happened to us is now replicated in confined animals. Ne notes that the ancients who sacrificed animals to gods must have valued them more than moderns. Sacrificing an objectified critter does not seem emotional enough to appease a god. Baudrillard suggests that sacrifice is at least a meaningful loss. Now we have relegated animals to detached roles of being food or pets or objects of experimentation and casual curiosity. How would humans in such roles react? This suggests a line of study that has been emerging since Baudrillard’s death in 2007, increased depression in American youth. Some blame addiction to cell phones, social media and computer games, but the trend began long before those arrived according to an old study led by Jean Twenge. The figure from it below plots data over a 70-year span. Speculation about this phenomenon keeps increasing. Youth are more self-centered, anti-social, anxious, and sad. And the phenomenon may not be confined to youth. So what is happening to us? What about the march toward a mobile, connected, and for some, affluent society might be a cause. Maybe in all Baudrillard’s logical looping, he had a point. If we’re not living close to how nature designed us, we can become distressed. Many urban planners have sensed this ever since the 19th century, insisting that in their rush to riches, cities leave plenty of space for nature. These might do nature a little good, and us a great deal of good. Print Friendly, PDF & Email Leave a Reply
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Quds Day 2014 in Berlin |Observed by||Iran, and other countries and communities| |Significance||Demonstrations against the government of Israel and its occupation of Jerusalem; solidarity with the Palestinian people| |Begins||Last Friday of Ramadan| |2016 date||July 1| |2017 date||June 23| |Related to||Palestinian nationalism Quds Day (Jerusalem Day; Quds is the Arabic name for Jerusalem), officially called International Quds Day (Persian: روز جهانی قدس), is an annual event held on the last Friday of Ramadan that was initiated by the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979 to express support for the Palestinians and oppose Zionism and Israel, as well as Israel's occupation of Jerusalem and Jewish settlements in Israeli-occupied territories. Nominally, it exists in opposition to the Jerusalem Day (Yom Yerushalayim) celebration instituted by Israel in May 1968, and which Knesset law changed into a national holiday in 1998. In Iran, the government sponsors and organizes the day's rallies, and its celebration in that country has had, down to at least 2012, a decade-long tradition of voicing anti-semitic attacks. Quds Day is also held in several other countries, mainly in the Arab and Muslim world, with protests against Israel's occupation of East Jerusalem. Rallies are held in various cities by both Muslim and non-Muslim communities around the world. Critics of Al-Quds Day accuse its supporters of new antisemitism. Many protests and demonstrations are also carried out by supporters of Israel and Zionism on Quds Day. These counter-demonstrations are supported by various Zionist Organizations. - 1 History - 2 Quds Day events - 3 1980s - 4 1990s - 5 2000–2008 - 6 2009 Quds Day - 7 2010 Quds Day - 8 2012 Quds Day - 9 2013 Quds Day - 10 2014 Quds Day - 11 2015 Quds day - 12 2016 Quds day - 13 2017 Quds day - 14 See also - 15 References - 16 External links An annual anti-Zionist day of protest was first suggested by Ebrahim Yazdi, the first foreign minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and a liberal, to the leader of the Iranian Revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini. The context was one of deepening tensions between Israel and Lebanon at the time. Khomeini took over unacknowledged Yazdi's idea, and on August 7, 1979, he declared the last Friday of the holy month of Ramadan each year as Quds Day, in which Muslims worldwide would unite in solidarity against Israel and in support of the Palestinians. Khomeini declared the "liberation" of Jerusalem a religious duty to all Muslims. That day, he stated: I invite Muslims all over the globe to consecrate the last Friday of the holy month of Ramadan as Al-Quds Day and to proclaim the international solidarity of Muslims in support of the legitimate rights of the Muslim people of Palestine. For many years, I have been notifying the Muslims of the danger posed by the usurper Israel which today has intensified its savage attacks against the Palestinian brothers and sisters, and which, in the south of Lebanon in particular, is continually bombing Palestinian homes in the hope of crushing the Palestinian struggle. I ask all the Muslims of the world and the Muslim governments to join together to sever the hand of this usurper and its supporters. I call on all the Muslims of the world to select as Al-Quds Day the last Friday in the holy month of Ramadan—which is itself a determining period and can also be the determiner of the Palestinian people's fate—and through a ceremony demonstrating the solidarity of Muslims world-wide, announce their support for the legitimate rights of the Muslim people. I ask God Almighty for the victory of the Muslims over the infidels. Iran celebrates the event characteristically by putting on public display poster images of the city of Jerusalem, thematic speeches, art exhibitions reflecting the issue, and folkloric events. In Lebanon, the Hezbollah organization marks the occasion by a substantive military parade organized for the last week of Ramadan. Since 1989, the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan observes the event by hosting academic conferences, whose venue from university to university varies each year. Arab societies generally pay the occasion lip service in order to make a show of solidarity with the cause of Palestinian aspirations for nationhood. Quds Day has actually become a day for protestors in Iran and in other societies "to attack the legitimacy of the state of Israel and threaten the United States". The day is also marked throughout Muslim and Arab countries. During the First Intifada in January 1988, the Jerusalem Committee of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference decided that Quds Day should be commemorated in public events throughout the Arab world. In countries with significant Shi'a populations, particularly Lebanon, where Hezbollah organizes Quds Day observances, there is significant attendance at the day's events. Events are also held in Iraq, the Palestinian Gaza Strip, and Syria. Hamas, and the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine endorse Quds Day, and hold ceremonies. Outside of the Middle East and the wider Arab World, Quds Day protests have taken place in the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Sweden, France, the United States, as well as some predominantly Muslim countries in east Asia. According to the BBC, while the idea behind Quds Day originally was to gather all Muslims in opposition to the existence of Israel, the event has not developed beyond an Iranian experience. Apart from rallies, usually funded and organized by Iran itself, in various capital cities, the ritual never took root among Muslims at large. Quds Day events In Iran, the day's parades are sponsored and organized by the government. Events include mass marches and rallies. Senior Iranian leaders give fiery speeches condemning Israel, as well as the U.S. government. The crowds respond with chants of "Death to Israel", and "Death to America". According to Roger Howard, many Iranians under the age of 30 continue to participate in Quds Day events, though proportionately less than those on the streets. He adds that many Iranian students on campus say in private that the Arab–Israeli conflict has "nothing to do with us." On Quds Day 1985, amid the "war of the cities" of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi bombers and long-range missiles struck 14 cities, reportedly killing at least 78 people and wounding 326. According to the Islamic Republic News Agency, the sound of the exploding bombs and missiles in Tehran was drowned out by the crowds chanting "War, war until victory 3/8." On Quds Day 1987, held shortly after the outbreak of the First Intifada, effigies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Israeli leaders were burned in Iran "as a sign of Moslem nations' revolutionary wrath against Zionism, imperialism and apartheid." In Tehran, President Ali Khamenei said the Palestinians "should resist and fight Zionism. This is the message of the whole Iranian people who chant the 'Death to Israel' slogan." On Quds Day 1989, Iranian parliament speaker Hashemi Rafsanjani said that Palestinians should kill Americans and other Westerners in retaliation for attacks by the Israeli military in the occupied territories: "If in retaliation for every Palestinian martyred in Palestine they will kill and execute, not inside Palestine, five Americans or Britons or Frenchmen, they (Israelis) could not continue these wrongs. It is not hard to kill Americans or Frenchman. It is a bit difficult to kill (Israelis). But there are so many (Americans and Frenchman) everywhere in the world." Fearing an Israeli military strike, Hezbollah cancelled its annual Quds Day rallies in 1992 for the first time in the group's history. 10 days earlier, a suicide bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina destroyed the Israeli embassy there and killed 29 people injured 242 others. Hezbollah was implicated in the attack. In 1994, Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani told demonstrators, "Can Israel really remain? In my opinion it cannot. That artificial entity cannot survive." In 1998, former Iranian president Hashemi Rafsanjani stated that Israel's crimes against the Palestinians exceeded those of Adolf Hitler against the Jews. He added, "The Zionist regime is a fake government and homeland which is shaped with millions of homeless Palestinians and hundreds of thousands of Muslim martyrs... I'm sure that in the future we will have Islamic Palestine. I'm sure nothing will remain as the territory of Israel." In 1999, a reported three million people attended Quds Day rallies in Iran. In Tehran, a resolution was read aloud calling for struggle "until the aggressor Zionist regime is annihilated." Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri told worshipers at Friday prayers, "There is no country named Israel. There is Palestine, and the thieves who have occupied the houses of Palestinians should be removed from those houses." In Beirut, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah told thousands of supporters, "On Al-Quds Day, I reaffirm to you that Israel will be eliminated one day, God willing." At the Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp in Syria, protesters carried a banner that read "America is the enemy of God." Over one million people, with over 100,000 in each of Iran's eight largest cities, marched in the 2005 Quds Day protests in Tehran and other cities across Iran. Protests were staged throughout the Middle East and the wider Arab World, with over 30,000 Bahrainis marching in Manama, and 6,000 Hezbollah volunteers marching in Beirut. In 2006, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad threatened any country that supports Israel, and said the U.S. and its allies had "imposed a group of terrorists" on the region with their support of the Jewish state. He added that Israel no longer had any reason to exist and would soon disappear: "This regime, thanks to God, has lost the reason for its existence. Efforts to stabilize this fake (Israeli) regime, by the grace of God, have completely failed... You should believe that this regime is disappearing." That year, Hezbollah did not organize a mass rally for Quds Day, stating it was unnecessary because it had recently held a demonstration on September 22 to celebrate what it declared to be its "victory" over Israel in that summer's conflict. In the place of a mass event, the day was commemorated with an "invitation-only event in a concert hall [which] featured an orchestra, a choir and several anti-Israel speeches." The 2007 Quds Day protest saw millions of Iranians march in support of the Palestinians. During the rallies in Tehran, President Ahmadinejad said that the "creation, continued existence and unlimited (Western) support for this [Zionist] regime is an insult to human dignity." The protests also featured signs denouncing the U.S government for its support of Israel. Over 3,000 people marched in Damascus carrying Palestinian flags. Hezbollah organized marches in the city's Yarmouk refugee camp. 2009 Quds Day Supporters of Iranian opposition groups used the 2009 Quds Day to stage protests against President Ahmadinejad and the Iranian government in response to the disputed 2009 Iranian presidential election. Estimates put the opposition protest in the tens of thousands, with participants shouting slogans in support of former prime minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi, the candidate who received the most votes in the presidential elections. Rejecting the government's support of Palestinian militancy, opposition protesters chanted, "No to Gaza and Lebanon, I will give my life for Iran.” There were reports of similar protests in Isfahan, Tabriz, Yazd and Shiraz. Iranian state TV played down the unrest, and state-funded Press TV reported that millions of Iranians marched for the Palestinian cause in Iran and different countries throughout the Middle East and the world. Independent sources estimated "tens of thousands" to over 100,000 in Tehran, many of them bused in by the regime. At least ten anti-government protesters were arrested during the demonstrations. An angry crowd of Ahmadinejad supporters attacked Mousavi's car while shouting "Death to the hypocrite Mousavi." In other cities Basiji militiamen attacked protesters. As he has done on previous such occasions, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad provoked intense criticism and condemnation from Western governments in particular. He stated, "The pretext (Holocaust) for the creation of the Zionist regime (Israel) is false ... It is a lie based on an unprovable and mythical claim." His statements drew immediate condemnation from the governments of the United States, Russia, and the European Union. In Lebanon, Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, used the occasion to call for popular resistance to replace the regimes in the Middle East with regimes that are 'convinced of war in order to send their armies to war.' 2010 Quds Day At the 2010 Quds Day rally in Tehran, Iranian President Ahmadinejad again predicted the demise of Israel, stating, "If the leaders of the region do not have the guts, then the people of the region are capable of removing the Zionist regime from the world scene." He dismissed any Israeli military threat to Iran's nuclear program, declaring, "The Zionist regime is nothing and even its (Western) masters are too small to conduct any kind of aggression against Iran and the rights of the Iranian people." Ahmadinejad also proclaimed new peace talks between Israelis and Palestinians as "stillborn and doomed." The tens of thousands of Iranians participating in the rallies continued the regular chants of "Death to America! Death to Israel!" The day before the rallies, Ayatollah Khamenei tweeted, "Israel Is A Hideous Entity In the Middle East Which Will Undoubtedly Be Annihilated." In Lebanon, the day after the resumption of direct peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine, Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah secretary-general, declared that: Our nation cannot ignore and forget this cause (al-Quds) because it is part of our religion, our religious commitment, our culture, our civilization, our morals and values and our past history . . No one has the right to give up one span of its land, one grain of its sacred sand, one drop of its water, or one letter of its name. Al Quds Day is the day for announcing this ideological, legal, historic true constant position. On this day we make the announcement that neither al-Quds nor even one of its streets nor even a neighbourhood of its neighbourhoods – and not only all of al-Quds -may be an eternal capital for the so called state of Israel. Al Quds is the capital of Palestine, and as we have said in the past, it is the capital of earth and the capital of heaven one way or another.' In Quetta, Pakistan, a suicide bomber attacked Pakistani Shias holding a Quds Day rally . The Pakistani Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, which killed at least 65 people and wounded 160. 2012 Quds Day On 17 August 2012, millions of Iranians commemorated al-Quds Day, where they waved Palestinian flags, chanted "Death to Israel and America," and burned Israeli and American flags. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad called to destroy Israel, which he termed an "insult to all humanity" and called to remove the "Zionist black stain." Ahmadinejad said that "the Zionist regime is a tool to dominate the Middle East," as well as that world powers are “thirsty for Iranian blood." Ahmadinejad stated that "The Zionist regime and the Zionists are a cancerous tumour. Even if one cell of them is left in one inch of (Palestinian) land, in the future this story (of Israel's existence) will repeat." He further stated that "The nations of the region will soon finish off the usurper Zionists in the Palestinian land. ... A new Middle East will definitely be formed. With the grace of God and help of the nations, in the new Middle East there will be no trace of the Americans and Zionist." In Lebanon, Hezbollah Leader Sheik Hassan Nasrallah stated in a televised speech that, in the eventuality of a future Israeli attack on Lebanon, only a few rockets fired by the group’s militia could cause massive casualties, given its well-planned target list, explaining that: |“||"Rockets are ready and directed at these targets. We will not hesitate to use them, if we have to, at any point in time in the course of aggression against our country to protect our people. ... Hezbollah cannot destroy Israel but we can transform the lives of millions of Zionists in occupied Palestine into a real hell. We can change the face of Israel."||”| Hundreds of people turned out in Gaza to protest the Israeli occupation of Jerusalem. A spokesman for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine said "We are committed to the right of return and to liberation of prisoners and resistance against the occupation as long as it is on our land". In Bahrain, dozens took part in the protests, which were dispersed by security forces' tear gas. 2013 Quds Day On 2 August 2013, Quds rallies were held in "the United Kingdom, Australia, Iran, the United States, and across the Muslim world". While Iranians were commemorating al-Quds Day, Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) reported that newly elected President Hassan Rouhani said "the Zionist regime is a wound that has sat on the body of the Muslim world for years and needs to be removed," although ISNA later retracted the statement. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded by saying "Rouhani's true face has been exposed earlier than expected," and warned that despite the election of the so-called moderate, "the objective of the regime – to acquire nuclear weapons to threaten Israel, the Middle East and peace and security throughout the world – has not changed." Outgoing Iranian President Ahmadinejad addressed Al-Quds day crowds, warning of an impending regional storm that would uproot Israel. He also said that Israel "has no place in the region." In Toronto, Canada, a crowd of approximately 400 held an Al-Quds Day rally. One of the speakers, Elias Hazineh, a Christian, reportedly elicited cheers from the crowd when he declared an ultimatum to Israelis: “You have to leave Jerusalem. You have to leave Palestine. When somebody tries to rob a bank the police get in, they don't negotiate and we have been negotiating with them for 65 years. We say get out or you are dead! We give them two minutes and then we start shooting. And that’s the only way that they will understand." Hazineh then concluded his speech by quoting from the Koran: "And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and steeds of war – that's the only thing that they'll understand!" A video of the event, including Hazineh's speech, was later posted online. Those remarks drew swift condemnation. 2014 Quds Day On 25 July 2014, Iran's Press TV claimed that millions of people from around the world rallied in a show of support for Palestinians.This year's rallies were held with a higher turnout as Israel and Hamas began renewed armed conflict on July 8 in Gaza. Thousands of British demonstrators joined the rally on international Quds day demanding justice for "killers of Gaza children" in central London. The march ended with a rally outside the US embassy. More than a thousand people gathered at Adenauerplatz in Berlin for a demonstration against "zionists" calling for a free Palestine while thousands of police were on alert to avoid possible conflicts between protesters and pro-Israeli groups on Quds Day. Approximately 700 pro-Israel marchers also held a rally according to the German police. Jurgen Grassmann, the chief organizer of Berlin’s Al-Quds Day March asked the demonstrators not to shout "Allahu Akbar". He reminded them the fact that they had gathered against Zionism and not Judaism, advising the protestors to “Keep Allah in your heart, but don’t say so out loud." Hundreds of thousands of Iranians in the capital Tehran and more than 770 other towns and cities throughout the country on international Quds day took part in massive rallies to express their support for the Palestinian resistance against Israel.The event took on added significance this year given the ongoing Israel and Hamas conflict in Gaza. Almost 5,000 pro-Palestinian rallied in the streets of Cape Town, to express their support for the people of Palestine. The rally commenced from Keizergracht Street in District Six towards the Parliament. The protestors delivered a memorandum calling the government to take solid measures against the Occupation of Palestine to the Parliament. According to the Voice of the Cape, it called for the expulsion of the Israeli Ambassador and also urged the protesters to boycott local stores which stock products manufactured in the occupied territories of Palestine. Thousand of people in many cities across Pakistan marched in support of Palestine. The Jamat-e-Islami political party organized rallies in several cities. Popular Shia cleric Syed Jawad Naqvi orchestrated a separate rally in the city of Lahore. International al-Quds rally took place in Damascus, starting from he entrance of al-Hamidiyeh market towards the Umayyad Mosque. Popular figures and representatives of Palestinian and Syrian forces accompanied the rally. The demonstrators claimed to support the resistance until Palestinian freedom is achieved. In Nigeria, the 2014 Quds day procession took place in 24 major cities, mostly in the north of the country. The processions were organized by Nigerian Islamic Movement. The processions were all conducted peacefully except in Zaria, the abode of the leader of the movement, Ibrahim Zakzaky; where the Nigerian Army reportedly opened fire on the participants and killed 35 people, including three (3) biological sons of the head of the movement 2015 Quds day According to Samuel Laster, the editor-in-chief of the online news outlet Die Jüdische (The Jewish), 700 people participated an anti-Israeli rally in Vienna, while 150 pro-Israel counterprotesters hold a similar event to support Israel. In London, a protest was organized by the Islamic Human Rights Commission, which accused the BBC of "bias in their reporting of the situation in Palestine" while sharply criticizing the United States for its "heinous support of Israel." Almost 700 people participated the 2015 Quds Day rally in Berlin, Germany. The participants chanted "Child murderer Israel" and other slogans, according to German media outlets. A counter-rally comprising 250 participants was also held. Several members of Neturei Karta, a Jewish religious group opposing Zionism and calling for a dismantling of the State of Israel, took part in the rally. Millions of people hold rallies in 770 cities across Iran chanting “Down with America” and “Death to Israel” on Al-Quds Day. Almost 250 people participated in a Quds Day rally held in Chicago. Besides focusing on the "continuing siege of Gaza", the speakers "called for the U.S. to end military aid to Israel." Almost 150 people formed a rally at the CNN center in Atlanta to support the Palestinian people and call for the US government to stop supporting the state of Israel. 2016 Quds day Demonstrations in London were organized by the Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) on Sunday, 3 July 2016. The terminus of the demonstration route is the U.S. Embassy at Grosvenor Square. Counter-demonstrations were organized by Suffolk Friends of Israel (SFI). Demonstrations took place across Iran on 1 July 2016. According to the Washington Post, "tens of thousands" of people marched in the capital, Tehran. Some protesters trampled on Israeli flags, and some chanted "death to Israel" and "down with the USA." At a sermon in Tehran on Al-Quds day, IRGC Deputy Commander Hossein Salami claimed that over 100,000 missiles in Lebanon, as well as thousands more throughout the Islamic world, were ready "strike at the heart of the Zionist regime. They will prepare the ground for its great collapse in the new era. ... They are just waiting for the command, so that when the trigger is pulled, the accursed black dot will be wiped off the geopolitical map of the world, once and for all." Al-Quds Day demonstrations were scheduled for several cities in the United States and Canada. In Toronto, the demonstration route began at Queen's Park, the provincial legislature, and proceeded to the U.S. Consulate. In Toronto, Calgary, New York City, Chicago, Boston and Los Angeles, the Jewish Defence League organized counter-demonstrations. 2017 Quds day The Quds Day march for 2017 occurred that year on 18 June. In London, the march went on as planned although more than 15,000 people had petitioned Mayor Sadiq Khan to forbid it. The Hezbollah flag was flown during the event, as the organisation is not on the proscribed list. - Iran–Israel relations - Jumu'ah-tul-Wida, also on the last Friday in the month of Ramadan - Quds in Persian literature - "Iran's 'Jerusalem Day': Behind the rallies and rhetoric". BBC Persian. 1 August 2013. - "Importance of International Quds Day". - "What is Al Quds Day?". - Francesca Ceccarini, Al-Quds e Yerushalayim Un dialogo in due lingue. I Paesi arabi e la questione di Gerusalemme, FrancoAngeli, Milan 2016 p.166 - Amirpur, Katajun (1 January 2012). "Iran?s Policy towards Jewish Iranians and the State of Israel. Is the Present Iranian State Islamofascist?". Die Welt des Islams. 52 (3-4): 389. doi:10.1163/15700607-201200A6. - Sokolski, Henry D.; Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute; Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (2007). Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-58487-284-9. Many Muslims commemorate Al Quds Day by protesting against the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem where the Al Quds mosque is located - "Iran warns West on al-Quds day". Al-Jazeera. 26 Sep 2008. Hundreds of thousands of Iranians rallied in cities across the country to protest against Israel's occupation and annexation of East Jerusalem. - Sokolski, Henry D.; Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute; Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (2007). Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-58487-284-9. - Chambers, Bill (12 July 2015). "Al-Quds Day Commemorated in Chicago". The Chicago Monitor. Retrieved 3 August 2015. - C. Hanley, Delinda (2010). "International Al-Quds Day in DC". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. – via General OneFile (subscription required) - Antisemitism Made in Iran: Against Al Quds Day - Manfred Gerstenfeld, The Deep Roots of Anti-Semitism in European Society. Jewish Political Studies Review 17:1-2 Spring 2005 - Al Quds Day counter demonstration, Sunday June 18th 2017 - Yitzhak Reiter (2008). Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. ISBN 9780230607828. - Khan, M.A. Muqtedar (2004). Jihad for Jerusalem: Identity and Strategy in International Relations. Google Books: Greenwood Publishing. p. 157. Retrieved 19 September 2009. - Friedland, Roger; Richard Hecht (1996). To Rule Jerusalem. Google Books: University of California Press. p. 370. - Imam Khomeini's message announcing Quds Day, dated 7 August 1979 (16 Murdad 1358 AHS). Sahifa-y Nur, Vol. 8, p. 229. - Yitzhak Reiter, Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity, Springer, 2008 p.142. - Yitzhak Reiter (2008). Jerusalem and its role in Islamic solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 142. ISBN 9780230607828. - "Jerusalem Day". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009. - Iranians rally on 'al-Quds Day', aljazeera.net, (September 18, 2009 ) - Iran eyewitness: protest videos, BBC, (September 18, 2009) - Roger Howard, Iran in Crisis?: The Future of the Revolutionary Regime and the US Response, Zed Books (2004). ISBN 978-1-84277-475-5. p. 49. - "Iraq Bombs 14 Iranian Cities, Promises Two-Week Ceasefire". Associated Press. 14 June 1985. - "Massive Demonstrations In Tehran In Support Of West Bank, Gaza Rioters". Associated Press. 25 December 1987. - "Rafsanjani Calls on Palestinians to Kill Westerners". Associated Press. 5 May 1989. - "Hezbollah Cancels Marches Fearing Israeli Strike". Associated Press. 17 March 1992. - "Muslims Around The World Rally For Israel's Extermination". Associated Press. 11 March 1994. - "Iran Protests Israel's Control". Associated Press. 23 January 1998. - "Muslims Demonstrate Vs. Israel, US". Associated Press. 15 January 1999. - Iranians Rally Against Israel, U.S., AP, October 29, 2005 - "Iranian Leader Threatens Israel's Allies". Associated Press. 20 October 2006. - "Lebanon's Hezbollah Marks Jerusalem Day". Associated Press. 20 October 2006. - Millions of Iranians Attend Anti-Israel Rallies Called 'Al-Quds Day', AP, October 05, 2007 - Tens of thousands march in opposition protests[permanent dead link], Sep. 19, 2009 - WORTH, ROBERT F. (2009-09-19). "Despite Warning, Thousands Rally in Iran". The New York Times. pp. A1. Retrieved 2009-09-19. - Chick, Kristen (2009-09-19). "New protests surge in Iran as Ahmadinejad denies Holocaust again". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-09-21. - "Protests in Iran". Retrieved Sep 18, 2009. - "Millions march in Al-Quds day 2009". Retrieved Sep 18, 2009. - "Reformist leaders attacked as thousands march in fresh Iran protests". The Associated Press and Reuters. Haaretz. 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-09-21. - "Ahmadinejad says Holocaust a lie, Israel has no future". Reuters. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009. - Benedetta Berti, 'Lebanon,' in Assaf Moghadam (ed.),Militancy and Political Violence in Shiism: Trends and Patterns, Routledge, 2011 pp.112–134 p.126. - Jay Deshmukh (3 September 2010). "Ahmadinejad says Mideast peace talks 'doomed'". AFP. Retrieved 3 September 2010. - Andrew Swift (2 September 2010). "What a twit". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 3 September 2010. - "Pakistan suicide bombing kills 59, injures 160, police say". CNN. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010. - Zeiger, Asher (August 17, 2012). "Ahmadinejad anticipates a 'new Middle East' with no Americans or Zionists". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 17 August 2012. - Full Notebook: Count on Ahmadinejad to find the right words Archived 18 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine., National Post, August 17, 2012. - No room for Israel in ‘new Middle East’: Ahmadinejad, Reuters (reprinted by the National Post on 17 August 2012). - Rocket strike would kill tens of thousands, leave Israel "a real hell": Hezbollah leader by Zeina Karam, Associated Press (reprinted by the National Post), August 17, 2012. - "Hundreds hold Quds Day rally in Gaza". Your Middle East. AFP. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016. - "Teenager killed by riot police in Bahrain". Al Jazeera English. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012. - "Muslims prepare to mark Quds Day in 80 countries". The Times of Israel. