milesjreding/Seshat_db · Datasets at Hugging Face

286

MnUigur

745

840

Uigur Khaganate

mn_uygur_khaganate

LEGACY

The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. Between the 740s and the 840s, this region was controlled by the Uighur khaganate, notably one of only two polities ever to adopt Manichaeism as the official state cult. §REF§ Werner Sundermann, "MANICHEISM i. GENERAL SURVEY," Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2009, available at <a class="external free" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-1-general-survey" rel="nofollow">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-1-general-survey</a> (accessed on 25 August 2016). §REF§ The Uighur khaganate was relatively centralized, and included a tax collection system, but leaders often served both civil and military functions, and local rulers often enjoyed considerable autonomy. §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 226) §REF§ No population estimates specific to this polity could be found in the literature, though, according to McEvedy and Jones, at that time Mongolia and Siberia together likely had a population of no more than 500,000. §REF§ (McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

24

Orkhon Valley

Mongolia

102.845486

47.200757

Karakorum

MN

Mongolia

Central Eurasia

9

Mongolia

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the steppe part of Manchuria

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

131

SyCalUm

661

750

Umayyad Caliphate

sy_umayyad_cal

LEGACY

The Umayyad Caliphate was formed in 661 CE by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan following the assassination of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad. §REF§ (Madelung 1997, 108, 297) Wilferd Madelung. 1997. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ It ended with the defeat of the Umayyads by the Abbasids in the Third Fitna (a series of Muslim civil wars) in 750 CE. §REF§ (Esposito, ed. 2003, 691) John L. Esposito, ed. 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. §REF§ The Ummayad Caliphs, based in Damascus in Syria, ruled a large territory stretching from the Near East all the way through North Africa and into southern Spain. Population and political organization The caliph was a tribal patriarch and head of the ummah, the entire Islamic community. The central government of the Umayyad Caliphate was almost non-existent at the start of the period but entered a more developed stage in the mid-8th century. One of the reasons for this lack of central administration was the exceptionally successful Arab-Muslim army combined with the existence of functioning bureaucracies in the former Sassanid and Byzantine domains, which were left largely intact. §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 55) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ Thus, under Muawiya - the first Ummayad Caliph - the ruler was 'surrounded by Arab chiefs' with no other central administration. §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 80-90) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ At Damascus, an administrative system staffed by permanent officials §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 36-38) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ dates from the reigns of al-Malik (685-705 CE) and al-Walid (705-715 CE). §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 80-90) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ The caliphs, from their residence in Damascus (661-744 CE) and then Harran (744-750 CE), employed a chamberlain to manage visitors and regulate daily affairs, §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 80-90) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ and maintained an office of the chancery §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 50-51) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ with officials called diwans to manage the collection of taxes and payment of salaries. §REF§ (Kennedy 2001, 88) Hugh N. Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. §REF§ In order to impose their authority over the provinces, which had a combined population of up to 33 million, §REF§ (Blankinship 1994, 37-38) Khalid Y. Blankinship. 1994. The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. §REF§ the Umayyads typically sent civil and military governors (amel and amir). §REF§ (Lambton 2011) Ann K. S. Lambton. 2011. 'Cities iii: Administration and Social Organization', in Encyclopedia Iranica V/6, 607-23; an updated version is available online at <a class="external free" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cities-iii" rel="nofollow">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cities-iii</a> (accessed 2 April 2017). §REF§ In the regions they conquered, the Ummayads had no choice but to use the resident staff because institutions to train and educate bureaucrats had not yet developed in the Arab Muslim context. In Egypt, for the first century of Umayyad rule, 'all the provincial officials were Christians'. §REF§ (Raymond 2000, 17) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. §REF§ The Umayyad Caliphate was thus an exceptionally multicultural empire with a diverse governmental and cultural heritage. This diversity was reflected in the number of languages spoken across the territory conquered by Muslims: from Basque in the far west to Berber and African Romance languages along the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and Aramaic, Turkic, Hebrew, Armenian and Kurdish in the east. §REF§ (Lapidus 2002, 126) Ira M. Lapidus. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ The use of Arabic as an administrative language began in Iraq in 697 CE, but spread outwards to Syria, Egypt and, by 700 CE, Khurasan in modern-day northeastern Iran. §REF§ (Lapidus 2012, 36-38) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ In Egypt, the adoption of Arabic as the language of local government took over 100 years; initially, almost all papyruses were written in Greek. The first known bilingual Greek-Arabic document dates to 643 CE, and the last to 719. The earliest known Egyptian document written exclusively in Arabic is dated to 709 CE, and Greek was still being used up until 780 CE. §REF§ (Raymond 2000, 23) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. §REF§

null

JR: edited long name from Ummayad to Umayyad

null

2024-03-27T09:30:27.298805Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

8

Southern Mesopotamia

Levant-Mesopotamia

44.42

32.47

Babylon (Hillah)

IQ

Iraq

Southwest Asia

61

Levant

Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

745

sv_united_k_sweden_and_norway

1,816

1,905

United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway

sv_united_k_sweden_and_norway

OTHER_TAG

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

17

Northern Europe

Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

729

mx_united_mexican_states_1

1,821

1,917

United Mexican States I

mx_united_mexican_states_1

OTHER_TAG

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

23

Mexico

{'id': 7, 'name': 'North America'}

592

us_united_states_of_america_contemporary

1,934

2,020

United States of America - Contemporary

us_united_states_of_america_contemporary

LEGACY

null

2023-10-18T14:26:56.546744Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

22

East Coast

East Coast of US

{'id': 7, 'name': 'North America'}

477

IqUrIII

-2,112

-2,004

Ur - Dynasty III

iq_ur_dyn_3

LEGACY

The founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur was Ur-Nammu who probably came from Uruk, however he was a military commander (šagina) of Ur, and later its independent ruler who conducted victorious fights with the Gutians and took by force other lands of Sumer and consolidated the whole Akkad and Sumer. Moreover, he also conquered Elam and even reached Susa. His political power was related not only to his conquest, but mainly to his cultural and legislative activities. He was a builder of few great temples and was a lawgiver of one of the oldest 'code' called Code of Ur-Nammu. §REF§ Stępień 2009, 11-12 §REF§ His son - Shulgi continued father's politics and he "reorganized system and territorial administrative structure, but also much enlarged its lands and increased international prestige, turning it into a dominant power of the region." §REF§ Stępień 2009, 16 §REF§ He seized among other Simurrum, Lullubum, Kimaš, Hurti, Karahar, Šašrum, Harši. He used the political marriages and various alliances as well to cement his state (e. g. his daughters married the ruler of Marhaši and the ensi of Anshan). Two sons of Shulgi reigned 9 years each - Amar-Sin(Amar-Suen)and Shu-Sin(Su-Suen). Amar-Suen led few victorious campaigns against Urbilum, Šašrum and Hurrians. Su-Suen fight against Amorites, however his strategy was more defensive than offensive. The last king from this dynasty -Ibbi-Sin was less successful in fights with Amorites, Gutians and Elamites. After he was betrayed by the governor of Isin named Ishbi- Irra, the Ur became much weaker. Eventually the city of Ur was captured and looted in 2010 and Ibbi-Sin lost his throne and was transported to Susa. Generally speaking, the Ur III period is perceived as a flowering time when many significant changes took place, especially on the field of literature, culture and architecture. However, many important transformation concerning administration, army as well as the position of the ruler were happened. Ur is described often in the literature as "the centralized bureaucratic state" §REF§ Ur 2014, 256 §REF§ with many civil servants and elaborated administration structures. According to Jason Ur: "The kings of Ur created centralized temple and above all royal administrative systems, and attempted to resuscitate a Sumerian identity. §REF§ Ur 2013, 143 §REF§ The state of Ur consisted of three main zones: core, periphery and vassal territories. The core encompasses lands of Sumer and Akkad and it includes 18 provinces. The peripheral areas are defined as the land which were attached by Shulgi (in a consequence of his military activity) such as eastern Iraq, the western provinces of Kurdistan, Luristan, Khuzestan. The third zone, so called "sphere of influence" included vassal states. §REF§ Stępień 2009, 55-60 §REF§ Besides its military achievements, the marital alliances were often used tool to establish or broaden the power of Ur's kings.

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

8

Southern Mesopotamia

Levant-Mesopotamia

44.42

32.47

Babylon (Hillah)