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2014. - Iranian President-Elect Rouhani: Israel a 'wound' on Muslim world Jerusalem Post. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013. - Elias Hazineh is the former president of Palestine House in Toronto. - Palestinian leader in Canada: Shoot Israeli Jews if they don’t leave Jerusalem by Jewish Telegraphic Agency (reprinted in the Haaretz), August 5, 2013. - Canadian Jews seek police probe of Palestinian death-threat activist by Asher Zeiger and JTA, Times of Israel, August 6, 2013. - Using religion to spread hate by Tarek Fatah, Toronto Sun, August 6, 2013. - Canadian Jews call for investigation of activist who called for murder of Israelis by Sam Sokol, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (reprinted in the Jerusalem Post), August 6, 2013. - Why Is Al Quds Rally a Message of Hatred and Violence? by Tahir Aslam Gora, Huffington Post, August 7, 2013. - ‘Inflammatory’ remarks at Palestinian event put McCallion challenger on the hot seat by San Grewal, Toronto Star, August 8, 2013. - No charges for Canadian who said Israelis should be shot, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, (JTA) (reprinted in Times of Israel), February 3, 2014. - "London: Thousands march to Free Gaza on Al Quds Day". Retrieved 28 July 2014. - "Protestors march through streets on annual Al-Quds demonstration in London". Wilayah News. Retrieved 30 July 2014. - Ingrid Betancourt. "Al-Quds day sparks huge rallies in support of Palestinians | euronews, world news". Euronews.com. Retrieved 2014-07-26. - Markus Schreiber (2011-04-20). "Protestors attend a pro-Palestinian rally on al-Quds Day in Berlin, Friday, July 25, 2014. Al-Quds Day is the last Friday of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan declared by the Iranian late spiritual leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as an international day of struggle against Israel and for the liberation of Jerusalem.". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2014-07-26. - "Protesters across Muslim world denounce Israel in al-Quds Day rallies". 26 July 2014. - Weinberg, Micki. "In Berlin, Al Quds Day marchers steer clear of anti-Semitism". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 July 2014. - Thousands in Iran protest Israeli offensive in Gaza by Michael Pizzi, Aljazeera, July 25, 2014. - Horovitz, David (2014-02-11). "Huge Iran al-Quds Day rallies call for 'Death to Israel'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2014-07-26. - NEWSROOM (25 July 2014). "Quds Day rally draws 5000". The Voice of the Cape. Retrieved 12 October 2014. - B. Mousa, M. Ismael. "Massive rally in Damascus marking al-Quds Day and expressing support for Gaza | Syrian Arab News Agency". Sana.sy. Retrieved 2014-07-26. - Tne Nation Newspaper. "How Soldiers Killed My Three Sons, 32 Followers Elzakzaky". Retrieved 21 April 2015. - Weinthal, Benjamin (11 July 2015). "Ambassador to Germany slams al-Quds day protest in Berlin". - BBC bias, ‘heinous’ US support for Israel attacked in Gaza War anniversary protest, Russia Today, July 10, 2015. - TIMES OF ISRAEL STAFF, AP AND AFP (10 July 2015). "Chanting ‘Death to America, Israel,’ millions march in Iran on al-Quds Day". - Staff writers (10 July 2015). "Iranians observe International Quds Day". Press TV. Retrieved 25 August 2015. - Jewish, Muslims, Christians rally in Atlanta in solidarity with oppressed Palestinians on 'Al-Quds Day' / Pics Ahlul Bayt News Agency, July 13, 2015. - algemeiner.com: "Organizer of London Al-Quds Day Counter-Demonstration Says Pro-Israel Community Will No Longer Be Silent Amid Growing Anti-Zionism", 29 Jun 2016 - IRGC Deputy Commander Salami on Qods Day: Over 100,000 Missiles in Lebanon Alone Are Ready to Strike at the Heart of Israel; Today, More than Ever, Its Annihilation Is Imminent, MEMRI TV, Clip No. 5549 (transcript), July 1, 2016. (Video clip available here). - Iran anti-Israel protests highlight regional conflicts by Eric Randolph and Ali Noorani, Yahoo news, July 1, 2016. - Thousands rally in Iran on al-Quds day, AlJazeera, July 2016. - 100,000 Qaem missiles in Lebanon trained on Israel: Iran cmdr., Press TV, July 1, 2016. - "JDL Canada to Confront Al Quds Day in Toronto". JDL Canada. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016. - jpost.com: "Al-Quds Day Marchers Blame London Apartment Fire on 'Zionists'", 19 Jun 2017 - i24news.tv: "Hezbollah flags fly in London as hundreds march against Israel", 18 Jun 2017 - timesofisrael.com: "Controversial Al Quds Day march sets off in London", 18 Jun 2017 - algemeiner.com: "Hezbollah Flags Fly at ‘Al Quds Day’ March in London as Islamist Agitators Blame Grenfell Tower Tragedy on ‘Zionists’", 18 Jun 2017 - jpost.com: "15,000 Plus Sign Petition Against Anti-Israel Rally in London", 18 Jun 2017 - Steven Morris and Ian Cobain (20 June 2017). ""Finsbury Park suspect ‘made abusive remarks about Palestinian march’"". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2017. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quds Day.|
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Skip to content Social Security: Who Will Fund Your Nest Egg? Wednesday, October 1, 1997 An issue that has captured the attention of baby boomers, Generation Xers and retirees is that of Social Security. Will it be there for you? Who will pay for it? To answer these questions, let's take a look at why the current public pension system was established and how it operates. Then we'll explore some of the proposed changes that meet the challenges of the Social Security System. Feathering Your Own Nest Prior to the creation of a public pension system, individuals relied on their savings or family and community members to help them during their retirement years. Demographic changes during the early 20th century, such as increasing life expectancies and migrations of workers from farms to cities, contributed to the declining support from family and community. These factors and employment difficulties faced by older workers increased pressure on the federal government to create a public pension system. The Great Depression of the 1930s in which older workers were often the first to be laid off and the loss of retirement savings due to the stock market collapse precipitated the establishment in 1935 of the U.S. public pension system—commonly referred to as Social Security. In addition to providing relief to the elderly, a goal of the 1935 U.S. Social Security Act was to encourage elderly workers to retire, creating vacancies for younger workers and reducing unemployment. In this way, younger workers as well as older workers benefited. Building the Birdhouse The U.S. public pension system operates as an inter-generational transfer. This pay-as-you-go system means that contributions by current workers are used to pay the benefits for current retirees. Each generation of workers supports the previous generation with the implicit understanding that the next generation of workers will support their retirement, forming a chain of inter-generational transfers. To qualify for a public pension, a worker must have reached a certain age and have contributed to the system for a minimum number of years. Individuals may retire early, but with a reduction in benefits. Benefit payments increase with the number of years worked. The pension program is financed through payroll taxes. Current employees and employers each pay a payroll tax, with an upper limit on taxable earnings. Currently these tax revenues exceed payments to beneficiaries, and the surplus is placed in a trust fund invested in government securities. According to the 1997 Annual Report of the U.S. Social Security Board of Trustees, contributions from workers will cover payments to retirees until 2012. After this date, monies from the trust fund will be used to finance the shortfall in contributions. At this rate, the trust fund will be depleted by 2029, and contributions will cover only 75 percent of payments to beneficiaries. Without an increase in taxes or a reduction in benefits, government revenues will have to be reallocated from current programs to make up the Social Security deficit. One of the major factors creating the projected shortfall is the ratio of contributors to beneficiaries. In 1950, there were approximately 7 contributors per beneficiary. That number will drop to about 5 contributors per worker in 2000 and 2 contributors per worker in 2050. In addition to the number of workers paying into the system and the number of retirees, other components that affect the balance of revenues and payments are payroll tax rates, wages and the level of benefits. Because payments are indexed—adjusted for inflation—price levels also affect the balance. Protecting the Nest Egg Given the projected deficits and possible depletion of the Social Security Trust Fund in the not-so-distant future, ideas about how to reform the System are up for debate. One proposal is based on maintaining the pay-as-you-go structure, with some of the following changes: • Increase the retirement age • Increase the work years required for full benefits • Reduce the incentives to retire early • Reduce monthly benefits to new retirees as life expectancy increases • Increase the taxability of benefits • Reduce the indexation of pensions • Raise the contribution tax or broaden the tax base An alternative to the current intergenerational transfer is that of moving to a more fully funded, two-tier system. This type of reform generally includes a portion of the pay-as-you-go system to guarantee a minimum pension for all retirees—the first tier—but would be supplemented by workers' mandated contributions to a private pension to fund their own retirement—the second tier. Benefits under the first tier would be assured by the government; benefits under the second tier would depend upon the return on one's investments. In the United States, 42 percent of the elderly would have incomes below the poverty line were it not for public pension benefits. Thus the two-tier system must have a first-tier substantial enough to provide a cushion against the market risk inherent in the second-tier benefits. At the same time, however, the first-tier must be modest enough to provide a solution to the problem of the projected shortfall. Who's Minding the Nest? In 1965, the U.S. Congress amended the Social Security Act to require that an Advisory Council be established every four years to analyze the long-term health of the Social Security System. The 1994-96 council was asked to focus on the long-range financial status of the program, the adequacy and equity of the benefit structure across generations, income status and family situation, and the roles of the public and private sectors in providing retirement income. Council members reportedly agreed that the system needs to move away from a pay-as-you-go approach toward a more fully funded system of financing retirement. Members were unable, however, to develop a single proposal to which all could agree. Clearly, the current balance between costs and benefits of our public pension system is unsustainable. The sooner policymakers reform the System, the greater the ease of transition for the System as a whole, as well as for the individual in building his nest egg.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Back to the Index Page The Diary of a Madman by Guy de Maupassant He was dead—the head of a high tribunal, the upright magistrate, whose irreproachable life was a proverb in all the courts of France. Advocates, young counselors, judges had saluted, bowing low in token of profound respect, remembering that grand face, pale and thin, illumined by two bright, deep-set eyes. He had passed his life in pursuing crime and in protecting the weak. Swindlers and murderers had no more redoubtable enemy, for he seemed to read in the recesses of their souls their most secret thoughts. He was dead, now, at the age of eighty-two, honored by the homage and followed by the regrets of a whole people. Soldiers in red breeches had escorted him to the tomb, and men in white cravats had shed on his grave tears that seemed to be real. But listen to the strange paper found by the dismayed notary in the desk where the judge had kept filed the records of great criminals! It was entitled: June 20, 1851. I have just left court. I have condemned Blondel to death! Now, why did this man kill his five children? Frequently one meets with people to whom killing is a pleasure. Yes, yes, it should be a pleasure—the greatest of all, perhaps, for is not killing most like creating? To make and to destroy! These two words contain the history of the universe, the history of all worlds, all that is, all! Why is it not intoxicating to kill? June 25. To think that there is a being who lives, who walks, who runs. A being? What is a being? An animated thing which bears in it the principle of motion, and a will ruling that principle. It clings to nothing, this thing. Its feet are independent of the ground. It is a grain of life that moves on the earth, and this grain of life, coming I know not whence, one can destroy at one's will. Then nothing nothing more. It perishes; it is finished. June 26. Why, then, is it a crime to kill? Yes, why? On the contrary, it is the law of nature. Every being has the mission to kill; he kills to live, and he lives to kill. The beast kills without ceasing, all day, every instant of its existence. Man kills without ceasing, to nourish himself; but since in addition he needs to kill for pleasure, he has invented the chase! The child kills the insects he finds, the little birds, all the little animals that come in his way. But this does not suffice for the irresistible need of massacre that is in us. It is not enough to kill beasts; we must kill man too. Long ago this need was satisfied by human sacrifice. Now, the necessity of living in society has made murder a crime. We condemn and punish the assassin! But as we cannot live without yielding to this natural and imperious instinct of death, we relieve ourselves from time to time, by wars. Then a whole nation slaughters another nation. It is a feast of blood, a feast that maddens armies and intoxicates the civilians, women and children, who read, by lamplight at night, the feverish story of massacre. And do we despise those picked out to accomplish these butcheries of men? No, they are loaded with honors. They are clad in gold and in resplendent stuffs; they wear plumes on their heads and ornaments on their breasts; and they are given crosses, rewards, titles of every kind. They are proud, respected, loved by women, cheered by the crowd, solely because their to shed human blood! They drag through the streets their instruments of death, and the passer-by, clad in black, looks on with envy. For to kill is the great law put by nature in the heart of existence! There is nothing more beautiful and honorable than killing! June 30. To kill is the law, because Nature loves eternal youth. She seems to cry in all her unconscious acts: "Quick! quick! quick!" The more she destroys, the more she renews herself. July 3. It must be a pleasure, unique and full of zest, to kill to place before you a living, thinking being; to make therein a little hole, nothing but a little hole, and to see that red liquid flow which is the blood, which is the life; and then to have before you only a heap of limp flesh, cold, inert, void of thought! August 5. I, who have passed my life in judging, condemning, killing by words pronounced, killing by the guillotine those who had killed by the knife, if I should do as all the assassins whom I have smitten have done, I, I—who would know it? August 10. Who would ever know? Who would ever suspect me, especially if I should choose a being I had no interest in doing away with? August 22. I could resist no longer. I have killed a little creature as an experiment, as a beginning. Jean, my servant, had a goldfinch in a cage hung in the office window. I sent him on an errand, and I took the little bird in my hand, in my hand where I felt its heart beat. It was warm. I went up to my room. From time to time I squeezed it tighter; its heart beat faster; it was atrocious and delicious. I was nearly choking it. But I could not see the blood. Then I took scissors, short nail scissors, and I cut its throat in three strokes, quite gently. It opened its bill, it struggled to escape me, but I held it, oh! I held it—I could have held a mad dog—and I saw the blood trickle. And then I did as assassins do—real ones. I washed the scissors and washed my hands. I sprinkled water, and took the body, the corpse, to the garden to hide it. I buried it under a strawberry-plant. It will never be found. Every day I can eat a strawberry from that plant. How one can enjoy life, when one knows how! My servant cried; he thought his bird flown. How could he suspect me? Ah! August 25. I must kill a man! I must! August 30. It is done. But what a little thing! I had gone for a walk in the forest of Vernes. I was thinking of nothing, literally nothing. See! a child on the road, a little child eating a slice of bread and butter. He stops to see me pass and says, "Good day, Mr. President." And the thought enters my head: "Shall I kill him?" I answer: "You are alone, my boy?" "Yes, sir." "All alone in the wood?" "Yes, sir." The wish to kill him intoxicated me like wine. I approached him quite softly, persuaded that he was going to run away. And suddenly I seized him by the throat. He held my wrists in his little hands, and his body writhed like a feather on the fire. Then he moved no more. I threw the body in the ditch, then some weeds on top of it. I returned home and dined well. What a little thing it was! In the evening I was very gay, light, rejuvenated, and passed the evening at the Prefect's. They found me witty. But I have not seen blood! I am not tranquil. August 31. The body has been discovered. They are hunting for the assassin. Ah! September 1. Two tramps have been arrested. Proofs are lacking. September 2. The parents have been to see me. They wept! Ah!.October 6. Nothing has been discovered. Some strolling vagabond must have done the deed. Ah! If I had seen the blood flow it seems to me I should be tranquil now! October 10. Yet another. I was walking by the river, after breakfast. And I saw, under a willow, a fisherman asleep. It was noon. A spade, as if expressly put there for me, was standing in a potato-field near by. I took it. I returned; I raised it like a club, and with one blow of the edge I cleft the fisherman's head. Oh! he bled, this one!—rose-colored blood. It flowed into the water quite gently. And I went away with a grave step. If I had been seen! Ah! I should have made an excellent assassin. October 25. The affair of the fisherman makes a great noise. His nephew, who fished with him, is charged with the murder. October 26. The examining magistrate affirms that the nephew is guilty. Everybody in town believes it. Ah! ah! October 27. The nephew defends himself badly. He had gone to the village to buy bread and cheese, he declares. He swears that his uncle had been killed in his absence! Who would believe him? October 28. The nephew has all but confessed, so much have they made him lose his head! Ah! November 15. There are overwheming proofs against the nephew, who was his uncle's heir. I shall preside at the sessions. January 25, 1852. To death! to death! to death! I have had him condemned to death! The advocate-general spoke like an angel! Ah! Yet another! I shall go to see him executed! March 10. It is done. They guillotined him this morning. He died very well! very well! That gave me pleasure! How fine it is to see a man's head cut off! Now, I shall wait, I can wait. It would take such a little thing to let myself be caught. * * * The manuscript contained more pages, but told of no new crime. Alienist physicians to whom the awful story has been submitted declare that there are in the world many unknown madmen; as adroit and as terrible as this monstrous lunatic. Back to the Index Page
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
The resource has been added to your collection What is classical liberalism? Its a set of ideas that places the freedom of the individual as its central feature. Classical liberalists disagree about many things, but they agree on ten 10 core principles. Dr. Nigel Ashford explains the 10 core principles of the classical liberal & libertarian view of society and the proper role of government. Not Rated Yet.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Accessibility navigation A nutrient increment method for reducing bias in global biogeochemical models While, J., Haines, K. and Smith, G. (2010) A nutrient increment method for reducing bias in global biogeochemical models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115. C10036. ISSN 0148-0227 Full text not archived in this repository. To link to this article DOI: 10.1029/2010JC006142 Assimilation of physical variables into coupled physical/biogeochemical models poses considerable difficulties. One problem is that data assimilation can break relationships between physical and biological variables. As a consequence, biological tracers, especially nutrients, are incorrectly displaced in the vertical, resulting in unrealistic biogeochemical fields. To prevent this, we present the idea of applying an increment to the nutrient field within a data assimilating model to ensure that nutrient-potential density relationships are maintained within a water column during assimilation. After correcting the nutrients, it is assumed that other biological variables rapidly adjust to the corrected nutrient fields. We applied this method to a 17 year run of the 2° NEMO ocean-ice model coupled to the PlankTOM5 ecosystem model. Results were compared with a control with no assimilation, and with a model with physical assimilation but no nutrient increment. In the nutrient incrementing experiment, phosphate distributions were improved both at high latitudes and at the equator. At midlatitudes, assimilation generated unrealistic advective upwelling of nutrients within the boundary currents, which spread into the subtropical gyres resulting in more biased nutrient fields. This result was largely unaffected by the nutrient increment and is probably due to boundary currents being poorly resolved in a 2° model. Changes to nutrient distributions fed through into other biological parameters altering primary production, air-sea CO2 flux, and chlorophyll distributions. These secondary changes were most pronounced in the subtropical gyres and at the equator, which are more nutrient limited than high latitudes. Item Type:Article ID Code:15682 Publisher:American Geophysical Union Page navigation
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Visitors of this webside can try to “solve” tasks hidden in 4 digital escape rooms the same as participants in Bari did. QR codes bellow. The final step Padlet is not prepared, you can do it with the help of description bellow. This concept can be used also in a classroom at ordinary computers. Each team visited each point. Tool / Method How to use it is a tool to prepare – presentations, videos, gamification. We tried gamification, a useful tool for warm up activities, evaluation, testing and fun The best ways is start with a tutorial, tutorial is in each language. This is in English. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxeJow3ujag You can create an environment for a virtual escape room. Video tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_gfVADQusY The tool is a part of Google tools It is a free application and offers many Excel-based templates. Video tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIpPe8N4teg It is a free Web application, which contains lots of small interactive modules. This application is very easily to use, it contains its own tutorial on the first page: https://learningapps.org/ There are created modules for 32 teaching categories (languages, biology art...). It is possible very easily modify each module according to your needs. Registration is required. It is a free online virtual board. Padlet is a handy application for the last part of escape games. If you use the password option when creating a bulletin board, this password can be the searched password for the whole escape game. Instructions for mobile phones attached This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Introducing... The Trail Guide to Learning series, an innovative new curriculum from Geography Matters. This series provides all the guidance and materials necessary to teach your children the way you’ve always wanted—effectively, efficiently, and enjoyably. But most of all, the learning series equips you to achieve the foremost objective of a homeschooling program—developing and nurturing relationships with your children! The tutoring approach makes each lesson individual, yet flexible enough to meet the needs of several grades at once. The sourcebook provides instruction in clearly laid out daily sections, PLUS every resource you need for success is available through complete packages. The learning series is a curriculum for multiple grade levels that will last all year and cover every subject but math! Article Categories:2013 Exhibitors
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Play Live Radio Next Up: Available On Air Stations Economy & Business There's a beautiful contradiction about the Los Angeles Auto Show, which wraps up today. Because it's California, it's a showcase for green technology. But because it's L.A., it's also a showcase for gas-guzzling luxury cars. This year's show marks a decade of turnaround for Bentley, the ultra high-end luxury car maker. Bentley has gone from a stodgy afterthought in the shadow of Rolls Royce to the car of choice for young athletes and celebrities, with a double-digit sales growth year after year. NPR's Sonari Glinton got behind the wheel of one to find out why. SONARI GLINTON, BYLINE: At the Los Angeles auto show, I met up with Kevin Rose of Bentley. He's a board member for Bentley. The company has been a subsidiary of Volkswagen for about 15 years. And they kind of have funny titles in Germany, so I asked Rose to explain his job. KEVIN ROSE: It means I'm responsible for sales and marketing worldwide for Bentley. GLINTON: Worldwide, the entire world. ROSE: The world. We're not very successful on other planets but would include them if we were. GLINTON: OK. So we're going to go to find a car. UNIDENTIFIED MAN: We're going to get in a car, so we're going to go out and... ROSE: Right. Oh, that's a nice idea, yeah. UNIDENTIFIED MAN: ...and Sonari wants to drive. GLINTON: Yes, I do want to drive. ROSE: OK. That's cool. GLINTON: As we walk to the car, let's take a detour to talk to Karl Brauer with Kelley Blue Book. He says for decades, Bentley was so exclusive that they became obscure. He says they'd been building the same car for years. KARL BRAUER: It took a fairly rare individual to recognize and appreciate a Bentley, and it took an even rarer person to want to and take the money to go buy a Bentley. Now, it's become this mainstream brand that a lot of people are aware of and a lot of people aspire to own. GLINTON: Bentley is doing more than 20 times the sales that they were doing in 1998 when Volkswagen took it over. Essentially, they've got three models priced from 200 grand to about 450 grand. Brauer says having a luxury brand adds luster to big car companies, and Bentley's growth is testament to the power of a giant car company like Volkswagen. BRAUER: And this is a big monster car company that could put big monster resources into making big monster luxury vehicles with big monster wheels and big monster grills. GLINTON: OK, back to the tour with Kevin Rose. He shows me the new Flying Spur. ROSE: It's about 200,000 dollars, I think, in... ROSE: Yeah. Should be a bit more expensive, right? GLINTON: OK. I want to get inside to see what $250,000 feels like. ROSE: It's going to feel nice. So let me show you one thing. Open the door again. And just close it very gently till - just till it's starting to close, and then it will do the rest for you. Yup, there you go. GLINTON: Now, that's a detail. Why do I need that detail? What does that do? ROSE: You don't need any of it, but you love it. There's a lot of things in there that, you know, functionally, yeah, your life wouldn't change if you didn't have them, but you enjoy having them. GLINTON: We drove very slowly around downtown Los Angeles. This is one of the company's most important markets. Twenty-seven percent of their sales are done here. ROSE: And we're competing for customers who actually could buy pretty much anything they wanted. It might be a boat, it might be a house, it might be a piece of jewelry, a watch, whatever. So we've got a much broader competitive base than simply another car. GLINTON: Can't say the car is zippy. It weighs almost 6,000 pounds. ROSE: And what you should do, if it doesn't risk your license or anything, is when we get onto a nice bit, just put your foot right down and see what happens. GLINTON: And after flooring it for about a block, our drive came to an end. ROSE: So if you press the... GLINTON: Oh, I've got to press the button down. ROSE: That's the - that's it. GLINTON: Thank you so much. That was great. ROSE: No, thank you. That was good fun. GLINTON: I don't know what more to say. GLINTON: It was - oh, my goodness. Sonari Glinton, NPR News. That's what I'll say. ROSE: Very slow. And we just press this too. (SOUNDBITE OF CAR DOOR CHIME) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