IQ

Iraq

Southwest Asia

62

Mesopotamia

Iraq, Kuwait

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

344

TrUrart

-1,200

-710

Urartu Kingdom

tr_urartu_k

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

43

Anatolia-Caucasus

Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

474

IqUruk*

-4,000

-2,900

Uruk

iq_uruk

LEGACY

The name of this polity derives from the site of Uruk (modern Warka) located c. 35 km east from the Euphrates River, in south Iraq. This period is perceived as a time of deep transformations and significant inventions (such as wheel, fast wheel, plough, using alloys - bronze, writing system, etc.). There is very little known about the people living in Mesopotamia during that time (so-called Sumerian problem). There are some voices suggesting that Uruk population might have been identified as Sumerians, however there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. On the contrary, there is a lack of traces of invasion or appearance of completely new group of people. There is rather highlighted undisturbed continuation between previous polities, such as Ubaid and Uruk, and endurance of some cultural patterns, which are especially visible in architecture (construction of temples at Eridu or Uruk). §REF§ Roux 1998, 75-78 §REF§ , §REF§ Crawford 2004, 16-18 §REF§ , §REF§ Kuhr 1997, 22-23 §REF§ The nature of relations between Mesopotamia and Susiana land in this period deserves the special attention. There are few main ideas regarding the relationships between these two geographical areas. According to Algaze, the Susiana was colonized by group of people from southern Mesopotamia in the Uruk period and he indicates cultural homogeneity these two lands in Uruk period. §REF§ Algaze 1993, 15-17 §REF§ The opposite opinion is presented by Amiet, who suggested that Susiana was inhabited by two different 'ethnic' group (so called - 'Elamite' and 'Mesopotamian' type). The culture of this land, hence, was seen as some kind of hybrid and the alternately appearance of 'Elamite' or 'Mesopotamian' cultural elements is related to some sort of 'fashion' or 'trends'. §REF§ Amiet 1979 §REF§ , §REF§ Amiet 1992: 80 §REF§ The Uruk polity is perceived by Algaze as some kind of proto-state organism and he describes it as “an early instance of an "informal empire" or "world system" based on asymmetrical exchange and a hierarchically organized international division of labour that differs from modern examples only in degree.” §REF§ Algaze 1989, 571 §REF§ He emphasizes very rapid and intense cultural growth of Uruk polity and he considers few types of Uruk expansions: “(1)new form of spatial distribution: the growth of cities and their dependencies; (2)new form of socio-political organization: the explosive growth of social differentiation, the emergence of encumbered labour, and the crystallization of the state; (3) new forms of economic arrangements and of record keeping: state control of a substantial portion of the means of production and of its surplus, craft and occupational specialization on an industrial scale; and, finally, (4)the new forms of symbolic representation needed to validate the changes taking place in the realm of social and political relationship-leading to the creation of an artistic tradition and iconographical repertoire that were to set the framework for pictorial representation in Mesopotamia for millennium to come.” §REF§ Algaze 1989, 590-91 §REF§ There are many hypotheses regarding the political system of Uruk polity. Most of the researchers (e. g. Frangipane, Rothman, Pollock, Wright) perceived the Uruk polity as some kind of united (in cultural sense) community which shares number of features (particularly in material culture) and they represent some early stage of city-state organization with dominant position of some cities and the group of elite. §REF§ Nissen 2001, 161 §REF§ , §REF§ Pollock 2001, 181-233 §REF§ However, other archaeologists believed (e. g. Algaze) that some cities have been already ruled by one person - ruler which collected all political, religious and military power. There are many images of this person on seals, sealing, vase, furniture inlays where he is showed as a warrior, bearded man in cap, hunter and master of animals. Algaze even writes: “comparison with inscribed statues of later Sumerian rulers in strikingly similar poses leaves no doubt that the analogous Uruk-period images are stylized and standardized representations of kings.” §REF§ Algaze 2001, 34 §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

8

Southern Mesopotamia

Levant-Mesopotamia

44.42

32.47

Babylon (Hillah)

IQ

Iraq

Southwest Asia

62

Mesopotamia

Iraq, Kuwait

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

575

us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction

1,866

1,933

Us Reconstruction-Progressive

us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

22

East Coast

East Coast of US

{'id': 7, 'name': 'North America'}

398

InUtpal

855

1,003

Utpala Dynasty

in_utpala_dyn

LEGACY

null

2023-11-14T13:38:17.611550Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

64

North India

Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

90

InVakat

255

550

Vakataka Kingdom

in_vakataka_k

LEGACY

The Vakataka dynasty ruled over the central Indian region of Vidarbha and surrounding areas between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE. This polity was founded by King Vindhyasakti in around 255 CE, reached its zenith around 510, and had been replaced by the Chalukya polity by the mid-6th century. §REF§ (Majumbar and Altekar 1946, 44, 123) Ramesh Chandra Majumdar and Anant Sadashiv Altekar. 1986. Vakataka - Gupta Age circa 200-550 A.D. Benares: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. §REF§ The Vakataka period was characterized by the establishment of a centrally ruling authority, agrarian expansion, and the revival of Hinduism, aided by an increase in royal land grants assigned for religious purposes and the construction of new temples. §REF§ (Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. 'State Formation Process in the Vidarbha during the Vakataka Period'. Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 68-69: 137-62. §REF§ Population and political organization The Vakataka polity was ruled by a king. §REF§ (Sawant 2009, 145) Reshma Sawant. 2008. 'State Formation Process in the Vidarbha during the Vakataka Period'. Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 68-69: 137-62. §REF§ Inscriptions suggest that he was aided at court by ministers and administrative personnel, including revenue officers, and in the provinces by a hierarchy of provincial and local authorities. §REF§ (Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. 'State Formation Process in the Vidarbha during the Vakataka Period'. Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 68-69: 137-62. §REF§ No population estimates for this period could be found in the specialist literature.

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

15

Deccan

Central India

76.625407

15.386856

Kampli

DEC

India

South Asia

40

Southern India

Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

211

DzVandal

429

534

Vandal Kingdom

dz_vandal_k

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

3

Maghreb

From Morocco to Libya

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

794

in_vanga_k

550

600

Vanga Dynasty

in_vanga_k

OTHER_TAG

null

2023-12-07T16:17:14.908726Z

2025-04-15T09:35:23.122079Z

{'id': 53, 'text': 'a new_private_comment_text new approach for polity'}

null

37

Eastern South Asia

Bangladesh + Indian states of West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

375

CnBaiyu

-332

-109

Viet Baiyu Kingdom

cn_viet_baiyu_k

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

41

Mainland Southeast Asia

Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, south Vietnam

{'id': 10, 'name': 'Southeast Asia'}

97

InVijay

1,336

1,646

Vijayanagara Empire

in_vijayanagara_emp

LEGACY

The Vijayanagara Empire ruled over southern India: specifically, it comprised an area roughly equivalent to the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. §REF§ (Kamath 1980, 329) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ This polity could be said to have been founded with the establishment of the fortified city of Vijayanagara itself in 1340, and it fragmented into many smaller polities roughly three hundred years later, due to both civil wars and incursions from Islamic polities to the North. §REF§ (Stein 1990, 2, 13) Burton Stein. 1990. The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ Under Vijayanagara rule, architecture flourished (many temples were built or rebuilt, and the first permanent non-religious buildings, including royal palaces, were constructed), trade and agriculture boomed, new towns were founded, and new notions of legal rights emerged. §REF§ (Stein 1990, xii, 2) Burton Stein. 1990. The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ Population and political organization As with most preceding South Indian polities, the Vijayanagara ruler sat at the top of both administrative and military hierarchies. §REF§ (Majumdar, Raychaudhuri and Datta 1974, 373) R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta. 1974. An Advanced History of India. Delhi: Macmillan India. §REF§ He was assisted at court by several ministers, and in the provinces by governors. §REF§ (Majumdar, Raychaudhuri and Datta 1974, 373-74) R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta. 1974. An Advanced History of India. Delhi: Macmillan India. §REF§ Assuming that the entire population of the Indian subcontinent at this time equalled 150 million, it seems reasonable to estimate that the population of the Vijayanagara empire was about 25 million. §REF§ (Stein 1990, 44) Burton Stein. 1990. The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ Burton Stein estimates that the city of Vijayanagara at its height in the 16th century had over 100,000 inhabitants, §REF§ (Stein 1990, 75) Burton Stein. 1990. The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ while Carla Sinopoli believes the population could have been over 250,000. §REF§ (Sinopoli 2000, 370) Carla Sinopoli. 2000. 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire'. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43 (3): 364-98. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

15

Deccan

Central India

76.625407

15.386856

Kampli

DEC

India

South Asia

40

Southern India

Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

878

dk_viking_settlements

793

1,000

Viking settlements

dk_viking_settlements

OTHER_TAG

This polity refers to the Norse settlements in Scandinavia up to the formation of the kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, as well as Norse settlements in Iceland (before 930 CE, the foundation of the Icelandic Commonwealth), Greenland, Newfoundland, the Baltic, Russia, Scotland and Ireland, and northern France. It excludes the Danelaw in England, which is coded in a different polity.

Viking City-States

null

2024-05-06T09:41:16.009762Z

2024-05-06T09:41:16.009778Z

null

17

Northern Europe

Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

303

EsVisigoth

418

711

Visigothic Kingdom

es_visigothic_k

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

18

Southern Europe

Iberia, Italy

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

325

RuVldSz

1,157

1,331

Vladimir-Suzdal

ru_vladimir_suzdal

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

16

Eastern Europe

Belarus, non-Steppe Ukraine and European Russia

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

318

BgVolga

965

1,236

Volga Kingdom

bg_volga_k

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

19

Southeastern Europe

Frm. Yugoslavia, Romania-Moldova, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

80

PeWari*

650

999

Wari Empire

pe_wari_emp

LEGACY

Following a period of regionalization known as the Early Intermediate Period, two polities came to dominate the Andes. Tiwanaku (Tihuanaco, Tihuanacu) extended from its core on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca to the highlands of western Bolivia, northern Chile and southern Peru. §REF§ (Stanish 2003, 290) Charles Stanish. 2003. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. §REF§ Meanwhile, the Wari (Huari) polity may have controlled an area incorporating much of the Peruvian coast and highlands. §REF§ (Bergh 2012, xiv-xv) Susan Bergh. 2012. Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes. New York: Thames & Hudson. §REF§ These two spheres of influence appear to have been united by a religious belief focusing on the cult of a 'staff deity'. §REF§ (Cook 2012, 65) Anita G. Cook. 2012. 'The Coming of the Staff Deity', in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 103-21. New York: Thames & Hudson. §REF§ §REF§ (Cook 2001, 158) Anita G. Cook. 2001. 'Huari D-Shaped Structures, Sacrificial Offerings, and Divine Rulership', in Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru, edited by E. P. Benson and A. G. Cook, 137-63. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. §REF§ This is manifest in the iconography of both polities, together forming the 'Middle Horizon', a period characterized by the substantial spread of uniform material culture across this large territory between the 7th and the 11th centuries CE. §REF§ (Isbell 2008, 731-73) William H. Isbell. 2008. 'Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon', in Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by H. Silverman and W. Isbell, 731-60. New York: Springer. §REF§ The exact nature of the Wari phenomenon is debated. While some scholars are of the view that it was a centralized empire, others think it was a smaller state based in Ayacucho with small enclaves of power dispersed across the Andes. §REF§ (Covey et al. 2013, 538-52) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. 'Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)'. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52. §REF§ The empire hypothesis describes Wari as a 'mosaic of control': §REF§ (Schreiber 1992, 29) Katharina J. Schreiber. 1992. Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. §REF§ regions with Wari architecture may have been under direct Wari domination while large cities that only exhibit Wari pottery and textiles may have been autonomous polities whose ruling class closely cooperated with the Ayacucho polity. Pikillacta in the Cuzco Valley is one of the most prominent Wari-controlled sites outside of its core in Ayacucho. §REF§ (McEwan 2005, 157-58) Gordon F. McEwan. 2005. 'Conclusion: The Functions of Pikillacta' in Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco, edited by Gordon F. McEwan 147-64. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. §REF§ This planned settlement spreading over 47 ha follows a strictly enforced grid pattern regardless of the topography. §REF§ (Covey et al. 2013, 540) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. 'Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)'. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52. §REF§ The rectangular cells were interpreted variously as granaries, barracks or houses. §REF§ (McEwan and Couture 2005, 21-23) Gordon F. McEwan and Nicole Couture. 2005. 'Pikillacta and Its Architectural Typology', in Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco, edited by Gordon F. McEwan, 11-28. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. §REF§ However, later excavations revealed that the city was composed of several interconnected sites performing different functions: there were administrative, ceremonial, residential, and defensive components. §REF§ (McEwan 1991, 99) Gordon F. McEwan. 1991. 'Investigations at the Pikillacta site: A Provincial Huari Centre in the Valley of Cuzco', in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 93-120. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. §REF§ This settlement appears to have been left unfinished and abandoned sometime before 1000 CE. §REF§ (Glowacki 2005, 123) Mary Glowacki. 2005. 'Dating Pikillacta', in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 115-24. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. §REF§ Beyond Pikillacta, the spread of Wari in the Cuzco Valley is limited, and local polities still controlled the western half of the valley. §REF§ Alan Covey 2017, personal communication §REF§ The capital of the Wari polity, also named 'Wari' or 'Huari', was more organically built: patios and galleries filled the empty spaces between compounds, and have been interpreted as elite residences and administrative buildings. §REF§ (Schreiber 2012, 36) Katharina Schreiber. 2012. 'The Rise of an Andean Empire', in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 31-46. New York: Thames & Hudson. §REF§ D-shaped ceremonial spaces were common in the capital but rare in the provinces, §REF§ (McEwan and Williams 2012, 67) Gordon F. McEwan and Patrick Ryan Williams. 2012. 'The Wari Built Environment: Landscape and Architecture of Empire', in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 67-81. New York: Thames & Hudson. §REF§ and may have hosted rituals and sacrifices, as suggested by the trophy heads found at Conchopata. §REF§ (Tung 2014, 246) Tiffiny A. Tung. 2014. 'Making Warriors, Making War: Violence and Militarism in the Wari Empire', in Embattled Bodies, Embattled Places: War in Pre-Columbian America, edited by A. K. Scherer and J. W. Verano, 229-58. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Library. §REF§ Population and political organization Estimating the population under Wari control is problematic. The capital Huari, situated in the Ayacucho valley, stretched over 200-300 ha and may have housed between 30,000 §REF§ (McEwan and Williams 2012, 67) Gordon F. McEwan and Patrick Ryan Williams. 2012. 'The Wari Built Environment: Landscape and Architecture of Empire', in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 67-81. New York: Thames & Hudson. §REF§ and 70,000 people. §REF§ (Isbell et al. 1991, 99) William H. Isbell, Christine Brewster-Wray and Lynda E. Spickard. 1991. 'Architecture and Spatial Organization at Huari', in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 19-53. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. §REF§ Beyond Ayacucho, Wari architectural compounds only cover an area of a few hundred hectares; §REF§ (Covey et al. 2013, 538-52) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. 'Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)'. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52. §REF§ the total population under Wari control may have been limited to 100,000-500,000. §REF§ Alan Covey 2017, personal communication §REF§ Proponents of the empire hypothesis hold the view that Wari controlled a territory of 320,000 square kilometres, extending from the core near Ayacucho to its provinces in the north (Moche) and to the south near Cerro Baul (Moquegua). §REF§ (Schreiber 2012, 39) Katharina Schreiber. 2012. 'The Rise of an Andean Empire', in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 31-46. New York: Thames & Hudson. §REF§ Other interpretations are more cautious; as Wari remains have only been found in the Ayacucho valley and small pockets of control beyond the core, its total territory was in no way comparable to that of the later Inca Empire and may have covered 10,000-50,000 hectares at most. §REF§ Alan Covey 2017, personal communication §REF§ What is known from archaeological surveys, however, is that four or five tiers of settlement existed: the capital may have controlled colonies situated around the major administrative centres of Pikillacta, Viracochapampa and Conchopata (40-50 ha). §REF§ (McEwan 2005, 1) Gordon F. McEwan. 2005. 'Introduction: Pikillacta and the Wari Empire', in Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco, edited by Gordon F. McEwan, 1-7. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. §REF§ On the third tier, towns such as Huaro, §REF§ (Glowacki 2012, 190) Mary Glowacki. 2012. 'Imperialismo en el Horizonte Medio: Una reevaluación del paradigma clásico, Cuzco, Perú'. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 16: 189-207. §REF§ Batan Orqo, Cerro Baul, §REF§ (Moseley et al. 1991, 132) Michael E. Moseley, Robert A. Feldman, Paul S. Goldstein and Luis Watanabe. 1991. 'Colonies and Conquest: Tihuanaco and Huari in Moquegua', in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 121-40. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. §REF§ Jincamocco or Wari Willka may have been secondary centres (c. 10 hectares). Finally, villages and hamlets would have produced resources for these larger cities. §REF§ (Covey et al. 2013, 543) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. 'Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)'. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52. §REF§ In terms of political organisation, the Wari king may have held influence over client rulers or Wari nobles: royal tombs with Wari paraphernalia have been found at Huarmey in coastal Peru. §REF§ Alan Covey 2017, personal communication §REF§ The Wari may have also had a military hierarchy, as suggested by the ceramic depictions of warriors with distinctive face paint, arms, dress, and shield motifs. §REF§ (Arkush 2006, 502) Elizabeth Arkush. 2006. 'Collapse, Conflict, Conquest: The Transformation of Warfare in the Late Prehispanic Andean Highlands', in The Archaeology of Warfare: Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest, edited by E. Arkush and M. Allen, 286-335. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. §REF§ The Wari left their stamp on technology and infrastructure in the Andes. Some archaeologists see them as the predecessors of the Incas, laying the foundations for the Inca road system; §REF§ (D'Altroy and Schreiber 2004, 269) Terence N. D'Altroy and Katherine Schreiber. 2004. 'Andean Empires', in Andean Archaeology, edited by H. Silverman, 255‒79. Oxford: Blackwell. §REF§ however, this hypothesis is disputed. §REF§ Alan Covey 2017, personal communication §REF§

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Cuzco

Andes

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Peru

South America

32

Andes

From Ecuador to Chile

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150

JpSengk

1,467

1,568

Warring States Japan

jp_sengoku_jidai

LEGACY

During the Sengoku Period Japan was fought over by armies of samurau their nobles called the daimyo ('the great names'). The shogun became a prize to control and the capital at Kyoto was devastated by war. The period is also known as the Onin War and the Age of the Warring States (which translated into Japanese becomes the Sengoku jidai or Sengoku Period). §REF§ (Turnbull 2002) S Turnbull. 2002. War in Japan: 1467-1615. Osprey Publishing. §REF§ There was no central government. The daimyo, supported by their close kinsmen and vassals, often had an inner council to decide on matters of administration and military policy. Military administrators known as bugyo are known to have been employed in a non-fighting capacity. The dominant territory (kokka) was not defined by the borders of the traditional kuni (province) and was split into fiefs which the daiymo either directly maintained or controlled through a vassal. At times the daimyo made alliances with each other in the quest for more power. §REF§ (Turnbull 2008) S Turnbull. 2008. Samurai Armies 1467-1649. Osprey Publishing. §REF§ Despite the turmoil the population during this period probably increased by five million over 100 years to about 20 million in 1568 CE.

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21

Kansai

Northeast Asia

135.7622

35.02528

Kyoto

JP

Japan

East Asia

14

Northeast Asia

Korea, Japan, forest part of Manchuria, Russian Far East

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

787

ic_wattara_emp

1,710

1,895

Wattara Empire

ic_wattara_emp

OTHER_TAG

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2023-12-07T16:08:49.391130Z

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7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