F. the technological practice and basis of medication and within an period when William Harvey, as anatomist compared to that university, wrote his traditional text message de Motu Cordis . William Bright structured his medical diagnosis of high blood circulation pressure on hardness from the pulse, and on the pressure necessary to extinguish the pulse. A technological basis just arose after Marey , and Mahomed created graphic solutions to record the arterial pulse. By the start of the twentieth hundred years, sphygmography was more developed in medical publications and in medical books and have been used to spell it out heart stop and ramifications of antianginal medicine aswell as hypertension and various other circumstances [5C9]. In life insurance coverage examinations sphygmocardiography was trusted for detecting people with arterial senility and elevated risk of Lecirelin (Dalmarelin) Acetate early death . Sphygmography lapsed with launch from the cuff sphygmomanometer However, which provided quantities for the extremes from the pulse, and a veneer of technological precision. Frederick Akbar Mohamed set up the building blocks of pulse influx analysis in a brief medical life time from 1872 to 1884. He defined the standard radial pressure waveform and demonstrated the difference between this as well as the carotid influx . The result was demonstrated by him of high blood circulation pressure over the radial waveform, and utilized the waveform to spell it out the natural background of important hypertension, as well as the difference between this and persistent nephritis [7, 8]. He also defined the consequences of arterial degeneration with ageing over the arterial pulse . These features were identified and employed in the complete life insurance coverage research from the past due nineteenth hundred years . Mahomed’s sphygmogram, and the favorite Dudgeon sphygmogram which implemented, and that was utilized by Sir Adam MacKenzie had been mechanical devices, uncomfortable to make use of and susceptible to artifact. Contemporary tonometer systems are are and piezo-electric a lot more accurate, reliable, 546141-08-6 supplier and simple to use. While presented medically to measure intraocular pressure originally, they have already been modified for vascular make use of by Drzwiecki , Others and Millar [5, 6]. While Mahomed was the first ever to acknowledge 546141-08-6 supplier the difference between pressure waves in peripheral and central arteries, McDonald was in charge of explaining this sensation based on influx reflection, as well as for presenting transfer features to characterize properties of vascular bedrooms in the regularity domains, and (along with his colleague J.R. Womersley) for establishing the validity of supposing linearity in the arterial tree . The ongoing function of McDonald, Womersley, Others and Taylor, originally from Harvey’s very own medical center (St Bartholomew’s, London) provides led to the methods described right here for pulse influx analysis. Strategies The technique of non-invasive aortic pulse influx analysis, as defined here, depends upon accurate recording from the radial pressure influx, its calibration against brachial pressure, after that generation from the ascending aortic pressure waveform through usage of a generalized transfer function within a computerized procedure. Ascending aortic waveforms are ensemble averaged right into a one calibrated influx whose cool features can be discovered automatically with medically important methods of pressure and period intervals assessed and published out within an interpretive survey (Amount 1). Steps along the way are defined below. Amount 1 The Sphygmocardiograph: computerized survey on evaluation of radial artery and synthesized aortic pressure waves. Some radial artery pressure waves, documented over an 8 s period (higher continuous tracing) are accustomed to 546141-08-6 supplier synthesize some ascending ... Pressure documenting Accurate applanation tonometry needs which the artery end up being applanated (flattened) within the sensor. This involves pressure in the operator using the vessel backed behind with the radius bone tissue on the wrist or vertebral column and ligaments in the throat [14, 15, 16]. Complete self-confidence is obtained when these devices is put on the eyeball to measure ocular pressure, or even to an shown artery, and where applanation may visually end up being confirmed. Acceptable self-confidence is normally obtained if the pressure waves are constant totally, beat to defeat, if amplitude is the foremost that may be achieved, and if the pulse wave measured has the same character as one would expect in the artery i.e. sharp upstroke, straight rise to the first systolic peak, a definite sharp incisura, and near-exponential pressure decay in late diastole (Physique 1). Calibration Requirements for accurate quantitive tonometry cannot be achieved in practice because of the soft tissue which intervenes between the skin and anterior wall of the artery, but they can be approximated. Though others have been more fortunate, we have never been confident about relying on the instrument’s internal calibration even for.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Home > Free Essays > Entertainment & Media > Journalism > Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results Cite this Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results Essay Introduction: Summary of the Main Points The paper analyzes the article Structure in creativity: An Exploratory Study to analyze the Effects of Structuring Tools on Scenario Workshop Results written by Vliet, Kok, Veldkamp, and Sarkk. The authors have introduced scenarios by describing their purpose together with when they can be used. In this case, scenarios are simply models that can be used to simulate situations so that the future of different situations can be predicted and the outcome tackled. As revealed in the article, scenarios are usually developed under different circumstances where they are meant to affect the situation they are being made to take care. The success o off a scenario depends on their application and integration style based on the real situation. Therefore, the researchers were trying to test the effectiveness of applying different scenarios in different situations. According to the Vliet, Kok, Veldkamp, and Sarkk (2012), workshops offer an opportunity for different scenarios to be tested as a way of finding out if they can be effective on the ground. As they state, users of the models that have been developed for different purposes have to be convinced that the models they are being given will effectively tackle the problems in their domain and that they will not fail them. The authors claim that when models are prepared, they might lead to discrepancies in the products that they are supposed to represent. Therefore, their credibility in the eyes of target users might be lowered. The article is purposed to test indicators for workshop results. To achieve this goal, the researchers used three locations as venues for conducting the tests. The researchers infer that there is very limited literature so far showing how creativity of products can be measured. As a result, there is still so much to be done in this field. In analyzing the creativity of people, the researchers used three indicators because three context models that were also available for use are believed to have better effects. The researchers found out during the testing of tools at the workshop that the type of tools used had a great influence on the perception of the participants. In conclusion, the researchers reveal that creativity criteria can be developed for use in scenario workshop output and outcomes. Analysis of the Authors’ Strengths and Weaknesses The authors have come out in a strong way to present their arguments on their research findings by first giving a background layout to the whole issue under discussion. The researchers have started by explaining the purpose of using scenarios in life. This strategy lays the ground for them to bring forth their findings. In this case, the researchers explain that scenarios are used to capture different situations as they may happen in the future and that these models can be good predictors. This laying out of the argument that necessitates the use of scenarios provides the basis for the whole research. The researchers explain why there is a need to have workable and acceptable models for use in scenario workshops. While commenting on the authors’ work, Enserink (2000) states, “This according to their argument is necessary for convincing stakeholders about the use of the scenarios being tested in real-life situations”. The researchers explain why both structure and creativity are important for the quality of scenarios. The authors use this approach to convince the reader why they prefer the use of creativity rather than the use of structure. The claim is qualified by stating that structure and creativity conflict when they are used together although both are equally important. The strength of this argument is found in the researchers move not to discount the use of structure because both are workable. Although the researchers indicate their preference for creativity by arguing that structure and creativity contradict each other at some point, they go ahead to indicate that structure is needed to enhance creativity. The researchers, however, do not explain how the two elements complement each other especially after stating that they conflict each other. This gap can be seen as a weakness on their argument. The researchers present their reason for not using many contextual characteristics by explaining that the use of many such characteristics can easily complicate the delivery of the intended scenario. Thus, they used three contextual characteristics. They strengthen their argument by stating that the contextual characteristics used were easily available and effective at the same time. The simple fact that is derived out of this argument is that the choice of contextual characteristics matters because users of these contexts may not have time and patience to pick on complicated models. Models should be simple and easily applicable. This claim, however, should not be used as the reason for making all models as simple as possible because some real-life situations are so complex and cannot be represented by simple models and Ebi and Gamble (2005) reveal. The researchers further argue why a two-day workshop gives a better chance than a one-day workshop. This position is a weak argument because the success of a workshop depends wholly on the organization and facilitation of the whole workshop. A one-day workshop can achieve much success as long as the facilitator plans for the available time. At the end of the day, it is meant to demonstrate scenarios after which the participants can go ahead and practice what they have learned. The authors have also employed the use of tables as a way of presenting their facts. Tables simplify the presentation of facts. From there, the reader is able to connect the notes and the tables. The researchers have emphasized the use of creativity that is mentioned together with structure. Creativity is a wide language to use. The researchers do not explain what creativity entails. Creativity comes at different levels. In this case, they should have given a basis for gauging it because the levels of creativity should be tested at the end of the day. The researchers’ bias towards creativity has made all their arguments warp in favor of creativity. They state that the choice of structuring tools should not harm creativity too much in case a structured output is needed to facilitate a link between qualitative and quantitative scenarios. The weakness of the argument is found in the obsession with creativity that the researchers keep on talking about in the article. Structure works better than creativity in some areas. In such circumstances, the structure should not be made subordinate to creativity as Seyff et al. (2009) point out. On the other hand, creativity works better than the structure in other areas. These are the areas that the researchers should emphasize the use of creativity. Too much creativity might drown the scenario being played out because the point might easily be lost in the effort of being creative. Creativity, in any case, should come second to structuring because it offers a cosmetic value to the scenario being created. The researchers give a positive and strong point concerning the size of the toolbox to be used. The researchers’ recommendation concerning the direct relationship between days and the size of the toolbox is logical because it will allow proper use of the available time. Does the Article Make a Valuable Contribution? The article makes a valuable contribution to science and art of strategy development and execution because it can be viewed as a further enhancement of scenario testing and workshop training management. The use of scenarios has become necessary in the modern world due to technological changes and widespread information sharing. The invention of the internet has made it possible for individuals to access information from all over the world. Similarly, changes in situations can be studied all over the world in an instance. Frittaion, Duinker, and Grant (2011) point out how “certain situations can be predictable while others cannot be predicted and that both situations have a domino effect when they happen”. Therefore, it is important for scientists to develop strategies that can take care of these situations long before they can happen. The right strategy is the one that is applicable, workable, and one that fits as a solution for a certain problem. Therefore, it is prudent for scientists to continue inventing and testing scenario situations. In this case, the researchers’ contribution has to be acknowledged because they are trying to define the importance of two factors during workshop training for scenario development tools. The researchers, in this case, outline the different approaches that can be used in conducting scenario workshops together with the factors to be considered. They, therefore, make a great contribution by outlining the importance of both structure and creativity in scenario workshops. Each scientific contribution is important regardless of how small it maybe because it moves something from one level to the next from where another scientist may come and improve on it. The researchers, in this case, have made findings that can be used to conduct scenario workshops better. They advise on the number of days that a good workshop should take besides indicating the number of scenarios that can be conducted over this period. Upon reading the article, the findings of the researchers are that the number of days for conducting a workshop should be at least two so that there is enough time to go through the different demonstrations. They also indicate the size of the toolbox to be used when given a certain number of days to conduct the workshop. This goes a long way to enable persons wishing to conduct scenario workshops to plan properly for their time and tools to use. When one has been given just one day to conduct the workshop, the person should consider using a smaller toolbox so that all planned demonstrations can be conducted within the day. The authors have highlighted the importance of creativity by giving it more weight when compared to the structure. Although both are important, creativity has been highlighted as more important due to its ability to impress the users of the scenarios. The most important thing about scenarios is that they are supposed to be convincing and workable to users. They should be able to give certain results when tested for validity because scenario situations are supposed to solve real-life situations. Contrasting the Researchers’ Views There seems to be very limited information to contrast what the researchers of this article have prepared with what other researchers have done. Most of the information found in this research has been collaborated heavily by the readings made by the researchers on other works done by other researchers. Alcamo and Rothman (2004) employ a different approach towards scenario workshops by stating that dialogue should be the central theme in scenario workshop projects. This position is different from what the researchers of the article have emphasized creativity. Although creativity should be viewed as something important, it is given a secondary position by Alcamo because the dialogue is the most important thing in all workshops, especially those that deal with training. Dialogue enables participants to exchange information between them to come out with a better understanding of the scenarios being explained. Dialogue too gives the participants a better understanding of the scenarios that the workshop is projecting. This enables the participants to understand it better and stand a chance to apply the same to their situations. On the other hand, Akoumanakis and Stephanidis (2003) employ a very different approach to what the researchers of this article have used. The authors advocate for the use of technology to create interfaces during the presentation. This approach is different from what the researchers of the article had come up with, which is the use of cards and other hardcopy materials. The modern-day presentations require the use of technology because it simplifies any form of a presentation by showing sequences better and faster. Presentation modes such as Prezi and PowerPoint provide better tools for conducting a workshop. Group members can also use them easily on their own. Computer presentations allow users to copy the presentations and carry with them in softcopy easily. This can be done through human-computer interaction. Enserink (2000) has a different view from the researchers of the article by stating that time may not count as much as a factor as long as the workshop is objective-based (574). Short intensive workshops can achieve much more than long workshops without proper objectives and organization. The most important thing in conducting a workshop is the management of time and delivery of the intended objectives. Scenarios are used to develop a forecasting platform that can be used by an organization to forecast what is going to happen in the future. Therefore, finding differences in their purposes or approach can be difficult because they tend to work towards the same goals. In many cases, scenarios borrow from one another because they work towards the same purpose. However, differences may exist on the side of the approaches that are being employed to come up with the best scenarios. Workshops are just forums for discussing scenarios with different parties. Thus, they may not look the same allover although they have a purpose in bringing stakeholders in the same room and selling them the idea of the scenario being created. In this case, the researchers have dwelt in a very narrow viewpoint of creativity and structure, which might be an area that has not been dwelt upon by other writers. It, therefore, makes it difficult to find contradictory articles that can be used directly to engage in this paper. Although the scenario workshop project is a wide topic, most of the work done on it develops what has already been done. Scenario and Foresight Thinking as Valuable Tools Scenarios and related tools are valuable in the day-to-day life that is more proactive than being reactive. The need to avert dangerous and loss-making situations has made people and organizations develop scenarios that can enable them to survive for long in the business that they are doing. History indicates that forecasting measures are necessary for averting situations that are beyond human control. Without doing so, extinction takes place. The need to keep businesses running and remaining profitable has made businesses invest so much in forecasting techniques because they may easily end if they fail to consider taking such measures. Different organizations have different mandates. With this, they all have their functions varying from one organization to the other. A situation in one organization can easily affect the next organization depending on how organizations are interrelated. Therefore, it is prudent for such organizations to try to anticipate different situations to come up with solutions before the situations happen. Previously, many companies have folded due to lack of this foresight. This happened with the introduction of technological changes in their fields. Because they had never anticipated the new trends, most of their work and products became obsolete within a short time, hence acting as a lesson for other entities to learn. Other than businesses and organizations’ survival, scenario situations can be used to control, avert, or manage disaster situations. Governments of the day too can use scenario situations to manage economic situations by balancing the sectors of the economy as per the predictions. This strategy is a safe way to handle situations before they happen. It can be described as a perfect cost-saving measure. Would I Value these Ideas as a CEO? If I were a chief executive officer of a corporation, I would value what the researchers have said about scenario workshops. Scenario workshops are suited for people doing research. As an executive officer, I would prefer making use of an already-tested model, which has been fine-tuned and found workable. Scenario projects are good for all organizations. I would employ their use because they act as a lifesaver to the organization in case the future changes. We all live in the fear of the unknown future. Ignoring this fear can be perilous to our existence. Therefore, taking precaution can be described as the least expensive path for any organization to take rather than counting damage when it occurs. As a chief executive officer, I would engage the services of risk consultants who are experts in this field of scenario projects to give an up-to-date and continuous report on scenarios in relation to the changing environment of doing business. Scenario projects’ ideas are valuable to any individual who wants to plan for the long term because they give a glimpse of what one is supposed to meet in the coming future. Organizations build their profiles for the sake of the future because they are not a one-day shop. Therefore, it is important to develop a successful future than to develop a future that will fail. Applying the use of models has to be in accordance with the relevance that the model will have on the organization. Some theoretical values that models project can be right or wrong. Therefore, it is the duty of the chief executive officer to make sure that these values are true and workable in the interest of the organization. Therefore, as the boss, I will endeavor to pick and use what is necessary and leave out what is dispensable because different scientists try out different models for the sake of finding out if they are workable. Choosing the best model can be a challenge too, but should not be viewed as an impossibility. As the chief executive officer, it would also be prudent to develop an in-house scenario project that fit the description of the organization I am leading because in-house ideas have the advantage of having the knowledge of the inside workings of the organization. Thus, they can rarely go wrong. Research and development can be one area that would complement the purpose of scenario development because the organization will be up to date with the changes that happen around it together with solutions to take care of the changes. It is one thing to forecast and know how the future will appear and that it is another thing to come up with solutions for the same. Thus, as the chief executive officer, I would go ahead and form a research and development team that would be mandated to come up with fallback positions in case a situation happens. Scenario projects are important since they have increasingly played a major role in the survival of organizations, thus making it necessary to employ them in the day-to-day running of the organizations. Reference List Akoumianakis, Demosthenes, and Constantine Stephanidis. “Blending Scenarios of use and Informal Argumentation to facilitate universal Access: Experience with the universal Access Assessment Workshop Method.” Behavior and Information Technology 22, no. 4(2003): 227-244. Alcamo, Joseph, and Dale Rothman. Introduction to Scenario Analysis. TIAS Summer School. Germany: Osnabruck, 2004. Ebi, Kristie, and Janet Gamble. “Summary of a Workshop on the Development of Health Models & Scenarios: Strategies for the Future.” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 3(2005): 335-338. Enserink, Bert. “Building Scenarios for University.” International Transactions in Operational Research 7, no. 2(2000): 569-583. Frittaion, Cristiana, Peter Duinker, and Jill Grant. “Suspending Belief: Influencing Engagement in Scenarios of Forest Futures.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 78, no. 3(2011): 421-430. Seyff, Norbert, Neil Maiden, and Kristine Karlsen et al. “Exploring How to use Scenarios to Discover Requirements.” Requirements Engineering 14, no. 1(2009): 91-111. Vliet, Mathijs, Kasper Kok, Andrew Veldkamp, and Simo Sarkk. “Structure in creativity: An Exploratory Study to analyze the Effects of Structuring Tools on Scenario Workshop Results.” Futures 44, no. 1(2012): 746-763. This essay on Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results was written and submitted by your fellow student. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. Removal Request Request the removal Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by professional specifically for you? Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar 301 certified writers online Cite This paper Select a referencing style: IvyPanda. (2020, March 21). Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/journal-article-study-the-effects-of-structuring-tools-on-results/ Work Cited "Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results." IvyPanda, 21 Mar. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/journal-article-study-the-effects-of-structuring-tools-on-results/. 1. IvyPanda. "Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results." March 21, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/journal-article-study-the-effects-of-structuring-tools-on-results/. IvyPanda. (2020) 'Journal Article: Study the Effects of Structuring Tools on Results'. 21 March. More related papers
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Paul Boddie's Free Software-related blog Archive for the ‘Python’ Category Rename This Project Tuesday, December 13th, 2016 It is interesting how the CPython core developers appear to prefer to spend their time on choosing names for someone else’s fork of Python 2, with some rather expansionist views on trademark applicability, than on actually winning over Python 2 users to their cause, which is to make Python 3 the only possible future of the Python language, of course. Never mind that the much broader Python language community still appears to have an overwhelming majority of Python 2 users. And not some kind of wafer-thin, “first past the post”, mandate-exaggerating, Brexit-level majority, but an actual “that doesn’t look so bad but, oh, the scale is logarithmic!” kind of majority. On the one hand, there are core developers who claim to be very receptive to the idea of other people maintaining Python 2, because the CPython core developers have themselves decided that they cannot bear to look at that code after 2020 and will not issue patches, let alone make new releases, even for the issues that have been worthy of their attention in recent years. Telling people that they are completely officially unsupported applies yet more “stick” and even less “carrot” to those apparently lazy Python 2 users who are still letting the side down by not spending their own time and money on realising someone else’s vision. But apparently, that receptivity extends only so far into the real world. One often reads and hears claims of “entitlement” when users complain about developers or the output of Free Software projects. Let it be said that I really appreciate what has been delivered over the decades by the Python project: the language has kept programming an interesting activity for me; I still to this day maintain and develop software written in Python; I have even worked to improve the CPython distribution at times, not always successfully. But it should always be remembered that even passive users help to validate projects, and active users contribute in numerous ways to keep projects viable. Indeed, users invest in the viability of such projects. Without such investment, many projects (like many companies) would remain unable to fulfil their potential. Instead of inflicting burdensome change whose predictable effect is to cause a depreciation of the users’ existing investments and to demand that they make new investments just to mitigate risk and “keep up”, projects should consider their role in developing sustainable solutions that do not become obsolete just because they are not based on the “latest and greatest” of the technology realm’s toys. If someone comes along and picks up this responsibility when it is abdicated by others, then at the very least they should not be given a hard time about it. And at least this “Python 2.8′′ barely pretends to be anything more than a continuation of things that came before, which is not something that can be said about Python 3 and the adoption/migration fiasco that accompanies it to this day. Making Python Programs Faster with Shedskin Tuesday, February 2nd, 2016 A few months ago, I had the opportunity to combine two of my interests: retrocomputing and Python programming. The latter needs little additional explanation, but the former perhaps requires a few more words. Retrocomputing is the study and use of computing equipment from an earlier era in computing, where such equipment is typically no longer in use, or is no longer in widespread use. My own experiences with microcomputers began in the 1980s and are largely centred upon those manufactured by Acorn Computers, such as the Acorn Electron and BBC Microcomputer. Some History One of my earlier initiatives was to attempt to document and understand the functioning of the Acorn Electron’s ULA integrated circuit: the Uncommitted Logic Array employed in the computer to generate video and perform input/output tasks. When Acorn decided to make the Electron as a variant of the BBC Microcomputer, the engineers merged many of the functions performed by separate chips into a single one, for several good and not-so-good reasons: • To reduce system complexity: having to connect several components and make sure that they all work correctly and in time with each other can be challenging, and it is arguably best to reduce the number of things that can go wrong by just reducing the number of things involved in the first place. • To reduce system cost: production becomes less complicated and savings can potentially be realised by combining discrete components. • To deepen the organisation’s experience with integrated circuit design: this being the company that developed the ARM architecture and eventually brought the first ARM chipset (CPU, audio/video controller, memory management unit, and input/output controller) to market. • To make a proprietary component that others could not readily clone: this being something of an obsession in the early 1980s marketplace. Now, the ULA has the job of reading from memory and translating what it reads into a sequence of colour values, thus generating a picture on the screen. However, it has the annoying limitation of locking the CPU out of the memory (in fact, only the RAM which resides in a certain region) while it generates each line of the displayed image. Depending on which “screen mode” is selected (determining the resolution and colour depth), it may still let the CPU access the RAM at a lower speed, or it may effectively suspend the CPU for the entire time taken to generate a single horizontal display line. Consequently, the Acorn Electron is considerably slower than the BBC Microcomputer for this reason: the BBC Micro employs faster memory and lets the CPU and its own video circuitry take turns with the memory while they both run at full speed; the Electron used cheaper memory as another cost-saving measure; reviews of the Electron, while generally positive about getting BBC Micro features for less, tended to note this performance degradation with some disappointment. The Acorn Electron ULA The Acorn Electron ULA (with socket cover/heatsink removed) Some Background Normally, the matter of the CPU stalling for much of its time would be considered a disadvantage, but my brother and I were having a discussion about software running from ROM (or, in fact, in the area of memory not affected by the ULA), with the pitfalls of such software needing to access the RAM and potentially becoming stalled as the CPU finds itself waiting for the ULA to do its work. Somehow the notion arose that the ULA effectively provides a kind of synchronisation mechanism for software needing to run in the period between display lines. So, a program can read instructions from ROM and then, when it needs to know that the display is not being updated, it can attempt to access RAM. Whether or not the program stalls remains unknown to the program itself, but when it gets the result of accessing the RAM – perhaps immediately, perhaps after a few microseconds – it can be certain that the ULA is not accessing the RAM because it just did so itself. A screen image showing the update region An image showing the display update region (the "test card" picture) when the ULA accesses memory, with the black border indicating the region (or time period) during which the CPU may access the lower region of the Electron's memory. (See the BBC Test Cards for the origin of the above picture.) One might wonder what kind of program would benefit from synchronising itself to the display line periods. Well, one thing that tended to happen back in the microcomputing era, was the trick of reprogramming the display palette – the selection of colours shown on screen – so that a greater number of colours can be displayed simultaneously on the screen than would normally be the case for that particular display configuration. For example, a screen mode normally offering only four colours could instead offer the full range – eight “proper” colours on an Electron – if it switched the palette during screen updates. Even a screen mode offering only two colours could offer eight by employing palette switching. And with a certain amount of experimentation, a working solution was eventually delivered (with only limited input needed from my side). By running software in a ROM (or from RAM mapped into the same area of memory as a ROM), it became possible to reliably change the palette on a line-by-line basis, bridging the gap between a medium-resolution four-colour mode and a hypothetical eight-colour version that would only become available on Acorn’s ARM-based microcomputers. Although only four colours can be used per display line, each of the 256 display lines can employ four-colour combinations of the full eight colours, not quite making an eight-colour mode – which would, of course, allow eight colours on every display line – but still permitting graphical output much closer to a true eight-colour mode than can be contemplated with a restrictive four-colour mode. Rainbow lorikeets on a lawn Rainbow lorikeets on a lawn (left: 4 colours from 8 per display line; right: 8 colours per display line) Palette Optimisation With the trick in place to switch the palette on demand, all that remained was to make a program that could take an input image and to optimise the colours so that... 1. Only the eight permitted colours (black, white, primary and secondary colours) are used in the image. 