240

MaWaFez

1,465

1,554

Wattasid

ma_wattasid_dyn

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

3

Maghreb

From Morocco to Libya

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

547

CnWei3*

220

265

Wei Kingdom

cn_wei_k

LEGACY

null

2024-01-04T15:42:48.841702Z

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null

58

North China

North China without Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

752

de_weimar_rep

1,918

1,932

Weimar Republic

de_weimar_rep

OTHER_TAG

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

15

Central Europe

Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

619

bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1

701

1,100

West Burkina Faso Red I

bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

617

bf_west_burkina_faso_red_2

1,100

1,400

West Burkina Faso Red II and III

bf_west_burkina_faso_red_2

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

618

bf_west_burkina_faso_red_4

1,401

1,500

West Burkina Faso Red IV

bf_west_burkina_faso_red_4

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

613

bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_5

100

500

West Burkina Faso Yellow I

bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_5

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

622

bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_6

501

700

West Burkina Faso Yellow II

bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_6

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

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CnWHan*

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Western Han Empire

cn_western_han_dyn

LEGACY

The Western Han dynasty (also known as the Former Han) was the first lasting imperial dynasty in China.§REF§ (Theobald, 2010a) Theobald, Ulrich. 2010. “Han Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH</a> §REF§ In 206 BCE, the first imperial Han emperor Liu Bang defeated the Qin and capture the capital of Xianyang, but was forced to yield to the rival Western Chu state.§REF§ (San 2014, 69) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ A period of conflict between Chu and Han lasted until 202 BCE, when Liu Bang defeated the Western Chu and declared himself emperor of the Han dynasty. (San 68) He was the first commoner to become the emperor of China.§REF§ (San 2014, 69) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ The seventh emperor of Han, Emperor Wu (r. 141-87 BCE), expanded the Western Han territory to modern Xinjiang and south China.§REF§ (Theobald, 2010a) Theobald, Ulrich. 2010. “Han Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH</a> §REF§ During Wu Di’s rule Western Han dynasty encompassed modern China, northern Vietnam, Inner Mongolia, southern Manchuria, and parts of modern Korea.§REF§ -- “Han Dynasty.” Ancient History Encyclopedia.<a href="http://www.ancient.eu/Han_Dynasty/">http://www.ancient.eu/Han_Dynasty/</a> Accessed June 12, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KVCUTKIW">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KVCUTKIW</a> §REF§ The Western Han dynasty is known for its economic, technological, and artistic innovations. The opening of the Silk Road in 130 BCE linked China to Central Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.§REF§ -- “Han Dynasty.” Ancient History Encyclopedia.<a href="http://www.ancient.eu/Han_Dynasty/">http://www.ancient.eu/Han_Dynasty/</a> Accessed June 12, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KVCUTKIW">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KVCUTKIW</a> §REF§ The state controlled the production of salt, iron, and coins, and developed waterways and irrigation.§REF§(Theobald, 2010b) Theobald, Ulrich, 2010. “Han Period Science, Technology, and Inventions.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-tech.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-tech.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RU33Q6WJ/">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RU33Q6WJ/</a> §REF§ The use of the iron plough and other iron agricultural tools became widespread.§REF§ (Theobald, 2010b) Theobald, Ulrich, 2010. “Han Period Science, Technology, and Inventions.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-tech.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-tech.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RU33Q6WJ/">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RU33Q6WJ/</a> §REF§ Han artisans developed new techniques for metalwork, spinning, weaving, wood carving and pottery.§REF§ (Theobald, 2010b) Theobald, Ulrich, 2010. “Han Period Science, Technology, and Inventions.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-tech.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-tech.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RU33Q6WJ/">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RU33Q6WJ/</a> §REF§ The Western Han were overthrown by Wang Mang, who ruled as the emperor of the Xin dynasty from 9-23 CE.§REF§ (Roberts 1999, 34) Roberts, John A.G. 1999. A History of China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/H9D8H5E9">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/H9D8H5E9</a> §REF§ Population and political organization The Western Han dynasty was marked by a strong imperial government and a combination of centrally-controlled commandaries and semi-autonomous kingdoms.§REF§ (San 2014, 73) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ The central government promoted Confucianism as a state doctrine.§REF§ (Theobald, 2010a) Theobald, Ulrich. 2010. “Han Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH</a> §REF§ The Western Han gradually reduced the size of the semi-autonomous kingdoms within the empire. Many kings and marquises were eventually replaced by members of the imperial clan.§REF§ (San 2014, 73) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ Commanderies were ruled a civil governor and military governor and were divided into counties or districts.§REF§ (Theobald, 2010a) Theobald, Ulrich. 2010. “Han Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han.html</a> Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GJNWHHCH</a> §REF§ An imperial academy was established in 124 BCE. Qualification through Confucian examinations slowly replaced hereditary assignment of government positions.§REF§ (Roberts 1999, 34) Roberts, John A.G. 1999. A History of China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/H9D8H5E9">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/H9D8H5E9</a> §REF§ Although exams were used only sporadically due to the significantly aristocratic society of this period. §REF§(Mostern, Ruth. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§ The population of the Western Han empire was 57.6 million in 2 CE§REF§ (Keay 2009, 144) Keay, J. 2009. China, A History, HarperPress, London. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ACHZRD">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ACHZRD</a> §REF§, and 60 million at its peak.§REF§ (Zhao 2015, 56) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press. Seshat URL:<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QBD9EVZQ">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QBD9EVZQ</a> §REF§ The Western Han capital of Chang’an was home to between 250,000 and 400,000 people. §REF§ (Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§§REF§(Loewe 1986 a ) Loewe, M. 1986a. "The Former Han," in Twitchett and Loewe (eds.) The Cambridge History of China. Vol. I: The Qi'in and Han Empires, 221 BC - 220 AD. Cambridge. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7NCDWJJ2">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7NCDWJJ2</a> §REF§

null

2024-01-04T15:41:13.542749Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

20

Middle Yellow River Valley

North China

112.517587

34.701825

Luoyang

CN

China

East Asia

58

North China

North China without Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

254

CnErJin

265

317

Western Jin

cn_western_jin_dyn

LEGACY

The Western Jin dynasty (House of Sima, Jin dynasty) briefly reunified China after the Three Kingdoms period, but was marked by political turmoil and internal rebellion. Sima Yan overthrew Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan in 265 CE and declared himself the Western Jin emperor.§REF§ (San 2014, 145) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ In its 280 CE conquest of Eastern Wu, Western Jin dynasty ended the Three Kingdoms period and reunified China.§REF§ (San 2014, 145) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ However, the central government was in almost constant turmoil because of internal conflict and corruption.§REF§ (San 2014, 145) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ A series of rebellions of princes against imperial authority known as the Revolts of the Imperial Princes (291-306 CE) weakened the central government and led to the Disorder of the Five Tribes (304-316 CE), a large uprising of northern nomadic tribes.§REF§ (San 2014, 146) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ In 316 CE, an imperial Jin prince fled south when a Xiongnu chief attacked the Western Jin capital of Luoyang. The prince went on to found the Eastern Jin dynasty in present day Nanjing.§REF§ (Theobald, 2000a) Theobald, U. 2000a. “Jin Dynasty (265-420).” Chinaknowledge.de <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5</a> §REF§ §REF§ (San 2014, 146) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)</a> §REF§ The territory of the Western Jin empire was close to the size of the Han empire.§REF§ (Theobald 2011a) Theobald, U. 2011a. “Chinese History- Jin Period Geography.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-map.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-map.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VJ4ZVERD">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VJ4ZVERD</a> §REF§ We have estimated that Western Jin polity territory covered 4.5 million square kilometers in 300 CE. Despite the political turmoil of the period, advancements made in agriculture, craftsmanship, architecture, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.§REF§ (Theobald 2011b) Theobald, U. 2011b. “Chinese History- Science, Technology, and Inventions of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-tech.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-tech.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/T5FAI5I6">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/T5FAI5I6</a> §REF§ Buddhism continued to spread throughout China, and Daoism was revived and seen as a more well-defined religion.§REF§ (Theobald, 2000a) Theobald, U. 2000a. “Jin Dynasty (265-420).” Chinaknowledge.de<a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5</a> §REF§ There were many writers, poets and artists from the time of the Jin and the period is often seen as the first period for traditional Chinese art.§REF§ (Theobald, 2000a) Theobald, U. 2000a. “Jin Dynasty (265-420).” Chinaknowledge.de <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5</a> §REF§ Population and political organization The Western Jin maintained many administrative structures of the Han. The empire was divided into provinces and semi-autonomous kingdoms.§REF§ (Theobald 2011a) Theobald, U. 2011a. “Chinese History- Jin Period Geography.” Chinaknowledge.de. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-map.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin-map.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VJ4ZVERD">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VJ4ZVERD</a> §REF§ However the Western Jin operated as a neo-feudal society.§REF§ (Theobald, 2000a) Theobald, U. 2000a. “Jin Dynasty (265-420).” Chinaknowledge.de<a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5</a> §REF§ Military rulers governed with the support of relatives, and Confucian values gradually disappeared from the central government and the education system.§REF§ (Theobald, 2000a) Theobald, U. 2000a. “Jin Dynasty (265-420).” Chinaknowledge.de <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5</a> §REF§ The weak central government struggled to control the non-Chinese tribes living in the empire.§REF§ (Theobald, 2000a) Theobald, U. 2000a. “Jin Dynasty (265-420).” Chinaknowledge.de<a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html</a> Accessed June 17, 2017. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DTQ5UTD5</a> §REF§ The population of the Western Jin empire was recorded as 16.16 million in a 280 CE census.§REF§ (Graff 2002, 35)Graff, D A. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. London. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/NUJQCRPA">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/NUJQCRPA</a> §REF§The population of Luoyang was 600,000 people in 300 CE.§REF§ (Graff 2002, 50 )Graff, D A. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. London. Seshat URL: <a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/NUJQCRPA">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/NUJQCRPA</a> §REF§

null

2024-01-04T15:43:48.030844Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

20

Middle Yellow River Valley

North China

112.517587

34.701825

Luoyang

CN

China

East Asia

58

North China

North China without Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

185

ItRomWe

395

476

Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity

it_western_roman_emp

LEGACY

The period of the Western Roman Empire begins in 395 CE, when it was divided from what became the Eastern Roman Empire. §REF§ (Morgan 2012) James F. Morgan. 2012. The Roman Empire: Fall of the West, Survival of the East. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. §REF§ After the Empire recovered from the crises of the 3rd century CE, a series of administrative and economic reforms inaugurated a second phase of imperial rule, known as the Dominate. The Dominate was split into two distinct administrative halves: a Western half with its capital at Rome and an Eastern one, ruled first from Nicomedia in Anatolia and then from Byzantium (re-founded as Constantinople, modern-day Istanbul, by the Emperor Constantine I the Great in 330 CE). Each half was ruled by a different emperor along with a junior colleague, titled 'Caesar'. This arrangement is known as the Tetrarchy ('rule of four'), which lasted until Constantine I managed to once again rule both halves together. The Empire was divided a few more times, until Theodosius (r. 379-392 CE) united it for the final time. In 393, Theodosius once more divided the Empire, naming Arcadius emperor in the east and Honorius emperor in the west. This marks the end of the Dominate period, leading to a period of instability and, ultimately, the collapse of the Roman state in the west, yet recovery and the continuation of Roman rule in the east (which became known as the Byzantine Empire, after Constantinople's original name). Beginning with Honorius, the Western Empire experienced a continuous decline and a series of invasions at the hands of Germanic, Vandal, Alan, and Hun forces throughout the 5th century. In 476 CE, a Roman military officer of likely Germanic decent (though his exact ancestry is not certain) named Odoacer led a revolt against the western emperor Romulus Augustus (r. 475-476 CE), a child whose rule was overseen by his father, a high-ranking general named Orestes. Odoacer and his fellow soldiers killed Orestes and effectively deposed Romulus Augustus, and Odoacer's authority was recognized by the Eastern Roman emperor at the time, Zeno, although he was not proclaimed Emperor in the West. In 480 CE, after the death of Julius Nepos, whom Zeno recognized as the legitimate Western Emperor, Zeno abolished the co-emperorship, claiming to rule over both halves of the Empire, although much of the Western Empire had already been lost and Italy itself remained under the control of Odoacer, who ruled as king. §REF§ (Cameron 1993, 187) Averil Cameron. 1993. The Later Roman Empire, A.D. 284-430. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. §REF§ §REF§ (Burns 1991, 73-86) Thomas S. Burns. 1991. A History of the Ostrogoths. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. §REF§ Population and political organization The Western Roman Emperor in principle maintained a formal alliance with the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, which meant that all legislation generated in one half of the Empire was to be communicated to the other half and promulgated across the entire Empire. §REF§ (Millar 2006, 1) Fergus Millar. 2006. A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408-450). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. §REF§ In practice, the Western Roman Emperor was the slightly weaker party whose position depended on the acquiescence of the Eastern Empire; for instance, the term of the Western Emperor Valentinian III (r. 423-455 CE) required the agreement of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. §REF§ (Maenchen-Helfen 1973, 477-78) Otto Maenchen-Helfen. 1973. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. §REF§ Further, significant differences between the 'twin Empires' - the language of Latin in Rome, Greek in Constantinople - always strained the commitment to unity. §REF§ (Millar 2006, 2) Fergus Millar. 2006. A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408-450). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. §REF§ The Western Emperor did not control the army. Instead, it was held by the magister equitum ('master of the cavalry') and the magister peditum ('master of the infantry'), a new military office that gradually gained seniority over the magister equitum. Legislation in both halves of the Empire was enacted by decree, in practice meaning letters addressed to officials or to the Senate. §REF§ (Millar 2006, 7) Fergus Millar. 2006. A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408-450). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. §REF§ Directly beneath the emperor were praetorian prefects who acted on the emperor's behalf, 'governing in his name with legal, administrative and financial powers'. §REF§ (Hughes 2012) Ian Hughes. 2012. Aetius: Attila's Nemesis. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. §REF§ Overall, the Roman bureaucracy was comparable in size to that of Constantinople; by the end of the 4th century CE, the state provided civil positions for an estimated 40,000 people across the Empire. §REF§ (Bjornlie 2016, 49) Shane M. Bjornlie. 2016. 'Governmental Administration', in A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy, edited by Jonathan J. Arnold, Shane M. Bjornlie and Kristina Sessa, 47-72. Leiden: Brill. §REF§ The Western Empire covered roughly two million square kilometres in 400 CE. The region was divided into large prefectures, which in turn were split into dioceses containing provinces, which were then further subdivided into cities and towns managed by civic councils. §REF§ (Black 2008, 181) Jeremy Black. 2008. World History Atlas. London: Dorling Kindersley. §REF§ The Roman aristocracy remained a powerful influence, at least until 439 CE, when invading Vandal tribes took Carthage and much of North Africa, depriving Rome of valuable North African revenue streams. §REF§ (Hughes 2015) Ian Hughes. 2015. Patricians and Emperors: The Last Rulers of the Western Roman Empire. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. §REF§ Rome maintained a sizeable population, roughly 500,000 in 400 CE. However, a feature of the late Western Roman bureaucracy was that it 'shifted ... between four or five different imperial centres, dislocating with each change the networks of patronage and kinship, often regionally based, that supplied civil personnel'. §REF§ (Bjornlie 2016, 50) Shane M. Bjornlie. 2016. 'Governmental Administration', in A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy, edited by Jonathan J. Arnold, Shane M. Bjornlie and Kristina Sessa, 47-72. Leiden: Brill. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

1

Latium

Southern Europe

12.486948

41.890407

Rome

IT

Italy

Europe

18

Southern Europe

Iberia, Italy

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

386

PkWSatrp

35

405

Western Satraps

pk_western_satraps

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

38

Pakistan

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

282

KgWTurk

582

630

Western Turk Khaganate

kg_western_turk_khaganate

LEGACY

null

2023-10-23T16:41:21.062942Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

23

Sogdiana

Turkestan

66.93817

39.631284

Samarkand

UZ

Uzbekistan

Central Eurasia

13

Turkestan

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakstan, Xinjiang

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

244

CnWZhou

-1,122

-771

Western Zhou

cn_western_zhou_dyn

LEGACY

The Western Zhou Dynasty was the first Chinese state to claim the Mandate of Heaven, the divinely bestowed right to rule. Zhou was a tributary state to Shang until the Zhou king Zhou Wu Wang defeated the last king of Shang in the 1046 BCE Battle of Muye. §REF§ (San 2014, 30) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F</a>. §REF§ Zhou power was consolidated after the Duke of Zhou's defeat of the Rebellion of the Three Guards, led by Shang loyalists and separatist eastern nobles. §REF§ (San 2014, 31) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F</a>. §REF§ In defeating the rebellion, the Zhou state was able to add a large area of land in eastern China to its territory. §REF§ (San 2014, 30) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F</a>. §REF§ The Western Zhou established their capital at Haojing, and the Duke of Zhou later established Chengzhou as a second capital. §REF§ (Theobald 2000) Theobald, Ulrich. 2000. “Zhou History.” <a class="external free" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/zhou.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/zhou.html</a> Accessed May 31, 2017. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/V8ABGJAF" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/V8ABGJAF</a>. §REF§ In 957 BCE, the Zhou controlled territory covering an estimated 850,000 square kilometres based in the central plains of China. The period was peaceful for the first 75 years of Zhou rule. §REF§ (Shaughnessy 1999, 310-11) Shaughnessy, Edward L. 1999. “Western Zhou History.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy. Cambridge: CUP. 292-351. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945</a>. §REF§ However, the decentralization of Zhou power into fiefdoms encouraged turmoil between states, popular unrest, and vassal rebellions. §REF§ (Shaughnessy 1999, 310-11) Shaughnessy, Edward L. 1999. “Western Zhou History.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy. Cambridge: CUP. 292-351. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945</a>. §REF§ The Marquess of Shen sacked Haojing and killed the 12th Zhou king over a succession dispute in 771 BCE. §REF§ (San 2014, 34) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F</a>. §REF§ The crown prince subsequently moved the capital to Luoyang and founded the Eastern Zhou dynasty. The Western Zhou are noted for their introduction of the Mandate of Heaven, their kinship-based feudal system and their use of lineage law. §REF§ (Zhao 2015, 79) Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford: OUP. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5</a>. §REF§ The state's kinship-based feudal system encouraged the spread of Zhou writing, culture and identity. §REF§ (Zhao 2015, 80) Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford: OUP. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5</a>. §REF§ Some scholars have seen Zhou lineage law, with its emphasis on 'lineage rituals, familial ethics, and beneficent rule', as an intellectual precursor of Confucianism. §REF§ (Zhao 2015, 80) Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford: OUP. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5</a>. §REF§ The hierarchies, division of labour and meritocratic practices that emerged under the Western Zhou also helped lay the foundations for the introduction of bureaucracy. §REF§ (Zhao 2015, 80) Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford: OUP. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ASKKD5</a>. §REF§ Population and political organization The Western Zhou state was a proto-feudal monarchy in which feudal lords were supported by an extended family network. §REF§ (San 2014, 29) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F</a>. §REF§ The first king of Zhou introduced the fengjian system, which made military leaders and members of the royal family into regional lords ruling over parcels of land. §REF§ (Roberts 1999, 9-12) Roberts. John A.G. 1999. A Concise History of China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945</a>. §REF§ These fiefdoms were then divided into smaller units and distributed to members of the local rulers' families. §REF§ (San 2014, 29) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F</a>. §REF§ Individual fiefdoms had their own taxes, legal systems, and currencies but paid dues to the king and provided soldiers in times of need. §REF§ (Roberts 1999, 9-12) Roberts. John A.G. 1999. A Concise History of China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945</a>. §REF§ This system eventually led to decentralization and the weakening of Zhou rule. §REF§ (Roberts 1999, 9-12) Roberts. John A.G. 1999. A Concise History of China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GEZH7945</a>. §REF§ It is difficult to obtain population figures for the Western Zhou period. C. K. Maisels has given an estimate of 13.5 million people in 800 BCE. §REF§ (Maisels 2001, 260) Maisels, C. K. 2001. Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India, and China. Routledge: London. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P9IXAB56" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P9IXAB56</a>. §REF§

null

2024-01-04T15:30:09.450839Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

20

Middle Yellow River Valley

North China

112.517587

34.701825

Luoyang

CN

China

East Asia

58

North China

North China without Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

662

ni_whydah_k

1,671

1,727

Whydah

ni_whydah_k

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

247

CnWuCfd

-585

-477

Wu Confederacy

cn_wu_confederacy

LEGACY

null

This polity has nothing coded and I'm not sure what it's referring to... there was the State of Wu in South China around this time, but this was a monarchy according to Donald B. Wagner (http://donwagner.dk/Wulang/Wulang.pdf). I have assigned to South China, but if it has no data maybe we can just delete

null

2024-04-15T15:48:48.375101Z

{'id': 10, 'text': 'a new_private_comment_text new approach for polity'}

null

59

South China

Yangtze Basin and South China

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

673

ni_wukari_fed

1,820

1,899

Wukari Federation

ni_wukari_fed

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

438

MnXianb

100

250

Xianbei Confederation

mn_xianbei

LEGACY

The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. Between about 100 and 250 CE, it was under the control of the Xianbei, pastoralists who also relied on hunting and, to a lesser extent, the cultivation of wheat, barley, and millet. §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 223) §REF§ By 170 CE, the Xianbei empire extended 3,000 km along its east-west axis and 1,500 km along its north-south one, for a total of approximately 4,500,000 squared kilometers. §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 223) §REF§ The most powerful Xianbei ruler, Tanshihuai (r. 136-181), divided his multiethnic empire into three parts (middle, eastern, and western); the nomadic peoples that occupied each part were ruled by the elders of the largest sites, though all elders were in turn subordinate to Tanshihuai himself. §REF§ (Kradin 2011, 200-201) §REF§ Not many population estimates could be found in the literature, though Kradin provides an estimate of about 500,000 people, based on the fact that, under Tanshihuai's rule, the Xianbei army included 100,000 horsemen: Kradin argues that a total population of 500,000 is possible because all adult men were likely potential warriors, and they likely made up one-fifth of the population. §REF§ (Kradin 2011, 201) §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