2. No pixel row (display line) employs more than four different colours. Expectations were rather low at first. First of all, in this era of bountiful quantities of fresh imagery, most pictures appear to have plenty of colours and are photographs, and so the easiest images to use are the ones that first need to be reduced in both resolution and colour depth. And once this is done, the job of optimising the colours to meet the second of the above criteria is required. So, initially, very simple techniques were employed to do both of these things. Later, after some discussions, it appeared that integrating the two processing activities and, crucially, applying basic dithering and error propagation techniques, made it possible to represent complicated “deep-colour” images within the limited display representation. Magnified details of the two representations Magnified details of the two representations Closer examination of the above images reveals how the algorithm attempts to spread the responsibility of representing colours across rows, being restricted to the choice of four colours (in the left image) to produce the appropriate tones that are more readily encoded using eight colours (in the right image). Tuning the Implementation To perform the optimisation process, I wrote a program which took an input image, rotated and scaled it to the target resolution, and processed the colours by inspecting the pixel data on each horizontal line (or row) of the image, calculating the appropriate four-colour combination for a line and generating suitable pixel data appropriate for this restricted palette. Since I am probably most comfortable with Python, and since Python also has various convenient image-processing libraries, I found myself developing a short Python program to do the work. Now, Python doesn’t usually exhibit the highest performance, particularly for tasks such as this, and as the experimentation with different approaches started to lessen, with the most rewarding approaches making themselves evident, and with the temptation to convert lots of images just to see the results, my attentions turned to speeding up the program. Since I had been involved with packaging the Shedskin Python-to-C++ compiler for Debian, and thus the package was right there for me to use, it made sense to give it a try on this code. At this point, the program was taking around 40 seconds to convert a 16 megapixel photographic image into the appropriate output representation. Despite using the Python Imaging Library to do the rotation and scaling, visiting each pixel in a Python program and doing some simple statistical and arithmetic operations was taking up rather a lot of time. In the past, I have used various “numeric” Python extensions – usually the ones supported by pygame – but things have moved on somewhat incoherently since then, and I also wanted to keep my code straightforward and readable, which is often something that is lost when making code “numeric”. Time for Shedskin I have used Shedskin before, and the first thing to think about when using it is how it will interact with non-Python code. Shedskin takes Python code and generates C++ which must then be compiled. If a whole program is translated to C++, the resulting executable can be run with no further work necessary. However, the program of interest here uses libraries that are actually implemented in C and are delivered as shared libraries that are loaded by CPython (the Python virtual machine implementation written in the C programming language). Shedskin cannot generally translate such a program in its entirety. From the earliest days of Python, it was (and has remained) a common practice to first write library code in Python, desire better performance, and to then rewrite much of that code in the C programming language against the Python/C API (or CPython API) as an “extension module”, which is what these problematic shared libraries are. Such libraries act as part of the CPython virtual machine, more or less, and with suitable implementation choices made for performance, everything using such libraries will run much more quickly. Unfortunately, but understandably, Shedskin doesn’t seek to interact closely with the CPython implementation: it produces C++ code that works with its own runtime libraries. So, instead of working with a single program file, I split my program up into a main program which deals with CPython extensions such as the Python Imaging Library, whose JPEG and PNG manipulation facilities are too convenient to abandon, along with a library module that does all the computation for this particular application. The library would provide its own image abstraction for pixel-level accesses, but be given the pixel data obtained by the main program, returning the processed data to the main program for saving to a file. By only compiling the library, Shedskin can produce a standalone library file containing hopefully high-performance implementations of the original Python code. But how can such a library constructed by Shedskin be used? Would we now need to somehow translate the main program into C or C++ in order to be able to use it? Fortunately, but slightly confusingly, Shedskin can also generate the necessary CPython API wrapper around the translated code, making it possible for CPython to load this newly-created library after all. (One might wonder how this is possible, but if one considers that arbitrary C or C++ code can be wrapped using the CPython API, with the values being sent in and out of a library only being converted at the interface, Shedskin has the luxury of generating something that lives by its own rules internally, with the wrapper doing the necessary “marshalling” of the values as they go in and come out. Such a wrapped library might be frowned upon in the Python world, not being a sophisticated extension module that takes full advantage of the CPython API, but such libraries were, and probably still are, the “bread and butter” of Python’s access to a wide array of tools and technologies.) Knowing that this is a reasonable approach, I experienced a moment of excessive ambition. I tried to take the newly-broken-out library and compile it using the appropriate option: shedskin -e This took quite some time, and things did not go well... *** SHED SKIN Python-to-C++ Compiler 0.9.2 *** Copyright 2005-2011 Mark Dufour; License GNU GPL version 3 (See LICENSE) [analyzing types..] *WARNING* reached maximum number of iterations [generating c++ code..] *WARNING* 'get_combinations' function not exported (cannot convert argument 'c') *WARNING* 'get_colours' function not exported (cannot convert return value) *WARNING* 'balance' function not exported (cannot convert argument 'd') *WARNING* expression has dynamic (sub)type: {None, int, tuple} *WARNING* expression has dynamic (sub)type: {float, int, tuple2} *WARNING* expression has dynamic (sub)type: {float, int, tuple} *WARNING* expression has dynamic (sub)type: {int, tuple} *WARNING* variable 'data' has dynamic (sub)type: {None, int, tuple} *WARNING* variable (class SimpleImage, 'data') has dynamic (sub)type: {None, int, tuple} And then there were many more lines of a more specific nature: *WARNING* function distance not called! And so on. Now, if you are thinking that this will probably not end well, you would be right. Running make gives plenty of errors looking as scary as this... optimiser.cpp: In function '__shedskin__::list*, double>*>* __optimiser__::list_comp_0(__shedskin__::pyiter*)': optimiser.cpp:76:17: error: base operand of '->' is not a pointer optimiser.cpp:77:21: error: base operand of '->' is not a pointer optimiser.cpp:78:68: error: invalid conversion from '__shedskin__::tuple2*' to 'int' [-fpermissive] In file included from /usr/share/shedskin/lib/builtin.hpp:1204:0, from optimiser.cpp:1: /usr/share/shedskin/lib/builtin/tuple.hpp:211:28: error: initializing argument 2 of '__shedskin__::tuple2::tuple2(int, A, B) [with A = int; B = double]' [-fpermissive] optimiser.cpp:78:70: error: no matching function for call to '__shedskin__::list*, double>*>::append(__shedskin__::tuple2*)' optimiser.cpp:78:70: note: candidate is: In file included from /usr/share/shedskin/lib/builtin.hpp:1203:0, from optimiser.cpp:1: /usr/share/shedskin/lib/builtin/list.hpp:96:25: note: void* __shedskin__::list::append(T) [with T = __shedskin__::tuple2*, double>*] /usr/share/shedskin/lib/builtin/list.hpp:96:25: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from '__shedskin__::tuple2*' to '__shedskin__::tuple2*, double>*' Of course, it would be unfair to expect this to have worked: Shedskin did indeed give us plenty of warnings! But we should at least try and understand such warnings if we are to make progress. After a few more iterations of this bold strategy, I realised that I had started out in the wrong fashion, presenting Shedskin with code that is too dynamic (and ambiguous) for it to reasonably infer sensible types and produce a compilable C++ representation. First Things First I started out by reintroducing some necessary changes gradually. First of all, I made a branch of my code committing the special image abstraction to be used in any future Shedskin-compiled version. Meanwhile, I looked at some things that might generally be performance-degrading in Python, and which might also help Shedskin deduce the program types more readily. One thing that I had done in the initial implementation was to freely use sequences to represent colour triplets: the red, green and blue values. I was using code like this: def invert(srgb): return tuple(map(lambda x: 1.0 - x, srgb)) This might be elegant – there’s no separate treatment of each element in the triplet – but there is likely to be more overhead in treating the triplet as a sequence, iterating over it, and so on. Moreover, Shedskin is likely to see objects appearing from a collection without any idea of what was put into that collection to start with. So, more mundane code was introduced in its place: def invert(srgb): r, g, b = srgb return 1.0 - r, 1.0 - g, 1.0 - b Such changes reduced the processing time from around 35 seconds to around 25 seconds. After various other performance modifications, such as avoiding the repeated computation of common values, this became around 18 to 19 seconds. Interestingly, merging such modifications into the branch with the special image abstraction reduced the running time to around 16 to 17 seconds. But at this point, obvious optimisation opportunities were more or less exhausted. It then became time for another attempt to present this to Shedskin. This time, instead of calling the main program and the library, which is not particularly intuitive, I retained the name of the main program as and used the traditional naming for the library: shedskin -e This completed without any warnings, and running make produced a library file,, that Python recognises as an extension module. Running the program produced a palette-optimised image in just under 9 seconds! Making the Difference So, what were the differences that made Shedskin accept the library code? Since the splitting up of the code into two files makes comparisons between versions awkward, we can first compare the version of the program before our preparatory work with the version of the program that fed into our Shedskin version. There are four areas of changes: • The introduction of that image abstraction class – SimpleImage – to be used to manipulate images instead of using Python Imaging Library objects. (In fact, this is only used initially as a container for the raw pixel data, with such data being passed to library functions, as described below.) • Modifications to access the different components of colour triplets explicitly. • Some “common sense” performance modifications, avoiding the repeated computation of things that always produce the same result anyway. • Some local name adjustments. This final point is something that the Shedskin documentation mentions prominently, but it can be easy to forget. Consider the following code (in the balance function of the library module): dd = dict([(value, f) for f, value in d]) Originally, this looked like this: This earlier version just reverses a dictionary mapping and assigns the result to the name of the original dictionary. Although this seems harmless enough, Shedskin’s analysis would be complicated substantially by having to deal with a name being reassigned and potentially being associated with completely different kinds of objects, even if in this case we are only dealing with dictionaries. (Even if the same type were only ever involved, as we see here, it would also prevent any analysis being done on the nature of the keys and values in the dictionaries.) We can see the effect of this by trying to compile the functioning version with the earlier naming scheme reintroduced. First, we see a warning like this: Since Shedskin propagates type information around the program, this leads to other problems: *WARNING* variable (function (function balance, 'list_comp_0'), 'value') has dynamic (sub)type: {int, tuple} *WARNING* variable (function (function balance, 'list_comp_1'), 'f') has dynamic (sub)type: {float, int, tuple2} *WARNING* variable (function (function balance, 'list_comp_1'), 'value') has dynamic (sub)type: {int, tuple} And later in the messages, the more specific errors indicate the problem and its consequences: *WARNING* class 'list' has no method 'items' And so on. Such warnings, which will cause errors if one tries to compile the result, can seem very intimidating, but within all these details the cause should be identifiable. But another important aspect of the successful translation of the library module should not be forgotten: it is the matter of choosing the right initial functionality to give to Shedskin. Instead of trying to compile everything, it makes sense to concentrate on things like functions which are fairly self-contained, which do not call potentially vast regions of other program functionality, and which are invoked often, especially in loops that take a long time. Migrating a small piece of functionality at a time helps to keep the troubleshooting activity manageable. By using the SimpleImage class as a convenient staging post for pixel data, simple library functions could be migrated first, and the library could be kept ignorant of the abstractions being maintained in the main program. Later on, as we shall see below, such abstractions and functions that require them could then be migrated themselves. Broadening the Scope With some core functionality migrated to a compilable extension module, it becomes possible to give other things the Shedskin treatment. At the start of the second attempt to get Shedskin to compile the code, quite a few functions were still being run by the CPython virtual machine, notably various image operations. With the functions called by these operations already migrated, it becomes possible to move each of these operations over into the extension module. The expectation here is that since these functions can now call each other without the overhead of the CPython API, as well as avoiding running code in the virtual machine, further performance improvements will occur. And since Shedskin’s own runtime library supports certain Python standard library modules in accelerated form, it becomes interesting to migrate operations that employ such module functionality. For example, the get_combinations function can be moved to take advantage of Shedskin’s itertools implementation. And in addition to just moving functions, classes can also be compiled by Shedskin and potentially accessed more quickly, while remaining accessible to normal Python code that hasn’t been compiled. Not all of these optimisations give the boost in performance that might be hoped for, perhaps even bringing performance penalties when first introduced. But it is important to look beyond any current, small optimisation to future optimisations that the accumulation of those small optimisations will permit. Moving the SimpleImage class into the extension module permits the migration of other code, with the consequence that the program when run takes around 6 seconds instead of 9 seconds: the apparent optimisation barrier is overcome, leading to yet more gains! Some Conclusions It is possible to make very useful performance gains just by revisiting code and writing it in a way that suits the language implementation. Starting out with an execution time of around 40 seconds, it was possible to make the program run in closer to 15 seconds, and that might have been enough for occasional conversion of images. But by adopting Shedskin and applying it to a subset of the program’s functionality, an execution time of 9 seconds was initially obtained. This might not be quite as impressive as the earlier two-and-a-half fold reduction in time (or, of course, a two-and-a-half fold increase in throughput), but it was obtained with little additional effort, with admittedly some planning for it being incorporated into the earlier optimisation work. Ultimately, reaching around 6 seconds of execution time means that Shedskin was indeed able to more or less match earlier performance gains, but again with little actual optimisation effort. And one can argue that merely using Shedskin helped to inform those earlier gains, anyway. Regardless of what should take the credit, the program ended up running almost seven times faster than when we started out on this journey. Tools like Shedskin have a slightly controversial place in the Python world. People like to point out that Shedskin really only compiles a “restricted subset” of Python: one that Shedskin is able to analyse. And as the above exercise demonstrates, modifications to programs are likely to be required to take advantage of it. But the resulting programs are still Python programs, and the CPython virtual machine will still run them, just slower – three times slower in this case – than if they were compiled. Authors of tools like Shedskin and alternative implementations of the Python language have a tough decision to make. They must either deal with the continuously changing “full-fat” version of the language, with new features being added all the time that they have to support, with the risk that they will never catch up and never be considered a “proper” implementation. Or they must impose limitations on the form of the language and the features they support, knowing that even if their software accepts programs written in Python, it will be marginalised and regarded as a distraction from “proper” Python programming. And yet, Python as delivered by CPython offers little in the way of things that Shedskin and similar tools seek to offer, so it should be no wonder that such tools have come to exist. Instead, one might wonder why it is that the language must continue to evolve in ways that frustrate static analysis and enhancements to program performance and scalability. Indeed, my own interests in the analysis of Python code have been somewhat rekindled by this exercise, but unlike the valiant efforts of other developers (such as the author of Nuitka and his continuing quest to support the compilation of “full-fat” Python), I have no intention of using Python as my gold standard. In essence, Python is and has been a productive language to use – that is why I have used it here and many times before – but the very nature of the language should be open to question and review. If, by discarding features, something like Python can be more predictable and better-performing, why would exploring this avenue of inquiry be a bad thing? Shedskin shows us that there are benefits in doing so, and I hope that this article has also shown some practical techniques for using and understanding the tool. And maybe this will encourage me and others to make some more progress with our own Python program analysis efforts as well, if only to offer alternatives that seek to deliver on some of the unrealised promise and potential that Python seemed to offer back when we first discovered it, so many years ago now. Oslo architecture (4 from 8 colours with scaled original) An architectural picture from Oslo with the left version using 4 colours from 8 on every display line, the right version being a scaled version of the original. Testing Times for Free Software and Open Hardware Tuesday, January 12th, 2016 Software Freedom Undervalued The Proprietary Instincts of the BBC The Walled Garden Party’s Hangover for Free Software Development PayPal: Doesn’t Pay, Not Your Pal imip-agent: Integrating Calendaring with E-Mail Tuesday, November 17th, 2015 Longer ago than I had, until now, realised, I wrote an article about my ongoing exploration of groupware and, specifically, calendaring. As I noted in that article, I felt that a broader range of options may be needed for those wishing to expand their use of communications technologies beyond plain e-mail and into the structured exchange of other kinds of information, whilst retaining and building upon that e-mail infrastructure. And I noted that more often than not, people wanting to increase their ambitions in this regard are often confronted with the prospect of abandoning what they already use successfully, instead being obliged to adopt a complete package of technologies, some of which they may not even need. While proprietary software and service vendors might pursue such strategies of persuasion – getting the big sale or the big contract – it is baffling that Free Software projects might also put potential users on the spot in the same way. After all, Free Software is very much about choice and control. So, as I spelled out in that previous article, there may be some mileage in trying to offer extensions to existing infrastructure so that people can increase their communications capabilities whilst retaining the technologies they already know. And in some depth (and at some length), I described what a mail-centred calendaring solution might need to provide in order to address most people’s needs. Finally, I promised to make my own efforts available in this area so that anyone remotely interested in the topic might get some benefit from it. Last month, I started a very brief exchange on a Debian- and groupware-related mailing list about such matters, just to see what people interested in groupware projects might think, also attempting to find out what they use for calendaring themselves. (Unfortunately, there doesn’t seem to be so many non-product-specific, public and open places to discuss matters such as this one. Search mail software lists for calendaring discussions and you may even get to see hostility towards anyone mentioning groupware.) Ultimately, to keep the discussion concrete, I decided to announce informally what I have been working on. Introducing imip-agent imip-agent logoCalendaring and distributed scheduling can be achieved over e-mail using the iMIP standard. My work relies on this standard to function, providing programs that are integrated in mail transfer agents (MTAs) acting as calendaring agents. Thus, I decided to call the project imip-agent. Initially, and as noted previously, my interest in such matters started with the mail handling functionality of Kolab and the component called Wallace that is responsible for responding to requests sent to certain e-mail addresses. Meanwhile, Kolab provided (and maybe still provides) a rather inelegant way of preparing “free/busy” information describing the availability of calendar system participants: a daemon program would run periodically, scanning mailboxes for events stored in special folders, and generate completely new manifests of each user’s schedule. (This may have changed since I last looked at Kolab in any serious manner.) It occurred to me that the exchange of messages between participants in a scheduling transaction should be sufficient to maintain a live record of each participant’s availability, and that some experimentation would demonstrate the feasibility or infeasibility of such an approach. I had already looked into how existing architectures prepare and consume free/busy information, and felt that I had enumerated the relevant essentials for a viable calendaring architecture based on e-mail exchanges alone. And so I set about learning about mail handling programs and expanding my existing knowledge of calendar-related standards. Fortunately, my work trying to get Kolab configured in a nice way didn’t go entirely to waste after all, although I also wanted to support different MTAs and not use convoluted Postfix-specific integration mechanisms, and so had to read up about more convenient and approachable mechanisms that other systems use to integrate with mail pipelines without trying hard to be all “high performance” about it. And I also wanted to make it possible for people to adopt a solution that didn’t force them to roll out LDAP in a scary “cross your fingers and run this script” fashion, even if many organisations already rely on LDAP and are comfortable with it. The resulting description of this work is now available on the Web, and an attempt has been made to document the many different aspects of development, deployment and integration. Naturally, it is a work in progress and not a finished product: one step on the road to hopefully becoming a dependable solution involves packaging for Free Software distributions, which would result in the effort currently required to configure the software being minimised for the person setting it up. But at the same time, the mechanisms for integration with other systems (such as mail, mailboxes and Web servers) still need to be documented so that such work may have a chance to proceed. Why Bother? For various reasons unrelated to the work itself, it has taken a bit longer to get to this point than previously anticipated. But the act of making it available is, for me, a very necessary part of what I regard as a contribution to a kind of conversation about what kinds of software and solutions might work for certain groups of people, touching upon topics like how such solutions might be developed and realised. For instance, the handling of calendar data, although already supported by various Python libraries, hasn’t really led to similar Python-based solutions being developed as far as I can tell. Perhaps my contribution can act as an encouragement there. There are, of course, various Python-based CalDAV servers, but I regard the projects around them to be somewhat opaque, and I perceive a common tendency amongst them to provide something resembling a product that covers some specific needs but then leaves those people deploying that product with numerous open-ended questions about how they might address related needs. I also wonder whether there should be more library sharing between these projects for more than basic data interpretation, but I know that this is quite difficult to achieve in practice, even if these projects should be largely functionally identical. With such things forming the background of Free Software groupware, I can understand why some organisations are pitching complete solutions that aim to do many things. But here, in certain regards, I perceive a lack of opportunity for that conversation I mentioned above: there’s either a monologue with the insinuation that some parties know better than others (or worse, that they have the magic formula to total market domination) or there’s a dialogue with one side not really extending the courtesy of taking the other side’s views or contributions seriously. And it is clear that those wanting to use such solutions should also be part of a conversation about what, in the end, should work best for them. Now, it is possible that organisations might see the benefit in the incremental approach to improving their systems and services that imip-agent offers. But it is also possible that there are also organisations who will contrast imip-agent with a selection of all-in-one solutions, possibly being dangled in front of them on special terms by vendors who just want to “close the deal”, and in the comparison shopping exercise that ensues, they will buy into the sales pitch of one of those vendors. Without a concerted education exercise, that latter group of potential users are never likely to be a serious participant in our conversations (although I would hope that they might ultimately see sense), but the former group of potential users should be most welcome to participate in our conversations and thus enrich the wealth of choices and options that we should be offering. They would, I hope, realise that it is not about what they can get out of other people for nothing (or next to nothing), but instead what expertise and guidance they can contribute so that they and others can benefit from a sustainable and durable solution that, above all else, serves them and their needs and interests. What Next? Some people might point out that calendaring is only a small portion of what groupware is, if the latter term can even be somewhat accurately defined. This is indeed true. I would like to think that Free Software projects in other domains might enter the picture here to offer a compelling, broader groupware alternative. For instance, despite the apparent focus on chat and real-time communications, one doesn’t hear too much about one of the most popular groupware technologies on the Web today: the wiki. When used effectively, and when the dated rhetoric about wikis being equivalent to anarchy has been silenced by demonstrating effective collaborative editing and content management techniques, a wiki can be a potent tool for collaboration and collective information management. It also turns out that Free Software calendar clients could do with some improvement. Their deficiencies may be a product of an unfortunate but fashionable fascination with proprietary mail, scheduling and social networking services amongst the community of people who use and develop Free Software. Once again, even though imip-agent seeks to provide only basic functionality as a calendar client, I hope that such functionality may inform or, at the very least, inspire developers to improve existing programs and bring them up to the expected levels of functionality. Alongside this work, I have other things I want (and need) to be looking at, but I will happily entertain enquiries about how it might be developed further or deployed. It is, after all, Free Software, and given sufficient interest, it should be developed and improved in a collaborative fashion. There are some future plans for it that I take rather seriously, but with the privileges or freedoms granted in the licence, there is nothing stopping it from having a life of its own from now on. So, if you are interested in this kind of solution and want to know more about it, take a look at the imip-agent site. If nothing else, I hope that it reminds you of the importance of independently-developed solutions for communication and the value in retaining control of the software and systems you rely on for that communication. An actual user reports on his use of my parallel processing library Monday, November 16th, 2015 User Stories Two Tales of Concurrency Awkward Analogies Expectations and Opportunities Migrating the Mailman Wiki from Confluence to MoinMoin Tuesday, May 12th, 2015 Up and Away A Revival Getting There At Long Last The all-new Mailman Wiki with Jim Tittsler's theme The all-new Mailman Wiki with Jim Tittsler's theme Some Lessons Leaving the PSF Sunday, May 10th, 2015 A Footnote On Python’s Type Annotation Strategy Thursday, May 7th, 2015 Python’s email Package and the “PGP/MIME” Question Wednesday, January 7th, 2015 I vaguely follow the development of Mailpile – the Free Software, Web-based e-mail client – and back in November 2014, there was a blog post discussing problems that the developers had experienced while working with PGP/MIME (or OpenPGP as RFC 3156 calls it). A discussion also took place on the Gnupg-users mailing list, leading to the following observation: Yes, Mailpile is written in Python and I've