24

Orkhon Valley

Mongolia

102.845486

47.200757

Karakorum

MN

Mongolia

Central Eurasia

9

Mongolia

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the steppe part of Manchuria

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

272

MnXngnM

-209

-60

Xiongnu Imperial Confederation

mn_hunnu_emp

LEGACY

The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. Between about 200 BCE and 100 CE, it was under the control of the Xiongnu Imperial Confederation. This polity comprised several nomadic peoples from the Mongolian Steppe. By the 4th century BCE, the Xiongnu began raiding northern China, §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 222) §REF§ where their mounted archery overwhelmed the heavily armed but relatively immobile Chinese infantry. §REF§ (Marsh 2012, 500-501) Kevin Marsh. Xiongnu. Xiaobing Li ed. 2012. China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara. §REF§ The nomads were held at bay by a combination of tribute in the form of metals, finished products, and agricultural products, and China's numerical superiority. §REF§ (Barfield 1993, 157) §REF§ §REF§ (Ying-Shih 1986) §REF§ §REF§ (Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 133) §REF§ Several Chinese victories against the Xiongnu in the 1st century BCE and factional conflict within the confederacy led to the confederacy’s breakup, and a new group of semi-nomadic peoples from the Northeast, the Xianbei, took control of the region. §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 222) §REF§ At their height, the Xiongnu ruled over an area that included all of Mongolia, extending to the Ordos region in the south, and the boreal forests of Siberia in the north, for a total of about 4,000,000 squared kilometres. §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 220-221) §REF§ Precise estimates could not be found for the empire's population, but estimates suggest that nomads living to the north of China did not number more than 1,500,000, §REF§ (Kradin 2011, 77) §REF§ and the best studied (but not the largest) settlement, Ivolga, likely had a population of between 2,500 and 3,000. §REF§ (Kradin 2011, 85) §REF§ The empire was divided into three kingships: a central one, directly ruled by the paramount leader, and a "left" one and a "right" one, to the east and west, respectively, distributed among twenty-four regional leaders known as the "ten thousand horsemen". §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 220) §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

24

Orkhon Valley

Mongolia

102.845486

47.200757

Karakorum

MN

Mongolia

Central Eurasia

9

Mongolia

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the steppe part of Manchuria

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

291

CnXixia

1,032

1,227

Xixia

cn_xixia

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

9

Mongolia

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the steppe part of Manchuria

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

408

InYadav

1,190

1,318

Yadava Dynasty

in_yadava_dyn

LEGACY

null

JR: changing the start date from 1187 to 1190 to avoid overlap with the preceding polity, the Chalukyas of Kalyani.

null

2025-04-15T09:31:10.790339Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

64

North India

Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

795

bd_yadava_varman_dyn

1,080

1,150

Yadava-Varman Dynasty

bd_yadava_varman_dyn

OTHER_TAG

null

2023-12-07T16:18:00.875798Z

2024-06-07T14:36:41.438836Z

{'id': 60, 'text': 'a new_private_comment_text new approach for polity'}

null

37

Eastern South Asia

Bangladesh + Indian states of West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

419

CnYngsh

-5,000

-3,000

Yangshao

cn_yangshao

LEGACY

Yangshao culture (Miaodigou, Xiyincun) first developed in the Loess plateau in the Holocene period. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 335) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§ The culture was present from 5000 to 3000 BCE, extending from the Middle Yellow River Valley to modern Qinghai and Gansu. §REF§ (Tanner 2009, 20) Tanner, Harold Miles. 2009. China: A History. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/46QCS68G" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/46QCS68G</a> §REF§ Yangshao sites are mainly found in the Guanzhong region in Shaanxi, eastern Gansu, western Shanxi, southern Hebei and Henan. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 333) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§ Yangshao subsisted on wild foods and domesticated millet. Men most likely hunted, and men and women farmed and produced goods. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 336) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§ Yangshao villages were often surrounded by a ditch, and contained groups of semi-subterranean round or square houses constructed using the wattle and daub method, a graveyard and a public courtyard. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 334) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§ Homes contained hearths for cooking and wide benches. §REF§ (Von Falkenhausen 1994, 55) Von Falkenhausen. Lothar. 1994. “Rediscovering the Past.” In China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land, edited by Robert E. Murowchick. Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3</a> §REF§ Yangshao culture is characterized by the presence of painted black and red pottery featuring animals and geometric designs. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 333) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§ Pottery, jewelry and stone, bone and ceramic tools have been excavated from Yangshao period graves. §REF§ (Von Falkenhausen 1994, 55) Von Falkenhausen. Lothar. 1994. “Rediscovering the Past.” In China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land, edited by Robert E. Murowchick. Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3</a> §REF§ Population and political organization In the early Yangshao phase, settlements did not have any detectable hierarchies. In the later phase, structures in the settlements began to vary in size, suggesting the existence of settlement hierarchies. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 334) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§ In many villages, a large structure is surrounded by smaller dwellings. §REF§ (Von Falkenhausen 1994, 55) Von Falkenhausen. Lothar. 1994. “Rediscovering the Past.” In China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land, edited by Robert E. Murowchick. Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3</a> §REF§ However, grave goods in Yangshao burials suggest a more egalitarian society. §REF§ (Von Falkenhausen 1994, 55) Von Falkenhausen. Lothar. 1994. “Rediscovering the Past.” In China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land, edited by Robert E. Murowchick. Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KKWA9MT3</a> §REF§ More information is needed on settlement hierarchy and community organization in the Yangshao period. The population of Yangshao settlements varied- smaller settlements had 70 to 80 members while larger settlements housed a few hundred. §REF§ (Lee 2001, 335) Lee, Yun Kuen. 2001. “Yangshao.” In East Asia and Oceania (Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3), edited by Peter Peregrine and Melvin Ember. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 333-339. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/BUI9EC3T</a> §REF§

null

2024-01-04T15:28:14.795493Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

20

Middle Yellow River Valley

North China

112.517587

34.701825

Luoyang

CN

China

East Asia

58

North China

North China without Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

387

InYaudh

300

375

Yaudheya Republic

in_yaudheya_rep

LEGACY

null

2023-11-14T13:19:12.974261Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

64

North India

Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

{'id': 9, 'name': 'South Asia'}

110

IlJudea

-141

-63

Yehuda

il_judea

LEGACY

The Judea (originally Yehuda) polity of 141 - 63 BCE was formed when Simon Thassi, brother of the executed Jonathan Apphus who had waged war against the Seleucids, was elected as High King and Prince in a popular assembly in 141 BCE. Simon achieved a measure of quasi-independence from the Seleucids—though he remained a vassal and the population retained strong elements of Hellenism. According to archaeologists, it seems that Galilee was only sparsely settled before this period, and that the conquering of territories and increase in Jewish communities coming into the area contributed to the rise in permanent settlements and population during this time. However, agreements over the population differs widely, with estimates on the largest settlement, Jerusalem, ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 people. §REF§ Leibner (2009:319). §REF§ §REF§ Broshi (1978). §REF§ §REF§ Geva (2013). §REF§ Judea was a sophisticated, well-organised and equipped society, with markets, established trade routes, water transportation infrastructure, aqueducts and cisterns, temples and palaces, sporting arenas, libraries, and many other modern features. §REF§ Chanson (2002:56). §REF§ §REF§ Netzer (2001:13-39). §REF§ §REF§ See the Specialized Buildings section for more information from our expert §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

10

Galilee

Levant-Mesopotamia

35.3035

32.6996

Nazareth

IL

Israel

Southwest Asia

61

Levant

Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

365

YeWarLd

1,038

1,174

Yemen - Era of Warlords

ye_warlords

LEGACY

The Era of the Warlords was a quasi-polity that existed in Tihama coastal plains between 1067 and 1091 CE, primarily characterized by a two-power tension between the Najahid dynasty and the Sulayhid dynasty. The Najahid dynasty was founded by two former slaves of the predated Ziyadid dynasty, while the Sulyahids occupied the highlands until their ruler ‘Ali bin Mahdi brought a denouement to the Najahid power in the mid-12th century. §REF§ (McLaughlin 2007, 159) Daniel McLaughlin. 2007. Yemen. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. Chalfont St Peter §REF§ In 1086 CE, Mukarram of the Sulyahids instituted a new coinage called “Maliki Dinars.” §REF§ (van Donzel 1994, 427) E J van Donzel. 1994. Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. Leiden. §REF§ When the Najahid rulers were driven out into refuge, many plotted their return to take back their territory in Tihama, but were defeated at the end. §REF§ (Margariti 2013, 216) Roxani Margariti. An Ocean of Islamds: Islands, Insularity, and Historiography of the Indian Ocean. Peter N Miller ed. 2013. The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor. §REF§ No population estimates could be found in the consulted literature; however, the polity territory was estimated to be between 250,000 and 350,000 square kilometers. §REF§ (Stookey 1978, 99) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder. §REF§ The settlement hierarchy was between three- and five-tiered with a capital followed by towns and villages. The administrative levels were between four and five, with the political organization headed by a king and queen and followed by court and provincial governments. §REF§ (Stookey 1978, 65-74) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