had to bend over backwards in order to validate and generate signatures. I am pretty sure I still have bugs to work out there, trying to compensate for the Python library's flaws without rewriting the whole thing is, long term, a losing game. It is tempting to blame the Python libraries, but the fact is that they do generate valid MIME - after swearing at Python for months, it dawned on me that it's probably the PGP/MIME standard that is just being too picky. Later, Bjarni notes... Similarly, when generating messages I had to fork the Python lib's generator and disable various "helpful" hacks that were randomly mutating the behavior of the generator if it detected it was generating an encrypted message! Coincidentally, while working on PGP/MIME messaging in another context, I also experienced some problems with the Python email package, mentioning them on the Mailman-developers mailing list because I had been reading that list and was aware that a Google Summer of Code project had previously been completed in the realm of message signing, thus offering a potential source of expertise amongst the list members. Although I don’t think I heard anything from the GSoC participant directly, I had the benefit of advice from the same correspondent as Bjarni, even though we have been using different mailing lists! Here‘s what Bjarni learned about the “helpful” hacks: This is supposed to be, which is claimed to be resolved. Unfortunately, the special-case handling of headers for “multipart/signed” parts is presumably of limited “help”, and other issues remain. As I originally noted So, where the email module in Python 2.5 likes to wrap headers using tab character indents, the module in Python 2.7 prefers to use a space for indentation instead. This means that the module reformats data upon being asked to provide a string representation of it rather than reporting exactly what it received. Why the special-casing wasn’t working for me remains unclear, and so my eventual strategy was to bypass the convenience method in the email API in order to assert some form of control over the serialisation of e-mail messages. It is interesting to note that the “fix” to the Python standard library involved changing the documentation to note the unsatisfactory behaviour and to leave the problem essentially unsolved. This may not have been unreasonable given the design goals of the email package, but it may have been better to bring the code into compliance with user expectations and to remedy what could arguably be labelled a design flaw of the software, even if it was an unintended one. Contrary to the expectations of Python’s core development community, I still develop using Python 2 and probably won’t see any fixes to the standard library even if they do get made. So, here’s my workaround for message serialisation from my concluding message to the Mailman-developers list: # given a message... out = StringIO() generator = Generator(out, False, 0) # disable reformatting measures # out.getvalue() now provides the serialised message It’s interesting to see such problems occur for different people a few months apart. Maybe I should have been following Mailpile development a bit more closely, but with it all happening at GitHub (with its supposedly amazing but, in my experience, rather sluggish and clumsy user interface), I suppose I haven’t been able to keep up. Still, I hope that others experiencing similar difficulties become more aware of the issues by seeing this article. And I hope that Bjarni and the Mailpile developers haven’t completely given up on OpenPGP yet. We should all be working more closely together to get usable, Free, PGP-enabled, standards-compliant mail software to as many people as possible. People and their Walled Gardens Monday, December 15th, 2014 I wasn’t the only one to notice a discussion about moving Python-related resources to GitHub recently. An article on LWN covered the matter and was followed by the usual assortment of comments, but having expected the usual expression of sentiments about how people should supposedly all migrate to Git (something I completely disagree with for a number of reasons), what I found surprising was a remark indicating that some people use GitHub as their “one stop” source of code for any project they might wish to use. In other words, GitHub is their “App Store”, curated experience, or “walled garden”: why should they bother with the rest of the Internet? Of course, one could characterise such an interpretation of their remark as being somewhat unfair: after all, the author of the comment is not pushing their comment to GitHub to be magically pulled by LWN and published in a comment thread; they must therefore be actively using other parts of the Internet, too. But the “why bother with anything else?” mentality is worrying: demanding that everybody use a particular Internet site for their work to be considered as being something of value undermines freedom of choice, marginalises those who happen to prefer other solutions, and, in this case, cultivates a dependency on a corporate entity whose activities may not always prove to be benign. Corporate gatekeepers frequently act in ways that provoke accusations of censorship or of holding their users to ransom. Sweetening a Bitter Pill Many people seem to be infatuated with GitHub, perhaps because it offers conveniences that might make Git more bearable to use. I personally find Git’s command line interface to be incoherent in comparison to other tools, and despite praise of tools like gitk by Git advocates (with their claims of superior Git tooling), I find that things like the graphlog feature in Mercurial give me, in that particular instance, a proper graphical history at the command line in an instant, without messing around with some clumsy Tk-based interface with a suboptimal presentation of the different types of information (and I could always use things like TortoiseHg if I really wanted a graphical user interface myself). So maybe I wouldn’t see the point of a proprietary Web-based interface to use with Mercurial, especially since the built-in Web interface is pretty good and is in many ways better than attempts to provide similar functionality in a tool-neutral way. People do seem rather willing to discard many of the benefits of the distributed nature of Git and are quite happy to have a single point of failure in their projects and businesses: when GitHub becomes unreachable in such environments, everything grinds to a halt, despite the fact that they all sit there with the code and could interact with each other directly. Popularity and the “network effect” seem to be the loudest arguments in favour of dumping all their code on some distant servers, with the idea being that “social” project hosting will bring in the contributors. Although I accept that for potential contributors who have no convenient way of hosting their own code, such services provide an obvious solution – “fork” the project, pull, make changes, push, dispatch a “pull request” – and allow them to avoid having to either provide hosting for their own code themselves or to coordinate their work in other ways, everything now has to go through the same infrastructure and everyone now has to sign up for the same service, adhere to the same terms and conditions, and risk interruptions to their work caused by anything from downtime and communications failures to the consequences of litigation or such services being obvious targets for criminal or politically-motivated misbehaviour. Not only do the custodians of a project no longer control their own project, but they also put that project at considerable risk. Perhaps all the risks would be worth it if “going social” attracted contributors. When looking at project-hosting sites, I tend to see numerous forks of project code that mostly seem to have been created enthusiastically at some point in time, only to now be dormant and have seen no actual changes committed at all: whether the user concerned created a fork in an aspirational moment not unlike making a New Year’s resolution, or whether they have done it to demonstrate their supposed credibility (“look at me: I forked the Linux kernel!”), neither kind of motivation is helping such projects get any contributions of value. Making things easier is not a bad idea in itself, nor is getting the attention of the right people. The issue here is whether one finds the right people on such project-hosting sites, or whether one merely finds a lot of people who aspire to do something but who will still do very little regardless of how easy it supposedly is. Body of Convenience Although the original discussion is mostly concerned with the core development of the CPython implementation and the direction of the Python language, it is hard to separate the issues involved from the activities of the Python Software Foundation. Past experience suggests that some people involved with both of these things do not seem to prioritise ethical concerns – it is no coincidence that the word “pragmatic” appears in the LWN coverage – and it disappoints me greatly that when ethical concerns about GitHub’s corporate culture were raised, few people seemed interested in taking them into consideration. Once again, the label of “ideology” is wielded, together with the idea that doing the right thing is too complicated and therefore not worth pursuing at all, leading to the absurd conclusion that it is better to favour the party shown to have done wrong over all other parties who, as far as we know, have not done any wrong but should be suspected of it, anyway. With the PSF taking diversity and equal opportunities seriously, one might expect people to “join the dots” on this matter and for people to be engaged in showing that the organisation is unconditionally committed to such causes and is willing to use its public influence for the common good, but I suppose that since GitHub is not a “Python company” anyone with a problem with the corporate culture in question is simply out of luck. Once again, ethics stand in the way of the toys, and “pragmatism” is a nice term to use to indicate that the core Python development community and the organisation that supports it should have as narrow a focus as possible, even if that means neglecting the social movements that brought about the environment that enabled Python to become the successful technology that it is today. (The matter at the centre of those ethical concerns was wrapped up either definitively or inconclusively depending on who you wish to believe and how credible you regard the company’s own review of the matter to be. This article does not intend to express a view on that matter itself, but does stress that where ethical concerns have been raised, those concerns should be addressed and not ignored.) Easy Way Out Python is getting a lot of competition from other technologies these days. For example, Google’s Go stole some thunder from Python both within the company and elsewhere, and there are people who admit to switching to Go in order to remedy some of the long-standing issues they experienced with Python implementations (mostly related to performance and scalability). As I noted before, had Python implementations, libraries and the language definition been improved to alleviate concerns about Python’s suitability in various domains, Python would be in a stronger position than it is now: a position which arguably resembles that of Perl at the height of its popularity. Sure, choosing Python for your next project in certain domains is an easy decision (just as Perl devotees used to annoyingly insist that people just “use Perl”), but there are plenty of other areas where Python has more or less forfeited the contest: how is Python doing on Android, for instance? People who do Python or Django all-day-every-day may not see a problem, but that doesn’t mean that there isn’t a fundamental problem waiting for a remedy. It is understandable that people want to play the popularity card: if there’s an easy way of clawing back the masses, why not play it? Unfortunately, there may not be an easy way. Catching up with the development backlog may actually be achieved more effectively by addressing other shortcomings of the development workflow. And there’s an assumption that a crowd of ready-to-start contributors are lurking on GitHub when, despite the aforementioned evidence of people only wanting to play inside the walled garden, anyone sufficiently motivated to improve Python would surely have moved beyond a consumer mindset and would have sought out the development community already. Python development is a relatively well-resourced activity compared to many voluntary endeavours, and the PSF is responsible for much of the infrastructure that supports the developer communities around Python. Although many benefits are derived from things like the mailing lists hosted at, there are always those who are enticed by other providers and technological platforms. In matters relating to the PSF, the occasional Google spreadsheet or form has been circulated, much to the dismay of some people who would rather not have to use online resources that may require a Google account (and if not that, then maybe a fast computer and cheap energy to power all the JavaScript). Bringing up additional PSF-driven services requires time and effort that may be in short supply (as I have experienced in recent months, despite the help of various stalwarts of the community, including one kind enough to drop my name into this particular debate!), and efforts to just procure help and bypass the community have arguably caused an even greater burden on volunteers, even leading to matters as severe as the temporary abandonment of valuable resources such as the Python Job Board (out of action since February 2014). Concerns about the future relevance and popularity of Python itself may not be so easily addressed and overcome, but that is a topic for another time. But the task of rebalancing relationships – between the PSF, the core developers, and the community volunteers who keep the wheels turning on the Python online assets – is one that cannot be ignored, either. And retreating to the comfort of today’s favourite walled gardens is perhaps too much of an easy way out that ignores the lessons of the past (despite assertions to the contrary) and leaves such relationships in their current, somewhat precarious state, undermining those trying to uphold the independence and viability of the initiative, potentially causing even more work and inconvenience for infrastructure volunteers, presenting an incoherent collection of project resources to contributors, all in the vague hope of grabbing the attention of people who cannot otherwise be relied upon to look further than the ends of their own noses. Maybe people should be looking for more substantial remedies than quick fixes in walled gardens to address Python’s contribution, popularity and development issues.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Võ hiệp [Review] Võ Học Ta Tu Luyện Có Khả Năng Bạo Kích - Một bộ võ hiệp hài hước mà bạn không nên bỏ qua Khi bạn chỉ muốn yên ổn làm người nhưng lại vô tình vướng vào một rắc rối lớn đầu đời. Việc được làm tinh anh đã dẫn lối main dính vào cuộc tranh đoạt quyền thừa kế của các thiếu gia và tiểu thư trong Lôi Minh kình.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
Radical Mastectomy Radical Mastectomy This week, your case for review is about a radical mastectomy. Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about the healthcare insurance, facility, and provider practices involved in the care of patients suffering from radical mastectomy. Based on your readings and research, answer the following: • What is the significance of the patient’s payer in determining her care? • Do you feel that the patient’s referral from primary care to specialty care is handled appropriately? If no, why not? • What is the role of Telemedicine in this week’s case study? In your discussion, be sure to use the new vocabulary that is relevant to the topic.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
mason mount chia tay – mason mount chia tay Mason Mount đã đạt thỏa thuận chia tay Chelsea để gia nhập MU với mức giá chuyển nhượng 60 triệu Bảng, kèm 5 triệu Bảng cho các điều khoản phụ. Báo chí Anh cho biết, tiền vệ 24 tuổi đã kiểm tra y tế thành công và chuẩn bị ra mắt tại sân Old Trafford. Mới nhất, Mason Mount đã gửi lời chia tay tới các CĐV Chelsea. Trên tài khoản Instagram cá nhân, tuyển thủ Anh chia sẻ: “Xin chào các CĐV Chelsea, với những đồn đoán xuất hiện trong 6 tháng qua, có lẽ việc tôi rời đi không gây bất ngờ cho các bạn. Nhưng tôi phải khẳng định rằng quyết định này không dễ dàng chút nào. Tôi muốn nói rằng mình biết ơn những gì đã nhận được trong 18 năm qua. Tại Chelsea, tôi đã giành được rất nhiều danh hiệu. Tôi biết một vài người sẽ không hài lòng với quyết định của tôi nhưng đó là điều phù hợp với tôi vào thời điểm này của sự nghiệp”. Ngoài các CĐV, Mount cũng gửi lời cảm ơn tới các HLV từng làm việc cùng trong thời gian ở Chelsea, cùng các thành viên còn lại của đội bóng. Tại Chelsea, Mount ra sân 195 trận, ghi 33 bàn và có 37 đường kiến tạo. Anh góp công lớn trong chức vô địch Champions League mùa giải 2020/2021 của The Blues. Theo truyền thông Anh, tiền vệ Mason Mount có thể sẽ tổ chức lễ ra mắt MU ngay trong hôm nay (5/7).
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
The home page list shows the "modified" label, and linking to this answer as last activity. However, the answer is not modified: I also took a look in the answer's revisions but nothing in there - just the initial revision. I can only assume that edit during the grace period was taken into account, while it shouldn't. • I noticed this twice or thrice on chem.SE too. – Marshmallow Jun 26 '15 at 20:47 • 2 @M.A.Ramezani yeah, most likely it's affecting all the sites – Shadow The Curly Braced Wizard Jun 26 '15 at 20:50 • Okay, who typed a command on the wrong machine this time? Seriously, though, I've noticed this, too. – HDE 226868 Jun 26 '15 at 22:26 • Ha ha ha ha. I bet it was... someone. :) – Anthony Pham Jun 26 '15 at 22:27 There is no bug... well maybe. There is a grace period after you post your post where revisions made to your post during that time will not show up in your post's revision history. This can happen in all sites and seemingly, they kinda forgot to imply that when speaking of the answer's label... So you are right Shadow Wizard. Well there is no indication of the post being revised, it probably was. So the label shows "modified". That "modified" label needs to changed to "answered". If not, what's the use of the grace period of "secret revising" if people know that the owner did revise the post anyways? So I say fix that to "answered". You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Theo thông tin độc quyền của trang tin Reuters, Foxconn đang chuyển một số dây chuyền lắp ráp iPad và MacBook từ Trung Quốc sang Việt Nam. Đây là yêu cầu của Apple Inc, một vài người am hiểu cho biết, kế hoạch này nhằm đa dạng hóa sản xuất để giảm thiểu tác động của cuộc chiến thương mại Trung - Mỹ. Các công ty sản xuất đặt tại Đài Loan (Trung Quốc) như Foxconn rất cảnh giác với việc bị cuốn vào cuộc chiến thương mại, vì vậy đã chuyển hoặc đang cân nhắc chuyển một số hoạt động sản xuất từ Trung Quốc sang các nước như Việt Nam, Mexico và Ấn Độ. Cụ thể, Foxconn hiện đang xây dựng dây chuyền lắp ráp cho 2 sản phẩm Apple tại nhà máy ở tỉnh Bắc Giang. Chúng dự kiến sẽ đi vào hoạt động trong đầu năm 2021. Bên cạnh đó, Foxconn đã công bố khoản đầu tư 270 triệu USD để thành lập công ty con mới có tên FuKang Technology Co Ltd, một động thái được người này cho là nhằm hỗ trợ việc mở rộng ở Việt Nam. Tiếp đến là Pegatron sẽ hợp tác với 2 nhà lắp ráp iPhone khác của Apple - tập đoàn Wistron và Foxconn trong việc phát triển các cơ sở sản xuất hoặc tăng cường tại Việt Nam. Vào tháng 9/2020, Pegatron đã đầu tư 1 tỷ USD vào cơ sở sản xuất thiết bị điện tử ở Hải Phòng. Thiết bị Apple duy nhất mà Pegatron sản xuất là iPhone. Công ty GoerTek hiện đang sản xuất AirPods trong nước, 2 đối tác lắp ráp khác của Apple là tập đoàn Compal Electronics và Luxshare Precision cũng đã có mặt tại Việt Nam. Roy Lee, một nhà nghiên cứu có trụ sở tại Đài Bắc cho biết: "Việc đào tạo nghề được nâng cao tại Việt Nam đã giúp chất lượng đội ngũ lao động của họ đạt gần với trình độ của công nhân Trung Quốc và chính phủ Việt Nam đã quan tâm đến việc xóa bỏ các rào cản, nhằm hỗ trợ tối đa các công ty nước ngoài đầu tư vào nước này". "Hiện tại, Tập đoàn Foxconn và UBND TP. Hà Nội đang hợp tác để mở nhà máy sản xuất iPhone tại Việt Nam", Chủ tịch Phòng Thương mại và Công nghiệp Việt Nam (VCCI) Vũ Tiến Lộc chia sẻ trong một cuộc phỏng vấn với tờ Reuters. Nguồn ảnh: Internet
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
Group Instrumental Teaching III – Keeping Everyone Involved Mention has already been made of the distinctly disadvantageous practice of managing a group lesson as though it were a series of individual ones – the “You, now you” approach. Suppose you had a thirty-minute lesson with four students, how many minutes would each student receive? Consider the following ‘calculations’ of time per student in a 30 minutes lesson with 4 students; Unfortunately, for the group teacher, this is the wrong answer. The correct calculation is; Admittedly, this is a little flippant and mathematically it is pure nonsense. However, it does help to make an important point which we will come to in a moment. I have heard many teachers thirty-minute lesson of four students, each gets 7.5 minutes – more evidence of the ‘You, now you’ approach! Frequently, a child who has been taught in this way will go home and report to his parents that he or she has received a five or ten-minute lesson. The parents, who may well have paid for a lesson lasting thirty minutes, will, understandably, feel ‘short-changed’. They will probably raise this with the teacher (directly or via the head of the host school), who feeling bemused, will protest “No I gave the group a thirty minute lesson!” The reason the situation arises is, of course, that the child only regards the parts of the lesson in which they are fully and actively engaged as being ‘theirs’. If they only experience five or ten minutes of meaningful activity before the teacher’s attention is redirected to another member of the group, they feel as though they have only received a five or ten-minute lesson. The fact is, they are right! Hence the calculation in which thirty minutes is shared among four students (or five or six for that matter) equals thirty minutes per student! Yes, it is pure nonsense in mathematical terms, but it illustrates very clearly the principle that: In a group lesson 100% of the students should be actively involved, in one way or another, for 100% of the time. In many group lessons, particularly when learning a new piece, it is commonplace for teachers to ask each member of the group in turn to try the first few bars on their own. Perhaps this is because they feel that the student would be unable to concentrate if the others were playing, or that his or her undivided attention is required to help them. Neither is true, and it is feasible for just as much to be accomplished by having the students play together as by hearing them individually. Perhaps, in a good number of cases, the audition of the students one by one is really more for the teacher’s benefit? Might it be he or she who finds it less distracting and easier to assess their playing if the students are listened to in turn? Might a competent music teacher reasonably be required to be in possession of sufficiently advanced aural perception skills to be able to identify errors or problems in a group of people without recourse to isolating individuals? After all, this is what the conductor of an ensemble does. How many teachers would, during their own performing activities, tolerate a conductor who habitually rehearsed new works one player at a time? Since the key to success in a group teaching situation is undoubtedly involvement; there are very few occasions on which it is disadvantageous to have the whole group playing together. There are, surely, a number of questions to be addressed: For example, what happens when the progress rates start to vary and how we to maintain order? These points and others will be considered in detail in later articles. If it should become unavoidably necessary to hear one of the students individually, then the others must be actively involved in the process. Listening and appraising, is a key element of many Music curricula internationally and it directly relates to one of the principal benefits of a group teaching situation. One way in which the students who are not taking part by actually performing at a given point may be actively involved, is by giving their own assessment of the performance of the one who is. The teacher might prepare tasks whereby the students will be required to make observations regarding the quality of tone, or the accuracy of rhythm, intonation etc.; they might be required to make constructive suggestions as to how the student playing might address the specific issue raised by the teacher (the reason that he or she is playing solo) in his or her daily practice. In like fashion, they might be asked to look carefully at, and to comment on, a technical aspect such as hand position, grasp of the bow or the embouchure. See the table below for more suggestions as to the type of work that might, very usefully, be done. Peer Appraisal Type of Task Listen, Assess, Comment Accuracy of pitch, rhythm, intonation. Effectiveness of phrasing & dynamics etc. Observe & Comment Identify technical strengths or weaknesses – embouchure, hand position, fingering, breathing etc. Draw Conclusions Practice strategies, exercices, studies etc. Suggest About others’ and own efforts, points to emphasise, things to avoid By observing their fellows in this fashion, young performers have the opportunity to begin acquiring an understanding of the associations between technique and musical results. They also improve their own performance immeasurably and take valuable steps towards self-sufficiency. The more opportunities they have to see things from this analytical perspective, the more productive their own practice will be. At other times it could be the music itself that is the subject of their assessment. Identifying – and learning to appreciate – the elements of different musical styles, the features of different periods or ethnic origins of music, serves to broaden students’ understanding, and give depth and meaning to their practice. Whatever the subject of discussion, it is undoubtedly more profitable for students to be given a specific task rather being asked merely to watch or listen. The teacher, therefore, has an obligation to give these situations some thought in advance of the lesson i.e. to anticipate them and be prepared. For example, when assessing the music itself, students could be given the task of suggesting words to describe the mood, or feel, of the piece, its tempo, its ethnic origin, etc. The table below gives a few more suggestions, but the list is really only limited by the resourcefulness of the teacher. An approach such as this provides opportunities to forge useful links between the work done in instrumental lessons and topics being studied in the rest of the school curriculum. Integration of the work in this way actually makes devising listening and assessment tasks much more straightforward for the teacher and the assessment tasks in question will prove more beneficial to the learner as a result. Appraisal of Music Type of Task Words to describe Mood, feel, atmosphere Identify Style Jazz, Pop, Classical, Folk Identify ethnic origin Western, African, Indian, Caribbean etc. Awareness of function Religious, sea shanty, film music, entertainment etc. Awareness of form Structure; repetition, contrast, variation Awareness of period Modern, Baroque, Classical, Romantic Knowledge of composer Period, Nationality, Other Works, interesting facts e.g. Beethoven was deaf. Assessment by way of listening and observation tasks are not, of course, the only ways of keeping the group involved when a single student plays. The most obvious activity is for the other group members to provide an accompaniment; clapping a simple pulse, or a rhythmic pattern. This may be extended to ostinato accompaniments played on classroom percussion and/or sustained notes (drones). Of course, the teacher needs to anticipate these eventualities by preparing a collection of such accompaniments at appropriate levels of difficulty so that he or she always has something suitable on ‘stand by’. Prepared items such as these might be notated, or they may be in the form of brief annotations or ideas which the students are required to improvise upon. Either way, they will be of little practical value in such situations unless they are extremely quick and easy for the other group members to assimilate and perform straight away. If not, the aim of hearing an individual and involving the others will disintegrate into just another interruption that wastes valuable lesson time. The use of strategies such as these for maintaining involvement and interest, will not only avoid boredom but will also contribute towards promoting a sense of ensemble in terms of rhythmic accuracy, intonation, and balance much more effectively than an individual lesson ever can. To neglect these aspects of lesson management is to court disaster either from the point of view of interest (and by extension discipline) or motivation (and by extension student retention) or both. To merely tell the other group members to practise quietly on their own for a few minutes is not only to no avail, but is also an abrogation of pedagogical responsibility. Regrettably, this has been known to happen. Finally (for now) there is the issue of contrast and variety in lessons. If contrast between kinds of activity and kinds of music are planned, it will help enormously in maintaining student involvement. For example, younger students might need a rest from the physical aspects of playing their instruments, so we can ‘kill two birds with one stone’ by having a few minutes with ‘instruments down’ and doing some rhythm work or by singing the pieces being learned or by listening to the teacher demonstrating how the music being studied should sound. Or, why not have two students accompanying on classroom percussion (they could improvise simple ostinato patterns) while two play, or why not introduce a ‘backing track’ via a CD or electronic keyboard to add variety to the musical texture? These are just a few examples among thousands of possibilities and many are such that they will develop musical awareness much more readily than in a one-to-one lesson. Any student’s involvement, not just with the lesson in progress, but with the learning process itself, will suffer if too long (within a lesson or across a series of lessons) is spent working on a certain group of pieces or studies and it should go without saying that it is soul-destroying and of course, de-motivating for students if their teacher insists on getting one piece absolutely right before moving on: When a particular piece or study is chosen it is (or should be) with one or more particular musical (affective) and/or technical (psychomotor) and/or cognitive objectives in mind. There will be any number of pieces that can fulfil the same objectives, so instead of focussing on the minutiae of a particular piece, why not keep everything fresh and, when the right moment presents itself, work towards the same objectives with new material? By the way, this is not to condone imperfect performance. It is simply recognising that student motivation is paramount in the learning of an instrument, and that the development of correct technical practices as well as acquisition of musical proficiency may be (indeed it is preferable if they are) achieved through a variety of means. Group instrumental teaching therefore, far from being the ‘poor relation’ of musical education provided myriad opportunities for the development of not only particular instrumental skills, but also of musicianship, musical awareness and the broader personal qualities that undoubtedly can accrue from regular musical activity. However, as with most things, planning and preparation are key and as a wise man from Yorkshire once said; You only get out what you’re prepared to put in! Everything here, expanded & updated, plus much more! In Kindle and paperback versions – from only $5.99!