12

Yemeni Coastal Plain

Arabia

43.315739

14.850891

Sanaa

YE

Yemen

Southwest Asia

44

Arabia

Arabian Peninsula

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

537

YeLBA**

-1,200

-801

Yemen - Late Bronze Age

ye_yemen_lba

LEGACY

The Yemeni Coastal Plain or Plateau is the northwestern region of modern Yemen that lies between the Red Sea and the Yemeni Mountains. Here, we are interested in the phase of its prehistory known as the Late Bronze Age (c. 1200-801 BCE). Yemeni Bronze Age communities relied on farming and animal husbandry, though bronze itsems, shells, semi-precious stones, and obsidian all suggest that trade networks were well established at this time. §REF§ (De Maigret 2002: 152-153) Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X3MRZCH5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X3MRZCH5</a>. §REF§ No serious works on the estimates for the area and population in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Yemen. §REF§ (A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019) §REF§ Similarly, no speculation could be found in the literature regarding possible forms of political organisation prevalent at the time; from an archaeological perspective. However, it is worth noting that some sites were larger than others, and that the larger sites differed from smaller ones in their layout as well as their size, §REF§ (De Maigret 2002: 144) Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X3MRZCH5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X3MRZCH5</a>. §REF§ suggesting perhaps a hierarchical relationship between the two types. Moreover, some sites included buildings that were significantly larger than others, and that stood apart from the other buildings as well; though their precise function remains difficult to ascertain, certain features, such as benches along the walls, suggest public use. §REF§ (De Maigret 2002: 145) Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X3MRZCH5" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X3MRZCH5</a>. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

12

Yemeni Coastal Plain

Arabia

43.315739

14.850891

Sanaa

YE

Yemen

Southwest Asia

44

Arabia

Arabian Peninsula

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

541

YeQasmi

1,637

1,805

Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty

ye_qasimid_dyn

LEGACY

The land now contained within the nation-state of Yemen, in the southwest of the Arabian Peninsula, has a long history of human occupation. §REF§ (Walters 2003, 2) Walters, Delores M. 2003. “Culture Summary: Yemenis.” eHRAF World Cultures. <a class="external free" href="http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ml01-000" rel="nofollow">http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ml01-000</a>. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6KEQJQHU" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6KEQJQHU</a>. §REF§ Here, however, we focus on its more recent history. The Ottoman Empire gained control of the region in the first half of the 16th century CE before being overthrown by the Qasimi dynasty. §REF§ (Dresch 1989, 198) Dresch, Paul. 1989. Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen. Oxford: Clarendon. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD</a>. §REF§ The Qasimi dynasty ruled until the 19th century, when Yemen was divided up between the Ottomans in the north and the British in the south. §REF§ (Safa 2005, 119) Safa, Mohammad Samaun. 2005. “Socio-Economic Factors Affecting the Income of Small-Scale Agroforestry Farms in Hill Country Areas in Yemen: A Comparison of OLS and WLS Determinants.” Small-Scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, no. 4: 117-34. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/UJZUBQH3" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/UJZUBQH3</a>. §REF§ North Yemen became independent in 1918, while South Yemen did not gain its independence until decades later in 1967. The two countries were united in 1990. §REF§ (Safa 2005, 119) Safa, Mohammad Samaun. 2005. “Socio-Economic Factors Affecting the Income of Small-Scale Agroforestry Farms in Hill Country Areas in Yemen: A Comparison of OLS and WLS Determinants.” Small-Scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, no. 4: 117-34. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/UJZUBQH3" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/UJZUBQH3</a>. §REF§ Population and political organization During the Qasimi period, Qasimid imams and their retainers and courtiers co-existed and occasionally competed with tribal shaykhs and their followers. §REF§ (Dresch 1989, 200) Dresch, Paul. 1989. Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen. Oxford: Clarendon. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD</a>. §REF§ Tribal leaders retained significant power, although the imams still collected taxes. §REF§ (Dresch 1989, 206) Dresch, Paul. 1989. Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen. Oxford: Clarendon. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD</a>. §REF§ Tribal authority remained important even under British and Ottoman rule. Some Yemeni leaders sided with the colonial powers, while others continued to resist. §REF§ (Dresch 1989, 216) Dresch, Paul. 1989. Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen. Oxford: Clarendon. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD</a>. §REF§ Nor did the new government supplant autonomous tribal power after independence: the tribes were stronger than the new imamate, although they remained fragmented. §REF§ (Dresch 1989, 228) Dresch, Paul. 1989. Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen. Oxford: Clarendon. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4W92UNAD</a>. §REF§ After 1962, when the imamate was overthrown, the new government created a more structured bureaucracy. §REF§ (Mundy 1995, 2) Mundy, Martha. 1995. Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen. London: Tauris. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DD3SKZCS" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DD3SKZCS</a>. §REF§ Secure population estimates for the Qasimi or colonial period in Yemen are lacking. In 1990, the population of Yemen was estimated at between 10 and 11 million. §REF§ (Walters 2003, 1) Walters, Delores M. 2003. “Culture Summary: Yemenis.” eHRAF World Cultures. <a class="external free" href="http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ml01-000" rel="nofollow">http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ml01-000</a>. Seshat URL: <a class="external free" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6KEQJQHU" rel="nofollow">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6KEQJQHU</a>. §REF§

null

MB: has a different capital.

null

2024-04-15T14:37:25.651335Z

{'id': 16, 'text': 'a new_private_comment_text new approach for polity'}

12

Yemeni Coastal Plain

Arabia

43.315739

14.850891

Sanaa

YE

Yemen

Southwest Asia

44

Arabia

Arabian Peninsula

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

372

YeTahir

1,454

1,517

Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty

ye_tahirid_dyn

LEGACY

The Tahirid dynasty occupied and ruled modern-day Yemen between 1454 and 1517 CE, establishing a capital in al-Miqrãnah and maintaining the winter capital in Zabid as had the previous Rasulid sultans who were overthrown by the Tahirids. §REF§ (Bosworth 2014) Clifford Edmund Bosworth. 2014. The New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. §REF§ Prominent builders, the Tahirids created schools, mosques, massive irrigation systems, roads, and bridges. §REF§ Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, p. 183, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: <a class="external free" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/" rel="nofollow">http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/</a> §REF§ The polity was characterized by several battles, skirmishes, and seizures between the Zaydis and Tahirids, beginning in 1460 in Radm. Tensions culminated in 1501 when Tahirid sultan Amir commenced his four-year-long campaign to conquer the northern territories held by the Zaydi dynasty. §REF§ Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 111-115, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: <a class="external free" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/" rel="nofollow">http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/</a> §REF§ No population estimates were found in the consulted literature; however, the water supply in al-Miqrãnah could support 100,000 people, though it is unclear how many people lived there or in the polity. §REF§ Venetia Porter, ‘THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TĀHIRID DYNASTY OF THE YEMEN’, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 19, Proceedings of the Twenty Second SEMINAR FOR ARABIAN STUDIES held at Oxford on 26th - 28th July 1988 (1989), p. 105 §REF§ Political organization was comprised of a 4-tiered settlement hierarchy, with the capital in Zabid followed by towns of various sizes. §REF§ (Stookey 1978, 122) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder. §REF§ The polity was led by a sultan, who headed a central government which was then followed by a provincial line. §REF§ (Bosworth 2014) Clifford Edmund Bosworth. 2014. The New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

12

Yemeni Coastal Plain

Arabia

43.315739

14.850891

Sanaa

YE

Yemen

Southwest Asia

44

Arabia

Arabian Peninsula

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

358

SaRashd

632

661

Yemen Hijaz

sa_rashidun_dyn

LEGACY

null

JR: bit confused about this polity -- its polID and date range suggest that it's the Rashidun Caliphate, which extended into multiple regions (Arabia, Northeast Africa, Mesopotamia etc.). Rashidun Caliphate should have some SC and other sorts of data attached to it.

null

2024-04-15T14:45:14.904335Z

{'id': 17, 'text': 'a new_private_comment_text new approach for polity'}

null

44

Arabia

Arabian Peninsula

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

359

YeZiyad

822

1,037

Yemen Ziyad Dynasty

ye_ziyad_dyn

LEGACY

The Ziyadid dynasty occupied and ruled southern Tihama coastal plains between 822 CE and 1037 CE from the city of Zabid in the Red Sea coastal desert. In 893 CE, Al-Hadi ila al-Haqq (al-Hadi) founds the Zaydi imamate based on the Zaydi Shii teachings, which popularized throughout at least part of North Yemen until the 1962 Revolution. §REF§ (Burrows 2010, xxiv) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham. §REF§ In 1007 CE, Yu’frid prince ‘Abdullah ibn Qahtan ruled Sanaa and “made a successful foray against the stronghold of Sunnism.” §REF§ (Stookey 1978, 57) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder. §REF§ No population estimates could be found in the consulted literature; however, the polity territory is estimated to be around 100,000 square kilometers. §REF§ (Stookey 1978, 54) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder. §REF§ Moreover, the Ziyadid dynasty had a loose political organization under the control of a sultan at Aden, who held less authority over the highlands. The settlement hierarchy is three-tiered, while administrative levels are four-tiered. The Abbasid court sent governors to Sanaa with lower hierarchy levels governed by rulers of petty states and tribal chiefs. §REF§ (Stookey 1978, 50-54) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder. §REF§

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

12

Yemeni Coastal Plain

Arabia

43.315739

14.850891

Sanaa

YE

Yemen

Southwest Asia

44

Arabia

Arabian Peninsula

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

105

IlYisrl

-1,030

-722

Yisrael

il_yisrael

LEGACY

_Short description_ The ancient kingdom of Israel 1030-722 CE was a monarchy established by Israelite people that was eventually conquered by the Assyrian Empire. Initially a monarchic union with Judah, around 930 BCE the Northern Kingdom (Israel) gained autonomy. In the 9th century Israel entered an anti-Assyria coalition but from Jehu (841 BCE) paid them tribute and thereafter were frequently a vassal of the Mesopotamian empire. After a revolt against Assyria in 727 CE the Assyrians ended the polity sending many of its inhabitants into exile. The century authorities ruled through administrative centers and fortresses sites that had "public buildings and ... large open spaces." §REF§ (Finkelstein 2013, 104)Israel Finkelstein. 2013. The Forgotten Kingdom: The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. Atlanta, GA. Available online <a class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/9781589839106_OA.pdf" rel="nofollow">here</a>. §REF§ Local administration may have been through tribal elders who may have been responsible for tax collection. Our image of a centralized monarchy (for some of or the whole of the period) might be tempered by the ideas of Pfoh (2008) who has argued Israel was actually a "patronage kingdom" in which a monarchy did not control a truly unitary state. Nevertheless, Israel possessed a standing army with a strong chariot corps, and used weapons of iron and bronze. Fortifications were many and imposing, and the Palace of Omri was one of the grandest in the Ancient Near East. At its height, Israel imposed tribute on many of the surrounding kingdoms, not only Judah but Moab, Edom, and perhaps others as well. The Israelite population primarily lived in cities and towns in the hills, with fortified cities protecting the frontiers on the plains and dominating major trade routes through the region. Trade linked Israel with its northern neighbor Phoenicia, particularly through the port of Dor. At the height of its power, Israel was also a significant military force, contributing the largest contingent to the regional coalition that turned back Assyria's first attempt to conquer the Levant. At least some of the population was literate even before the 10th Century BCE, though the prevalence of literacy is disputed. While the majority of the populace lived in small towns and villages, a significant fraction lived in walled cities such as the capital, Samaria. Most of the economy was in agriculture and pastoral production; staples for export included grain, wine, and oil. In the eighth century BCE the population likely exceeded well over a quarter of a million people, a vast increase on the less than 100,000 people estimated for the earliest times. _Oren's long description_ How the Kingdom of Israel began is a matter of dispute. The Bible depicts it as originally being the greater part of the old Israelite tribal confederation, and then a part of the United Monarchy under Saul, David, and Solomon (c. 1030 BCE)—before seceding during the rule of Rehaboam, and forming its own state. This narrative is more or less accepted by some archaeologists such as Mazar, while others such as Finkelstein assert that Israel actually emerged first from a process of gradual state formation, with the southern kingdom of Judah emerging later. §REF§ Cf. Finkelstein/Mazar (2007). §REF§ Regardless, the two kingdoms always had close interactions, and the northern kingdom of Israel was almost always the dominant one. At its height, Israel imposed tribute on many of the surrounding kingdoms, not only Judah but Moab, Edom, and perhaps others as well. The Israelite population primarily lived in cities and towns in the hills, with fortified cities protecting the frontiers on the plains and dominating major trade routes through the region. Trade linked Israel with its northern neighbor Phoenicia, particularly through the port of Dor. At the height of its power, Israel was also a significant military force, contributing the largest contingent to the regional coalition that turned back Assyria's first attempt to conquer the Levant. Israel featured a standing army with a strong chariot corps, with weapons of iron and bronze. Fortifications were many and imposing, and the Palace of Omri was one of the grandest in the Ancient Near East. However, starting with the assassination of the Omrid king Jehoram by Jehu (c. 841 BCE), Israel's fortunes waned; and it spent the rest of its existence as the tributary of either Aram or Assyria, depending on which of the two empires were ascendent. Even when the economy of Israel flourished during particular periods of the next century (as attested to by the greater incidence of luxury goods in archaeological finds), Israel was still subject to the depredations of foreign powers, being invaded several times. Ultimately, following an ill-fated rebellion against Assyria, the polity of Israel was dissolved (c. 722 BCE), its people exiled, and the land turned into an Assyrian province. Israelite politics were marked with instability. In contrast to the kingdom of Judah, which featured a single ruling dynasty that traced its beginnings to David, Israelite kings frequently met violent ends. These would typically be at the hands of rebellious military commanders who would seize the throne, though such rebels ran the risk of being deposed themselves in short order. Zimri, one rebel captain, would rule for only a single week before losing the support of the army to rival captain Omri, founder of the Omrid Dynasty. At least some of the population was literate even before the 10th Century BCE, though the prevalence of literacy is disputed. While the majority of the populace lived in small towns and villages, a significant fraction lived in walled cities such as the capital, Samaria. Most of the economy was in agriculture and pastoral production; staples for export included grain, wine, and oil. A word of caution is in order about coding methodology. Much of the evidence we have about this polity comes from archaeological finds. However, the brute fact of an archaeological artifact is often used as the basis for considerable interpretation and conjecture. Methods have been improving over time, but still some archaeologists tend to leap far ahead of what the evidence will support. Additionally, the meaning of many finds is hotly disputed by archaeologists, each faction insisting for its point of view. Worse, scholars of this particular polity often operate with ideological motives - either to prove the essential historicity of the Bible, or to disprove it—which can distort their claims. Israel Finkelstein, for example, once claimed that King David never existed, before having to revise his view after the discovery of the Tel Dan Stela. §REF§ Cf. Finkelstein/Mazar (2007). §REF§ (He now <a class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2010/12/david-and-solomon/draper-text" rel="nofollow">believes</a>, as National Geographic puts it, that David was "a raggedy upstart akin to Pancho Villa.") His "Low Chronology" seems to have been motivated by the attempt to disprove the early existence of the United Monarchy, and the weight of the evidence now contradicts the chronology (while still inconclusive on the matter of the United Monarchy). §REF§ Mazar (2005) §REF§ In general, it seems that many archaeologists treat the absence of evidence as evidence of absence—risky to do, considering that new finds are unearthed practically every month. In short, every data point that is backed up with archaeology must be considered provisional, and new discoveries can totally upend our picture of what happened. As can new interpretations that correct erroneous early interpretations, a <a class="external text" href="http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst140/MotelOfMysteries.html" rel="nofollow">constant danger</a> with motivated archaeologists.

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

10

Galilee

Levant-Mesopotamia

35.3035

32.6996

Nazareth

IL

Israel

Southwest Asia

61

Levant

Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria

{'id': 11, 'name': 'Southwest Asia'}

248

CnYueKg

-510

-334

Yue Kingdom

cn_yue_dyn

LEGACY

null

2023-11-14T12:49:51.753702Z

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

59

South China

Yangtze Basin and South China

{'id': 4, 'name': 'East Asia'}

279

KzYueba

350

450

Yueban

kz_yueban

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

13

Turkestan

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakstan, Xinjiang

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

754

sr_yugoslavia

1,944

1,992

Yugoslavia

sr_yugoslavia

OTHER_TAG

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

19

Southeastern Europe

Frm. Yugoslavia, Romania-Moldova, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece

{'id': 5, 'name': 'Europe'}

227

EtZagwe

1,137

1,269

Zagwe

et_zagwe

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

2

East Africa

Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

231

DzBrbZy

1,235

1,509

Zayyanid Berber Kingdom

dz_zayyanid_dyn

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

5

Sahel

Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad (Arid)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

222

TnZirid

973

1,148

Zirids

tn_zirid_dyn

LEGACY

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

3

Maghreb

From Morocco to Libya

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}

444

MnZungh

1,670

1,757

Zungharian Empire

mn_zungharian_emp

LEGACY

The Zungharian polity was, according to Atwood, §REF§ (Atwood 2004, 622) §REF§ "the last great independent power of the steppe". The tribal name "Zunghar" first appeared in the seventeenth century, as part of the Oirat confederation of steppe tribes; their rise to dominance within the confederation began under the leadership of Khara-Khula (d. 1634), but it was only in the 1670s, under Galdan, that they officially became the confederacy's leading tribe, and recognised as such even by the Dail Lama, who gave Galdan the title of Boshogtu Khan. §REF§ (Atwood 2004, 622) §REF§ At its height, the Zungharian polity included portions of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, western Mongolia, neighbouring areas of southern Siberia, and Xinjiang. §REF§ (Rogers 2012, 236) §REF§ In 1755, the Qing empire was able to annex the Zungharians following a relatively quick and bloodless military campaign; because the Zungharians had successfully repelled the Chinese army several times before, the cause for this sudden collapse can most likely be found in the conflict between the successors of the last great Zugharian ruler, Galdan-Tseren (d. 1735). §REF§ (Atwood 2004, 623-624) §REF§ Population and political organization The Zungharian ruler, known as Khung-Taiji, benefited from the support of an office (yamu) or court (zarghu) composed of four chief officials, known as ministers (tüshimed), judges (zarghuchis), or grand councillors (zaisangs). Galdan-Tseren, the only Zungharian ruler to also be known by the title of Khan, added six additional councillors. Each of the tribes that made up the Zungharian-led confederacy (previously known as the Oirat confederacy) and its own ruler who was himself supported by his own councillors, as well as minor functionaries such as standard-bearers and trumpeters. Finally, each tribe was itself subdivided into otogs, which were themselves subdivided into smaller units (of 40 and then 20 households) governed by local commoner officials. §REF§ (Atwood 2004, 421) §REF§ Sources say that the Zungharian polity included "200,000 households"; §REF§ (Atwood 2004, 421) §REF§ with a conservative estimate of 3-8 people per household, the population would therefore have been in the range of 600,000-1,600,000 people.

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

24

Orkhon Valley

Mongolia

102.845486

47.200757

Karakorum

MN

Mongolia

Central Eurasia

9

Mongolia

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the steppe part of Manchuria

{'id': 3, 'name': 'Central and Northern Eurasia'}

668

ni_nri_k

1,043

1,911

Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì

ni_nri_k

POL_AFR_WEST

null

{'id': 1, 'text': 'NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS'}

null

7

West Africa

From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)

{'id': 2, 'name': 'Africa'}