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
EVNCPC: Xung kích sáng tạo khoa học công nghệ Thông tin doanh nghiệp Thứ hai, 13/12/2021 - 10:00 Trong sự phát triển của nền kinh tế, không thể không nhắc đến vai trò của ngành Điện lực. Ngành Điện đóng vai trò vô cùng quan trọng trong công cuộc xây dựng và phát triển nền kinh tế. Đây chính là nhân tố thúc đẩy sản xuất, nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh, thu hút đầu tư. Là tỉnh trọng điểm phát triển kinh tế trong thời đại công nghệ 4.0, Tổng Công ty Điện lực miền Trung (EVNCPC) là một điểm sáng sáng tạo khoa học. Minh chứng là giai đoạn 2015 – 2020, toàn EVNCPC có 1.449 sáng kiến cải tiến kỹ thuật; 51 đề tài được khen thưởng tại các cuộc thi sáng tạo kỹ thi cấp tỉnh, thành phố; 14 đề tài đạt Giải thưởng Sáng tạo Khoa học Công nghệ Việt Nam... |Sản phẩm trạm sạc ô tô điện của EVNPCP giúp người sử dụng ô tô điện thuận tiện hơn trong việc nạp pin| Những ý tưởng sáng tạo, giải pháp, sáng kiến cải tiến kỹ thuật và các công trình nghiên cứu khoa học có vai trò vô cùng quan trọng, giúp hợp lý hóa trong quá trình sản xuất kinh doanh, phục vụ đắc lực cho toàn bộ các hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh của Tổng công ty. EVNCPC là đơn vị đầu tiên trên cả nước đưa vào vận hành 2 chiếc ô tô điện nhằm quảng bá cho xu hướng sử dụng năng lượng xanh,và Trung tâm Sản xuất thiết bị đo điện tử Điện lực miền Trung (CPCEMEC) là đơn vị được giao nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu và phát triển trạm sạc cho những chiếc ô tô điện này. Trạm sạc ô tô điện do CPCEMEC nghiên cứu, chế tạo có công suất 13,86 kWp. Thiết bị chính gồm 36 tấm pin năng lượng mặt trời công suất 385 kWp và 1 bộ biến tần hòa lưới 3 pha công suất 12 kW. Được EVNPCP đưa vào sử dụng công trình trạm sạc ô tô điện tại cửa hàng xăng dầu PVOil Đà Nẵng. Ông Thái Thành Nam, Phó Giám đốc CPCEMEC, cho biết, đội ngũ kỹ sư của CPCEMEC đã hoàn toàn làm chủ được công nghệ và các giải pháp quản lý vận hành, phương thức thanh toán phí sạc điện cùng với hàng loạt dịch vụ tiện ích đi kèm, sẵn sàng đáp ứng yêu cầu của TP và nhu cầu của các chủ đầu tư. |Kỹ sư Trương Minh Tú, chuyên viên PC Đà Nẵng, với ứng dụng do mình nghĩ ra| Một tấm gương về “Tuổi trẻ Điện lực miền Trung sáng tạo” là nhóm kỹ sư của Công ty TNHH MTV Điện lực Đà Nẵng (PC Đà Nẵng), xây dựng ứng dụng "Công nghệ hóa kiểm tra vận hành hệ thống điện trên smartphone", số hóa việc ghi chép giúp người vận hành lưới điện thao tác nhanh hơn ngoài hiện trường. Anh Trương Minh Tú, chuyên viên Phòng Kế hoạch kỹ thuật Điện lực Liên Chiểu (PC Đà Nẵng), thuộc nhóm kỹ sư xây dựng thành công ứng dụng cho biết: "Trước đây công việc ngoài hiện trường được chúng tôi ghi chép thủ công. Sau đó các ghi chép này cũng được tổng hợp thủ công và báo cáo để đưa ra phương án xử lý. Việc tổng hợp các phiếu kiểm tra bằng thủ công nên sẽ mất thời gian và không tránh khỏi thiếu sót trong khi tổng hợp. Nhưng ứng dụng này đã giải quyết triệt để những khó khăn đấy." Trong giai đoạn 2021 – 2025, EVNCPC định hướng tập trung nghiên cứu ứng dụng các lĩnh vực khoa học công nghệ trọng tâm, đó là: Nghiên cứu, ứng dụng năng lượng sạch, thân thiện với môi trường; nghiên cứu tích hợp các nguồn năng lượng tái tạo vào lưới điện, xây dựng MicroGrid tại các khu vực biên giới, hải đảo; nghiên cứu ứng dụng hệ thống tự động hóa lưới điện phân phối (DAS); nghiên cứu ứng dụng công nghệ chẩn đoán sớm sự cố (CBM/RCM) trên thiết bị điện; nghiên cứu ứng dụng CNTT, chuyển đổi số, số hóa phục vụ công tác kinh doanh dịch vụ khách hàng và nghiên cứu, ứng dụng trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI), dữ liệu lớn (Big data) phục vụ các hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh điện năng. EVNCPC luôn quan tâm đến việc phát triển các tài năng sáng tạo và các phong trào thi đua sáng tạo, khuyến khích và tôn vinh các nhà khoa học, nhà sáng chế trong ngành Điện lực, đồng thời giới thiệu nhân dân cả nước biết đến những thành tựu khoa học công nghệ tiêu biểu nhằm cổ vũ, khơi dậy truyền thống yêu nước, tinh thần tự hào, tự tôn dân tộc, phát huy trí tuệ của người Việt Nam, thi đua sáng tạo, đam mê khoa học để góp phần tích cực vào công cuộc xây dựng chủ nghĩa xã hội và bảo vệ Tổ quốc.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
I've probably mentioned on this blog before that when it comes to economics I'm no expert, but fortunately other people are, which is just as well, when I began wondering just how other countries go about tackling their own national unemployment problems. After all, Britain has a problem with unemployment, but in comparison to the likes of Greece, Spain, Italy, etc. our problems are minor one, although the fact that we still retain our own national currency, whereas they do not, possibly plays a significant part in explaining the often vast differences. Anyhow, from the limited amount of reading I was able to do on the subject, some experts believe that there are a limited number of ways to help reduce unemployment within a modern economy, through public spending, through interest rates, or through taxation, although one would also assume that you could also affect employment through a combination of these three measures. Public spending is thought to be the most direct method of affecting employment, whether through the introduction of public works projects, through education, or through direct welfare payments, which is said to be the quickest of the alternatives, simply because it's the easiest and fastest to set up and disperse to the end recipients. Studies in America suggest that those in receipt of welfare typically spend their entire incomes on basic commodities, such as food, heat, light and housing, making little if any provision for savings, or God forbid paying down any other existing debts. The thinking goes that because these consumers spend virtually every penny they have, then that is good for retailers and manufacturers, who sell more and produce more, thereby requiring more staff to sell and produce more products; which therefore increases the country's overall tax yield and also increases overall employment. In a similar fashion, but over a much longer time period, public works projects, like schools, roads, municipal buildings, housing, etc. also help distribute wealth around the economy and reduces overall unemployment. However, more studies in the USA seem to indicate that schools actually create more jobs for each billion dollars invested in them, simply because, as well as directly employing teachers, cleaners, builders, electricians, etc. in building the school, college or university, there is the added bonus of the additional educational benefit that these places of learning have on the pupils who attend them, creating smarter, more skilful and better qualified future workers for the nation. Of course, the only major downsides to this sort of public expenditure is the length of time that they take to come to fruition; and the sometimes high costs of financing them, which has to be done at the cost of a much higher public spending deficit; and the costs of supporting it with interest payments. Interestingly, the same American studies, also concluded that the worst area of public spending for actual job creation was within the defence industries, where basic project costs and specialist salaries tended to make such spending excessively high. The third area of financial control that governments can use to try and reduce unemployment is through the tax system, with lower personal, corporation and unemployment taxes being used to promote personal spending. More money in your pocket usually means more money to spend on other things, including holidays, consumer products, home improvements and the little luxuries in life, which suitably boosted by this additional consumerism should lead to greater economic activity overall, higher employment and increased tax yields, all of which are once again good for the country as a whole. As has been mentioned though, the one big financial downside to such generous government spending, such as public works projects, tax cuts and benefit increases, is that the money to pay for them has to be borrowed and repaid over time; and clearly the trick is to pay down these debts, whilst at the same time benefiting from the additional jobs and economic activity that the government investment has bought and paid for. Now, as I say (again) I'm not expert on these things, but it seems to me that just as you can have two entirely different approaches to personal debt, so you can have two entirely different approaches to national debt. The first approach, is don't have any debt, or if you have to borrow at all, do so for the shortest amount of time possible, before repaying it in full. That's a bit like those people who own Credit Cards, but make sure to pay the full balance off at the end of every month, so that there's no discernible debt to speak of. The second approach, is to have debt, but keep it manageable, accepting that you're paying a little bit of interest, but that's a price worth paying for having the funds you want, when you want them. That's a bit like the Credit Card holder who only pays the minimum, or a little bit more every month, so that they pay their debts down over a period of time, not straight away. For me, that's how our present coalition government are behaving, making a choice between paying off the Credit Card as quickly as possible; and in doing so, damaging the economy, as opposed to paying the debts off over time and helping the economy to recover in its own time. Clearly, even for a five year fixed term government, there will be instinctive need to clear as much of the country's debt as possible, before going to the country with the claim that they've rescued the economy from near ruination, which was never the case to begin with. In over 300 years of borrowing, the British government has never failed to repay its debts, or meet its international obligations and it was unlikely that this was ever likely to be the case following the last Labour government's period of office. In fact, rather than the coalition's austerity measures being driven entirely by any sort of financial imperative, one might suggest that they were mostly driven by political dogma and ideology, the Coalition choosing to pay off the nation's Credit Card at the end of the month, rather than defer some of the pain and pay a little more than the minimal amount, just over a much longer period of time. Ironically perhaps, according to most reports, despite all of their posturing and prevaricating over the country's enormous debts, the coalition's austerity measures that have caused so much pain to so many people, have achieved very little in real terms, as our current financial deficit remains as high as it was nearly four years ago, when they first entered office. Although much of the government's money comes from the people of the UK through taxation, a significant amount of their revenue also comes from borrowing, ostensibly in the form of securities, bonds and bills. Some of these government backed bonds or gilts can be redeemed in as short a time as 0 to 7 years, while others can be redeemed after 7 to 15 years and others again only after 15 years, all of them with the appropriate amount of interest being levied on top. The point being that government borrowing is certainly not conducted in 5 year blocks, whereas this current administration seem bound and determined to try and squeeze years of borrowing into an almost impossible timescale, to the extent that they're likely to irreparably damage the entire economy for the sake of their own ideological dogma. Going back to the point that some American studies have suggested that increased welfare payments can help reduce unemployment by creating an increased demand for products and services that then create a need for more employees, thus reducing unemployment. One of the first acts of the coalition was to savagely downsize the public sector workforce in the UK, the very sort of local people who would have spent their salaries locally; and the they wonder why local economies suddenly fail. Without those hundreds or thousands of reasonably well paid workers, local businesses and local employees begin to feel the effects of a much diminished local economy, to the extent that businesses close, people are made redundant and far less tax is generated and raised. I know it might seem like a fairly simple analogy, but if you think of the economy as a balloon; and the government decides to arbitrarily to let some of the air out, then commonsense would suggest that the balloon is going to get smaller. 'Speculate to accumulate' is a fairly common and well known mantra, one that the coalition government is more than happy to suggest to the privately owned "for profit" sector, but seemingly reluctant to adopt for its own operations. Whilst clearly recognising the private sector's reluctance to commit billions of their own money to necessary schemes, without first receiving government assurances about potential coverage for possible future losses, rather than offer the guarantees, this government simply offers worthless platitudes. A good example of the coalition's lack of commitment might be deemed to be the housing sector. It's estimated that we need something in the order of one million new homes just to meet the current demand for housing, whilst at the same time it is costing the national exchequer about £22 billion per year for housing benefits, 40% of which goes into the private sector, often to Buy-to-Let landlords who use the money to further extend their own personal property portfolios; and at the same time help to inflate the property market generally. Now, the Insurance company Legal and General have proposed building five New Towns at a cost of around £5 billion; whereas the Labour Party have pledged to invest up to £10 billion to help meet the cost of the planned 1 new million homes they would like to build between 2015 and 2020. Either one, Legal and General or Labour, or even both, just how many jobs and how much good is it going to do the national economy if these projects came to fruition. More jobs, means more fresh money, means more demand for goods and services, means more new businesses and opportunities, means more new workers, more money, more taxes. So here's the question: what would happen if one of the political parties vying for our vote in 2015 was to commit themselves to undertaking a fully costed new house building program, to undertake a fully costed infrastructure project, designed to improve our nation's transport systems, to undertake the construction of new schools and technical colleges to improve the skills of our native workforce, to undertake the formation of enterprise zones, where small and start-up businesses could be encouraged and supported, to undertake a regeneration of our traditional fishing and manufacturing communities, to undertake a refurbishment and regeneration of our native energy sector, to undertake the establishment of manufacturing centres for renewable energy devices. And what would happen if, instead of raising the capital for these new programs using bonds over 5, 10 or even 15 years the government in power were to spread the costs over a 25 or 30 year period, the same sort of time period that a householder might purchase their home. Again, what would happen if the government of the day were to share the financial cost with the private sector based on a long term equitable return on their investments. Just how many new jobs, new opportunities, new businesses, new taxes would such programs create over the next few years, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions? Instead of paying £20 billion, or £30 billion in housing benefits to greedy landlords and at the same time artificially hiking the prices of existing properties through the roof, wouldn't it be better to just build the houses and homes that we need, with the added bonus of creating hundreds of thousands of new jobs and regenerating our entire national economy? Time and time again the theory that the private sector will eventually provide and often at a much reduced cost to the public sector has been proven to be untrue, not least with transport, with hospitals, with schools, with energy, in fact almost any sector that you care to name. It is a lie, a myth, a fallacy, a fable, it simply isn't true, because if it was we would have some sort of evidence to prove the case conclusively. That being the case, then governments like the one we have at present are not the answer to our country's problems, as they are too short-sighted and too ideologically bound to be brave or daring enough to put their hands in their taxpayer funded pockets and do what any sensible person would do.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
R. v. Marshall In August 1993, Donald Marshall jr., a member of the Membertou First Nation, was stopped for fishing in Pomquet Harbour in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, and his equipment was seized. Marshall caught 210 kilograms of eels, which he sold for $787.10 and was then charged with fishing without a licence, selling eels without a licence and fishing during a closed season. He claimed he was allowed to catch and sell fish by virtue of a treaty signed with the British Crown. Marshall said he was catching and trading fish just as the Mi'kmaq people had done since Europeans first visited the coast of what is now Nova Scotia in the 16th century. In September 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed that Donald Marshall Jr. had a treaty right to catch and sell fish. The Court found that Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people on the East Coast continue to have treaty rights to hunt, fish and gather to earn a moderate livelihood. These rights flow from the Peace and Friendship Treaties signed in 1760 and 1761 between the British Crown and the ancestors of the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. As the Supreme Court described it, earning a "moderate livelihood" didn't mean an open-ended accumulation of wealth, rather it was securing the "necessaries." Further, the Supreme Court noted that these treaty rights are held by the community as a whole. This is because the treaties were negotiated by groups of Aboriginal peoples, not by individuals. On November 17, 1999, the Supreme Court provided further clarification of its first ruling. The Court stated that Mi'kmaq and Maliseet treaty rights were not unlimited and the fishery could be regulated, including Aboriginal fishing activities. This means regulations can be introduced, if they can be justified for conservation or other important public objectives. The Supreme Court also stated that the "gathering" referred to in the September judgement was not meant to include logging, minerals or offshore natural gas deposits, but that Aboriginal groups could continue to present these arguments in other court cases. There are 34 Mi'kmaq and Maliseet First Nations in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and the Gaspé region of Quebec who are potentially affected by the Marshall decision. - Date modified:
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
The Baltimore City Department of Public Works has issued a Required Boil Water Advisory for parts of Baltimore City, and a Precautionary Boil Water Advisory for a larger portion of the city and part of Baltimore County. E. coli has been identified in municipal water in the neighborhoods of Sandtown-Winchester and Harlem Park. For updates, check the Baltimore City DPW news feed: https://publicworks.baltimorecity.gov/news. What steps should farms in the affected area take to protect worker and customer health? A factsheet on choosing a sanitizer is available from the Produce Safety Alliance, and a spreadsheet of sanitizer products is available for download from the UMD Produce Safety Team’s newsletter website (scroll down to week #32). If you use chlorine as a sanitizer, it is important to test the chlorine levels in the water to verify that you have achieved the correct concentration. An interactive online lab from New Mexico State University teaches growers how to do this correctly. - Hand sanitizer does not work when hands are visibly dirty. You may choose to use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer AFTER washing hands with soap, potable (safe) water, and a paper towel. Remember, you cannot sanitize a dirty surface. - We recommend buying potable drinking water, or boiling water, cooling it and then filling hand washing stations. If you boil water, remember to bring water to a rolling boil for 1 minute. It is okay to boil water for 2 minutes if you’re not sure or lost count. Your farm can purchase a portable butane burner, electric induction stove top unit to quickly and efficiently boil water. It is still best to wash with soap and water first, to remove physical dirt, and then to use a hand sanitizer to kill any bacteria that might be on your hands. - Avoid overhead irrigation with municipal water until the boil water advisory has been lifted. Growers can continue with drip irrigation methods where the water does not contact the edible portion of the plant. - If you grow outdoors, we just got plenty of rain, so irrigation should not be necessary for about a week anyway. - If you grow in a high tunnel or indoors and for some reason cannot drip irrigate, you should follow the advisory. - Do not use municipal water for post-harvest washing of fruits and vegetables until after the boil water advisory has been lifted. It would be better to not wash the vegetables at all. What if you already overhead irrigated? If you irrigated fruit or vegetable crops with municipal water since September 4, wait for four sunny days before you harvest the produce. This waiting period helps reduce the pathogen population. Document, document, document! Write down whatever precautions you take. If you use a sanitizer on water before using it for washing or irrigation, keep a record of the product label, how much you used per unit of water, and any verification steps you took (test strips for chlorine). Baltimore City Department of Public Works: https://publicworks.baltimorecity.gov/news UMD Produce Safety website: https://extension.umd.edu/programs/family-consumer-sciences/food-safety-farm-table/produce-safety UMD Extension Urban Agriculture website: https://extension.umd.edu/programs/agriculture-food-systems/program-areas/urban-agriculture
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Murray Hill, in the village of Mt. Morris, is named for John R. Murray Jr. and Anna V. Olyphant Murray, who built a residence on the hill in 1839. It is the ancestral home of the Seneca Nation. It was later a state tuberculosis hospital and today serves as a campus for Livingston County government and agency offices. In 2021, as part of the Livingston County Bicentennial year, the County Historian's Office installed a historical marker at Murray Hill (see dedication program). Murray Hill is the ancestral home of the Seneca Nation, including Seneca chief William Tallchief (c. 1750 - c. 1833), who resided here and is buried at Mt. Morris Cemetery. 1794 - First European Americans settle in Mt. Morris. 1797 - The Treaty of Big Tree opened up millions of acres west of the Genesee River for development and set aside several reservations for Native Americans. 1807 - The Bank of America conveyed the area known as the Mt. Morris Tract to Harriet and John R. Murray, Sr., his sister Susan and her husband William Ogden, and the famous American artist John Trumbull, all of New York City, along with James and Naomi Wadsworth of Geneseo. 1837 to 1861 - The land was subdivided, and in 1839, John R. Murray, Jr. constructed for himself and his bride, Anna Vernon Olyphant, a simple but elegant mansion here. It has since been known as Murray Hill. The Murrays improved the grounds with formal gardens and fishponds. They entertained distinguished guests, including close friend John Kensett, the well-known Hudson River School artist. The Murrays were philanthropists and donated funds to build the former Episcopal Church in Mt. Morris, where they both are buried. 1861 to 1881 - Murray Hill was sold to Anson D. Smith and his wife, Laura Page. Smith was owner of Smith’s Bank of Perry, and upon his death in 1862, Laura Page Smith became owner and president of the bank, one of the earliest woman bank presidents in the United States. 1881 to 1893 - The Murray Hill mansion was completely destroyed by fire in 1882 while under the ownership of Charles O. Shepard and his wife, Clara Louise McAlpine. Shepard, a former U.S. consul to Japan, built a much less extravagant home but greatly expanded the barns and stables. Murray Hill became known for prize cattle, sheep, thoroughbred horses, polo matches, and Charles O. Shepard’s antics, which often made headlines. 1893 to 1899 - The property was sold to George Austen and his wife, Isabel Valle. George Austen was a retired businessman who worked for several years in the shipping business out of the Philippines. The couple dropped plans for improvements on Murray Hill, opting to build the Sweet Briar mansion in Geneseo and moving there in 1899. The Austens divorced a few years later and Isabel Valle Austen, a debutant from St. Louis, went on to become a well-known American poet. 1899 to 1907 - Murray Hill was purchased by Buffalo banker George L. Williams and his wife, Annie Addicks, as a summer retreat. In 1901, George L. Williams was treasurer for the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo where President McKinley was mortally wounded. He was present at the swearing-in of vice president Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley’s successor and the Roosevelts were guests of the Williamses at Murray Hill as well. After the exposition, Williams brought hundreds of trees and flowering bushes to plant at Murray Hill. 1907 to 1931 - George L. and Annie Williams sold Murray Hill to Lydia Uelbelhoer Pattison of Buffalo. She and her husband, Edward P. Pattison, and children resided here. The family enjoyed the outdoors and utilized the property for recreation, including polo and ice skating on the ponds. It is likely that the Pattisons constructed the log cabin in what is now Al Lorenz Park for their children. In 1927, the Pattisons’ daughter Ruth was married on this site in an elaborate ceremony. Lydia U. Pattison died in 1929, and the estate went to her husband and children. In the late 1920s, New York State became interested in the Murray Hill site for a tuberculosis hospital and offered Edward Pattison $25,000 for the property, but he held out for more. 1931 - In the depths of the Great Depression, a massive local movement was organized to advocate for the tuberculosis hospital to be constructed in Mt. Morris. Governor Franklin Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, made a brief visit to Murray Hill and found the site suitable as a possibility for the TB hospital. Eleanor Roosevelt commented that Murray Hill was “beautiful,” leading to local myth that she influenced the final decision to locate the TB hospital here. In fact, the decision was based on the findings of state inspectors who narrowed down the search to either Mt. Morris and Warsaw. On the day the group was to inspect the site in Warsaw, there was a blizzard and the road to Warsaw was impassible, eliminating the site as a contender. The Mt. Morris site was determined to be the most advantageous because of its proximity to the railroads and improved water infrastructure. The restorative nature of the surroundings and the strong community support were also pivotal factors. 1932 to 1971– After a drawn-out court battle, Edward P. Pattison won about $150,000 from the state for Murray Hill but refused to vacate the property when the state took it over. He and his family eventually were forced to leave. Ground was broken for the TB hospital in 1932 and construction for the children’s hospital commenced in 1933. The hospital opened in 1936 and the campus included several residential buildings for doctors and their families, a nurses' dormitory, a greenhouse, and power plant. Improvements were made to the adjacent parklands for the staff and employees to enjoy. Preventative efforts and advances in the use of antibiotics impacted the spread of tuberculosis and resulted in the closing of the hospital by the state in 1971. 1971 to present day - Over the last 50 years, Livingston County has continually expanded and modernized the facilities and parklands at Murray Hill. By 1974, several county offices were rehoused on the campus, including a health-related facility in the former TB hospital. That year, the county also dedicated Livingston County’s first park, encompassing 80 acres and later named in honor of Al Lorenz, the longtime park superintendent. In 2004, the Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation was built to accommodate the growing needs of the area. In 2008, Livingston County dedicated the New Deal Gallery, operated by the Genesee Valley Council on the Arts, to house hundreds of easel paintings that decorated the rooms of the former TB hospital. The paintings were commissioned by the Works Projects Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression and comprise one of the largest collections of WPA art in the country. Several animal sculptures from the same time period remain on display on the campus grounds. Over time, the Murray Hill campus has continually undergone change to keep up with modern times. Throughout this process, Livingston County has attempted to maintain the integrity and historical significance of Murray Hill as a workplace and as a place for the public to enjoy the greenspace. For more history of Murray Hill and the area, contact the County Historian's Office. Updated April 2022
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
(GLO)-Gần Tết, các gia đình đều có nhu cầu dọn dẹp nhà cửa khang trang, sạch sẽ để đón Tết. Mặc dù giá cả dọn nhà sạch tăng cao, nhưng nhu cầu dọn dẹp nhà cửa vẫn không giảm, vì vậy, nhiều gia đình đang lâm vào tình cảnh “đỏ mắt” tìm người dọn dẹp nhà, còn các trung tâm dịch vụ dọn nhà sạch vẫn không hết việc. Chị Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bích (hẻm 58, đường Lạc Long Quân, TP. Pleiku) đã chủ động trước Tết một tháng gọi người tới dọn nhà. Thế nhưng đến nay, vẫn chưa thấy công nhân đến dọn dẹp nhà cửa. Vì vậy, gia đình chị đành nghỉ một ngày làm để dọn dẹp lại nhà cửa. “Gọi mãi mà họ nói bận lắm, không làm theo giờ mà làm theo nguyên ngày. Nhà mình chỉ còn dọn từ 1-2h là xong thế nhưng không có công ty nào muốn nhận vì họ có lịch đi làm cho các cơ quan, công ty, nhà khác đã đặt sẵn”. Chị Bình nói. |Dịch vụ dọn nhà sạch hiện đang đắt khách. Ảnh: N.T| Công việc dọn dẹp, vệ sinh nhà trong dịp giáp Tết chủ yếu là lau chùi đồ đạc, làm sạch sàn nhà, dọn dẹp đồ, đánh rửa chén bát, xoong nồi... Mặc dù nhiều gia đình chấp nhận trả giá cao để thuê người dọn dẹp nhà cửa nhưng để tìm được người phục vụ thời điểm cận tết không hề dễ. Chị Lê Thị An (đường Tôn Thất Tùng, TP. Pleiku) đang đứng ngồi không yên vì chờ dịch vụ dọn nhà đến dọn dẹp nhà cửa cho mình. Gia đình chị mới sơn sửa lại nhà nên rất cần người dọn nhà, thế nhưng gọi cả tuần này rồi chưa thấy ai đến. “Hai vợ chồng bận việc không có thời gian dọn dẹp nhà cửa, trong khi Tết đã cận kề, đành cầu viện tới dịch vụ dọn nhà. Thế nhưng, gọi đến mấy công ty chuyên cung cấp dịch vụ dọn nhà, họ đều từ chối vì đã kín lịch. Giờ mình đang không biết phải làm sao đây”. Chị An cho hay. Là một người chuyên dọn dẹp nhà cửa đã nhiều năm nay, chị Lê Thị Hồng-công nhân dọn nhà sạch, chia sẻ: “Dịp cận Tết mình rất bận, lịch cũng đã kín hết tuần. Giá cả cũng từ 50.000 đồng/giờ và tùy vào nhà và diện tích nhà như thế nào nữa. Dịp Tết cũng là dịp có nhiều khách nhất trong năm, giá cả cũng đắt hơn nên mình tranh thủ đi làm kiếm thêm thu nhập”. Tuy giá cao hơn hẳn so với ngày thường nhưng lượng khách lựa chọn dịch vụ lại cao hơn hẳn so với năm ngoái 2017. Nhiều công ty, trung tâm đã “cháy dịch vụ”. Theo chị Nguyễn Thị Thảo-Trung tâm nhà sạch giá rẻ Gia Lai thì dịp Tết năm nay, nhu cầu khách tăng cao 40% so với mọi năm và từ ngày 23 tháng chạp trở đi sẽ tăng mạnh. Vì vậy, giá dịch vụ cũng tăng gần gấp rưỡi là 40.000 đồng/ người/giờ và 250.000 đồng/người/ngày và tùy từng diện tích nhà ở, cơ quan, công ty... Muốn nhân viên dọn nhà tới đúng ngày cần thiết thì khách phải đặt trước chứ đến giờ này chậm chân là hết chỗ. Đứng trước nhu cầu dọn nhà ngày càng tăng khi Tết cận kề, ngoài việc chủ động, cố gắng tìm người dọn dẹp nhà cửa, người dân cũng cần phải lựa chọn kỹ những nơi cung cấp dịch vụ có uy tín để đảm bảo an toàn, nhà cửa sạch sẽ đón Tết. Ngọc Thu
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
Phim sex hay bóp đít gái xinh.... Phim sex hay bóp đít gái xinh.... Phim sex hay tai clip day thu dam o nam 3gp/.... Phim sex hay xvideo my, lip xes nguoi rung, fim set thu xxn com, xnn set nguoi thu, xxn set com, xnxx my thu, xnxxset, xvideo phim my, xvideomy, xemphim xnxx người và thu, phim xvideo mi, X video my, xvideo come, Xvideo con my, nxxn set thu com, xvideo mỹ, nxxn set ngua va nguoi com, XVIDEO SET COM, lonluan ong, XVIDEOS PHIM XET, xvideoset com, xvideoxmy, xv deo my, phim xnxx thu va nguoi, x video set com.... Phim sex hay xem video xuat tinh vao lon.... Phim sex hay wwwnuxinh, nuxinhdam, xinhdam com.... Phim sex hay lontovubu, ten tu vuot nguc va co vo tre xinh dep.... Phim sex hay Dit Gai Dep Nguc to, bu cu nhoc 14t, xvideo ngan, Xvideo ngan nhat ban.... Chim Vàng hận hạnh giới thiệu tới anh em 1 bộ phim cấp ba cực hay từ nội dung đến cảnh quay với dàn diễn viên phim cap 3 cực xinh. Với tựa đề “Sung Sướng tột cùng”. Bộ phim được chia ra làm 2 phần nội dung cũng tương tự như nhau. Anh em theo dõi phần 1 trước nhé. Ngày mai Chim Vàng sẽ post tiếp phần 2 của bộ phim cấp 3 này sung suong tot dinh Sung sướng tột đỉnh – P1 Phim sex hay bệnh viện sung sướng xvideo, phim sung xu... Sex and Zen là một bộ phim cấp 3 thể loại phim sex 3d rất nổi tiếng. Bộ phim đã mang về doanh thu kỷ lục mới cho ngành sản xuất phim và là một con gió mới cho ngành công nghiệp phim nguời lớn. Với dàn diễn viên cực xinh đẹp, nội dung thật và hấp dẫn, cảnh quay 3d hiện đại đã xây dựng nên 1 bộ phim sex 3d phải nói là hòan hảo nhất từ trước đến nay. sex and zen Xem phim Cấp 3: Sex And Zen Phim sex hay xnxx̣com, phimti net, Phim xyxx, phim xe... Phim sex hay wep xec nu thai, sem gai con trinh di giai nxxn, nguoi dep den tu thien duong phim loan luan, quay gai con trinh tam, xnxx nhin lon vip, xnxx gai viet wc, Xnxx con gai tam con trai nhin, xem con gai di toilet, xem clip quay len lon con gai tam, www/xixx/cliticom/xixx, phim xet puai nen gai di tam, xxnxx com loan luan3.... Phim sex hay qoay len wc nxx com.... ...nhau câp ba my, ditnhau com, gailauxanh, xem phim con heo cua châu phi cưc manh, dit nhau com, secxxn com, fin đit nhau, lam tinh org, lamtinh org, phim set nuoc ngoai liem lon du nhau hap dan cuc manh ro net, xnxx phim quay len o khach san viet nam, xvideo diệu diệu, phimsecmy haynhat, tobi comxx phimxes, loan luon con dau vu bu dich nhau voi bo chong, phimditnhauchauau, sêch vơi 36 kiêu hay, yhs-fullyhosted_003, phim xêch đit nhau, Phimditnhau... ...áy khoe lồn 20 em teen lột vú show lồn em teen lột vú show lồn em teen lột vú show lồn em teen lột vú show lồn em teen lột vú show lồn Phim sex hay nuteen net, beeg tra tan, đit vao lon com, nu teen net, videos girl xinh moc lon, xnxxlonluân, hinh ses trai dep chau au khoe cu, Xvideo cu gia tube ten, phinsettinduc, sec buoi to truc tuyen, phim rua lon dep, phim dit em gai nha que trung quoc, dit vao lon com, xvideo cu gia tube teen, www...
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2
|
vie_Latn
| 0.0775
|
Investigating Forces and Motion Investigating Forces and Motion Jane Weir Publisher: Teacher Created Materials ISBN: 9780743905732 Read Now Forces can't be seen, but without them, nothing around us would happen! A force is a push or pull that usually causes movement. Friction is a force that opposes motion and slows things down or stops them. Famous scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton wrote the rules about forces and motion. Reading Level Fountas Pinnell Guided Reading Nature People & Places Science & Technology Interest Age Ages 9-12 4th Grade 5th Grade English (US) More Like This Cell Scientists: Discovering How Cells Work Kimberly Fekany Lee Publisher: Teacher Created Materials ISBN: 9780743905848 Alfred Wegener: Uncovering Plate Tectonics Greg Young Publisher: Teacher Created Materials ISBN: 9780743905602 Alfred Wegener studied astronomy and meteorology—and was even a record-holding balloonist—before he became famous for his theories on how the land and seas on Earth were formed and change. These ideas are continental drift and plate tectonics. Seeing that the continents fit together like a puzzle, Wegener proved the theory that all of Earth's continents were once connected. Although his theories weren't accepted until after his death, scientists use plate tectonics to explain volcanoes and many other changes on Earth. Futuristic Homes Moreno Chiacchiera Saranne Taylor (author) Publisher: Crabtree Publishing Company ISBN: 9781427115744 What will houses look like in the future? From space stations to pod living, this innovative title examines how architects design and plan for the world of tomorrow. Readers put concepts to work when they design their own home based around a unique shape. Towering Homes Gerry Bailey (author) Publisher: Crabtree Publishing Company ISBN: 9781427112743 Ideal for students living in an urban area, colorful illustrations and humorous characters outline the steps needed to build towering homes. Building big and building up, students learn about problems and solutions encountered by engineers and architects. People and the Planet Lyn Sirota (author) Publisher: Rourke Publishing ISBN: 9781681914770 Explores how human activity affects the Earth, e.g. effects of human activity on groundwater and surface water, habitat destruction, construction, emissions, and pollution. Kay Manolis Publisher: Bellwether Media Inc. ISBN: 9781612113128 Pulleys are simple machines used to lift and move loads. Builders use pulley systems to lift tools or materials. Elevators use pulleys to move up and down. Kids will learn how pulleys make work easier and how they are often part of complex machines. Blastoff! Series
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
cells and stuff This is the Ribosome, this is were the protein synthesis is located. This is the Golgi body or Golgi apparatus, proteins and carbohydrates are packaged and shipped. This is the storage area, it takes up most of the cell, its called the vacuole. This is The mitochondria, were energy is converted into ATP. This is the Lysosome. Where food and foreign objects are broken down and thrown away. This is where the centrioles are located. They help with nuclear division. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites! Photos for Class – Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos (It Even Cites for You! – Easily Make and Share Great-Looking Rubrics
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
English Fairy Tales (2008) Buy and Download > Magnificent tales, filled with the spirit of folklore, are transformed and have no complex images and expressions, so that the reader can penetrate into the every word, evaluate the characters' characters, feel their emotions and experiences. Adapted texts improve communication skills, to raise the level of the lexical and grammatical base and simply enjoy reading. Simplified subjects retained stylistic wealth and A lively, spoken language, easy in content, began gradually This complicates not only the development of reading skills, but also meaningful perception of content. The reader will appreciate the fascinating stories, fabulous images fictional animals, the originality and magic of the events described, the desire of the heroes to victory over the evil forces, malicious rulers. Tales are imbued with the motive of virtue, condemnation of cheating and deceit, they bring up only positive traits of character, prompting them to achieve justice.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
At Afognak Wilderness Lodge, we see a lot of wildlife – and the diverse birds of the Kodiak Islands are particularly remarkable. In our last blog, we highlighted a few of our favorite onshore birds – birds you may see when walking through the forests of the island. For this blog, we’ll talk about a few of the birds that could be spotted during our fishing trips or whale watching tours. Tufted puffins are sometimes called sea parrots – and one look at their colorful beak explains why! The tufted puffin’s most distinct feature is its bright red bill, and white or yellow tufts above the eyes, almost giving it the appearance of wearing a mask. Tufted puffins do fly, but their short wings are highly adapted to diving underwater, where they feed on fish, squid, or other sea invertebrates. To protect against predation, tufted puffins will choose inaccessible cliffs and other mammal-free areas for breeding. They mate during the month of June, and their eggs are incubated for about 45 days before hatching. While their name might make them sound a little loony, loons are experts in the water and the air. In the water, they use their feet to propel them at the surface and underwater, they can hold their breath for upwards of 90 seconds! Although their feet are situated at the rear of their body for optimal propulsion in the water, loons can’t walk on land. In the air, loons have been recorded flying over more than 600 miles in a single flight! Looking out from the shores of Afognak Island, you might see a white-grey bird and assume it’s a gull – but terns also frequent the islands. Terns are similar to gulls but are more slender and lightly built than gulls, making them excellent flyers and skillful fish hunters. In addition, terns produce a wide variety of vocalisations depending on the situation. These birds are relatively free from any direct predators, but unfortunately their numbers have been in a gradual decline due to human disturbances, such as pollution. Contact Your Afognak Adventure Vacation Lodge If you’d like to see some of Afognak Island’s offshore birds for yourself, we’d be happy to guide you. Feel free to learn more about birding on Afognak Island, or if you’d like to schedule your own adventure vacation, you can call us at (360) 799-3250 or reach out to us at our contact page. We can’t wait to hear from you, and we hope to see you back for more on the Kodiak Islands and our wonderful wildlife!
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Every April 15th, Major League Baseball celebrates Jackie Robinson Day but due to Covid, that celebration had been moved to August 28th, and it couldn’t have fallen during a more appropriate time. Although the date itself is significant in Jackie’s history as the day that he met Branch Rickey in 1945 to discuss joining the Dodgers, it proved to be a day when racial injustice was again the main topic of the day and fitting that it was also the 65th anniversary of the lynching of 14 year old Emmett Till. Protests have sparked across the county this week after the August 23rd shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Rioting began that night as the Kenosha County Courthouse, and the violence continued into Tuesday, when an armed “militia” arrived to “protect their city”. Video shows that the police department encouraged the vigilantes while the department publicly said that they were not invited and not welcomed. The violence would lead to 17 year old Kyle Rittenhouse from Illinois shooting three protestors, killing two. It has been reported that after the shootings Rittenhouse tried to turn himself into police, and even approached them with his hands up. The police did not stop or question him even as other witnesses were telling them that he was the shooter. Outraged, players from the NBA and WNBA protested by not playing their games scheduled for that evening as a sign of solidarity with black communities, by using their platforms to raise awareness to this ongoing problem, and demand change. Six Major League Baseball teams, the Reds, Brewers, Mariners, Padres, Giants, and Dodgers also decided not to play. Although the Oakland Athletics would decide to not play their Thursday night game, it did not go unnoticed that the team from a city with such a large black population, and historically known for its vocal and demonstrative fights for social justice, did not postpone their game on Wednesday night. On Friday Jackie Robinson day was celebrated across the league. Every team wore the #42 on their jerseys as a remembrance, and even more so players told their stories of racial inequality and injustice. I personally learned about Posy Lombard, mother of Dodgers first base coach George Lombard, and her civil rights activism throughout her life until her tragic death in 1985. Oddly enough the Athletics found themselves not playing again as the Astros, whose previous two games had been postponed due to Hurricane Laura, chose not to play their game Friday night as it was their first opportunity to show their support for the Black Lives movement. In a memorable pre-game ceremony, the two teams went on to the field and placed an Astros and an A’s #42 jersey in the batter’s box with a Black Lives Matter shirt on home plate as they observed a moment of silence before exiting the field. Coincidentally Jackie Robinson Day came to a close with the news that actor Chadwick Boseman died after battling colon cancer for four years. Boseman will be most remember for his role as Black Panther, but he is also known for portraying Jackie Robinson in the 2013 Brian Helgeland film, “42”. All of this took place while Rittenhouse, who was charged with first degree intentional homicide, first degree reckless homicide, and two counts of first degree recklessly endangering safety, and possession of a dangerous weapon by a person under the age of 18, had his extradition hearing originally scheduled for Friday the 28th pushed back to September 25th. On Jackie Robinson Day, La Vida Baseball (@lavidabaseball) asked in a tweet, “What does this day mean to you”? I had never considered the importance of this day and how it affected me. I kept the question in the back of my mind as I went about my day when it finally hit me that Jackie Robinson was bigger than breaking the color barrier in baseball. I replied to the tweet in this manner, “As we approach the 50th anniversary of the death of Ruben Salazar, Jackie Robinson reminds me that there are many more Jackie Robinsons in many different fields. As a Mexican-American striving to be a journalist that matters, I’m remembering Salazar and his contribution for us”. Ruben Salazar was a Mexican-American writer for the Los Angeles Times, and today, August 29th, marks the 50th anniversary of his death while covering the National Chicano Moratorium March in 1970. The March began as a protest over the disproportionate number of Latinos who served and were killed during the Vietnam War. Los Angeles County Sheriff Deputies were already on the scene for the rally after the march, and as the protest became more violent, Salazar went to take a break and get a drink at a local bar. As the rioting escalated, the Sheriff’s Department bussed in untrained cadets for backup, and a tear gas projectile flew into the bar striking Salazar in the head and killing him. The death was ruled a homicide, as many believed it was actually an assassination, but Deputy Tom Wilson was never prosecuted. Gustavo Arellano of the Los Angeles Times recently described Salazar’s writing as “the Chicano version of the Gnostic Gospels”. He was a pioneer in journalism for Mexican-Americans, our Jackie Robinson if you will. Salazar’s headlines could fit into any news story we read today, and while much has changed since his death, we are still dealing with the same problems we faced as a nation 50 years ago; war, police brutality, racial tension, and civil unrest, it all remains the same. The 70s would go on to produce a new wave of Mexican-American activists who challenged our values of the past. The Chicano Power Movement was strong leading to many more Mexican-American voices joining forces to be heard, to include the Brown Berets who were inspired by the Black Panthers to bring attention to police brutality against Latinos. So why aren’t more people today talking about Latinos killed by police? They represented 16% of those shot by police in 2016, second only to blacks at 25% according to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. I’m not trying to cry foul, but to point out that Latino civil rights issues are too focused on immigration issues, and mainly that of the undocumented. Unfortunately, immigration only makes the issue of police brutality that much more difficult for Latinos as the media seems to only focus on black and white incidents. This in turn takes the focus away from all other cases of police brutality, and if the focus is small, that can only mean that the attention given to other injustices will also be small. Baseball, with all the good its trying to do now by supporting Black Lives Matter, and their programs to make the game more accessible to inner city kids, still has a problem with minorities. On August 9, 2020, Jim Passon (@PassonJim) tweeted stats showing the teams that had the lowest percentage of plate appearances by players born outside of the United States. While teams like the Yankees, Padres, and Giants boasted numbers over 30%, the Rockies had 3.9%, while the Mariners had 0% as of August 9, 2020. Some speculate that this is intentional by Mariners ownership and cite the gender and racial discrimination case filed by their former high-performance director Lorena Martin. Minorities all have a right to equal justice, and if you have a problem with what is going on in our country, think about this quote by Ruben Salazar, “The point is that whatever one may think of the merits of either side of these cases, grassroot movements such as the school walkouts bring out these important overall issues. And that is what democracy is about”. Salazar is remembered as a martyr, but we must rediscover, and remember him as a reporter.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Ψάξε όποια λέξη θες, όπως fleek: Another name for Gossip. Tittle tattle is used a lot by women, they hear something about someone and believe it to be the Gospel truth, and when they tell a friend of this they add a little to it to add some spice to the scandal that they've heard. So by the time it has has been passed along a few people, it turns into the greatest load of Bullshit that you've ever heard. Oh my god, did you hear what she did to him, and he's doing this and her cousin is doing that. He told me that she cant do this, and i heard about him and yer woman down the road etc etc etc. από infinity 16 Μάρτιος 2004 Words related to tittle tattle boy boy georging george gossiping outing
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
My Week 7 Response D’Ignazio & Klein’s “Feminist Data Visualization”: We are all aware that there are different kinds of learning styles and yet a majority of the time I find that my university education revolves mostly around the reading/writing style. I guess this is a given as an English Literature major, but is this really all that a school has to offer? OF COURSE NOT. I’ve discovered a variety of sources of knowledge, such as Nerdwriter1‘s Youtube channel (a collection of video essays where we get a combination of both visuals and audio), and taken some undergrad classes that went beyond reading scholarly essays or novels, but these were few. Perhaps my own learning style was what made me zero in on data journalism (the inclusion of data that can: assist a story, act as a tool to represent the story, or “to create an emotional bond with a story or issue [11], or to engage and impress readers with beauty and complexity” (3.5)) and encouraged me to seek out examples that the article failed to include: The Guardian’s Article on the leak of NSA files by Edward Snowden (this article is amazing, I love how it incorporates videos and interviews and interactive tools alongside the text) BBC’s “Which sport are you made for? Take our 60-second test” (this is more of a fun example – apparently I should get into netball) As these examples have illustrated, a variety of learning styles can be implemented into one article and with the assistance of technology, we don’t have to limit ourselves to just the written word. Therefore the question that I have asked myself is “will the increase in popularity of data journalism (and other visualization forms) allow more accessibility to information and news to a larger audience, both in terms of numbers of readers and comprehension of the given information? ” Chun’s “On Software, or the Persistence of Visual Knowledge”: Reading this article influenced me to reflect on my keyword, hardware, and how difficult it was to solely focus on defining it without its counterpart, software. As Chun has included in her article: Historian Paul Ceruzzi likens it to an onion, “with many distinct layers of software over a hardware core.” This onionlike structure, however, is itself a programming effect: one codes by using another software program: software and hardware (like genes and DNA) cannot be physically separated. (28) Another aspect of the article that I noted in my margins was the mention of how computer languages need to be iterable in order to be considered a language at all. I can recall this term when I was more familiar with Java but for anyone who is not as familiar with computer programming, this can appear to be a foreign term. I was surprised that Chun didn’t provide some context or definition so my initial response was to skip over it without fully understanding what the concept was until I revisited it (with the help of someone more knowledgeable in computer science than I am) and realized that I have used it before. If I am remembering the term correctly, iterable is like a method that allows a function to repeat or perform a task continuously a certain amount of times. For example, you would input (in Java anyway) i=10 to command a task/action to be done 10 times (it’s like putting something on a continuous loop). One thought on “My Week 7 Response 1. That’s a really interesting question Jacqueline. I had never really given much thought to the lack of visual tools within our field of study, but you bring up some good points. There is no one set way to receive information, it changes from person to person and as such the processes of transmitting information must change if we want ta information to be accessible on a wider scale. I wonder if D’Ignazio and Klein’s question of “whose view of the world does visualization represent?” is missing an aspect of consideration. That being, who is a visualization accessible to? Could it be that with the shift to incorporate more aspects of visualization, that you have pointed out, we are moving towards a broader thinking about how visualizations and information as a whole are transmitted? I’m thinking more in terms of things like closed captioning, or sensory deprivation/heightening experiments that work around cutting off a sense yet still create the feeling of a full experience. Could these be considered a continuation of ‘visualizations’ that work around the need for sight to allow different avenues of access? I also began to reflect on my keyword, computer, in relation to the Chun article, especially in regards to her discussion of programming and software. Chun remarks that ” ‘Programming’ comprised the human task of making connections, setting switches, and inputting values” a process that she labels as “direct programming” and goes on to explain that this manual process changed over to more of an electronic one in 1947 through use of “programs that could be coded by setting switches, which corresponded to sixty stored instructions, rather than by plugging in cables” (28). Although I acknowledge that there is a definite progression in regards to how programming is managed from one system tot he next, I can’t help but see that there is still a large element of human influence. It’s easy to picture these amazing pieces of technology that seemingly pull code out of nowhere at the click of a button, especially for those who are unfamiliar with the processes of programming and coding. But Chun’s explanation of the progression of this process has made me see more of the human behind the computer, the person who begins the process of computing itself. The programming embedded in computers is onlyithere because it was at some point visualized and processed by a human mind, and then embedded within the technology to continue performing its function without necessitating further manual repetition. The mechanical computer can only exist to the extent with which the human computer is able to create it and power it with manual processes that then become mechanical to in turn allow for further human interaction with the interface, and so it cycles till the end product is achieved. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Right click on the image below and then select "Save image as" option to save the image for your powerpoint presentations. Or press "Snap Photo" again to take another image! Chemical Science - Molecular Orbital Theory - Lecture 14 In chemistry, molecular orbital theory describes the molecular structures. In this theory, electrons are considered to move under the influence of the nuclei in the whole, instead of assigning individual bonds between atoms. Edited by Ashraf
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Forbidden LoveMature Ever wished you never met someone? Just for one sweet second considered how different life would be without their intense beauty and complete being beside you? Your life would be sweeter maybe or nondescript? Unimaginable depths of passion never to have evolved and invaded your very being?Then as soon as it happens you punish yourself for that thought. Severe pain tears your broken heart, ripping it so far apart you belive you will die, but it was all worth it. For those sweet moments of divine pleasure, falling deeply into his eyes believing you are the only one, his angel, his love, those memories will last a lifetime. They cancel out the pain, the endless nights and days which roll into one,sobbing, crying tears until there are no more. But still I feel love, desire and miss the one true person who taught me to love, feel emotion and express desire. Extreme emotions unknown till that day.Love at first sight exists although I no longer believe in fairy tales. My knight came and went with the dawn,, into another life, of his choice, leaving me slowly dying inside,,,,, I know he will never be mine, he is hers' but to choose again? I would suffer all the despair to feel his arms envelope me, hear his words adore me, see his eyes love me and feel his warm breath at my side while he sleeps. The End 1 comment about this story Feed
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Four Reasons You Should Consult Early with a Car Accident Lawyer in Houston One of the biggest mistakes car accident victims make is waiting too long to seek legal help. Victims sometimes think the insurance company will be able to provide them with a fair outcome but they soon find out the adjuster is not working on their side. After being given the runaround, victims finally seek legal help, but it is sometimes too late because the statute of limitations is coming to a close. This is why it is so important victims seek early consultations with the car accident lawyer in Houston. These are the top four reasons for seeking an early consultation with a lawyer: 1. When a victim seeks legal help right away, they can avoid issues with the insurance company. These often arise because a person does not know their rights and ends up providing the insurance company with information that can be used against them. When a victim hires a lawyer, the lawyer completely takes over dealing with the insurance company. 2. A prompt meeting with a lawyer will allow the lawyer to begin an investigation right away. As time goes on, vital evidence can become lost and lead to problems proving liability and damages. Lawyers work with investigative teams, so they are able to gather ample evidence for pursuing a claim. 3. There are many steps involved in the process of pursuing a lawsuit. It is crucial a victim to meet with a lawyer as soon as possible, so they do not run into issues with time constraints and missed deadlines. A lawyer helps a victim keep their case on an exact schedule. 4. Meeting with a lawyer early in the process can allow a victim to maximize their settlement because the lawyer can pursue medical payments through the victim’s own insurance company. If you have been injured in a serious car accident that was the fault of another driver, it is imperative you meet with the car accident lawyer in Houston. For more information on your rights, Visit the website at Call Ramsey Law Firm today and ask them to schedule your consultation meeting so they can get to work on helping you with your claim. Be the first to like. Be Sociable, Share!
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Episode 129 - What's Up with 'Please Copy'? Episode 129 - What's Up with 'Please Copy'? 0 1 8 mesi fa 438 Ascolti 1.128 Download Ward Silver, N0AX is here to talk about why some contesters and other operators don't like people saying things like "Please Copy" and looking at other ways that hams can be more efficient communicators on CW, phone, digital, and all modes when it's necessary. Satellite ops and public service nets are also examples of times when time may be limited that we discuss. And also, we talk about when it's not as critical... lighten up and don't worry about it! YOU can ... Maggiori informazioni 1. 00:01 Please Stand By loopable 2. 00:37 HTL Pre Roll Tower& ICOM 3. 01:03 Ham Talk Live open sped up 4. 01:24 Energized Jingle Punks _ bumper 5. 03:00 TowerElectronics Ad Spatula City spoof 6. 04:34 7. 04:43 You're listening to HTL with Neil WB9VPG 8. 04:49 Retrofuture Dirty Funk Kevin MacLeod bumper 9. 28:17 Icom July Aug 2018 10. 30:04 Call us w theme 11. 30:22 Li We Put the Ham in Ham Talk Live 12. 30:26 bensound downtown bumper 13. 49:37 The Ham Band - Seventy Threes Seguici su Facebook
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Refugees in Our Community Service-Learning Toolkit The best service-learning projects are related to classroom instruction, involve student voice and choice, address a researched need, and work with local resources. Teach Learning to Give lessons to connect service with academic subjects and build philanthropy knowledge and skills. These lesson plans teach about the issues, why we should care and act, and the skills and knowledge of social good, such as writing, advocacy, history, fundraising, and careers. Types of Service Projects: Student action may be direct, indirect, advocacy, research, or a combination of these. Welcome to Our School! Create a Welcoming Kit for refugee students coming to your school. This can include a backpack of important school supplies for your class that your new classmate will need to complete his or her schoolwork. It can include a book or video about the school that classmates have made to introduce and welcome refugee students into the school and that they can take home to share with their family. If the class will have a buddy system, brainstorm and compile roles and responsibilities of the buddy so that each buddy will know how to perform his or her role well. (direct service) Photo Credit: Sarah: I cannot go to school by DFID UK is licensed under CC by 4.0 Organize a Drive Organize a drive of items which refugee families may need. This could include new kitchen items, sheets, and bedding; bikes and bike helmets for children and adults; or non-perishable, culturally-sensitive food staples such as rice. Contact a local refugee resettlement agency or service agency to see which items are needed. (indirect service) Photo Credit: Kids' Bike Parade by Dianne Yee is licensed under CC by 4.0 Write letters to your local newspaper or elected official about what you have learned about refugees coming to America and why it is important to welcome and help them. (advocacy) Create a PSA Create a PSA including information about refugees, what causes a person to become a refugee, needs that they may have, why it is important to help them, and ways to welcome them into our communities. See if your school will play this on the morning announcements, or if it can be shared with the community in some other way. (research & advocacy) - Make repairs or do yardwork for a refugee family arriving in your community. - Attend a welcome event hosted by a local refugee resettlement agency. - If there is a refugee student in your class or school, make sure he or she gets a special invitation to school events. Welcome him or her personally! - Attend a cultural event at a local cultural center or house of worship. Learn about the culture and traditions of refugees who are arriving in America. - Participate in a Walk-a-Thon or other fundraiser to raise awareness and money for an agency which supports refugees in America. - Participate in a Walk-a-Thon (such as World Vision's 6K for water) for an organization which helps people in countries from which a lot of refugees come. - Research a country from which a lot of refugees come. What is life like there? - Research a refugee group which came to America. What brought them? How have they contributed to America? - Research a refugee who has changed history. - Watch documentaries about refugees from Syria or other nations. Children of Syria and Exodus from PBS are good choices. Tips for Teachers Who Have Students Who Are Refugees TeachingRefugees.com Tips for Teaching Refugees with Limited Formal Schooling: This is a collection of ideas and advice from teachers who have experience with students of refugee backgrounds. ColorInColorado.org What You Can Do to Support Refugee Students: Helpful facts, steps, and a video to guide teachers of an ELL classroom. Potential Community Partners and Resources for Investigation and Service This is a list of online resources that may expand the learning around the issue area and involve the students in identifying needs and solutions. Refugee resettlement agency. Works to protect the rights and dignity of people in forced or voluntary migration worldwide. Source of information for advocacy and research, as well as community partnership opportunity in 96 cities in America. Refugee resettlement agency offering service opportunities for helping, advocating for, and working with newly arrived refugees. Faith based organization that focuses on refugee services, disaster response, and economic development to help displaced and otherwise vulnerable people internationally. They have many ways for young people to get involved, including tools for advocacy, education, direct service and fundraising. The United Nations Refugee Agency offers statistics and infographics on the scale of the refugee problem in the world. A good source for research and information. This organization is dedicated to ensuring that children around the globe have a fair chance for success through programs dedicated to a variety of services for refugee and other children. A great resource for research. Local Resources for Investigation and Service A nonprofit in southeast Michigan dedicated to helping women, children, and refugees meet basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter, and to move forward through vocational programs and English classes. May be source of service opportunities at Hope for Humanity Center in Inkster, Michigan. Michigan-based organization providing care and resettlement assistance for refugees. Source of service opportunities and stories about refugees' lives in Michigan. Museum dedicated to Arab American culture in the United States. Includes permanent exhibits about the history of Arab immigration (including waves refugees from various Arab nations), contributions of Arab Americans, and adjustment to life in the United States. Field trips for students and cultural competency presentations for adults are available. Founded in 2015 by local philanthropists, SARN's mission is to provide humanitarian and economic support for refugees as they reach self-sufficiency in Michigan. A good source for service opportunities. Opened in 2017, this museum covers the culture and history of Chaldeans, who are Iraqi Christians, many of whom have settled in southeast Michigan as refugees, both historically and currently. Open for field trips.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
The Our World, Our Stories project has come to an end this week. It has been one of the most rewarding experiences of 2011 for my class. My grade two students worked with classes in the USA, Canada, Belize, New Zealand and Ghana to share their stories and learn about how others live. We used our blog http://ourworldourstories.edublogs.org as our central meeting place. For seven weeks, the students blogged, commented and conversed about a wide range of topics. 30 posts and over 700 comments were published. Week One: Typical School Day Week Two: Recess Activities Week Three: Food Week Four: Our Local Environment Week Five: Traditional Stories and Festivities Week Six: Traditional Song Week Seven: Final Celebration Highlights of the Our World, Our Stories project: Seeing the students excited about learning. The beauty of this project was that it was authentic. Learning about other cultures by reading a book is no longer enough for today’s generation. Our students can now develop friendships and have ongoing conversations to learn about others. Seeing my students curious about how other people live and coming up with such a wide range of questions was a real highlight. Creating a joint reading of Mem Fox and Leslie Staub’s book Whoever You Are as one of our culminating activities. This picture book was perfect as the message was based around the idea that everyone in the world is different but we’re all equal. The most exciting part was that Mem and Leslie commented on our blog and brought such joy to our young students. This was truly a moment that many students will remember for life. Recording a song together to celebrate the friendships we’d made. All the classes had different interests but we found singing was a common highlight for many students. The ‘traditional song’ week was very popular. Linda Yollis and her music teacher, Mr B, were the masterminds behind our joint performance of Make New Friends. Check it out! Working with such dedicated and passionate teachers. As our students are quite young, the structure of this project was organised by the teachers with input from the students. It was a real pleasure to work with the other teachers who work so hard to create exceptional learning experiences for their students. This is was not the first time we have worked together and it won’t be the last. Being nominated for an Edublog Award and inspiring others. Our World, Our Stories has been nominated for Best Group Blog in the 2011 Edublog Awards. Vote here! It was also pleasing to see some teachers liked our idea so much that they created their own spin off! Update: we won! Find out more http://ourworldourstories.edublogs.org/2011/12/15/we-won-an-edublog-award/. Global collaborative projects are one of my very favourite aspects of teaching. I’m excited to see where global collaboration will take us in 2012! For those of you who have followed Our World, Our Stories, what has been your highlight? What have your students got out of collaborating with others?
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
The liver is the largest internal organ. This body carries out many vital functions, including turning food into energy, producing bile for digestion and elimination of waste and toxins from the bloodstream. For maintaining optimal liver function, healthy eating is essential. One of the healthiest fruits for the liver is avocado. It contains nutrients that help improve liver function and overall health of a person. Avocado is a popular fruit in vegetarian cuisine, a substitute for meat in sandwiches and salads because it has a high fat content. It is used in Mexican cuisine in the preparation called guacamole and sushi rolls filling. It can be served mashed or sliced as part of many dishes or spread on toast, served with salt and pepper. Avocados are high in fat. A medium sized fruit contains about 22.5 grams of fat. However, a large proportion of this is monounsaturated fat or fat good for the body. Consumption of monounsaturated fats help lower bad cholesterol and increase good cholesterol. The latter redirects bad cholesterol by the liver and the blood and arteries will be much healthier. Liver, through its functions, destroys and remove the fat. Diseases caused by fatty liver are characterized by an excess of fat in the liver cells, which can lead to its inflammation and hardening. Replacing saturated fats with monounsaturated fats and eating low glycemic index foods, such as fruits and vegetables instead of chips and snacks, can improve people who have fatty livers. Avocados not only contain no monounsaturated fat, but also act as a food with a low glycemic index. Daily consumption of monounsaturated fats and limited consumption of saturated fats helps lower triglyceride levels in the liver, especially among people who do not consume alcohol. Avocado contains over 20 minerals, vitamins and natural nutrients. These include vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin E and vitamin C. Some of these vitamins support general condition of the liver and helps in the breakdown of fats. In addition, folic acid deficiency is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. Vitamin E is useful for reducing inflammation and fatty liver scarring seen in children. Similarly, vitamin C helps remove fats from the liver, preventing cirrhosis. Both peel and seeds found in avocado pulp are poisonous to animals (it affects appetite, lung function and liver). It is unclear whether these symptoms can occur in people in the same situation. Consumption of one or two avocados per week contributes to the regeneration of damaged liver, in less than 30 days. Avocados help increase levels of the glutathione, which is an excellent antioxidant. Broccoli has an action similar to that of avocados on the body.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
There’s been a lot of build-up on the web as well as the television set about a flora root known as does forskolin really work. Television set personalities for example Doctor. Oz have suggested utilization of this compound, producing declarations which it can assist individuals who are planning to purge their selves of excessive body weight. This has triggered numerous items being made with this particular element, with income achieving echelons that have been until just recently, not thought about so as to happen to be arrived at. Despite this, being raised my moms and dads explained never to think every thing I observed around the tv. Seeing that I’m older I understand this to apply with other kinds of media at the same time, so knowing each of the excitement encircling this, I can’t aid but be skeptical. Items that are miracles quite often tumble short of becoming really miraculous. In this article, I am going to break up what exactly this product is, and if it lifestyles up to the records that individuals and weight loss supplement businesses equally make about this. Forskolin is definitely the root of a flora known as Coleus Forskohlii. This herb is known to be area of the mint household. After it is noticed in element lineups, Coleus Forskohlii and Forskolin are generally used interchangeably. For centuries it has been employed in Ayurvedic treatments like a fix for asthma attack. Recently Dr. Ounce has made this herb underlying far more recognized, with accusations that it could help in weight management. Some Top Rated Products feature ingredients that were exhibited by Dr. Oz. At present there are several items that consist of Forskolin inside their element selection, even though this compound are available by itself in health supplement kind at the same time. Along with weight loss, this compound has been specifically called a remedy for angina, high blood pressure levels, urinary system tract microbe infections and eczema. Forskolin is asserted to excite the camping into action, which is known to modify the hypothyroid, in addition to creating the heart commitment. When this happens, fat and caloric deposit start getting incinerated. So using this type of idea under consideration, this flora root is retailed to aid folks decreasing a couple pounds off of using their body. As previously stated, Forskolin comes from a vegetation referred to as Coleus Forskohlii. This seedling is known to be indigenous to areas of India, the exotic aspects of Africa, Sri Lanka and Brazil. Being a thing that normally happens, there is not any single organization that holds the distinctive legal rights to goods health supplements with this particular compound. A number of the firms that are known to produce health supplements of this herb basic include Swanson, Rightway Diet, Irwin Naturals, Environmental Formulas, Enzymatic Treatment method, Irwin’s Naturals, Are living Lengthy Nutrients and Nature’s Way. If administered in the proper way, there may be likelihood of this element to assist in weight loss. Even so the correct way to adopt this health supplement is through inhalation or intravenously. When it is considered orally (since it generally comes in weightloss pills) the consequences usually are not considered existent. There was a study accomplished on Forskolin, by which there was 15 over weight guys who required the compound to get a duration of 12 days. Enhancements that they can managed see were a decrease in extra fat volume, a heightening of male growth hormone amounts and a visible sinking in unwanted fat proportion. Nevertheless weight-loss failed to arise. Despite this, that has not halted the loves of Dr. Ounce and other slimming pill companies as marking this substance being a vibrant help for weight-loss. It is misleading to mention so, but what they do is phrase their advertising and marketing copy within a certain way so as to allow it to be appear like this may take steps which it definitely does not. Even so, the relation is sufficient get people to purchase it and to individuals who earn money promoting this, that’s all of that matters. Forskolin is not a chemical that is free from the expense of adverse reactions. Since it is recognized to basin blood pressure level levels, there may be some chance that folks may go through hypogylcemic signs or symptoms. Addititionally there is evidence which includes demonstrated that administering this flora root may lead to a halting in fetal rise in women that are pregnant. In terms of fswtso who definitely are nursing jobs, there have not been ample numerous studies done to present should this be secure or otherwise, so it could be greatest to avert this entirely. There are plenty of materials out there that slimming pill businesses like to enhance their items. It is obvious that some of these elements are good for not only all around health, but supporting weight reduction too. Although there are many medicinal uses of this grow cause, individuals won’t be losing excess weight with this particular in the near future. It’s always crucial that you do your very own research when looking into nutritional supplements. It is an easy task to have a company’s term for doing it, but you must recognize that their target is to earn money, not really allow you to get far healthier, since they may announce. Much like this product we have seen some research done into it, but just just because a study was completed, does not mean it has the right results. There are actually far better supplements available that have far more relevant comes from the numerous studies done upon them.
|
mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0
|
default
| 0.37
|
Religion is a belief of faith in a higher being, spirit, or any system of ideas that a group of people believe in. To have faith in a belief is to have the belief without proof that it is true. Faith can bring people together because they all believe in the same thing. Some of the things religions talk about are what happens after death, why humans exist, how humans came to exist (creation), and what is good to do and not to do (morality). Some people are very religious. Many people believe in one all-powerful god; some people believe in more than one god; some people are atheists, who do not believe in a god; and some people are agnostics, who are not sure if there is a god. People who believe in one or more gods, but do not belong to a religion, are called deists. In many religions, one of the main beliefs is that there is a “deity” (or god) who is a great creator spirit. In many religions, there is just one deity that the people believe in. In other religions, there are many deities who each have different roles in the universe. In many religions, there are other types of spirits. These may include other such things which can be both good and bad. Giving honour to God, the gods or the spirits is an important part of most religions. While this may often be done privately, it is also often done with gatherings of people and rituals. These rituals are often based on old traditions, and may have been done in almost the same way for hundreds, or even thousands of years. Another main belief is that humans have a “soul” or spirit which lives on after their body has died. The person’s spirit is on a journey through life that continues after death. Most religions believe that what a person does during their lifetime will affect what happens to their spirit in the afterlife. Many religions teach that a good person’s spirit can reach a special place of peace and happiness such as Heaven or Nirvana, and that a bad person’s spirit can travel to a place of pain and suffering such as Hell. Still other religions believe in reincarnation – that instead of going either to Heaven or Hell, spirits of the dead return to earth in a new body.
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
default
| 0.333
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.